Summary of deposition Conditions
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6235",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Quality Management Systems - a Selective Presentation of Case-studies Showcasing Its Evolution",title:"Quality Management Systems",subtitle:"a Selective Presentation of Case-studies Showcasing Its Evolution",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Quality management systems form an integral part of modern corporations. Acknowledging current socio-economic and environmental challenges, quality standards ought to be dynamic and flexible so as to cater for different markets and requirements. This book portrays a collection of international papers addressing current research and practice within the areas of engineering and technology, health and education. Amidst striving for "zero defects", "cost-effectiveness" and "tight financial budgets", quality management systems ought to embrace the creator of them all: humans; as the ancient Greek Sophist Protagoras said, "Of all money, Man is the measure" «Πάντων χρημάτων Μέτρον Άνθρωπος» (Plato, Theaetetus 166d).',isbn:"978-953-51-3920-1",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3919-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4067-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68758",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"quality-management-systems-a-selective-presentation-of-case-studies-showcasing-its-evolution",numberOfPages:206,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a7bb324cdb11307c932cb6a7966a1e00",bookSignature:"Leo D. Kounis",publishedDate:"March 21st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6235.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11466,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:31,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 6th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 27th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 24th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 21st 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"111582",title:"Dr.",name:"Leo",middleName:"Dimitrios",surname:"Kounis",slug:"leo-kounis",fullName:"Leo Kounis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111582/images/system/111582.jpg",biography:"Leo D. Kounis is the Head of the Department of Communication and Informatics Battalion at the Hellenic Ministry of Defense, Hellenic National Defense General Staff. He obtained his BEng (Hons) degree in Manufacturing Systems Engineering, his MSc in Quality Engineering, and his PhD in Systems Reliability from the University of Hertfordshire, UK. Dr. Kounis has worked as a senior quality engineer in a number of private companies in Greece, and has acted as a part-time lecturer and scientific advisor in academia. His research interests are focused in the area of quality, transportation, and sustainable energy. He has published a number of scientific papers.",institutionString:"Hellenic National Defense General Staff",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"473",title:"Quality Control",slug:"quality-control"}],chapters:[{id:"57697",title:"Integrated Management Systems and Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71468",slug:"integrated-management-systems-and-sustainable-development",totalDownloads:1722,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Management system standards, optional for organizations, have started to be considered as a strategic tool for organizations seeking institutional success and adopting innovative approaches. Establishing and managing these standards independently for the same organization yield some difficulties for organizations. It would rather be a more rational solution to provide a holistic view to all standards, which is to integrate them all. As integrated management systems can be shaped according to the needs of the organization, they involve different management system standards. Therefore, there is no common model defined for said integrated standards. These systems offer organizations a management philosophy for the processes to be successfully managed and to achieve desired results. When the emerging management philosophy is internalized by management and employees, a corporate culture is formed. The effects of integrated management systems on the sustainable development of the organization can be categorized as management, people, market, production, environmental and occupational health and safety totaling in six categories. Integrated management systems provide organizations with a management philosophy that enables processes to be successfully managed and to achieve desired results. Despite the advantages of integrated management systems for organizations, they may also have some drawbacks.",signatures:"Burhan Başaran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57697",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57697",authors:[{id:"208659",title:"Mr.",name:"Burhan",surname:"Başaran",slug:"burhan-basaran",fullName:"Burhan Başaran"}],corrections:null},{id:"58341",title:"Quality Management Systems in Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71431",slug:"quality-management-systems-in-education",totalDownloads:2074,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter stretches the characterisation of quality management systems and models that is abundant in literature by assessing the capability of the most common of the systems and models. Multiple data gathering and processing techniques were used within the context of a constant comparative approach in which data, theories and cases were plugged into each other. Based on the performed research, obtained outcomes suggest the presence of numerous opportunities and benefits in using quality management systems. Based on the findings, further work needs to be done to create the conceptual, managerial and behavioural competences that should facilitate the embedment of the quality management models into the daily lives of education institutions. A critique of quality management through the lenses of the disciplines of team learning, systems thinking, shared vision and mental modelling and of the Six Sigma, roadmaps should engender a new approach to improving quality in education. It should be of interest to explore the potentials of hybridising quality management models in education.",signatures:"Douglas Matorera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58341",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58341",authors:[{id:"210105",title:"Dr.",name:"Douglas",surname:"Matorera",slug:"douglas-matorera",fullName:"Douglas Matorera"}],corrections:null},{id:"59251",title:"Heidegger and Althusser on Quality Management Systems in Open and Distance Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72914",slug:"heidegger-and-althusser-on-quality-management-systems-in-open-and-distance-learning",totalDownloads:1021,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The quality management system (QMS), as an intricate of interacting elements, is a fundamental property of higher education and is fluid and very complex in nature. With this in mind, this chapter explores the symbiotic relationship between the notions of QMS and open and distance learning (ODL). Our thesis is that the notion of QMS is not value-free. Yet, it is a fundamental pillar of higher education institutions and commercial organizations. Among other things, it shall be argued that (1) constructs of Being and Becoming are the hidden epistemological and ontological dimensions of QMS and (2) QMS is a carrier of ideology. And to borrow from Michel Foucault, it shall be postulated that QMS perpetuates docile bodies. As such, this work shall draw on the works of Martin Heidegger and Louis Althusser.",signatures:"Victor J. Pitsoe and Moeketsi Letseka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59251",authors:[{id:"187812",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Pitsoe",slug:"victor-pitsoe",fullName:"Victor Pitsoe"},{id:"210131",title:"Dr.",name:"Moeketsi",surname:"Letseka",slug:"moeketsi-letseka",fullName:"Moeketsi Letseka"}],corrections:null},{id:"57011",title:"TQM Is Alive but Not as We Know It: The Use of a Novel TQM Model in a Private Healthcare Company",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70754",slug:"tqm-is-alive-but-not-as-we-know-it-the-use-of-a-novel-tqm-model-in-a-private-healthcare-company",totalDownloads:818,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"UK healthcare has been facing an unprecedented quality crisis in recent times. In this context, the author setout to develop and evaluate the use of a novel total quality management (TQM) model in a private healthcare firm with the aim of improving patient care. By integrating contemporary organizational theories with TQM, an innovative model called EALIM—ethical, adaptive, learning and improvement model—was devised. Using an action research study, qualitative data were gathered in three research cycles, (1) pre-implementation, (2) implementation, and (3) post-implementation. Initial results showed EALIM’s adoption generated a moral organizational perception among employees, increased organizational commitment, emergence of a learning culture, and improvements in patient self-advocacy and independence. However, other findings indicated poor leadership produced variability in service quality. Although outcomes from this study clearly indicated that EALIM generated organizational improvement, commitment from all internal stakeholders is required to achieve sustainable quality patient care.",signatures:"James