Synopsis of myths discussed herein to be consulted by the reader for clarification.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Unfortunately, it is all too common for high school—and even university—students to graduate with only a partial or oversimplified understanding of what the scientific method is and how to employ it.
\nHelp in remedying this situation may come from an unlikely source: television. While most educational pundits bemoan the hours children spend transfixed by television, a few select programs are teaching the scientific method and how it is applied. One television show that is conspicuously good at teaching the scientific method in an easy-to-understand, pedantic-free, entertaining manner is the Discovery Channel’s
For those unfamiliar with the show, its premise involves the hosts (Adam Savage, Jamie Hyneman, and build team members Tory Belleci, Kari Byron, and Grant Imahara) testing the validity of various urban legends, folk tales, common idioms, historical accounts, and internet viral videos using the scientific method: “Mr. Hyneman and Mr. Savage employ thinking and processes that are grounded in scientific method … They come up with a hypothesis and test it methodically” [2]. A myth can be deemed “confirmed,” “busted,” or “plausible,” if possible though highly improbable.
\nWhile the focus of the show is on entertainment, the hosts rigorously adhere to the scientific method: “The show’s genius is that beneath the kinetics and risky stunts – spectacular car crashes, explosions and other dangerous merriment – is a cleverly veiled science show that instructs as it entertains, which any teacher will tell you, is a real feat” [3].
\nIndeed,
The scientific method is far richer and more nuanced than the abridged “five-step” system commonly disseminated in classrooms (define the problem, make observations, formulate a hypothesis, test the hypothesis by experiment, and draw a conclusion—confirm, abandon, or modify the initial hypothesis) [6]. The scientific method is “the method by which … knowledge is … won … an intellectual tool … a probe for exploring the unknown” [1].
Complete seasons of
Additionally, we designed and implemented a classroom activity to introduce the scientific method with a particular emphasis on experimental controls that utilized myths from the show. We did this with two sections (10 and 12 students) of the twelfth grade Regents Physics (designed to prepare students for statewide standardized examinations) at Onondaga High School near Syracuse, New York. The time commitment was approximately 90 min (1.5 days on an A/B schedule of alternating short and long classes). Complete activity details and materials are available online [10]. Because the format of each episode is to feature several different myths and to jump back and forth between them, we found that it is highly useful to make a note beforehand of the times of the specific segments we wanted to show, allowing us to present a myth in an uninterrupted manner, improving coherence and saving time.
\nBefore conducting an experiment, the
In the “Anti-gravity” myth [“X-mas Lights and Anti-Gravity Device”—OAD: 12/19/2007], Tory, Kari, and Grant test internet-bought gadgets that purportedly employ antigravity in their operation (Table 1 Entry 1). Table 1 provides a brief summary of all myths discussed herein for convenient reference. Grant explicitly states his hypothesis for the audience: “My suspicion about what’s going on here is that the large DC voltage is ionizing the air around the lifter and it’s creating a flow of ions, which is bringing air along with it, creating thrust. Now, what we can do to prove this, or disprove it, is to remove all of the air. If that’s the case, then there should be no thrust.” Inherent in all good hypotheses is testability. A hypothesis must be capable of being either supported or refuted, as Jamie explains, “That’s science: you come up with a theory, you test it, either it works or it doesn’t” [“Walk a Straight Line”—OAD: 10/12/2011].
\nMyth | \nEpisode Title | \nOAD | \nDescription | \nResult | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Anti‐Gravity | \nX‐mass Lights and Anti‐Gravity Device | \n12/19/2007 | \nVarious internet‐bought gadgets employ anti‐gravity in their operation | \nBusted (for now) | \n
2 Depth Charge Disaster | \nPaper Armor | \n6/29/2011 | \nA person can increase the chances of surviving an underwater explosion by floating on his back at the surface rather than diving or treading water | \nConfirmed | \n
3. Brain Drain | \nTablecloth Chaos | \n10/27/2010 | \nPeople only use 10% of their total brain capacity | \nBusted | \n
4. Diet Coke and Mentos | \nDiet Coke and Mentos | \n8/9/2006 | \nWhy does dropping a Mentos point into a bottle of Diet Coke create a geever effect | \nN/A | \n
5. Cockroach Survival | \nAirplane on a Conveyor Belt | \n1/31/2008 | \nCockroaches on the only organisms able to survive the radiation exposure from the fallout of a nuclear war | \nBusted | \n
6. Red Flag to a Bull | \nRed Flag to a Bull | \n8/22/2007 | \nThe color red provokes bulls to change | \nBusted | \n
7. Eye Patch | \nPirate Special | \n1/17/2007 | \nPirates wore eye patches to preserve night vision | \nPlausible | \n
8. Talking to Plants | \nExploding House | \n11/14/2004 | \nTalking to Plants or playing music can help them grew | \nPlausible | \n
