Summary of the performance characteristics of the proposed one-stage filtennas.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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She has worked on different projects funded by Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa and has published several research articles and book chapters in her area of interest.",institutionString:"Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429341",firstName:"Paula",lastName:"Gavran",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"paula@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6519",title:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4dd10764e9841064827609a62952748",slug:"science-and-technology-behind-nanoemulsions",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9199",title:"Sonochemical Reactions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72f3010437d022fd2a932421ff4a9200",slug:"sonochemical-reactions",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9199.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7604",title:"Colloid Science in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3940914be015381c3928eae31c2457e",slug:"colloid-science-in-pharmaceutical-nanotechnology",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7604.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"64631",title:"Compact, Efficient, and Wideband Near-Field Resonant Parasitic Filtennas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82305",slug:"compact-efficient-and-wideband-near-field-resonant-parasitic-filtennas",body:'\nA filtenna is a co-designed antenna which integrates a radiating element and filter to be a single device. Due to its self-contained filtering characteristic, filtenna possesses several main properties compared with other general antennas while receiving a signal. First of all, the interconnection losses could be decreased, which emerge while a common receiving antenna is assembled to a filter in the fabrication process. In addition, it restrains unwanted signals which occur out of the operational band. Finally, from the aspect of practice, it promoted a RF front-end system with more compact and lower cost features. Consequently, more attention has been seized to propose all kinds of filtennas into engineering practice.
\nIn this chapter, three main sorts of filtennas are introduced to demonstrate their design methods and performance characteristics. For the first sort, band-pass or band-stop filtennas focus on introducing band-notch filters into ultra-wideband (UWB)/wideband antennas using a variety of high-Q band-stop structures or embedding band-pass filter structures into various types of basic antennas [1, 2, 3, 4]. Two printed planar ultrawideband (UWB) antennas are designed and fabricated. To further improve its high frequency characteristics, a multimode-resonator filter consisting of a single-wing element is combined with the slot-modified UWB antenna. These filtennas would be depicted in Section 2 in detail. For the second sort, multi-resonator-cascaded filtennas are obtained by altering the coupled-resonators in the last stages of the filters to act as the radiating elements [5, 6]. In Section 3, two planar efficient wideband electrically small monopole filtennas are proposed. The first one is directly evolved from a common planar capacitively loaded loop (CLL)-based filter. The second filtenna consists of a driven element augmented with a CLL structure and with slots etched onto its ground plane. Both the filtennas are electrically small. For the third sort, near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP), bandwidth-enhanced filtennas are accomplished through organically combining radiator and filtering structures. In Section 4, a filtenna possessing compact geometry with bandwidth enhancement is developed by a novel design method. It expanded an impedance bandwidth which is over three times improvement compared to its component near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP) monopole antenna alone. Then, a set of compact filtennas with the NFRP element is simulated, fabricated, and analyzed to validate the filtennas’ reliability.
\nThe degradation of the radiation pattern at higher frequency of the UWB range reveals a serious drawback for the planar design. For the purpose of decreasing this defect, some design methods have been published, such as adding electromagnetic band gaps (EBGs) [7], varying the radiating patches [8], reconstructing the ground planes [9], and turning to a trident-shaped strip integrated with a tapered impedance transformer connected to the feedline [10].
\nAlternatively, through assembling an asymmetrical single-wing filter into a feedline section of a modified arc-slot UWB antenna, the broadside gain of the antenna in the upper portion of the UWB band is increased. For example, the simulated broadside gains at 10 GHz are increased from −3.89 to 4.16 dBi for the single-wing antenna. Moreover, integrating a filter element into the antenna strengthens the sharp cutoff performance at both edges of the frequency range for the UWB. Additionally, the developed co-design method makes the size compact for the whole system constituted by the filter and antenna effectively. Eventually, the experiment results in good agreement with simulations that could validate the proposed strategy.
\nThe geometries of a traditional patch UWB monopole antenna as a reference together with its arc-slot modified case are illustrated in Figure 1. The reference antenna is evolved from the reported printed planar UWB monopole antenna designs [11]. Its radiating patch is elliptical in shape, and its ground plane is designed with a rectangular slot at its upper edge for impedance matching. As its modified case, an arc-shaped slot is engineered to be symmetric within the radiating patch and to be close to the throat of the microstrip-feed strip. Both the reference antenna and the antenna with an arc-shaped slot have their comparison on
The printed planar UWB antenna with an arc-shaped slot and its reference design. (a) Reference antenna, (b) top view, (c) side view, and (d) the fabricated prototype.
Comparisons between the reference antenna and the antenna with the arc-shaped slot. (a) |S11| values and (b) broadside realized gain.
Realized gain of the arc-slot modified UWB antenna at (a) 3.0, (b) 6.5, and (c) 10 GHz.
Numerous stub-loaded multimode-resonator-based UWB bandpass filters have been reported in recent years [12, 13]. We found one compact filter design that has several attractive features, including simple designs, compact sizes, low losses, flat group delays, enhanced out-of-band rejection, and easy integration with other microwave components in the UWB frequency range.