D. Sideras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57011",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57011",authors:[{id:"208604",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Sideras",slug:"james-sideras",fullName:"James Sideras"}],corrections:null},{id:"57522",title:"Use of IT in ISO 9001 Systems for Better Process Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71372",slug:"use-of-it-in-iso-9001-systems-for-better-process-management",totalDownloads:1609,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This book chapter focuses on process management as one of the key requirements of ISO 9001. This research highlights an issue of raising the effectiveness and efficiency of process management in implemented ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems (QMS) by its integration with information technology (IT) support. Performed research reveals this to be an area of further scientific work. This is just a preliminary study to prepare the background for practical implications and further empirical research. The latter research includes literature review, ISO 9001 requirement analysis and a case study on practiced process management in South-East Europe countries as identified from external audit reports. The new standard ISO 9001:2015 is less formal regarding the documentation than the previous ones, while being more focused on effective running and improvement of the company processes. Actually, ISO 9001 requires basic elements and activities of Business Process Management (BPM). However, there are no obstacles to provide the required evidence of the defined, running and improved processes through the business IT support. Indeed, IT support to the ISO 9001 process management is not generally practiced nor encouraged enough.",signatures:"Milena Alič",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57522",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57522",authors:[{id:"216751",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",surname:"Alic",slug:"milena-alic",fullName:"Milena Alic"}],corrections:null},{id:"57847",title:"Quality Management in Spice Paprika Production: From Cultivation to End Product",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71227",slug:"quality-management-in-spice-paprika-production-from-cultivation-to-end-product",totalDownloads:1222,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There is ample historical and scientifically proven information regarding the health benefits of spice paprika, including favourable physiological effects, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nonetheless, even though it is consumed in small portions, spice paprika has occasionally been reported for chemical/microbiological contamination, as well as fraud or food adulteration. Quality management can guarantee effective reduction of such contamination cases. Different production stages within cultivation and production are subject to different contamination types. Cultivation is a common source of pesticide residues, and unfavourable harvest conditions may give rise to mycotoxins by pathogenic fungi. Storage and post-ripening prior to processing is attributed with microbial contamination and possible increase in mycotoxin content may significantly affect quality features. Technology steps, for example, washing, separation, drying may worsen microbial contamination or quality, but normally do not lead to increase in mycotoxins; nonetheless, decontamination technology is a prerequisite for microbial safety of the product. Upon effective decontamination, finishing steps in the processing technology, for example, grinding, packaging and end product handling do not affect the microbial status, but other, occasionally deliberate contamination due to mixing and adulteration may occur at this stage.",signatures:"Szandra Klátyik, Helga Molnár, Miklós Pék, Ildikó Bata-Vidács, Nóra\nAdányi and András Székács",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57847",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57847",authors:[{id:"209975",title:"Prof.",name:"Andras",surname:"Szekacs",slug:"andras-szekacs",fullName:"Andras Szekacs"},{id:"220594",title:"MSc.",name:"Szandra",surname:"Klátyik",slug:"szandra-klatyik",fullName:"Szandra Klátyik"},{id:"220595",title:"MSc.",name:"Helga",surname:"Molnár",slug:"helga-molnar",fullName:"Helga Molnár"},{id:"220596",title:"MSc.",name:"Miklós",surname:"Pék",slug:"miklos-pek",fullName:"Miklós Pék"},{id:"220597",title:"Dr.",name:"Nóra",surname:"Adányi",slug:"nora-adanyi",fullName:"Nóra Adányi"}],corrections:null},{id:"57420",title:"Adaptive CUSUM for Steady State Normal Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70752",slug:"adaptive-cusum-for-steady-state-normal-data",totalDownloads:1012,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with monitoring plans that exploit temporal predictable trends by adjusting the cumulative sum (CUSUM) plan to be efficient for their early detection. The adjustment involves changing the amount of memory the chart retains to detect persistent changes in location early. The focus is on steady-state situations when either the shift size is known in advance or when it is unknown. Several options are explored using simulation studies, and an example of application is considered.",signatures:"Ross Sparks",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57420",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57420",authors:[{id:"86371",title:"Dr.",name:"Ross",surname:"Sparks",slug:"ross-sparks",fullName:"Ross Sparks"}],corrections:null},{id:"59335",title:"Control Charts to Enhance Quality",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73237",slug:"control-charts-to-enhance-quality",totalDownloads:1990,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Control charts are important tools of statistical quality control to enhance quality. Quality improvement methods have been applied in the last few 10 years to fulfill the needs of consumers. The product has to retain the desired properties with the least possible defects, while maximizing profit. There are natural variations in production, but there are also assignable causes which do not form part of chance. Control charts are used to monitor production; in particular, their application may serve as an “early warning” index regarding potential “out-of-control” processes. In order to keep production under control, different control charts which are prepared for dissimilar cases are established incorporating upper and lower control limits. There are a number of control charts in use and are grouped mainly as control charts for variables and control charts for attributes. Points plotted on the charts may reveal certain patterns, which in turn allows the user to obtain specific information. Patterns showing deviations from normal behavior are raw material, machine setting or measuring method, human, and environmental factors, inadvertently affecting the quality of product. The information obtained from control charts assists the user to take corrective actions, hence opting for specified nominal values enhancing as such quality.",signatures:"Nefise Gönül Şengöz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59335",authors:[{id:"208754",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Nefise",surname:"Gönül Şengöz",slug:"nefise-gonul-sengoz",fullName:"Nefise Gönül Şengöz"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5486",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",subtitle:"An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"549fefebffcb2f610fb669f6eb86c785",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",bookSignature:"Leo D. 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\r\n\tCryptococcosis, caused by the opportunistic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in persons immunocompromised by advanced HIV disease. Cryptococcal meningitis is the leading cause of meningitis among adults with sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, C. gattii has been responsible for major outbreaks in North America. There is a growing interest in the epidemiology of cryptococcal infection and disease in HIV-negative individuals, particularly in those with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and recipients of solid organ transplants.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in cryptococcosis and its etiologic agent Cryptococcus, featuring original research and up-to-date reviews that focuses on the most important evidence-based developments in this critically important area.
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Dr. Bongomin is actively involved in the teaching of both medical and public health students in various aspects of medical microbiology and immunology. He has authored over 50 papers and book chapters in the areas of fungal diseases. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16982",title:"Optical and Structural Studies of Binary Compounds by Explosive Laser Irradiation and Heat Treatment",doi:"10.5772/21407",slug:"optical-and-structural-studies-of-binary-compounds-by-explosive-laser-irradiation-and-heat-treatment",body:'The chalcogens are the name for the periodic table group 16 (old-style: VIB or VIA) in the periodic table. It is sometimes known as the oxygen family. It consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), the radioactive polonium (Po), and the synthetic ununhexium (Uuh). Their compounds, particularly the sulfides, selenides and tellurides are collectively known as chalcogenides. Binary compounds of the chalcogens are called chalcogenides (rather than chalcides, which breaks the pattern of halogen / halide and pnictogen / pnictide).