9. Animal Magnetism | \nShark Week Special | \n7/27/2008 | \nMagnets can repel sharks | \nBusted | \n
10. Play Dead | \nShark Week Special | \n7/27/2008 | \nIn shark‐infested waters, it is better to ‘play dead’ than to thrash about | \nConfirmed | \n
11. No pain, No Gain | \nNo pain, No Gain | \n4/28/2010 | \nA person\'s threshold to pain can be increased by cursing | \nConfirmed | \n
12. Request Fest | \nMini Myth Madness | \n11/10/2010 | \nUnderinflated tires can significantly reduce fuel economy | \nConfirmed | \n
13, Eye Block | \nViewer Special2 | \n2/13/2008 | \nBase players wear black makeup under their eyes to reduce glare from the sun | \nPlausible | \n
14. Vodka Myths: Top Shelf Filtration | \nBullets Fired Up | \n4/19/2006 | \nOne can turn cheap low‐quality vodka into high‐quality vodka by filtering it repeatedly through a chargoal filter | \nBusted | \n
15. Battle of the Sexes | \nBattle of the Sexes | \n4/22/2012 | \nTested whether men or women are better at various tasks including reading facial expressions driving and cooling | \nMixed | \n
16. The Smell of Fear | \nFright Night | \n10/28/2012 | \nHumens give off a detectable scent when scared | \nPlausible | \n
17. What is Bullet Proof? | \nCoffin Punch | \n11/5/2008 | \nA sufficiently cloese person will have his internal organs protected from a bullet by the overlying layer of fat | \nBusted | \n
18. Beer Goggles | \nAlcohol Myths | \n10/22/2008 | \nConsumption of alcohol can make one perceive others as more physically attractive than while sober | \nPlausible | \n
19. Taking Candy From a Baby | \nMini Myth Madness | \n11/10/2010 | \nIt is easy to take condy from a baby | \nBusted | \n
20. Square Wheels | \nSquare Wheels | \n4/8/2012 | \nSquare wheels can provide a smooth ride if the vehicle is driven fast enough | \nPlausible | \n
21. Driving Dangerously | \nDriving in Heels | \n4/29/2012 | \nCertain types of shoe can seriously compromise a person\'s ability to drive car | \nBusted | \n
22. Tryptophan Turkey | \nSurreal Gourmet Hour Food Fables | \n11/18/2012 | \nEating turkey makes people drowsy due to its tryptophan content | \nBusted | \n
23. Water Heater Rocket | \nExploding Water Heater | \n11/7/2007 | \nA malfunctioning pressure release can cause a water heater to explode through the multiple floors of a house like missile | \nConfirmed | \n
24. Bourne Magazine | \nBule Ice | \n4/13/2011 | \nA room filted with flammable gas can be made to explode by ignitting a magazine with a toaster | \nBusted | \n
25. What is Bomp Proof? | \nRunning on Water | \n4/20/2011 | \nVarious objects including tables, dumpsters, cars, and cinderblock walls will prodect a person from an explosion | \nPlausible | \n
26. Let There be Light | \nLet There be Light | \n6/22/2011 | \nA system of mirros can redirect sunlight to illuminate a tomb suffieciently to navigate safely through | \nPlausible | \n
27. Down with the Titanic | \nGoldfish Memory | \n1/25/2004 | \nA sinking ship generates a vortex powerful enough to suck people in the sorrounding water down with it | \nBusted | \n
28. Bubble Trouble | \nBubble Trouble | \n4/27/2011 | \nIt is impossible to swim in bubbly water | \nPlausible | \n
29. Wrecking ball Baloney | \nNewton\'s Crane Cradle | \n10/27/2010 | \nIt is possible to construct a working Newton\'s cradle using wrecking balls | \nBusted | \n
30. Tablecloth Chaos | \nTablecloth Chaos | \n10/27/2010 | \nIt\'s possible to use a motorcycle to pull a tablecloth free of a banquet table without distubing a single place setting | \nBusted | \n
31. Surfing with Dynamite | \nLead Balban | \n1/23/2008 | \nA person can surf on a wave generated by dropping a few pound of explosives in a body of water | \nBusted | \n
32. Drain Disaster | \nDrain Disaster | \n11/2/2011 | \nA methene explosion in a sewer can launch a manhole cover into the air | \nConfirmed | \n
33. Vatkyrie Boom | \nVatkyrie Boom | \n12/22/2010 | \nAn attempted assassination of Hitler failed because the explosion occurred in an aboveground room with windows and not in an enclosed bunker | \nBusted | \n
34. Trench Torpedo | \nTrench Torpedo | \n10/14/2012 | \nWWI trenches were built with right angle corners to limit the prooagation of shock waves | \nPlausible | \n
35. The Haunted | \nFright Night | \n10/28/2012 | \nA 19 Hz inaudible tone may be responsible for peoples’ perceptions of certain buildings as being haunted | \nBusted | \n
36. Primary Perception | \nDeadly Straw | \n9/6/2006 | \nPlants are conscious and capable of exhibiting emotions, such as fear and anger, detectable by polygraph | \nBusted | \n
Synopsis of myths discussed herein to be consulted by the reader for clarification.
Note: Myths appear in the order in which they are discussed.
No matter how eloquently formulated, a hypothesis must be empirically tested before gaining credibility. As the narrator notes, “[T]his is
In addition, no matter how well accepted or long standing, a hypothesis is still subject to reevaluation and scrutiny, as demonstrated in this exchange among the build team members in the “Brain Drain” myth (Table 1 Entry 3) [“Table Cloth Chaos”—OAD: 10/27/2010]:
\nKari: “We are testing a myth that is so prevalent that it’s just taken for granted that it’s fact: humans only use 10% of their brain.”
\nTory: “You hear that everywhere. It’s like ingrained in our society.”
\nGrant: “Definitely. But that doesn’t necessarily make it true.”