\nFirst, based on these advantages, a circular stub-loaded single-wing filter was designed, fabricated, and measured. In detail, its layout and the equivalent circuit network, together with the fabricated prototype and S-parameters, are shown in Figure 4. The filter is composed of a single-wing resonator and a pair of interdigital-coupled lines. The resonator creates and adjusts several sequential modes within the UWB passband [13]. The interdigital-coupled lines are equivalent to two pairs of single transmission lines attached in their middle to a J-inverter susceptance. The simulated (measured) results demonstrate that the single-wing filter provides 3 dB passband bandwidth from 2.806 (2.824) to 10.892 GHz (10.760 GHz), which covers the entire UWB band. Moreover, the +10 dB return loss bandwidth is from 3.025 (2.989) to 11.010 GHz (10.842 GHz). Two transmission zeros are generated at 2.12 GHz (2.085 GHz) and at 11.5 GHz (11.449 GHz).
\nThe circular stub-based single-wing multimode-resonator filter. (a) Design layout of the filter and its equivalent circuit network, (b) fabricated prototype, and (c) its simulated and measured |S11|.
The single-wing filter was integrated into the arc-slot antenna as shown in Figure 5. The filter was connected directly to the microstrip feedline section. As shown in Figure 5, the UWB filter-antenna design was optimized, fabricated, and measured. As depicted, the simulated (measured) −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna with the single-wing filter is from 2.995 (2.949) to 11.047 GHz (10.817 GHz). Clearly, the measured lower frequency bound is downshifted by ∼46 MHz, and its upper frequency edge is downshifted by ∼230 MHz.
\nThe UWB antenna with both the arc-slot and the multimode resonator filter T. (a) Design model of the antenna, (b) fabricated prototype, and (c) its simulated and measured |S11|.
The far-field realized gain patterns are presented in Figures 6 and 7. By comparing the results in Figure 7, it is clear that the integration of the single-wing filter further increases the broadside gain values in the higher frequency range, while maintaining its original radiation patterns in the lower frequency range. The broadside realized gain values of the single-wing version increase to 4.16 dBi in simulation and to 4.25 dBi in experiment. It must be noted that the single-wing filter antenna has very good omnidirectional radiation performance in the
Realized gain of the arc-slot modified UWB antenna with the single-wing filter at (a) 3.0, (b) 6.5, and (c) 10 GHz.
The maximum simulated and measured realized gain values in the broadside direction and any direction for the three UWB antennas.
Two electrically small, efficient planar monopole filtennas based on capacitively loaded loop (CLL) resonators are presented. Taking advantage of the characteristics of filters that are based on a pair of electrically coupled CLL resonators, the filtenna is designed, fabricated, and measured. The experimental results demonstrate that this electrically small system had a 6.27% fractional impedance bandwidth, high out-of-band rejection, and stable omnidirectional radiation patterns. An additional CLL structure, as a near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP) element, is then integrated systematically into the system to achieve a wider operational bandwidth. The resulting filtenna owns a 7.9% fractional bandwidth, together with a flat gain response, stable omnidirectional radiation patterns, and high out-of-band rejection characteristics.
\nA bandpass filter with a 0° feed structure based on rectangular microstrip CLL [14] is revealed in Figure 8(a). The plane is symmetrical about the dashed lines O–O′ and T–T′ along the
Filter with electrically coupled resonators. (a) Design layout. (b) Equivalent circuit network [
Figure 8(b) correspondingly reveals the equivalent circuit with lumped elements. Its
Figure 9 demonstrates the simulated
This can be verified by calculating the electric coupling coefficient (
where
Consequently, as expected for the uncoupled, weak coupling, and strong coupling cases given in Figure 9,
A filtenna having a second-order filter was co-designed and optimized. It is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10(a) indicates that one CLL element acts as the directly driven element. A fan-shaped radiator with no ground plane on the back side of it acts as a NFRP element in the presence of the monopole (CLL-based) antenna [18]. The choice of this special fan-shaped radiator establishes an even smoother impedance transition over the desired wider bandwidth. Simply starting with the resonance frequencies near to each other facilitates a straightforward numerical approach to optimize and finalize the actual antenna design. Note that the fan-shaped part of the NFRP element is placed on the opposite side of the feed port. This arrangement facilitates the creation of dual transmission zeros on the two edges of the passband. This arrangement enhances the out-of-band rejection level.
\nFirst electrically small filtenna. (a) Top and (b) side views of the HFSS simulation model. (c) Front and back views of the fabricated prototype.
The measured and simulated |
Measured and simulated |S11| and realized gain values of the first filtenna as functions of the source frequency.
For many applications, it is desirable to have an even wider bandwidth. Consequently, the second design shown in Figure 12 was considered. In order to improve the flatness of the transmission performance within the passband while maintaining its wideband operation and steep skirts, a third resonator was introduced without increasing the total overall dimension of the filtenna.
\nEnhanced bandwidth filtenna with slots in its ground strip. (a) Top and (b) back views of the HFSS simulation model. (c) Front and back views of the fabricated prototype.
The third resonator is an additional CLL element, shown in blue in Figure 12(a). Its gap position coincides with the driven CLL element, and it has an arm included to facilitate its coupling to the NFRP element. This collocated arrangement of the two CLLs provides a means to control the mutual coupling, further expanding the bandwidth without increasing the total overall dimensions of the filtenna. Three slots were etched in the ground strip directly beneath the two CLL elements to achieve a smoother realized gain curve. The length of the additional CLL element is set nearly equal to the driven CLL’s size to make their resonance frequencies close to one another.