Chalcogenide compounds have the structure mostly composed of segments, chains and molecules. The primary covalent type structure prevailing within the chains of segments in particular a weak one. The materials of low covalent bond strength shows optical transparency in the mid to far IR. While the chalcogenide glasses (Boer & Ovshinsky, 1970; Collins, 1970; Zope M & Zope J, 1984; Afifi et al., 1988; Fadel & El-Shair, 1992 & Fadel et al.,1992) are regarded as weakly bonded materials in contact to oxide glasses containing both types of heteropolar and homopolar covalent bond viz. Ge-Se, Ge-S etc. and Se-Se, S-S etc. Substantial number of the works on chalcogenide glasses were pointed towards device making games in memory thin film electronic switches (von Allmen, 1987 & Fadel, 1993). Although the applications are manifold yet the necessary structures are still to be understood in the sense of transition between amorphous to crystalline states (Brice,1986). A tendency towards attaining glassy states for ternary chalcogenide glasses increases in the following order
S > Se > Te Gr. (VI),
As > P > Sb Gr. (V),
Si > Ge > Sn Gr. (IV)
This principle adopted is an indicator that the thin films of Ge-As-S system are comparatively easier than Ge-P-S system. The softening temperature decreases with the increase of atomic number and with the addition of any other element to the host of Ge- Se and Ge-Te (Katsuyama & Matsumura, 1992) may increase the temperature of softening thereby shifting of the crystalline temperature on to much higher order.
Chalcogenides have wide range of applications in materials science domain. Several structural or photochemical changes have been observed in amorphous elements and compounds viz. through the route of laser treatment for photo- crystallization (Katsuyama & Matsumura, 1992; Mott & Davis, 1979; Andonov,1982) and heat treatment. Selenium is one such characteristic element, which undergoes unstable morphological transitions from amorphous to crystalline phases. Generally Se thin films grown by evaporation technique, crystallize to pattern resembles like a spherulitic one in hexagonal form compounds of helical chains (Kawarada & Nishina, 1975). During transitions, the different phases of the a-Se films reveal that the structure, growth processes and other properties depend on the method of preparation, deposition conditions (vapor temperature, rate and angle of deposition), physical condition of the substrates and vacuum environment (Kim & Turnbull, 1973 & Gross et al., 1977).
The present work deals with the synthesis of thin films of binary chalcogenide compounds of Ge, Se & Sn elements under explosive laser shots and heat treatments. A number of experimental results were used to explain a new phase generation of the composite materials of chalcogenide. The present attempt is mainly confined with the formation of chalcogenide films and their characterization through Optical Microscopy, SEM, XRD, UV-VIS-NIR etc. In general the chalcogens are viewed as two fold coordinated atoms and can easily be obtained in the form of thin films. Melting, quenching and vapour deposition process are the main tools to fabricate the chalcogenide glasses and alloys. The analysis of the micrographs accumulated by means of SEM and optical Microscopy from the experiment, which are carefully monitored and analyzed.
For the preparation of thin film of a material, it is required (a) suitable source to heat the material and convert it from solid to vapour phase (b) suitable chamber at a reduced pressure (c) a supporting material on which the vapour will condense to form a film. If the pressure inside the chamber is not in the order of 10-5 to 10-6 torr, the deposition is not good. As a result the film often peels out after deposition.
Substrate is the material on which the film is to be deposited. Different materials have been used as a substrates. The common substrate materials are used like glass, quartz, plastic etc. To prepare a good type of cleanliness of substrate is more essential. Temperature of the substrate during deposition is also another factor.
To prepare a high quality thin film made of CIS cleaning procedure of substrates glass is more essential (Chopra,1969). The step by step cleaning procedure is given below.
clean with dilute HCl ( 1-5%) and rinse the water,
rub the substrate with brush and a mild detergent,
wash in double distilled deionnized water several times,
place in ultrasonic cleaner with the glass slide immersed in water,
boiled them in an electric heater,
degrease in vapour of isopropyl alcohol in a degreasing chamber fitted to a condenser system.
Thin films of different specimens have been prepared by adopting thermal evaporation technique through a vacuum coating unit (modified Edward 12EA – 784) as shown in (Fig.1.) under a stable vacuum of the order of 5x10-6 torr. on a good quality
E-glass substrates. The vacuum system consists of a rotary pump followed by silicone oil (704 grade oil) diffusion pump. The vacuum measurement is conducted through a Pirani gauge followed by a Penning gauge. The circulation of the chilled water is maintained all throughout the course of the experiment. There is a provision in the evaporator that takes care of the substrates thermal state. The distance between the source and the substrate is optimized to the order of 10 cm in order to prepare good quality uniform thin films.
A typical oil-diffusion pump evaporation station used in the laboratory. The notation stand for A, quartz iodine lamp heater; B, substrate; C, quartz crystal rate controller and deposition monitor; D, substrate mask; E, shutter (mechanical); F, vapour from evaporation source; G, adapter collar between the bell jar and the pump base plate flange; H, air inlet valve; I, base plate flange; J, Pirani or thermocouple gauge; K, roughing valve; L, liquid air trap; M, cooled chevron baffles; N, diffusion pump; O, cooling coils; P and Q, backing valves; R, Pirani gauge; S, fore-pump with air inlet valve T; U, diffusion pump heater; V, filament holders; W, multiple feedthrough; X, ionization gauge; Y, Miessner trap; Z, baffle valve.
The substrates were initially washed in warm soap solution followed by chemical cleaning with anhydrous grade tri-chloro-ethyline, acetone and alcohol followed by CIS ultrasound cleaning. These initial treatments render the occluded materials to be wiped away before the specimen is put in the evaporation chamber for deposition. Different specimens from the chalcogenide groups of various thickness have been deposited on the substrates for both individual and stacked bi-layer samples. The adhesion of the film and its quality is highly depending on the cleanliness, temperature of the substrate and order of the vacuum during deposition. If the substrate is not properly cleaned or the residual gas inside the chamber is not being sufficiently low during deposition, it has been found that the film often peels out after deposition. After cleaning, the substrate has been baked inside the vacuum chamber to remove the absorbed water vapor and further cleaned with ion bombardment in presence of argon atmosphere. Argon ion cleaning was carried out before the evaporation process started and also the initial sputtering of the source materials are ignored with the help of a movable umbrella placed over the tungsten boat.
Materials used for thermal evaporation of purity grade 5N (99.999 %) from Johnson & Matthey Co. Ltd. The shutter so used is important by which the unwanted atomic depositions were filtered and the heating has been raised with immediate removal of the shutter. The thickness of the film, the rate of deposition and the pre-factors associated with the elements used were monitored with the help of Edward FTM5 quartz crystal monitor unit. Deposition rate of the material on the substrate was in the order of 5 to 8 nm sec-1. After the completion of the deposition, the films were exposed to high purity dry argon atmosphere for quite sometime and then taken out from the chamber, for the photo-inducement and heat treatment.
Coating Unit: Edward 12EA-784 Thickness monitor Unit: Edward FTM5 Quartz Crystal Materials: Se, Ge, Sn Purity grade : 5N (99.999 %)(Johnson and Mathay Co. Ltd.) Substrates: Glass slides Substrates are cleaned with tri – chloro - ethyline, acetone and alcohol. Order of Vacuum maintained: ~10-3 Pa. Substrate to film material gap : ~ 10 cm Shutter arrangement is being interposed between source and the substrate to avoid unwanted material deposition. Ar ion cleaning was initially carried on achieving the requisite vacuum prior to deposition, in order to improve the ultimate vacuum. Deposition rate : 5 ~ 8 nm sec-1 |
Summary of deposition Conditions
Films of amorphous Ge, Sn & Se on E-glass substrates have been prepared singularly by vacuum evaporation technique under a vacuum of the order of 5x10-6 torr. Out of such individual films the two as deposited front surfaces (one combination of Ge & Se and other Sn & Se) are sandwiched by applying small mechanical pressure in order to prevent air pockets at the film interface. The composite films are then placed on a micro-positioner facing Se-substrate interface towards the laser beam. The sandwiched films are then irradiated under pulsed shot through Nd : YAG laser beam for fundamental and 3rd harmonics to form compounds of Ge-Se and Sn-Se.