\nOccasionally, competing hypotheses to explain a phenomenon exist: “Rival hypotheses constitute alternative, incompatible or disjunct answers to some problem” [11]. This is vividly demonstrated in the “Diet Coke and Mentos” myth [“Diet Coke and Mentos”—OAD: 8/9/2006] when Adam and Jamie test different hypotheses for the vigorous reaction that ensues when Mentos mints are added to a bottle of Diet Coke (Table 1 Entry 4). Various tendered explanations implicated the ingredients of the soda and the pitted surface of the mints. If dissolved CO2 were the only factor, then a mint added to soda water should bring about the same reaction as a mint added to Diet Coke: “If CO2 is the only factor, these two things should spurt the same height,” explains Adam. When the reaction with the soda water proves anemic by comparison, the
The
The use of controls in experiments is of paramount importance: anticipating and accounting for confounding variables are essential in the design of a good experiment. In “Cockroach Survival” [“Airplane on a Conveyor Belt”—OAD: 1/31/2008], Tory, Kari, and Grant test the commonly held belief that the only life forms to survive the radioactive fallout from a nuclear war would be cockroaches (Table 1 Entry 5). They expose cockroaches and other insects to varying levels of radiation (1 kilorad, 10 kilorad, and 100 kilorad) and maintain a fourth set as a control with no exposure to radiation. This establishes a baseline for comparison. While none of the insects in the control receive any radiation exposure, they could die from other factors: “Scientific studies must adequately control for alternative explanations of observed data” [12].
\nIn “Red Flag to a Bull” [“Red Flag to a Bull”—OAD: 8/22/2007], the build team tests the idea that bulls are angered by the sight of a red flag (Table 1 Entry 6). In the design of the experiment, the build team tests not just the effect of different colors (red, blue, white flags) but the presence of motion and the presence of a person. They come up with an experimental checklist to determine whether it is color or some other variable that provokes a bull to charge:
Single static flag—red, white, and blue
Comparative static flag—all three flags
Moving flag compared to color
Human form with moving flags
In part 1, only one flag is present in the arena at any one time as it might not be color that angers a bull but the fact that it is the only salient object in an otherwise featureless pen. The result is that the bull charges all three flags. In part 2, all three flags—red, white, and blue—are hung in the arena to see if the bull prefers a certain color but charges all three. In part 3, the experiment tests the idea that it is a moving flag and not a red flag that infuriates a bull. This part of the experiment consists of a red stationary flag and a blue flag on a pulley being pulled back and forth with the result that the bull only charges the moving blue flag, not the stationary red flag. Therefore, it is movement that triggers an aggressive charge response and not the color red. In part 4, foam dummies in human form with waving and flapping flags—red, white, and blue—add a human element to the experiment. The last flag left standing is the red one with the blue and white flags taken down first. In this way, the
The use of controls also factors prominently in the “Eye Patch” myth (Table 1 Entry 7) [“Pirate Special”—OAD: 1/17/2007]. The build team tests the myth that pirates did not wear eye patches to cover an eye gouged out in battle but rather to keep one eye constantly night vision ready. In this way, one eye would always be dark-adapted so that if the pirate had to go below deck or enter a battle at night, he could see without difficulty. The build team designs an obstacle course to test the myth. As the designers, they are not permitted to navigate the course themselves: “If we’re building this obstacle course, we’re not going to be able to test it,” notes Tory. Instead, they have Adam and Jamie each navigate the obstacle course, first using the eye that was exposed to bright light (with the dark-adapted eye kept under the patch) and then using the dark-adapted eye. To prevent Adam and Jamie from clocking a faster time owing to familiarity with the course, the obstacle course is rearranged before the second run. As an additional control, Adam and Jamie are made to run the course a third time to prove that the faster times are due to enhanced night vision provided by the dark-adapted eye and not due to familiarity with the course by leaving the course unaltered from the second trial and having them run it without dark-adapted vision. As Kari explains, “We’ve left the course exactly the same as when they went through it with the adjusted night vision eye. This way we can totally, empirically prove that if they can get through this course and it takes them twice the time or any more time than it took them with their adjusted eye, we’ve … proved this myth … And as one last variable of final control, we sent them through that obstacle course one last time with their daylight vision, taking out the them knowing the course, and they still messed it up just as bad as the first time they went through.”
\nWhile some of the myths tested on the show strain plausibility, a robust scientific methodology is still employed. This dichotomy between silly myth and sound science is no more evident than in the “Talking to Plants” myth (Table 1 Entry 8) [“Exploding House”—OAD: 11/16/2004]. To test whether sound can influence the growth of plants, the build team set up several green houses with pea plants inside. Some houses are exposed to recorded dialog, some to music, while silence is maintained in others as a control. As the narrator explains, the only variable is to be the sound: “As far as possible, conditions will be identical for all the plants except, of course, the sound.” When a timer that controls watering fails, all plants experience a lack of water and wither. However, as the narrator explains, “The only upside: every green house was affected in exactly the same way. So, although the plants aren’t a picture of health, the experiment is still valid.”
\nThe
In the “Play Dead” myth [“Shark Week Special”—OAD: 7/27/2008], the build team tests whether sharks are attracted to erratic, jerky movements (Table 1 Entry 10). In the experiment, Tory thrashes about in shark-infested waters, while Grant floats calmly nearby in the same waters. As a control, they reverse roles: Grant then thrashes about, while Tory plays dead. This is done to ensure that the sharks are attracted to movement and not something unique to the individual, as Kari explains, “They might have just been attracted to Tory; he might have been a bigger target.”