\nThe simulated and measured |S11| and realized gain values of the second filtenna with the ground strip slots are given in Figure 13. The simulated (measured) realized gain values indicate that the simulated peak realized gain value is improved from 1.659 to 1.75 dBi. The corresponding measured value is 1.376 dBi, revealing more losses than expected in fabrication. For the simulated |
Measured and simulated |
Two filtennas are proposed by a design strategy with the merits of both a compact structure and enhanced bandwidth. The reliability of the filtennas is verified though simulations and analysis of a compact NFRP filtenna which is proposed and fabricated. The reported design employs a Rogers 4350B substrate with relative permittivity
A well-designed compact NFRP antenna is selected as the radiator [19, 20]. Then a compact NFRP antenna is designed, which consists of a traditional monopole and a rectangular microstrip capacitively loaded loop (CLL)-based band-pass filter [21, 22].
\nThe elaborate geometry of the filtenna is shown in Figure 14. As depicted in Figure 14(a) and (e), the compact electrically small antenna (ESA) with NFRP was chosen as the radiating element. The NFRP element is proposed to etch upon one side of the semi-circle board, while the monopole microstrip is located on the other side, with the design principle corresponding to the reported NFRP ESAs [23, 24, 25]. The composite structure of this radiator element and filtering element, which is based on CLL resonators, is well shown in Figure 14(a)–(d). The enlarged filter is shown in Figure 14(b). This filter structure is a typical band-pass design [21, 26, 27], and is set to be symmetric about the S–S′ line. One end is connected to the printed monopole and the other to the SMA.
\nPrototype of miniaturized filtenna with a NFRP structure. (a) 3D graphic of the NFRP filtenna. (b) Filtering structure. (c) Side views of the ESA and filtenna. (d) Fabricated module of the filtenna in various side views. (e) 3D graphic of the ESA with a NFRP structure.
Figure 15(a) demonstrates the simulated and measured |S11| and peak realized gain values versus the source frequency of the optimized filtenna. As a reference, the simulated reflection coefficient of the optimized NFRP ESA alone (depicted in Figure 14(e)), is shown in Figure 15(b). The Agilent E8361A PNA vector network analyzer (VNA) is exploited to quantify the impedance matching. With regard to the NFRP ESA, a 30.3 MHz −10 dB impedance bandwidth is realized corresponding to the center frequency which is located at 1.26 GHz (corresponding to FBW of 2.4%) and with
The simulated and measured |S11| and peak realized gain values versus the source frequency (a) for the filtenna design shown in
Within the operational band, the realized gain (along +
Figure 16 indicates the measured (simulated)
The simulated (measured) peak realized gain patterns in the
As shown in Figure 17, by altering the orientation, position, and configuration of the filter element, certain advantages could be obtained. In contrast with the filtenna depicted in Figure 14, the configurations of the NFRP element, the printed monopole unit and the CLL resonator part shown in Figure 17(a)–(c) were all left the same. The results of the corresponding simulation are presented in Figure 18.
\nExploring variations of the filtenna design shown in
The simulated |
Figure 18 exhibits any of the three proposed filtennas that could introduce two adjacent resonance frequencies and thus reveals an expected, notably enhanced operation bandwidth. As is depicted, there is nearly no fluctuation for the values for peak realized gain traced with the +
Reported filtennas | \nFBW−10dB (%) | \nRealized gain (dBi) | \nRadiation efficiency (%) | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|
Figure 17(a) | \n6.07 | \n0.79 | \n4.85–5.83 | \n76–86 | \n
Figure 17(b) | \n6.32 | \n0.89 | \n5.04–6.04 | \n78–88 | \n
Figure 17(c) | \n6.13 | \n0.90 | \n4.92–5.89 | \n77–86 | \n
ESA alone | \n2.4 | \n0.81 | \n5.73–5.94 | \n94–95 | \n
Summary of the performance characteristics of the proposed one-stage filtennas.
A wider impedance bandwidth could be obtained by adding more stages to the filter structure. As shown in Figure 19, this filtenna is evolved from the design in Figure 14. It is composed of the NFRP ESA and a two-stage filtering structure. The filter structure consists of two rectangular CLLs etched on the substrate with a gap-to-gap orientation. This arrangement produces a known electrical coupling between the two elements.
\nThe NFRP filtenna with two filter stages. (a) The geometry of the two filter stages and (b) fabricated prototype of the filtenna.
The details of the design parameters of the filtenna shown in Figure 19 are listed in Table 2. Referring to the inset figure, the microstrip transmission line is placed on the right side of the upper CLL. It has a 50 Ω characteristic impedance and is connected directly to the center conductor of the coaxial feedline. A straight coupling line, which lies between the two CLLs along the y-axis, is utilized to further tune the coupling levels between the two CLLs. The impedance matching and far-field radiation performance characteristics of this two-stage NFRP filtenna were also studied experimentally. The simulated (measured) results shown in Figure 20 demonstrate that the addition of the second CLL resonator introduces another resonance and produces a 55 (50) MHz impedance bandwidth, from 1.321 (1.29) to 1.376 (1.34) GHz, i.e., a 4.0% (3.8%) fractional bandwidth. The measured operational frequency range exhibits only a slight red shift from the simulated one. A flat realized gain response and excellent band-edge selectivity are again witnessed. The measured and simulated realized gain curves demonstrate that the two-stage NFRP filtenna also exhibits an essentially uniform and stable radiation performance over its entire operational bandwidth.