Several specimens of different films (Se, Ge, Sn, Ge-Se, Sn-Se etc.) are grouped in various ways following their depositing thickness. The deposition rate and thickness were recorded by Edward FTM5 thickness monitoring system housed in the vacuum chamber. All the films were heat-treated and laser treated according to their needs in the experimental process.
For laser treatment individual films were sandwiched by applying mechanical pressure to make the interface free from air pockets and then irradiated by pulsed laser output from a third harmonics generator (KDP) of 355 nm UV wavelength pumped by Nd:YAG laser of Spectra Physics Model from one side. Depending upon the requirement one to hundred shots of 20-40 mJ cm-2 were applied on the composite films.
The full power of the laser pulse is around 50W and the reason for using this amount of power during the irradiation process is to make approximately equivalent heat treatments, otherwise the quality of equivalence under the two different processes may be confused.
In laser-assisted reactions generally, the problems encountered during laser shots on multilayer thin films are the following:
Precise knowledge of absorbance of the optical energy by the films remains unknown. This is because the film absorbance and refractivity are time-dependent phenomenon during the phase transition period.
Conduction of heat depends on time during reaction.
Sticking co-efficient (Bhadra et al., 1994), roughly the diffusion of reactant in the substrate is unknown. The reaction kinetics due to pulsed laser irradiation generally synthesize thin chalcogenide films (Antioniadis & Joliet, 1984). In this way laser pulse shots may have the advantage of making tailored one-dimensional multilayer systems.
Individuals and composite bi-layer films were heated under constant temperature for particular time with the help of a temperature controlled furnace and they were quenched to room temperature. For heat treatment, bi-layer of Ge-Se and Sn-Se films and individuals of Ge, Sn, Se films were heated under constant temperature of 100 0C, 150 0C etc. for 30 minutes, 45 minutes with the help of a temperature controlled furnace and they were returned to room temperature by decreasing the temperature in steps of about 1/ 2 0C per minute.
Microstructures of treated and untreated films have been studied through polarizing optical microscope [ OLYMPUS – KH (MLX – TR) model ]. Some representative SEM micrographs of treated samples have been carried out with the help of Jeol SEM, Model JSM 5200. X-ray diffraction pattern of different specimens were carried out with model BRUKER-aXS-D8 Advance of Cu K- irradiation of monochromatic wavelength 1.5406 A0. UV-VIS-NIR transmission spectra were yielded by a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV – 3101PC).
The present attempt is mainly confined with the formation of chalcogenide films and their characterization through Optical Microscopy, SEM, XRD UV-VIS-NIR etc. In general the chalcogens are viewed as two fold coordinated atoms and can easily be obtained in the form of thin films. Melting, quenching and vapour deposition process are the main tools to fabricate the chalcogenide glasses and alloys. The analysis of the micrographs accumulated by means of SEM and optical Microscopy from the experiment, which are carefully monitored and analyzed. It was known in the 80’s and authenticated by Mott & Davis, 1979 that under rapid cooling of chalcogenides on melting by Laser bombardment can yield material, which can be achieved in amorphous form.
Microstructures (Fig. 2 & 3) of treated and untreated films have been studied through polarizing optical microscope [ OLYMPUS – KH (MLX – TR) model ].
Optical Micrographs (a) GeSe Film (stacked), (b) GeSe Film (sandwiched).
Optical Micrographs (a) SnSe Film (stacked) and (b) SnSe Film (sandwiched)
The dendritic feature observed in Figs. 4 - 8 arises from the differences in the solute content at a faster rate than the movement of the solidification isotherms (Bhadra et al., 1994: Griffiths et al., 1969 & Bhadra et al., 1998). The flow initially dispersed in many paths since the flowing warm material starts to dissolve the already solidified materials. The face growth rate lags and the corner growth increases to maintain the growth rate more or less steady. In order to attain the forced growth rate, the corner penetrates further while the faces grow slowly in depleted part of the material in the film (Brice, 1986; Antioniadis & Joliet, 1984; Griffiths et al., 1969; Bhadra et al., 1998 & Pamplin, 1980) when Se film heat-treated at 150 0C and returned to room temperature, the warm Se cools on a highly polished substrate, the stem of the dendrite and the branches grow from its sides which are directed along the fast growing crystallographic axes. The symmetry of each flake may be due to hexagonal symmetry of Se and the substrate topology. Morphological instability occurs when the film subsequently heat-treated at higher temperature.
Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) (a) Se Film (Heat treated) and(b) Se Film (as deposited).
Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) (a) & (b) GeSe Film (Heat treated)
Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) (a) & (b) SnSe Film (Heat treated).
Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) (a) & (b) GeSe Film (Laser treated)
Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) (a) & (b) SnSe Film (Laser treated).
It has been observed that if the materials of Ge be deposited over Se film or Sn be deposited over Se the photo micrographs show practically a little change in structure. In the event of singular deposition of Sn & Se and sandwiched and then laser shots be made through Se in front some changes are found even the shots are not optically compatible that is to say fundamental beam. The difference in the explosive system is clearly observed through SEM studies and it is concluded that third harmonics generated a picture, which is optically compatible and the rest is equivalent to the simple heating process. The work on such explosive laser irradiation is found to be very important towards the appropriate formation of compounds.
The structural changes on various types of vapour grown amorphous films during both laser and heat treatments have been analyzed by XRD. Two significant peaks have been noticed at 2 values 23.430 and 41.370 for both the films under treatments as mentioned above in the XRD (Fig. 9) peaks corresponds to (100) and (110) diffraction planes and are resembling to that of hexagonal patterns of Se. In case of heat treated binary films the diffraction peaks corresponds to Ge-Se (201), Sn-Se {(042) & (212)} were clearly observed. Experimental results from XRD pattern were given in table - 2. The corresponding XRD data i.e. the inter-planar distance
XRD pattern of different films
Specimen | d-values from JCPDS (A0) | 2 in degree | d-values observed (A0) | (hkl) |
Se | 3.77 2.18 | 23.43 41.37 | 3.79 2.17 | (100) (110) |
Ge | 3.01 | 29.84 | 3.01 | (102) |
Sn | 2.61 | 51.96 | 2.62 | (110) |
GeSe | 2.14 | 43.96 | 2.13 | (201) |
SnSe | 1.85 1.73 | 49.17 55.61 | 1.81 1.70 | (212) (042) |
Experimental results from XRD pattern
The changes in the thermally treated specimens are much faster than those observed in case of laser treatment (Kar et al.,2007). This is due to the fact that the optical matching of these materials are tantamount with the third harmonics of the Nd : YAG pulsed laser in that zone when the energy is mostly utilized under lasing action. The behaviors of the laser treated with third harmonics irradiation in Ge-Se are the example of yielding faster results. Thus, it is imperative to activate the specimens as per the optical fundamental peaking or else the process will not generate the expected results.