\nIn testing whether swearing helps increase one’s threshold to pain [“No Pain, No Gain”—OAD: 4/28/2010], the
When testing whether underinflated tires reduce fuel economy [“Mini Myth Madness”—OAD: 11/10/2010], the
In addition to accounting for other variables through the use of controls, the
In the “Eye Black” myth [“Viewer Special 2”—OAD: 2/13/2008], the
In the “Top Shelf Filtration” myth [“Bullets Fired Up”—OAD: 4/19/2006], the
In the “Battle of the Sexes” [“Battle of the Sexes”—OAD: 4/22/2012], the
In the “The Smell of Fear” myth [“Fright Night”—OAD: 10/28/2012], the
In their design of experiments, the
“B = A.
\nB = C.
\nHence A = C″ [13].
\nThe use of formal logic is demonstrated in the “What is Bullet Proof?” myth (Table 1 Entry 17) [“Coffin Punch”—OAD: 11/5/2008]. The myth centers on the idea that a sufficiently obese person will have his internal organs protected from a bullet by the overlying layers of fat. Two important examples of formal logic are used to legitimately simplify the experiment. First, containers of lard are placed in front of a human analogue dummy in an amount corresponding to the world’s fattest person: if the amount of lard corresponding to the fat possessed by the world’s most obese person is insufficient to stop a bullet, then no person’s fat can stop a bullet. This logic is also used in choice of the firearms employed. If a round from a 45-caliber gun with the low muzzle velocity of 900 ft/s passes through unimpeded, it is futile to try larger caliber rounds as all have greater penetrating power: “If this makes it all the way through our fat and vital organs, every other kind of round we could fire would as well,” succinctly explains Adam. While the syllogism example utilizes mathematical variables and symbols and the myth utilizes containers of fat and the penetrating power of bullets, the principles are the same: “The validity or invalidity of a deductive argument depends on its form, and not on its content” [12].
\nOftentimes, the
In the myth of “Taking Candy From a Baby” [“Mini Myth Madness”—OAD: 11/10/2010], the
In the “Square Wheels” myth [“Square Wheels”—OAD: 4/8/2012], the
Oftentimes, the
Jamie: “[H]ow do you propose we test them?”
\nAdam: “[W]e each wear a strange piece of footwear with our foot all the way down on the accelerator. Then we time how long it takes to get from the accelerator all the way to the brake.”
\nIn the “Tryptophan Turkey” myth [“Surreal Gourmet Hour”/“Food Fables”—OAD: 11/18/2012], Tory, Kari, and Grant test whether eating turkey makes you sleepy (Table 1 Entry 22). As sleepiness is inherently subjective, they decide to measure their reflexes by playing a game of Whac-A-Mole. They compare their scores obtained after consuming tryptophan capsules, a turkey-laden meal, and a meal without any turkey but containing the same number of calories.
\nIn “Water Heater Rocket” [“Exploding Water Heater”—OAD: 11/7/07], the
Many of the myths tested by the
In the “What is Bomb Proof?” myth [“Running on Water”—OAD: 4/20/2011], the
Operational definitions again feature in the “Let There Be Light” myth [“Let There Be Light”—OAD: 6/22/2011], in which Adam and Jamie test a scene from the movie
Adam: “[T]his myth is all about lighting up the darkness with the sun’s rays reflected. We need to answer the question: What does it mean to light up the darkness?”
\nJamie: “We need to define that: What’s the minimum amount of light necessary to move around in an unfamiliar space?”
\nLater in the myth, Adam emphasizes the use of operational definitions yet again: “Before we start bouncing light around … with mirrors, we need to determine a couple of benchmarks that we’ll be aiming for in these tests … What is the minimum amount of ambient light required to see?”
\nThe
In “Down with the Titanic” [“Down with the Titanic”—OAD: 1/25/2004], the
In “Bubble Trouble” [“Bubble Trouble”—OAD: 4/27/2011], the
In “Wrecking Ball Baloney” [“Newton’s Crane Cradle”—OAD: 10/5/2011], Adam and Jamie test an internet viral video of a giant Newton’s cradle (a classic tabletop demonstration of elastic collision and energy transfer) made from wrecking balls set in motion by a crane at a construction site (Table 1 Entry 29). The
Adam: “How do you want to proceed?”
\nJamie: “[S]ince this is all about scaling the Newton’s cradle effect … why don’t we do it gradually?”
\nAdam: “You mean incrementally bumping up the size of our Newton cradles?”
\nJamie: “Exactly, and see if we can tease out any kind of problems dealing with the increase in scale.”
\nLater, Adam reiterates the rationale for implementing a small-scale version of the experiment first: “Before we go to full-scale, we’re going to try a scale experiment with the simplest arrangement possible … it … ought to give us a good guide as to the viability of our concept for the large-scale one.”
\nIn the “Square Wheels” myth (previously discussed), Adam and Jamie test whether it’s possible for square wheels to provide a smooth ride to a vehicle. They conduct small-scale tests involving a model vehicle on a treadmill to elucidate which wheel configuration gives the smoothest ride. This setup serves to provide crucial data on which configurations lead to dangerous resonance effects that might shake a vehicle apart at the full scale. As Jamie explains, “Our small-scale tests showed that the best configuration was to have two opposing corners with their points down, the opposite two corners with their flats down. That balances things out the best and so that’s what we’re going to do full-scale.”