\nR1 = 75 | \nR2 = 20.7 | \nR3 = 16.8 | \nW1 = 2.5 | \nW2 = 1.4 | \n
W3 = 12.73 | \nW4 = 12.3 | \nW5 = 1.7 | \nW6 = 4.3 | \nW7 = 9.01 | \n
W8 = 0.49 | \nW9 = 1.0 | \nW10 = 14.4 | \nW11 = 0.2 | \nW12 = 0.3 | \n
W13 = 0.3 | \nL1 = 0.9 | \nL2 = 7.7 | \nL3 = 3.0 | \nL4 = 8.7 | \n
L5 = 0.3 | \nL6 = 0.13 | \nL7 = 0.76 | \nL8 = 7.95 | \nL10 = 18.52 | \n
L11 = 2.52 | \nL12 = 6.0 | \nL13 = 0.2 | \nL14 = 6.0 | \nh1 = 9.6 | \n
h2 = 1.0 | \nh3 = 0.762 | \nh4 = 0.017 | \nh1 = 0.762 | \nNull | \n
The simulated and measured |S11| and realized gain values as functions of the source frequency for the two-stage NFRP filtenna shown in
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) infection is a mosquito-borne zoonotic infection in human which is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in Southeast Asia [1]. The first case of JEV was reported in Japan in the year of 1871. The virus was first isolated in the year 1935 from human brain, which was a fatal case. JEV is responsible for causing a high morbidity and high mortality specifically in the pediatrics age group [2]. Transmission cycle of JEV includes pigs which act as the reservoir/amplifying-host, water bird as carriers and mosquitoes as vector and humans are considered as the dead-end host. JEV is transmitted into human via infected Culex mosquitoes bite and thereby infected individuals develop viremia [3]. Transmission cycle starts mostly post-monsoon where the chance of mosquito breeding increases in paddy fields. JEV is single stranded positive- sense envelope RNA virus and is a member of family
Transmission of JEV starts with the infected mosquito bite where human dermis layer act as the primary site of infection. JEV replication occurs in peripheral system including PBMCs wherein the macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes become infected [7]. Such infection in peripheral system gets cleared off due activation of immune system, and that is the reason for low level of viremia in the blood [8]. During any viral infection, antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are the first cell types that trigger the cellular immune responses. They produce various cytokines, which includes IL-6 and TNF-α, and many other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Once JEV makes its entry into blood, it infects monocytes wherein the viral replication peaks up without any cell death and results in production of TNF-α [9] that results in the activation and differentiation of monocytes into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). JEV has developed various immune escape strategies. JEV impairs with the process of DC maturation and where immature human monocyte-derived DCs (im-MDDC) helps in viral replication which takes place by surface expression of co-stimulatory cytokines/chemokine surface receptors [10]. JEV replication has been shown to take place in DCs via reducing the expression of co-stimulatory cytokines, hindering the T-cell activation and by escalating the Treg cells differentiation [11].
During JEV infection, interaction of host-pathogen in the monocyte cell lineage such as monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) increases the severity of the disease [12]. Macrophages acts as a hub of viral replication but in case of JEV infection, the productive replication of virus is limited followed by the increase sensitivity to the IFN response [13]. JEV modulates macrophages and DCs in distinguishing pattern. Macrophages get modulated through classical pathway by up regulating co-stimulatory molecules. DCs infected by JEV produce one of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 and some of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-6, whereas macrophages infected by JEV does not produces IL-10 [14]. Such modulation of DCs and macrophages induces an inflammatory environment which then helps in permeability of BBB (blood brain barrier) and hence, the virus tends to spread into central nervous system (CNS). Infection of CNS causes functional damage to DCs including splenic DCs. Since dendritic cells helps in activating naïve T cells, their damage leads to an increase in viral circulation in CNS and hence, reduces the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells response [15]. Although the mechanism of viral entry into the brain is not well understood but once it enters the brain cells, JEV is detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the nervous tissue [16]. One of the most characteristics pathogenesis of JEV is the breaching of BBB [17]. Neuron being the most important target cell during JEV however, when the infection gets into CNS, along with the neuronal cells, astrocytes also gets infected, which is a constituent of BBB and an important part of CNS. Astrocytes are also considered to be helping in the transmission of JEV to the cerebrospinal fluid from peripheral tissues. The microglial cell that is considered to be the resident immune cells/macrophage of CNS is also infected by JEV. Microglial cells play a very significant role in CNS during the JEV infection via acting as a virus reservoir [18]. Upon activation microglia produces proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6, which induce death of neuronal cell (Figure 1) [19].
Mechanism of Japanese encephalitis virus infection and involvement of immune cells. In blood JEV primarily infects monocytes and results in TNF-α production that results in the activation and differentiation of monocytes into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). These cells are involved in naïve T cell activation, secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. JEV can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) via direct or transmigration of virus harboring monocytes. After entry into the brain, JEV can infect neuronal cells that results in cell death. The transmigrated monocytes differentiate into macrophages which may disseminate the virus to microglia which act as the viral reservoir. Astrocytes are known to disseminate the virus to microglia which results in the activation of microglia leading to over expression of proinflammatory cytokine release.