The optical transmission spectra before and after laser irradiation of Ge-Se films and Sn-Se films are shown Fig. 10-12. The transmission plot has been grouped into transparent, weak and medium absorption zones to find the optical constants. Using Manificier et al.,1976 and Swanepoel, 1983, the transmission T is a complex function
Where
The refractive index value
where
and
By using Equation 2 the refractive index as well as the thickness were calculated and verified with the experimental data.
UV-VIS-NIR transmittance (% T) versus wavelength plot of typical Se film
UV-VIS-NIR transmittance (% T) versus wavelength plot of typical GeSe film
UV-VIS-NIR transmittance (% T) versus wavelength plot of typical SnSe film
The optical absorption coefficient (
Where d and I are the sample thickness and transmitted intensity, respectively, and I’0 is the effective incident photon intensity (Bhadra et al., 1999).
The UV–VIS–NIR transmission spectra were carried out through a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-3101PC) for the films deposited on glass substrates. The optical band gap was calculated from the Tauc, 1974 relation;
where A is a constant and hn is the photon energy, and
Variation of
Experimental data on heat-treated films were recorded in the higher absorption region, and then the best fit least squares method were made to fit in the Tauc plot. The transition from the amorphous to crystalline state was realized on heat treatment. Thus the extrapolation is made on a very small region of the absorption energy without incorporating any possible error.
Variation of absorption coefficient (
The changes in the thermally treated specimens are much faster than those observed in case of laser treatment. This is due to the fact that the optical matching of these materials is related to the third harmonic of the Nd:YAG pulsed laser in that zone where the energy is mostly utilized under lasing action. The behavior of the laser treated with third-harmonic irradiation in Ge–Se is an example of yielding more rapid transitions. Thus, it is imperative to activate the specimens as per the optical fundamental peaking or the process will not generate the expected results.
The process of preparation of thin films of mono-system and also binary chalcogenide alloys and there various structural and morphologies have thoroughly been studied and lots of interesting information was gathered to explain a new phase generation of the composite materials. The typical molecular nature of chalcogenide alloys give rise to a subtle changes in optical properties by photo induction. As the semiconductor Se is photo - sensitive with a lower melting temperature than Ge and Sn; so it is possible to diffuse Se into these elements by an adiabatic impulsive energy. The short range ordering structure of chalcogens when mixed up with four fold-coordinated atoms like Ge, Sn etc. produce alloy or compound with certain specific signature. The optical band gaps calculated from the Tauc plot were found to be 1.45 eV for Ge–Se and 1.62 eV for Sn–Se and they behave like semiconductors. The laser impulse on those materials proves an advantage over the other adopted methods because of the fact that the instant quenching under laser irradiation pave the path for the materials to be alloyed properly. The disadvantage in laser induction is that the large-scale compound preparation may be a different proposition.
The author wishes to thank Dr. A. K. Maiti of Bidhannagar Govt. College, Prof. K Goswami of Jadavpur University and S. K. Bhadra of CGCRI for helping in characterization.
Milk is a whitish liquid containing protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamin and trace mineral elements, which are produced by mammary gland of all mature female mammals. Milk production in India increased at a growth of 6.2% in 2020–2021 reaching 209.96 million tonnes [1]. Milk products include butter, ice cream, cheese, paneer etc. These are very important components of human diets because they contain good nutritive value and are thus widely consumed by children and adults, particularly elderly people all over the world. The advancement of industry and agriculture has resulted in the release of numerous heavy metals into the environment which is harmful to the health of both animals and humans. Animals ingest heavy metals from a variety of sources including soil, water, feed and fodder. Because the mammary gland is the most physiologically active component of an animal that resulted into heavy metals are reflected in milk (Figure 1). Central Pollution Control Board found that the presence of higher levels of mercury (above Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) permissible limits) in water from several Indian states and its highly toxic heavy metal & poison with a long retention time in the human body poses a threat to the body. Metals of various types of minerals can be divided into two categories based on their relative abundance in our bodies. i.e., macro minerals are those that the human body requires in relatively large quantities such as sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sulfur whereas micro/trace minerals such as selenium, iron, zinc, copper, cobalt, fluorine, iodine, manganese and molybdenum are required in little amounts. These are found in nearly all cells of the human body where they help to maintain general homeostasis and are necessary for our bodies to function normally. The excess mineral can have a negative impact on human health e.g., daily intake of high levels of sodium can lead to hypertension (Blood pressure).
Source of heavy metal in milk.
A heavy metal is any metallic element with a relatively high density (5 g/cm3) that is unsafe or poisonous even at low. Heavy metal is a broad term that refers to a class of metals and metalloids with atomic densities greater than 5 g/cm3 or five times that of water [2]. Heavy metals are cumulative toxins that can cause harm even at very low levels. The toxicity of these metals is divided into two categories
They have really no known metabolic function but when present in the body, they disrupt the normal cellular processes which causes toxic effects in a variety of organs.
Bioaccumulation or the ability to accumulate in biological tissues [3].
The growth in a chemical concentration in a biological organism over time in relation to the chemical concentration in the environment is referred to as bioaccumulation. The World Health Organization (WHO), CODEX and the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) have determined metal maximum residual limit (MRL) values in food products. Heavy metals that exceed the MRL level in any food or food product harm human health.
Because it contains nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrate and minerals in which milk is considered nearly a complete food in our daily diet [4]. As industrial and agricultural processes expand, which result in the concentration of physical, chemical and biological hazards in the environment grows [5]. A significant quantity of heavy metals found in plants & animals eventually finds their way into food harming both the quality of final products and human health.
Metal levels in cow or buffalo milk are currently being examined intensively, particularly in industrialized & polluted areas of both developing and developed countries. According to reports, the basic ingredients in cow and buffalo milk are rather consistent and only alter slightly based on a variety of conditions such as lactation phase, nutrition quality and environmental conditions, all of which are primarily chemical contaminants.
Because milk and milk products are primarily consumed by infants and children, residues of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury are of great concern. As a result, their levels in food and food products must be monitored and controlled. Heavy metal level measurement is useful not only for determining risk to human health and assessing environmental quality but also for maintaining the high quality of final food and food products [6]. Many studies have been published on heavy metals in milk and their presence in milk and various milk products has been connected to lactating cows being exposed to pollution, consuming polluted feed and water and the manufacturing process of various milk products. Lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium levels in milk from cows grazing in open fields in Kaduna were found to be higher than the WHO recommended limit daily intake (50 ppb) [7].
Heavy metal residues such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) which pose a chemical hazard are described below.