\nIn “Tablecloth Chaos” [“Tablecloth Chaos”—OAD: 10/27/2010], the
The use of small-scale, proof-of-concept testing features prominently in myths involving explosives. In “Surfing with Dynamite” [“Lead Balloon”—OAD: 1/23/2008], the build team conducts a small-scale demonstration before detonating dynamite in a quarry lake (Table 1 Entry 31). Using plastic bottles filled with subliming dry ice, they test wave generation at the surface of a pool while varying the depth of the explosion. This small-scale test tells them at which relative depth explosions create surface waves with the greatest amplitude. As the narrator explains, “So the guys have their proof of concept; an explosion will make waves and depth is a factor in the size and quality of those waves.”
\nIn “Drain Disaster” [“Drain Disaster”—OAD: 11/2/2011], Adam and Jamie test whether a methane gas buildup in a sewer system can ignite and launch manhole covers skyward (Table 1 Entry 32). Again, the
In “Valkyrie Boom” [“Operation Valkyrie”—OAD: 12/22/2010], the
In “Trench Torpedo” [“Trench Torpedo”—OAD: 10/14/2012], the
The
In the myth of “antigravity” (previously discussed), the build team arrives at a conclusion of busted: “So anti-gravity is busted,” Kari summarizes. This prompts Tory to retort, “I don’t know if we can bust anti-gravity. I mean we can bust our devices.” To which Kari replies, “Alright. Revised. Anti-gravity busted … for now.” This exchange demonstrates how scientific explanations are tentative and that the current understanding of a phenomenon may not be the final word on the matter [17, 18].
\nIn “The Haunted Hum” myth [“Fright Night”—OAD: 10/28/2012], Adam and Jamie test whether an infrasonic hum may be responsible for peoples’ perceptions of certain buildings as being haunted (Table 1 Entry 35). In this experiment, the
One central tenet of science that is often omitted from the classroom is the importance of repeatability. The essence of science is that any result should be able to be reproduced on demand: “We do not take even our own observations quite seriously, or accept them as scientific observations, until we have repeated and tested them … Only by such repetitions can we convince ourselves that we are not dealing with a mere isolated ‘coincidence’” [19].
\nIn science, one person or team publishes its findings, and other people or teams seek to recreate the results. If the same materials are used and the same conditions are observed, then the results should be the same regardless of who conducts the experiment or where it is conducted: “The essence of the scientific method lies in the repeatable result: if you perform an experiment in the same way, nature will do the same thing again. This is the heart of science and is the sign that an observable phenomenon in nature has been found” [20]. This is what sets the scientist apart from seer, shaman, and oracle who purport to have a unique ability unable to be taught or communicated to others.
\nLack of repeatability is often the deciding factor in the collective rejection by the scientific community of a new claim.
\nIn 1977, SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) astronomers at the Big Ear radio telescope at Ohio State University picked up an intensely strong, narrowband radio signal. The unique nature of what was dubbed the Wow! signal seemed to imply an artificial (intelligent) origin, but because the signal did not repeat, the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence could not be confirmed.
\nIn 1989, scientists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann claimed to have achieved cold fusion: the fusion of heavy hydrogen at room temperature. The claim caused a global sensation, promising to usher in an era of cheap, clean, limitless nuclear power. However, the inability of others to obtain the same results quickly led the scientific community to excoriate cold fusion proponents [21]. Indeed, the failure of other scientists to reproduce the results claimed by Pons and Fleischmann dealt a credibility blow so severe that the entire field has never recovered and is even today looked upon by the overwhelming majority of scientists as little more than alchemy.
\nThe importance of repeatability is frequently emphasized on
Educators must use all tools at their disposal, including television, to improve their students’ understanding of the scientific method and instill in them an appreciation of its wide-ranging versatility. Understanding the scientific method and how to use it is more widely applicable and transferrable than the accumulation of disparate facts that can be recalled on a whim [22, 23, 24, 25]. While formal student assessment was not conducted, feedback (via informal conversation) showed increased student confidence in identifying experimental controls and greater appreciation of the importance of controls in experiment design following the classroom activity we designed to introduce the scientific method utilizing myths from the show.
After a run of 14 seasons and 282 episodes, the
Selenium (Se) benefits for health in human and animal have provided popularity for this chemical element. Selenium is a nutrient for animals since 1957 [1]; thus, it must be part of their diet. However, there are large agricultural areas containing low levels of Se in soil or it is present, but as chemical forms unavailable for plants, consequently these areas are producing vegetables or animal products with low Se contents.
In Brazil, there are some researches indicating that large agricultural areas are located in soils with low Se levels, that is, daily diet Se intake evaluated in people groups from São Paulo, Brazil, presented values below to estimated average requirement values, which shows deficiency of Se in the diets from this region [2]. A research at Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, also resulted in marginal deficiency of Se in cattle [3]. Both data indicated the possibility of Brazilian soils contain low available Se levels.