The pathogenesis of JEV needs to be explored at dual phases in human which initiates at the peripheral tissues and then, involvement of central nervous system (CNS). Before entering into CNS, JEV replicates in the langerhans cells (skin dendritic cells), which gets transported into the lymphatic and peripheral tissues which results in increased viremia. During the initial infection in periphery tissue, the CD8+ T cell response prevents the dissemination of the JEV into the CNS. Lymphocytes harboring JEV can cross the BBB and via endocytosis process to penetrate the endothelial surface of CNS [20]. However, inability of host to produce antibodies against the infection and the immune evasion strategies of the virus makes this infection lethal. JEV propagation occurs in neurons that results in neuronal cell death. Neuronal cell death occurs via two mechanism; direct and indirect neuronal killing. Direct killing involves the JEV propagation inside the neuronal cells that results in cell death and indirect killing involves aggressive and intense inflammatory responses leading to up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species that causes death of neurons [21]. In addition to cell death, proliferation and growth of neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) also gets affected which could be the possible reason for the destructive neurological cases in JE survivors [22]. JEV can also cause abnormal neuronal development in fetus via crossing transplacental barrier [23]. In order to prevent the JEV pathogenesis, virus clearance from the peripheral nervous tissues during the initial phase of infection is crucial for designing effective therapy. Clearance of virus-infected cells and recovery during JEV infection relies on the several factors including IgM antibodies, T-lymphocytes and CXCL10 mediated viral clearance by neuronal cells [24].
During JEV infection, viral clearance via immune cells is a multiple step process which involves both innate and adaptive immunity. The initial step focuses on the inhibition or on limiting the spread of virus to any new cells. In addition, already infected cells are then either eliminated or replication of JEV is suppressed permanently. However, mechanism of virus clearance during JEV infection in the CNS tissue requires immense understanding of the level of JEV infection in the CNS tissue. One of the most reliable methods is cytolysis, either immune cytolysis or virus-induced. This method involves complete removal or elimination of virus infected cells or cells where the virus is propagating. The immunological processes that are required for clearance of virus are cell-type specific. However, in case JEV infection, the virus invade the host immune cells by cytolytic mechanism and hence, inhibiting the progression of NCP (neural progenitor cells pool). In order to combat such invasion, the activation of brain macrophages is crucial which gets initiated with the help of nerve cells. These macrophages then mediate non-cytolytic viral clearance by producing IFN-β and by supporting production of T-cells that eventually produces IFN-γ [25]. Further, virus secretes proteins/factors and makes cytokine imbalance and suppresses MHC-I present on the membrane surface.
In response to the JEV infection, several mechanisms of innate immune response get activated. After getting infection, host cells starts producing various types of cytokines including type-1 IFN along with TNF-α and IFN-γ. These cytokines induces inflammatory responses and hence, inhibits the viral replication. Furthermore, the IFN-α and IFN-β binds to the NK cells and initiates the lytic activity and hence, kills the JEV infected cells. This antiviral activity gets initiated by one of the cytokine IL-12 which produced at an early phase of infection. IFN-γ then activates the brain macrophages that expresses MHC-II molecules and subsequently, helps in more cytokine production that result in inhibition of viral replication [26]. Other than the cytokines, molecule like nitrous oxide (NO) also evidently exhibits antiviral activities against JEV infection and helps in inhibiting the viral replication by blocking protein synthesis and viral RNA and also in virus infected cells clearance [27]. Adaptive immune response is highly specific involving antigenic specificity display, self/non-self recognition, and immunologic memory. Generally, during flavivirus infection, the antibodies produced by the host cells along with the complement proteins helps in the destruction of the viral particles [28]. However, in case of JEV infection, the virus tends to evade and slips through the complement mediated mechanism of host cells and by inhibition of classical pathway. Additionally, the receptor present on the macrophages interacts with the components of the viral antigens and helps in generating soluble proteins, which then triggers adaptive immune responses promoting clearance of virus infected cells.
In the process of clearance or elimination of JEV infected cells, cell mediated immunity plays a vital role. Cytokines playing the lead in this mechanism is IFN-γ and IL-2 secreted by T-helper (Th) cells or T-cytotoxic (TC) cells. IL-2 helps in the alteration of naïve T cells into virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generation, which then eventually causes killing of virus infected cells [29]. However, in case of JEV or any flaviviral infection, post exposure to the infected cells, the virus controls the release of CTL and other cytokines. The stimulated Th cells generates cytokines which includes IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α which tends to disturbs the cellular activities of JEV and hence, protecting the host from viral infection. These effector molecules are produced by TH1 cells, CD4+ and CD8+ Tc cells, which mediate anti-viral response in order to initiate cell-mediated immune responses. NO amongst these cytokines, both IFN-γ and TNF-α could possibly help in peripheral virus clearance but not from the CNS. IFN-γ helps in maintaining anti viral properties in host cells and IL-2 then, converts naive T cell (CTL) into effector T cell and hence, activates NK cells which in return eliminates virus infected cells or virions.
During JEV infection, the host cell recruits humoral immune mechanism, which is a very significant mechanism in the process of protection against the infection in human. Once the host cells get infected by the virus, host humoral responses initiates the process by identification of virus with the recruitment of Th cells that responds to the viral antigens. These Th cells then present these viral antigens or proteins to the B cells along with the help of macrophages. Subsequently, the B cells loaded with viral antigen then get converted to plasma cells and post expansion, starts secreting Abs after few days post JE infection. Thus, this is the initiation of the humoral immune response mediated by antibody production [30]. The antibody binds to the epitopes necessary for the fusion of viral envelope with the plasma membrane and thus, blocking the penetration of virus molecules into the host cells. Furthermore, the antibody can also acts an opsonizing agent in order to facilitate the phagocytosis of viral particles, which is mediated by Fc or C3 receptor. Thus, the mechanism of inhibition of virus propagation and reduction of virus generated cytopathic effects is shown by the JE infected neutralizing antibodies. Host immune responses are triggered 4–7 days post infection resulted after structural and non-structural proteins of virus and host cells interaction.