Lead is one of the most dangerous metals for humans, plants and animals and it is among the most common metals in the environment due to human activities. Lead mines, coal combustion, wastewater applications, industrial waste & farmyard manure are the primary reason sources of lead in the environment [8]. Lead is a non-ferrous metal that is widely used in a variety of industries including the manufacture of plastics, storage battery alloys, ceramics, cable sheathing and even paints. The production of anti-knock compounds from petrol results in increased air pollution in the environment. Vehicle exhausts are a major source of lead contamination in the environment affecting the quality of food and food products as well as the health of animals [9]. Inhalation, ingestion and skin contact are the three main routes through which lead enters the human body system. Long-term doses of lead may cause thalassemia, pale skin, decreased muscle activity, stomach pain, vomiting, wrist joint paralysis and decreased fertility and birth abnormalities (Table 1). Prolonged exposure may also cause kidney damage, liver problems, nervous system damage and eventually death in humans [14]. The maximum acceptable concentration of lead for milk and milk products is 250 ppb according to FSSAI and WHO.
Heavy metals | Application | Human health consequences | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Mercury | Metallurgy industries chemical manufacturing and metal finishing, use in thermometer | Memory issues increased heart rate, tremors, kidney, brain and liver damage | [10] |
Arsenic | Metal plating electroplating leather, dye production | Ulcer, liver problems and kidney damage | [11] |
Lead | Metal plating battery manufacturer automotive and petroleum industries | Abortion on the spur of the moment causes nervous system damage, kidney & brain damage and liver problems. | [12] |
Cadim | Electroplating, fertilizers and battery manufacturing | Cancer, lung insufficiency disturbance in liver and kidney | [13] |
Adverse effect of heavy metals on human health.
Arsenic can be found in water that has been contaminated with industrial or agrochemical waste. Ingestion of arsenic at low doses through food or water is the main route of this metalloid into the organism with absorption taking place in the human stomach and intestines and release into the bloodstream (Table 1). Arsenic can be found in both natural and man-made environments. Arsenic contamination has been documented in a variety of foods and food items including tap water, air, foods and beverages (Table 1). Drinking water contamination is increasing as a result of industrial operations and excessive groundwater withdrawal for irrigation [15].
Almost all mercury compounds are extremely toxic and can harm human and animal health even at very low levels. Mercury is subject to bioaccumulation which is the process by which organisms (including humans) absorb toxins faster than their bodies resulting in mercury levels in their bodies building up over time and causing adverse health effects in humans [16].
Human activities such as the use of fossil fuels particularly coal for heat and energy, the production of metals, cement, caustic soda, the disposal of mercury-containing waste materials etc. are the main sources of mercury in food and the food chain. Human activities that contribute to contaminated air include increased industrialization and small-scale coal burning for heat and automobiles [17]. In many state areas, mercury concentrations have increased as a result of increased atmospheric deposition which harms both humans and animals (Table 1).
Cadmium is a poisonous element that can harm your health. Its existence in water, soil, beverages, herbal medications, milk products and other places has gained recent notice. Phosphate fertilizers, nonferrous smelters, sewage sludge application and fossil fuel combustion are all sources of cadmium in soil and plants. According to FSSAI, the MRL level of heavy metals in milk and various milk products should not exceed 1.5 ppm.
Cadmium is used in plating, alloying, pigments, polymers and batteries among other things which is poisonous to people and animals (Table 1) [18].
The Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI), CODEX and WHO tolerable weekly intake of heavy metals established standards for heavy metals in milk and milk products such as lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium (Table 2).
Heavy metals | Standard for milk and milk product | ||
---|---|---|---|
FSSAI (mg/l) | CODEX (mg/l) | WHO weekly tolerance toxic heavy metal intake (mg/l) | |
Mercury | 1000 | 500 | 5 |
Arsenic | 110 | 20 | 15 |
Lead | 250 | 140 | 25 |
Cadmium | 150 | 200 | 25 |
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), CODEX standard and WHO Weekly tolerance intake for milk and dairy products.
High Sn and Ni contents of some milk products samples from this Arak, iran might be potentially hazardous to consumers [19].
A total of 65 cow and 126 buffalo milk samples were collected from various Haryana districts, covering both industrial and non-industrial areas, and it was discovered that the milk samples collected from various Haryana districts contained Pb, Cd, As, and Hg levels below the maximum contamination level, making them safe for human consumption [20].
The amount of iron, copper, manganese, zinc, lead, cadmium and chromium in cow milk yoghurt had fallen by 0.40–15% and buffalo milk yoghurt had decreased by 0.50–15% according to a study. Nickel, cobalt and tin levels in cow milk yoghurt were down 50–100% while buffalo milk yoghurt was down 25–50%. The level of these metals in yoghurt is dramatically reduced as a result of the high acidity and bacterial activity in the production process [4]. Another study looked at heavy metals like cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic in milk samples collected from the Livestock Production and Management Production Department at NDRI Karnal. They discovered that higher levels of lead, cadmium and mercury in various milk products could be due to high exposure to heavy metal sources in the soil and water near hazardous waste sites while higher levels of arsenic in various milk products were mainly due to use in veterinary medicine for the eradication of tapeworms in cattle (Table 3) [21].
Type of products | Type of heavy metal (ppb) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milk | Paneer | Dahi | Cheese | Khoa | Milk powder | |
Lead | 4.55–8.16 | 3.97–6.28 | 4.12–9.79 | 3.16–10.93 | 11.69–13.89 | 3.99–5.01 |
Cadmium | 9.96–11.89 | 3.38–9.53 | 7.84–11.50 | 9.16–10.90 | 16.91–26.41 | 7.73–10.2 |
Mercury | 4.48–7.23 | 4.23–8.53 | 4.04–8.04 | 4.87–8.68 | 7.46–10.68 | 3.34–5.55 |
Arsenic | 4.87–8.94 | 3.77–8.98 | 4.05–11.32 | 5.01–7.73 | 14.61–21.04 | 6.7–9.7 |
Many studies have looked at removing heavy metal pollution from many sources particularly water sources and this method can be used to disinfect a range of various dairy products mineral absorbents like smectite and Palygorsctite were used to absorb heavy metals in recent times [22]. Some other study was using sepiolite minerals and zeolites as heavy metal adsorbent materials and corrective agents [23]. Another study used a modified rice husk with different sodium bicarbonate concentrations to absorb low levels of cadmium in aquatic settings [24]. Penaud
Nurdin
Heavy metals bind to lactobacilli-specific proteins (LAB) and are then biologically absorbed and removed [27].
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) became available for the first time in 1962. Since then, there have been several rapid developments such as a variety of fuels and oxidants in atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy such as flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) and hydride vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS).
AAS which measures ppb levels in various milk product samples which are exceedingly sensitive. The spectra formed when the sample is excited with radiation from a hollow cathode lamp. Transitions to higher energy levels occur as a result of absorbing ultraviolet or visible light and then measure the amount of energy in the form of photons of light absorbed by the sample and sends the signal to the detector. In this procedure, the wavelengths of light transmitted by the sample are measured and compared to the wavelengths that passed through it originally (Figure 2). Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for identifying an element\'s concentration in a sample by measuring the intensity of external absorbed radiation by a sample atom at a wavelength characteristic of the element. The absorption of electromagnetic radiation by well-separated atoms or ions in the gaseous state is quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The emission of radiation from atoms stimulated by heat or other methods is measured using atomic emission spectroscopy (AES).
Atomic absorption spectroscopy.