The agronomic biofortification of food through field fertilization with Se could be a solution to provide this micronutrient for animals and humans through plants. Plants are able to absorb and incorporate Se to organic compounds as seleno-amino acids. Thus, inorganic Se is converted to organic Se compounds through the plants which can be easily absorbed by the human body and to be available where needed in the body [4]. In some countries, Se fertilization is well established, and it is annually done in New Zealand in which Se along with phosphorus fertilization is applied in pastures [5].
Selenium essentiality for plants is not convinced, but its availability for plants, as well as for the animals, could improve their performance and consequently the human health. For both animals and plants, this element acts as defense through its influence in glutathione peroxidase controlling oxygen reactive species from stress situations [6].
Large knowledge about specific rates, sources, Se dynamic in soils and plants, and even behavior of animal intake in pasture is required for a safe Se fertilization, to ensure food and environmental security. High Se levels available in soils can cause toxicity for plants and animals. Thus, for the beneficial of Se application as fertilizer commonly are required low rates, which raises concerns about risks of super dosages, what can be aggravated by complex dynamic of Se in soil and plants.
Se availability in soil is the first requirement for Se application as fertilizer. Most soils contain low Se levels, including in tropical environments, while the highest contents are found at arid areas characterized by the presence of accumulator plants [7].
Low Se levels were observed in the main eight soil types of Brazil (Table 1). These soils were collected at São Paulo state as well as in plant of
Chemical parameters of fertility in tropical soils and selenium levels in sampled soils at São Paulo state, Brazil.
The contents up to 500 μg dm−3 characterized low Se soils [8], and confirming the relation between soil and plants, the samples of
Besides the Se presence in soil, its availability for plants depends on oxidation state. Selenium is chemically similar to sulfur, but it occurs naturally in four oxidation states, −2 (selenide), 0 (elemental Se), +4 (selenite), and +6 (selenate) [9]; however, sodium selenate is the source recommended for Se fertilizations due its high solubility. Unlike selenate, the mechanism of selenite uptake by plants remains unclear [10].
In weathered soils, there are low nutrient levels; high contents of Fe, Al, and Mn; and high acidity, according to soils analyzed (Table 1). Thus, it is necessary to know the Se dynamic in these soils. A profile of weathered soils analyzed from São Paulo observed low Se levels in soils with higher sand contents (Figure 1) that could indicate leaching potential.
Selenium levels in tropical soil profiles and, respectively, sand contents in sampled soils at São Paulo state, Brazil (unpublished data).
A study of Se adsorption and desorption in soils from Cerrado, Brazil, verified low values of distribution coefficient in soils; thus, Se tended to be more in solution than in the solid phase, and in the most weathered soils, with higher clay and Al and Fe oxide contents, there are the highest affinity for Se, while in sandy and loamy soils, Se tends to be less adsorbed and can therefore be taken up by plants or easily leached, damaging the ecosystem [11].
The low natural levels of Se in soils and its absence in fertilization to crops explain the low contents in food from vegetables [12] and consequently in Brazilian diet, except for northern areas [2]. Although, in a study of hemodialysis patients from north and southeast of Brazil, both patient groups presented low Se plasma levels when compared to recommended values; independently of the region, all patients presented Se deficiency [13].
This information is an alert for necessity to Se fertilization in Brazil. It was incentivized in the 1980s, but its requirement was unsuccessful, while in some countries, it is well stablished already. Applications of Se in areas of low Se bioavailability have been an option with good results to supply this element to plants and, consequently to animals, improving animal performance and nutritional quality of food produced as milk and meat [11], even in environments with no deficiency symptoms [14].
However, toxic potential of selenium requires caution as fertilizer due its complex dynamic nature in soil and plants. Selenium as selenate (SeO42−) is commonly found in alkaline and oxygen soils under high redox conditions (pe + pH > 15), and this oxidation state is predominantly absorbed by plants, while under low and milder redox conditions, species as selenite and selenide predominate [9].
Selenium fertilization must be controlled through safe doses and soil monitoring due to the possibilities of the Se dynamics in soils. Selenate can be easily absorbed by plants; thus, the doses for fertilizations must be carefully calculated, but also it could be leached with possibilities of water contamination.
Low selenate doses required for fertilization is a challenge due to concern for homogeneous application. According to the Selenium-Tellurium Development Association, the best way for Se application is along with other nutrients [15]. There are positive effects in Se application along with phosphorus fertilization [13].
Some technologies involving Se application along with macronutrients as coating became a technique to easy and high quality of application. Urea coated with a mix of boric acid (0.4% B), copper sulfate (0.14% Cu), and sodium selenate applied to
Seed pelletization seems to be a promissory tool to increase Se content in plants. Beneficial effects were observed in the evaluation of seed pelletization with increasing selenite doses on three ryegrass cultivars; however, the authors recommended it to be evaluated under field conditions in Se-deficient soils [17].
Another technology is the slow release of Se fertilizer as Selcote Ultra; however, its application in rates of up 20 g ha−1 Se on an Ultisol soil of Puerto Rico did not increase in the foliage Se concentrations of Guinea grass pastures [18]. According to the authors, the soil and plant interrelationships may be affecting the foliage of Se absorption potential requiring that the effects need future consideration in terms of Se movement in tropical soils.
The establishment of effective and safe rates in tropical environmental still is required and unknown, regardless of the technical method applied to plant enrichment on Se. High Se availability in agriculture soils can cause toxicity to crops, but it is still more concerning if a crop shows accumulator character, i.e., if a crop has capacity to absorb high levels of selenium with no symptoms of toxicity; this could increase the possibilities to cause toxicity for animals or human.