Viruses are a kind of pathogen that depends completely upon the host for its survival and its replication. Hence, in order to survive the virus has developed immune escape mechanism from complement system by secreting many inhibitory proteins/cytokines. However, the complement system has an adversary part to play in cases of any
Flaviviruses like JEV has taken the infection strategy into an advanced level by evading the detection machinery of the host-immune mechanism which is in responses to any viral infection to kill the virus- infected cells. This is the point where it has become a necessity of the moment to carry extensive studies on this subject. JEV modulates the host machinery in dual ways that is, by virus-mediated damage and by host- immune responses. JEV alters or inhibit both the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host. Since, no viral antigen is presented by the macrophages which are infected during the early infection phase, no adaptive immune responses is triggered during this phase. Escaping all the immune responses, JEV manages to disseminate into the CNS and causing damage to the CNS is what makes JEV infection more lethal. Any renewal and replenishment of tissues in CNS after infection is challenging. Host responses like CTL activation has been efficient in combating the virus induced MHC molecules. However, JEV comes with a counter viral strategy by activating the non-classical MHC molecules, since, these non -classical MHC molecules inhibits NK cells by binding to its receptors. NK cells are the crucial cells so as to say, which are efficient to kill the virus infected cells. To get a clear understanding of how to combat the viral immune escape strategy, many viral antigens/proteins are profiled and characterized. Such studies are a new approach towards generating effective vaccines against JEV along with other flaviviruses. Because of all these challenging viral strategies, it has become a necessary research step to reach to a point where viral eradication shall be feasible. In order to reach to this point, basic understanding of the JEV strategy on how JEV manages to trigger imbalance between host’s immunopathological and shielding mechanisms is very important. To combat spread of such lethal infection, vaccination against it should be made mandatory in the entire endemic region. Effective surveillance in the endemic region has to be considered especially in pediatric age, since; this age group is the mostly effected and has proved to be lethal.
The authors are grateful to the Vice Chancellor, King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India for the encouragement for this work. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
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\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
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In most of the cases, the structures of drugs or drug candidates and the interacting residues on the target proteins are also presented. In addition, a few successful examples of drug repurposing using molecular docking are mentioned in this chapter. It should provide us with confidence that the docking will be extensively employed in the industry and basic research. Moreover, we should actively apply molecular docking and related technology to create new therapies for diseases.",book:{id:"6365",slug:"molecular-docking",title:"Molecular Docking",fullTitle:"Molecular Docking"},signatures:"Mark Andrew Phillips, Marisa A. Stewart, Darby L. Woodling and\nZhong-Ru Xie",authors:[{id:"214567",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhong-Ru",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"zhong-ru-xie",fullName:"Zhong-Ru Xie"},{id:"223007",title:"Ms.",name:"Marisa A.",middleName:null,surname:"Stewart",slug:"marisa-a.-stewart",fullName:"Marisa A. 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Mainly, the versatile techniques of ultra−/high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC/HPLC) are in use for the analysis of assay and organic impurities/related substances/degradation products of a drug substance or drug product or intermediate or raw material of pharmaceuticals. A suitable analytical method is developed only after evaluating the major and critical separation parameters of chromatography (examples for UPLC/HPLC are selection of diluent, wavelength, detector, stationary phase, column temperature, flow rate, solvent system, elution mode, and injection volume, etc.). The analytical method development is a process of proving the developed analytical method is suitable for its intended use for the quantitative estimation of the targeted analyte present in pharmaceutical drugs. And it mostly plays a vital role in the development and manufacture of pharmaceuticals drugs.",book:{id:"8912",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies"},signatures:"Narasimha S. Lakka and Chandrasekar Kuppan",authors:[{id:"304950",title:"Prof.",name:"Chandrasekar",middleName:null,surname:"Kuppan",slug:"chandrasekar-kuppan",fullName:"Chandrasekar Kuppan"},{id:"309984",title:"Mr.",name:"Narasimha S",middleName:null,surname:"Lakka",slug:"narasimha-s-lakka",fullName:"Narasimha S Lakka"}]},{id:"72074",title:"The Chemistry Behind Plant DNA Isolation Protocols",slug:"the-chemistry-behind-plant-dna-isolation-protocols",totalDownloads:3797,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Various plant species are biochemically heterogeneous in nature, a single deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) isolation protocol may not be suitable. There have been continuous modification and standardization in DNA isolation protocols. Most of the plant DNA isolation protocols used today are modified versions of hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction procedure. Modification is usually performed in the concentration of chemicals used during the extraction procedure according to the plant species and plant part used. Thus, understanding the role of each chemical (viz. CTAB, NaCl, PVP, ethanol, and isopropanol) used during the DNA extraction procedure will benefit to set or modify protocols for more precisions. A review of the chemicals used in the CTAB method of DNA extraction and their probable functions on the highly evolved yet complex to students and researchers has been summarized.",book:{id:"8912",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies"},signatures:"Jina Heikrujam, Rajkumar Kishor and Pranab Behari Mazumder",authors:[{id:"74521",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor",slug:"rajkumar-kishor",fullName:"Rajkumar Kishor"},{id:"309357",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranab Behari",middleName:null,surname:"Mazumder",slug:"pranab-behari-mazumder",fullName:"Pranab Behari Mazumder"},{id:"318351",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jina",middleName:null,surname:"Heikrujam",slug:"jina-heikrujam",fullName:"Jina Heikrujam"}]},{id:"64549",title:"Plant Lipid Metabolism",slug:"plant-lipid-metabolism",totalDownloads:2677,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"In