In this system, the atoms of various elements absorb light at different wavelengths. When analyzing a sample containing a given element, light from excited atoms produces the proper wavelength combination to be absorbed by any elements present in a sample. A lamp containing atoms emits light from excited atoms resulting in a spectrum of wavelengths absorbed by any atoms in the sample is a way to find determining atom concentration in samples (Figure 2). Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes the sample by converting ground state free atoms to a vapour state and passing a beam of electromagnetic radiation generated by excited atoms through the vaporized sample. The sample unique atoms absorb some of the radiation because more light is absorbed the maximum number of atoms are in the vapor which transfers the signal to the detector (Figure 3).
Basic principle of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
There are various techniques which can be used in AAS for the estimation of heavy metal residue in milk and milk products, which are described below:
Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS).
Metals in solution or samples can be easily recognized using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS). The approach is simple, quick and may be used to estimate metals in a variety of environmental samples including groundwater, household & industrial wastes, extracts, soils, sludge, sediments and other wastes. Except for dissolved ingredient analyses, all samples in this system must be digested before being analyzed.
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is similar to flame AA in that the cloud of atoms is generated by heating a tiny electrically heated graphite tube or cuvette to a temperature of 3000–3200°C. The increased atom density and tube residence length improve furnace AAS detection limits allowing detection in the ppb or level range (Figure 5). A comparative study between the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS) is described in Table 4.
Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Flame atomization | Graphite atomization | |
---|---|---|
Amount of sample required | 1 ml | 5–20 μL |
Atomization principle | Atomized through the heat of flame | Atomized by heat generated when a current is passed through a resistance bulb |
Sample usage (Atomization efficiency) | Approx. 10% | Approx. 90% |
Shape of adsorption signal | Stationary signal | Peak shaped signal |
Reproducibility | <RSD 1% | Approx RSD 2–5% |
Sensitivity | PPM Level | PPB Level |
Measuring timing | Short (10–30 seconds) | Long (1–5 min) |
Difference between flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Aspiration of the liquid sample followed by mixing with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and hydrochloric acid (HCL).
The reaction produces a volatile hydride of the analyte metalloid.
Fill the optical cell system with gaseous hydride.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is a widely used technique for determining mineral elements in samples. However, some elements mostly metalloids have been developed due to interferences, low repeatability and inadequate detection methods. However, it is more expensive than atomic absorption spectroscopy (Figure 6). In AAS, a nebulizer is required but not in HGAAS.
Hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Heavy metals are frequently thought to be extremely hazardous and harmful for the environment. People nowadays are concerned about food safety issues such as microbial, chemical, and physical risks. Heavy metal residues such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and others are major pollutants in chemical hazards. Heavy metals do not naturally arise in milk as a consequence of human activities such as industrial and agricultural processes, but they can naturally occur in milk as a result of human activities such as industrial and agricultural processes. Polluted soils are a major source of Cd and Pb which can build up in milk through the food chain. Heavy metals have become pollutants in food for a variety of reasons resulting in a concern of health issues. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to determine the amount of heavy metal contamination in milk and milk products.
Sincere thanks are extended to the Institution of Eminence (IoE) scheme, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) India for support under Incentive to Seed Grant under IoE Scheme (Devt Scheme No 6031 & PFMS Scheme No 3254).
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These organizations include the military, as well as both public and private health and medical groups. To effectively use cold models, it is useful to understand the first principles of heat transfer within a given environment as well as have an understanding of the underlying physiology, including the thermoregulatory responses to various conditions and activities. The combination of both rational or first principles and empirical approaches to modeling allow for the development of practical models that can predict and simulate core body temperature changes for a given individual and ultimately provide protection from injury or death. The ability to predict these maximal potentials within complex and extreme environments is difficult. The present work outlines biomedical modeling techniques to simulate and predict cold-related injuries, and discusses current and legacy models and methods.",book:{id:"8091",slug:"autonomic-nervous-system-monitoring-heart-rate-variability",title:"Autonomic Nervous System Monitoring",fullTitle:"Autonomic Nervous System Monitoring - Heart Rate Variability"},signatures:"Adam W. Potter, David P. Looney, Xiaojiang Xu, William R. 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Velazco, Shekhar Ghamande and Salim Surani",authors:[{id:"15654",title:null,name:"Salim",middleName:null,surname:"Surani",slug:"salim-surani",fullName:"Salim Surani"}]},{id:"56319",title:"Pacemaker and ICD Troubleshooting",slug:"pacemaker-and-icd-troubleshooting",totalDownloads:2646,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Continuous advancements in technology and software algorithms for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) have improved functional reliability and broadened their diagnostic capabilities. At the same time, understanding management and troubleshooting of modern devices has become increasingly complex for the device implanter. This chapter provides an overview of the underlying physics and basic principles important to pacemaker and ICD function. The second part of this chapter outlines common device problems encountered in patients with pacemakers and ICDs and provides solutions and tips for troubleshooting.",book:{id:"5764",slug:"interpreting-cardiac-electrograms-from-skin-to-endocardium",title:"Interpreting Cardiac Electrograms",fullTitle:"Interpreting Cardiac Electrograms - From Skin to Endocardium"},signatures:"Sorin Lazar, Henry Huang and Erik Wissner",authors:[{id:"198322",title:"M.D.",name:"Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Wissner",slug:"erik-wissner",fullName:"Erik Wissner"},{id:"204910",title:"Dr.",name:"Sorin",middleName:null,surname:"Lazar",slug:"sorin-lazar",fullName:"Sorin Lazar"}]},{id:"13783",title:"Electromagnetic Interference of the Pacemakers",slug:"electromagnetic-interference-of-the-pacemakers",totalDownloads:61112,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"23",slug:"modern-pacemakers-present-and-future",title:"Modern Pacemakers",fullTitle:"Modern Pacemakers - Present and Future"},signatures:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss, Priya Chinnachamy and James P Daubert",authors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss"},{id:"14368",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Daubert",slug:"james-daubert",fullName:"James Daubert"},{id:"27778",title:"Prof.",name:"saadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sherazi",slug:"saadia-sherazi",fullName:"saadia Sherazi"},{id:"59543",title:"Dr.",name:"Priya",middleName:null,surname:"Chinnachamy",slug:"priya-chinnachamy",fullName:"Priya Chinnachamy"}]},{id:"38327",title:"Interventional and Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques Facilitating Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy",slug:"interventional-and-minimally-invasive-surgical-techniques-facilitating-cardiac-resynchronization-the",totalDownloads:2864,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"2225",slug:"current-issues-and-recent-advances-in-pacemaker-therapy",title:"Current Issues and Recent Advances in Pacemaker Therapy",fullTitle:"Current Issues and Recent Advances in Pacemaker Therapy"},signatures:"Bela Merkely, Levente Molnar and Attila Roka",authors:[{id:"19149",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Molnár",slug:"levente-molnar",fullName:"Levente Molnár"},{id:"19167",title:"Prof.",name:"Béla",middleName:null,surname:"Merkely",slug:"bela-merkely",fullName:"Béla Merkely"},{id:"63271",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",middleName:null,surname:"Roka",slug:"attila-roka",fullName:"Attila Roka"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"983",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"80475",title:"CRT Past, Present, and Future Directions: Toward Intelligent Responders Selection