Forage plants are classified as passive accumulators due its ability to contain 10–30 mg kg−1 of Se in dry matter; however, high-quantity animal intake of Se through dry matter intake could induce intoxication [19]. Although the research with
Depending of the soil, excess of Se can be in unavailable forms to plant uptake over time. Soil influence in dynamic and availability of Se was observed by isolation of Selenium rates applied followed by comparing among soils, Arenic Hapludult, Rhodic Hapludox and Typic Hapludoll, which verified differents Selenium content remaining in soil, respectively, 22, 11, and 37 μg dm−3 and 55, 4, and 38 μg dm−3 after
Besides the uptake ability among plants, the difference among soils was evident. This element in soil can be fixed along with iron, complexed in organic matter, or it can be in many oxidation states depending on the pH, oxygen, and microbial activity [7]. These data confirmed different soil capacities to Se adsorption, but it can turn available for plants in pH changes, as frequently occurs with limestone application, a common practice from tropical agriculture areas.
High contents of selenate in soil, for natural or anthropogenic action, can be establish or reestablish for agricultural or livestock, avoiding the poisoning risk of plants, animals, and humans [20]; in these cases, the areas must be isolated for remediation. The use of plants to clean up contaminated soils is a technique known as phytoremediation that offers a less expensive alternative to stripping pollutants directly from the soil [21].
The management of high Se soil also can include sulfur source application. The similarity between Se and S indicates the competition for sulfate transporters of the root plasma membrane [7]. Sulfur application at 600 kg ha−1 as soluble sources such as ammonium sulfate and ferric sulfate reduced damages in productivity and Se uptake by Urochloa grass, while the lower solubility of calcium sulfate resulted in lower effectiveness in reducing Se uptake [20]. Plants used for phytoremediation can be used for mixture in diets of animals or used as composting to application in low Se areas.
The geochemistry of livestock-producing areas should be well understood to mitigate selenium-related disorders in animals [22]. In China, there are areas with selenosis occurrences; in contrast about 70% of China shows Selenium deficiency, as well as there are about 76% countries located in Se-deficient regions where the Se daily intake level is less than recommended [23].
Brazil is a country who owns the largest livestock in pastures; however, the majority of pastures are in marginal areas, under soils of low fertility. Brazil is one of the largest meat producers. In Brazilian food, the highest Se concentrations have been found to animal origin products, while vegetable food showed lower values [12]; however, some studies showed selenium deficiencies also in cattle, except in north areas [24, 25].
Cattle deficiencies have a likely relation between low Se in forage grass or supplements [26]. Thus, Se deficiency keeps as a concern, since this nutrient has been found in low levels in Brazilian diet.
Selenium fertilization could be a solution, but it is not realized in Brazil. Fertilizers containing selenium could support diet supplementation of grazing animals or animals feed with conserved forages (hay and silage), mainly considering Brazilian pasture areas with more than 160 million of hectares [27].
Selenium fertilization in pastures could increase its presence in animal and human diet besides its benefits to animal productivity. Feeding weaned beef calves for 7 weeks with alfalfa hay containing up to 3.26 mg kg−1 Se in dry matter harvested in fertilized fields with Se resulted to increasing whole-blood Se concentrations and body weights depending upon the Se application rate [28].
Grazing Se fertilizer has been shown to be more effective and safe treatment than animal dosing [13]. Selenium intake by ruminants in organic form, especially as selenoamino acids, needs to be release from proteins until through inorganic forms to be metabolized while Se in milk is from organic Se supply or converted by ruminal microorganisms [29].
Experiment with tropical grass has been shown large differences between Se contents in leaves and stem + sheath.
The fast answer of Se fertilization in tropical pastures can be positive to allow the low and safe doses of Se application along with nitrogen rates during rainy season, including for intercropped pastures with legumes. The concerning of intercropped pastures is explained by legume higher ability to produce protein, which can be apparently favorable to Se absorption.
Thus, this fact probably will require lower Se doses for fertilization in intercropped pastures, including caution with palatability and proportion of legumes in pastures. For example, in three different weathered soils carried out in pots, fertilization of 20 g ha−1 Se showed desirable concentrations to legume
High Se contents in leaves from tropical grass and in legumes comprise another fact to be analyzed for Se fertilization rate establishment although with few data. Usually, grass leaves and legumes are preference fractions for cattle according to its intake selective behavior, mainly in tropical pastures due to high accumulation of stem portions and its low digestibility. Selenium is one of few elements absorbed by plants in enough quantities which enable to intoxicate domestic animals [30].
Evaluating in vitro degradability of two cuts of
In superior plants dual effects can be exerted by Se; at low concentrations it acted as an antioxidant, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, whereas at higher concentrations, it was a prooxidant [6]. Applied doses of selenate above 71 g ha−1 Se exceed maximum recommendation of 5 mg kg−1 Se in dry matter of the leaves of
The effect of high Se diet concentration (60–70 μg kg BW−1 d−1) provided from wheat to steers indicated the negative effects of Se level used in this study on productive performance of feedlot which were not expected [25]. Low forage digestibility can contribute to low Se effects in animals, mainly in tropical forages, while high Se content in forage can reduce its digestibility. Undegraded residues from in vitro incubation contained 25–66% of Se from
Selenium fertilization in tropical low Se soils, as Brazil agricultural areas, is an emergent necessity for animal and human health, also could be beneficial for plants. Thus, Se fertilization in pastures is an alternative to collaborate for animal supplementation and human nutritional demands.