plants, the synthesis of fatty acids takes place in the chloroplast and the fatty acid synthase is prokaryotic type. In plants, the structure of membrane lipids is different from that of eukaryotic cells. The membranes of the chloroplasts are essentially formed of galatolipids. This chapter will also focus on the structure and biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids in plants. Lipids of seeds are essentially composed of TAG; it would be interesting to describe their synthesis during the maturation of the seeds. Some plants contain in their reserve lipids unconventional fatty acids such as gamma linolenic acid in Borrago officinalis L., short-chain fatty acids C: 12 and C: 10, fatty acids with very long chains, and fatty acids that are cyclical. All of these fatty acids can have industrial and/or pharmaceutical applications.",book:{id:"7036",slug:"advances-in-lipid-metabolism",title:"Advances in Lipid Metabolism",fullTitle:"Advances in Lipid Metabolism"},signatures:"Fatiha AID",authors:[{id:"256576",title:"Prof.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Aid",slug:"fatiha-aid",fullName:"Fatiha Aid"}]},{id:"66369",title:"General Perception of Liposomes: Formation, Manufacturing and Applications",slug:"general-perception-of-liposomes-formation-manufacturing-and-applications",totalDownloads:3320,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:"Liposomes are currently part of the most reputed carriers for various molecular species, from small and simple to large and complex molecules. Since their discovery, liposomes have been subject to extensive evolution, in terms of composition, manufacturing and applications, which led to several openings in both basic and applied life sciences. However, most of the advances in liposome research have been more devoted to launching new developments than improving the existing technology for potential implementation. For instance, the evolution of the conventional lipid hydration methods to novel microfluidic technologies has permitted upscale production, but with increase in manufacturing cost and persistent use of organic solvents. This chapter intends to present general concepts in liposome technology, highlighting some longstanding bottlenecks that remain challenging to the preparation, characterization and applications of liposomal systems. This would enhance the understanding of the gaps in the field and, hence, provide directions for future research and developments.",book:{id:"8095",slug:"liposomes-advances-and-perspectives",title:"Liposomes",fullTitle:"Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives"},signatures:"Christian Isalomboto Nkanga, Alain Murhimalika Bapolisi, Nnamdi Ikemefuna Okafor and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause",authors:[{id:"284670",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Krause",slug:"rui-krause",fullName:"Rui Krause"},{id:"284672",title:"Mr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Bapolisi",slug:"alain-bapolisi",fullName:"Alain Bapolisi"},{id:"284673",title:"MSc.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Nkanga",slug:"christian-nkanga",fullName:"Christian Nkanga"},{id:"284675",title:"Mr.",name:"Okafor",middleName:null,surname:"Nnamdi",slug:"okafor-nnamdi",fullName:"Okafor Nnamdi"}]},{id:"61865",title:"A Click Chemistry Approach to Tetrazoles: Recent Advances",slug:"a-click-chemistry-approach-to-tetrazoles-recent-advances",totalDownloads:2687,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Introduction to tetrazole and click chemistry approaches was briefed in a concise way in order to help the readers have a basic understanding. Tetrazole and its derivatives play very important role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. The synthesis of tetrazole derivatives can be approached in ecofriendly approaches such as the use of water as solvent, moderate conditions, nontoxic, easy extractions, easy setup, low cost, etc. with good to excellent yields.",book:{id:"6365",slug:"molecular-docking",title:"Molecular Docking",fullTitle:"Molecular Docking"},signatures:"Ravi Varala and Bollikolla Hari Babu",authors:[{id:"212519",title:"Dr.",name:"Varala",middleName:null,surname:"Ravi",slug:"varala-ravi",fullName:"Varala Ravi"},{id:"221476",title:"Dr.",name:"Bollikolla",middleName:null,surname:"Hari Babu",slug:"bollikolla-hari-babu",fullName:"Bollikolla Hari Babu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"43",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",abstract:"Iron is a necessary micro-nutrient for proper functioning of the erythropoietic, oxidative and cellular metabolism. The iron balance in the body adversely affects the normal physiologic functioning of the body and structures in the oral cavity. Various abnormalities develop owing to improper iron metabolism in the body which reflects in the oral cavity. The toxicity of iron has to be well understood to immediately identify the hazardous effects which arise owing to it and to manage it. It has been very well mentioned in the chapter. The manifestations of defects of iron metabolism in the oral cavity should be carefully studied to improve the prognosis of the treatment of the same. Disorders related to iron metabolism should be managed for improvement in the quality of life of the patient.",book:{id:"10842",title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg"},signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar"},{id:"82403",title:"Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Reduce Crop Biotic and Abiotic Stresses: A Review",slug:"use-of-plant-secondary-metabolites-to-reduce-crop-biotic-and-abiotic-stresses-a-review",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104553",abstract:"Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) are small molecules of organic compounds produced in plant metabolism that have various ecological functions, such as defense against pathogens, herbivores, and neighboring plants. They can also help to reduce abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, temperature, and UV. This chapter reviewed the ecological functions of the PSM and how people utilize these metabolites to reduce crop biotic and abiotic stresses in agriculture. Specific topics covered in this review are (1) extraction of PSM from plant parts and its application on crops; (2) screening of crop/cover crop germplasms for high PSM content and with resistance to pathogens, herbivores, and/or neighboring plants; (3) regulation of PSM biosynthesis (including plant hormones and defense activators) to increase plant readiness for defense; (4) transcriptome and genome technology improvements in the last decade leading to valuable tools to characterize differential gene expression and gene composition in a genome, and lineage-specific gene family expansion and contraction. In addition, there is a critical need to understand how the biosynthesis and release of allelochemicals occur. Filling this knowledge gap will help us to improve and