and Optimizing Pacing Modalities",slug:"crt-past-present-and-future-directions-toward-intelligent-responders-selection-and-optimizing-pacing",totalDownloads:77,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101608",abstract:"Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a serious health problem affecting all nations of world. Its impact is increasing with increasing individual age. Ventricular dyssynchrony is well known to contribute to pathophysiological deterioration in more than one-third of CHF subjects. The therapeutic choices of CHF witnessed long decades of stagnant periods and a relative paucity of effective treatment. The discovery of the electrical therapy that is capable of reversing ventricular dyssynchrony, in the form of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), is a true revolution in the timeline of CHF management. Despite the early enthusiasm associated with CRT implantations started in 2001, we know from the last two decades’ experience that non-responders constitute to nearly 40% of all CRT patients. This chapter is devoted to reviewing the past, present and future of CRT with special attention on better intelligent detection of the electrical substrate responsive to CRT as well as optimizing the choice of CRT subjects using the latest knowledge in electrocardiographic and state-of-art imagining technologies. Novel future directions are discussed with new scientific philosophies capable of optimizing CRT. Promising new implants techniques such as endocardial pacing of the left ventricle, His bundle pacing as well as His-optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy are discussed.",book:{id:"10863",title:"Cardiac Rhythm Management - Pacing, Ablation, Devices",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10863.jpg"},signatures:"Abdullah Alabdulgader"},{id:"80392",title:"Operation of Implantable Cardiac Devices in Hyperbaric Conditions",slug:"operation-of-implantable-cardiac-devices-in-hyperbaric-conditions",totalDownloads:60,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102659",abstract:"Implantable devices, including Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (ICD) and Pacemakers (PM), are being seen with increasing frequency in patients wanting to conduct recreational diving or referred for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT). Under hyperbaric conditions, these devices are at risk of malfunction, mostly by changes of ambient pressure. In some cases, manufacturers publish information on how their devices operate under increased pressure. Unfortunately, this is not always the case, and for other devices, someone must perform an individual risk-benefit analysis specific for single patient and his/her implanted device. In case of medical treatment, such analysis must take into account the patient’s clinical condition, the indication for HBOT, and the capability of the HBOT facility for monitoring and intervention in the chamber.",book:{id:"10863",title:"Cardiac Rhythm Management - Pacing, Ablation, Devices",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10863.jpg"},signatures:"Jacek Kot"},{id:"80290",title:"Pacemakers and Defibrillators Implantation",slug:"pacemakers-and-defibrillators-implantation",totalDownloads:72,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101518",abstract:"Since the introduction of pacemakers and defibrillators in the 1960s, many lives have been saved. The technologies used in the development and implantation of such devices are constantly improving, making the procedures increasingly effective and safe. However, the complexity of such implantations makes it one of the most important procedures that need high levels of expertise, knowledge, and experience on the part of the entire surgery team. There is a wide range of devices used for different purposes with various features and characteristics to suit different patients. They range from single-chamber and dual-chamber pacemakers to pulse generators and biventricular pacemakers. The present review chapter seeks to elaborate on the steps of pacemakers and defibrillators implantation, starting from patient selection to post-surgery care and patient education. It outlines all necessary measures in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative stages to ensure the utmost safety, prevent infection, and avoid and treat further complications. The procedures used by our team have demonstrated satisfactory results for patients with a wide variety of conditions.",book:{id:"10863",title:"Cardiac Rhythm Management - Pacing, Ablation, Devices",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10863.jpg"},signatures:"Kamran Ghods, Mohammad Forozeshfard, Shahrzad Aghaamoo, Narges Amini and Hoda Zangian"},{id:"79644",title:"Postoperative Pain Control Following Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Implantation",slug:"postoperative-pain-control-following-cardiac-implantable-electronic-device-implantation",totalDownloads:100,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101517",abstract:"Postoperative pain following cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) surgery may not always be adequately treated. The postoperative pain trajectory occurs over several days following the procedure with tenderness and limited arm range of motion lasting for weeks after surgery. Pain control typically commences in the perioperative period while the patient is in the hospital and may continue after discharge; outpatients may be given a prescription and advice for their analgesic regimen. It is not unusual for CIED patients to be discharged a few hours after implantation. While opioids are known as an effective analgesic to manage acute postoperative pain, growing scrutiny on opioid use as well as their side effects and potential risks have limited their use. Opioids may be considered for appropriate patients for a short course of treatment of acute postoperative pain, but other analgesics may likewise be considered.",book:{id:"10863",title:"Cardiac Rhythm Management - Pacing, Ablation, Devices",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10863.jpg"},signatures:"Peter Magnusson, Jo Ann LeQuang and Joseph V. Pergolizzi"},{id:"78786",title:"High-Power, Short-Duration Ablation in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation Patients",slug:"high-power-short-duration-ablation-in-the-treatment-of-atrial-fibrillation-patients",totalDownloads:106,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100218",abstract:"Catheter ablation is the cornerstone of the rhythm control treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). During this procedure, creating a contiguous and durable lesion set is essential to achieve good long-term results. Radiofrequency lesions are created in two phases: resistive and conductive heating. The ablation catheters and the generators have undergone impressive technical developments to enable homogenous and good-quality lesion creation. Despite recent years’ achievements, the durable isolation of the pulmonary veins remains a challenge. These days, intensive research aims to evaluate the role of high-power radiofrequency applications in the treatment of patients with cardiac arrhythmias. The use of high-power, short-duration applications might result in a uniform, transmural lesion set. It is associated with shorter procedure time, shorter left atrial, and fluoroscopy time than low-power ablation. This technique was also associated with a better clinical outcome, possibly due to the better durability of lesions. Multiple clinical studies have proven the safety and efficacy of high-power, short-duration PVI.",book:{id:"10863",title:"Cardiac Rhythm Management - Pacing, Ablation, Devices",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10863.jpg"},signatures:"Nándor Szegedi and László Gellér"},{id:"78224",title:"Epicardial Radiofrequency Ablation: Who, When, and How?",slug:"epicardial-radiofrequency-ablation-who-when-and-how",totalDownloads:81,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99824",abstract:"In the past decades, it has been known that reentry circuits for ventricular tachycardia or focal triggers of premature ventricular complexes are not limited to the subendocardial myocardium. Rather, intramural or subepicardial substrates may also give rise to ventricular tachycardia, particularly in those with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Besides, some of the idiopathic ventricular tachycardia might be originated from epicardial foci. Percutaneous epicardial mapping and ablation have been successfully introduced to treat this sub-epicardiac ventricular tachycardia. Herein, this chapter reviews the indications for epicardial ablation and the identification of epicardial ventricular tachycardia by disease entity, electrocardiography and imaging modalities. This chapter also described the optimal technique for epicardial access and the potential complication.",book:{id:"10863",title:"Cardiac Rhythm Management - Pacing, Ablation, Devices",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10863.jpg"},signatures:"Chin-Yu Lin"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"90",type:"subseries",title:"Human Development",keywords:"Neuroscientific research, Brain functions, Human development, UN’s human development index, Self-awareness, Self-development",scope:"