Generally, Se quantities required as fertilizer are low, and there are already available technologies to application but is an extremely necessary soil monitoring.
Nevertheless, more researches in tropical environments is required to establishment of Se rates, plants, and animal answers and reduces or even neutralizes toxicity risks, even though the benefits already are known.
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Modeling and implementing a new heuristic algorithm may be time‐consuming but has strong motivations: on the one hand, even a small improvement of the new solution may be worth the long time spent on the construction of a new method; on the other hand, there are problems for which good‐enough solutions are acceptable which could be achieved at a much lower computational cost. In the first case, specially designed heuristics or metaheuristics are needed, while the latter hyper‐heuristics can be proposed. The paper will describe both approaches in different domain problems.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Aleksandra Swiercz",authors:[{id:"203032",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Swiercz",slug:"aleksandra-swiercz",fullName:"Aleksandra Swiercz"}]},{id:"55594",title:"Multi‐Objective Hyper‐Heuristics",slug:"multi-objective-hyper-heuristics",totalDownloads:1470,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Multi‐objective hyper‐heuristics is a search method or learning mechanism that operates over a fixed set of low‐level heuristics to solve multi‐objective optimization problems by controlling and combining the strengths of those heuristics. Although numerous papers on hyper‐heuristics have been published and several studies are still underway, most research has focused on single‐objective optimization. Work on hyper‐heuristics for multi‐objective optimization remains limited. This chapter draws attention to this area of research to help researchers and PhD students understand and reuse these methods. It also provides the basic concepts of multi‐objective optimization and hyper‐heuristics to facilitate a better understanding of the related research areas, in addition to exploring hyper‐heuristic methodologies that address multi‐objective optimization. Some design issues related to the development of hyper‐heuristic framework for multi‐objective optimization are discussed. The chapter concludes with a case study of multi‐objective selection hyper‐heuristics and its application on a real‐world problem.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Mashael Suliaman Maashi",authors:[{id:"201702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashael",middleName:null,surname:"Maashi",slug:"mashael-maashi",fullName:"Mashael Maashi"}]},{id:"55968",title:"On the Use of Hybrid Heuristics for Providing Service to Select the Return Channel in an Interactive Digital TV Environment",slug:"on-the-use-of-hybrid-heuristics-for-providing-service-to-select-the-return-channel-in-an-interactive",totalDownloads:1303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The technologies used to link the end-user to a telecommunication infrastructure, has been changing over time due to the consolidation of new access technologies. Moreover, the emergence of new tools for information dissemination, such as interactive digital TV, makes the selection of access technology, factor of fundamental importance. One of the greatest advantages of using digital TV as means to disseminate information is the installation of applications. In this chapter, a load characterization of a typical application embedded in a digital TV is performed to determine its behavior. However, it is important to note that applications send information through an access technology. Therefore, this chapter, based on the study on load characterization, developed a methodology combining Bayesian networks and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) analytical approach to provide support to service providers to opt for a technology (power line communication, PLC, wireless, wired, etc.) for the return channel.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Marcos César da Rocha Seruffo, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Carlos\nRenato Lisboa Francês and Nandamudi Lankalapalli Vijaykumar",authors:[{id:"10493",title:"Dr.",name:"Adamo",middleName:null,surname:"Lima De Santana",slug:"adamo-lima-de-santana",fullName:"Adamo Lima De Santana"},{id:"202549",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Seruffo",slug:"marcos-seruffo",fullName:"Marcos Seruffo"},{id:"202551",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadamundi",middleName:null,surname:"Vijaykumar",slug:"nadamundi-vijaykumar",fullName:"Nadamundi Vijaykumar"},{id:"202552",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Francês",slug:"carlos-renato-frances",fullName:"Carlos Renato Francês"}]},{id:"55704",title:"Advanced Particle Filter Methods",slug:"advanced-particle-filter-methods",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter presents a set of algorithmic methods based on particle filter heuristics. We start with an introduction to particle filters, which covers the main motivation and related works. Then, the generic framework for particle filter algorithm is presented, followed by two important use cases regarding indoor positioning and multitarget tracking; for both problems, modified particle filter algorithms are presented followed by experimental results, implementation remarks, and a discussion. Finally, a short list of conclusion and future work are presented.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Roi Yozevitch and Boaz Ben-Moshe",authors:[{id:"203049",title:"Prof.",name:"Boaz",middleName:null,surname:"Benmoshe",slug:"boaz-benmoshe",fullName:"Boaz Benmoshe"},{id:"203051",title:"Mr.",name:"Roi",middleName:null,surname:"Yozevitch",slug:"roi-yozevitch",fullName:"Roi Yozevitch"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"549",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. 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Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. One of the new challenges we are now faced with is sustainable animal diets (STAND) that involve the 3 P’s (People, Planet, and Profitability). We must develop animal feed that does not compete with human food, use antibiotics, and explore new growth promoters options, such as plant extracts or compounds that promote feed efficiency (e.g., monensin, oils, enzymes, probiotics). These new feed options must also be environmentally friendly, reducing the Carbon footprint, CH4, N, and P emissions to the environment, with an adequate formulation of nutrients.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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