encourage sustainable weed control practices in agriculture.",book:{id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites - Trends and Reviews",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg"},signatures:"Ziming Yue, Varsha Singh, Josiane Argenta, Worlanyo Segbefia, Alyssa Miller and Te Ming Tseng"},{id:"81728",title:"Plant Secondary Metabolites: Therapeutic Potential and Pharmacological Properties",slug:"plant-secondary-metabolites-therapeutic-potential-and-pharmacological-properties",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103698",abstract:"Plants are an essential source for discovering novel medical compounds for drug development, and secondary metabolites are sources of medicines from plants. Secondary metabolites include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, coumarins, quinones, carotenoids, and steroids. Each year, several new secondary metabolites are extracted from plants, providing a source of possibilities to investigate against malignant illnesses, despite certain natural chemicals having distinct anticancer activities according to their physicochemical features. Secondary metabolites found in plants are frequently great leads for therapeutic development. However, changes in the molecular structure of these compounds are improving their anticancer activity and selectivity and their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion capacities while minimizing their toxicity and side effects. In this section, we will discuss the most significant breakthroughs in the field of plant secondary metabolites, some of which are currently in clinical use and others that are in clinical trials as anticancer drugs. This study gives an up-to-date and thorough summary of secondary plant metabolites and their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects. Furthermore, antioxidant and antibacterial, and anticancer effects of secondary metabolites are addressed. As a result, this article will serve as a thorough, quick reference for people interested in secondary metabolite antioxidants, anticancer, and antibacterial properties.",book:{id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites - Trends and Reviews",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg"},signatures:"Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti, Hammad Ismail and Waqas Khan Kayani"},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:22,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",abstract:"Iron is the trace element. We get the iron from the dietary sources. The enterocytes lining the upper duodenal of the intestine absorb the dietary iron through a divalent metal transporter (DMT1). The absorbed ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric iron in the body. This ferric iron from the blood is carried to different tissues by an iron transporting protein, transferrin. The cells in the tissues take up this ferric form of iron by internalizing the apo transferrin with its receptors on them. The apo transferrin complex in the cells get dissociated resulting in the free iron in cell which is utilized for cellular purposes or stored in the bound form to an iron storage protein, ferritin. The physiological levels of iron are critical for the normal physiology and pathological outcomes, hence the iron I rightly called as double-edged sword. This chapter on iron introduces the readers basic information of iron, cellular uptake, metabolism, and its role cellular physiology and provides the readers with the scope and importance of research on iron that hold the great benefit for health care and personalized medicine or diseases specific treatment strategies, blood transfusions and considerations.",book:{id:"10842",title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg"},signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar"},{id:"81233",title:"Secondary Metabolites of Fruits and Vegetables with Antioxidant Potential",slug:"secondary-metabolites-of-fruits-and-vegetables-with-antioxidant-potential",totalDownloads:43,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103707",abstract:"An antioxidant is of great interest among researchers, scientists, nutritionists, and the public because of its ability to prevent oxidative damage, as indicated by various studies. This chapter mainly focuses on the free radicals and their types; antioxidants and their mode of action against free radicals; fruits, vegetables, and their byproducts as a source of antioxidants; and various analytical methods employed for assessing antioxidant activity. Antioxidants discussed in this chapter are ascorbic acid, Vitamin E, carotenoids and polyphenols, and their mechanism of action. Different antioxidant activity assay techniques have been reported. Fruits and vegetables are abundant sources of these secondary metabolites. The waste generated during processing has many bioactive materials, which possibly be used in value-added by-products.",book:{id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites - Trends and Reviews",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg"},signatures:"Ravneet Kaur, Shubhra Shekhar and Kamlesh Prasad"},{id:"81044",title:"Metabolomics and Genetic Engineering for Secondary Metabolites Discovery",slug:"metabolomics-and-genetic-engineering-for-secondary-metabolites-discovery",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102838",abstract:"Since 1940s, microbial secondary metabolites (SMs) have attracted the attention of the scientific community. As a result, intensive researches have been conducted in order to discover and identify novel microbial secondary metabolites. Since, the discovery of novel secondary metabolites has been decreasing significantly due to many factors such as 1) unculturable microbes 2) traditional detection techniques 3) not all SMs expressed in the lab. As a result, searching for new techniques which can overcome the previous challenges was one of the most priority objectives. Therefore, the development of omics-based techniques such as genomics and metabolomic have revealed the potential of discovering novel SMs which were coded in the microorganisms’ DNA but not expressed in the lab or might be produced in undetectable amount by detecting the biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) that are associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Nowadays, the integration of metabolomics and gene editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 provide a successful platform for the detection and identification of known and unknown secondary metabolites also to increase secondary metabolites production.",book:{id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites - Trends and Reviews",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmed M. Shuikan, Wael N. Hozzein, Rakan M. Alshuwaykan and Ibrahim A. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. 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He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. 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