Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
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Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
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"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
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Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\n
Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9247",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Mineralogy - Significance and Applications",title:"Mineralogy",subtitle:"Significance and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Mineralogy - Significance and Applications includes new contributions to the field of mineralogy in terms of mineral chemistry and petrogenesis using updated facilities from regions in Asia and Europe to interpret petrologic significance. It discusses the industrial uses of some minerals as raw materials and in electrical firms and gemology. The book also introduces several works on synthesis of some compounds and applications of mineralogy in biomedicine, including iron oxide nanoparticles and nannocomposites, and their biomedical applications as diagnostic and drug delivery tools for treatment of cancer and many other diseases.",isbn:"978-1-78985-826-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-825-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-738-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83247",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"mineralogy-significance-and-applications",numberOfPages:174,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5149699e666cbb61c220646173769f18",bookSignature:"Ali Ismail Al-Juboury",publishedDate:"May 27th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9247.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6660,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:21,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 13th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 17th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 16th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 4th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 4th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Ismail",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58570/images/system/58570.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Ali Ismail Al-Juboury is a professor in the Geology Department, Mosul University, Iraq. He obtained his BSc in Geology and MSc in Sedimentology from Mosul University in 1980 and 1983, respectively, and his Ph.D. from Comenius University, Slovakia, in 1992. He has published 115 scientific papers (44 Clarivate and Scopus) in local and peer-reviewed journals in the fields of petroleum geology, sedimentology, geochemistry, and economic geology. He is a member of numerous international societies and serves on the editorial board of the Iraqi Geological Journal, International Sedimentology, Stratigraphy Journal of Oil and Gas Basins, and International Journal of Geophysics and Geochemistry. Dr. Al-Juboury has received several awards, including the Distinguished Scholars Award from the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Kuwait, in 2009, and the Science and Technology (Geology) Award from the Islamic States Organization in 2014.",institutionString:"University of Mosul",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"University of Mosul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"651",title:"Mineralogy",slug:"geology-and-geophysics-mineralogy"}],chapters:[{id:"64824",title:"Hematite Spherules on Mars",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82583",slug:"hematite-spherules-on-mars",totalDownloads:1049,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In 2004, the observation of large amounts of hematite spherules on Mars by the NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover “Opportunity,” which landed in Eagle crater on Meridiani Planum, created tremendous excitement among the scientific community. The discovery of hematite was significant as it suggests past presence of water on Mars. Furthermore, the hematite spherules were widely suggested to be concretions that formed by precipitation of aqueous fluids. Among the various observed mysteries of Martian hematite spherules, also known as “blueberries,” one regarding to their size limit was very puzzling. All of the millions of blueberries observed on Mars were smaller than 6.2 mm in diameter. Because the concretions on Earth are not limited in size, the formation of the Martian blueberries became difficult to explain. In this chapter, we will discuss the observed properties of Martian hematite spherules and explain why a cosmic spherule formation mechanism provides a possible solution to the puzzling observations on Mars.",signatures:"Anupam K. Misra and Tayro E. Acosta-Maeda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64824",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64824",authors:[{id:"257657",title:"Dr.",name:"Anupam",surname:"Misra",slug:"anupam-misra",fullName:"Anupam Misra"},{id:"272258",title:"Dr.",name:"Tayro",surname:"Acosta-Maeda",slug:"tayro-acosta-maeda",fullName:"Tayro Acosta-Maeda"}],corrections:null},{id:"69780",title:"Mineral Chemistry of Chalki Basalts in Northern Iraq and Their Petrological Significance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89861",slug:"mineral-chemistry-of-chalki-basalts-in-northern-iraq-and-their-petrological-significance",totalDownloads:722,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chalki basalts as a small body of volcanic rocks have green to grayish green color due to their nearly complete alteration to chlorite. The essential minerals of Chalki basalt to andesitic basalts are plagioclase (labradorite, An51–61; andesine, An35 to An42; and oligoclase, An22). Moreover, there is sodic plagioclase (albite, An0.1 to An04) whose coexistence with the other more calcic plagioclase means that albitization had occurred. The other essential mineral is pyroxene (endiopside, en66–68 wo27–28 fs05–06; and subcalcic augite, en72 wo14 fs14). Olivine (Fo80–81) is also present. According to the NiO content (0.11–0.12 wt%) in olivine grains, they are interpreted to be originated tectonically. The prevalent chlorite in all the samples is mainly diabantite and penninite, indicating chloritization after the ferromagnesian olivine and pyroxene. Serpentine (type lizardite and chrysotile) is also recorded as lesser alteration product after the forsteritic olivine. Rare secondary hornblende (type magnesiohornblende) is also found. The spinel group as accessory minerals is defined as magnetite, chromian magnetite, and chromian spinel giving the imprints of their metamorphic origin due to low temperature sub-sea metamorphism and also of alpine type.",signatures:"Mohsin M. Ghazal, Ali I. Al-Juboury and Sabhan M. Jalal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69780",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69780",authors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"},{id:"219752",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsin",surname:"Ghazal",slug:"mohsin-ghazal",fullName:"Mohsin Ghazal"},{id:"300008",title:"MSc.",name:"Sabhan",surname:"Jalal",slug:"sabhan-jalal",fullName:"Sabhan Jalal"}],corrections:null},{id:"68291",title:"Titanite from Titanite-Spots Granodiorites of the Moldanubian Batholith (Central European Variscan Belt)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88359",slug:"titanite-from-titanite-spots-granodiorites-of-the-moldanubian-batholith-central-european-variscan-be",totalDownloads:762,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Titanite-rich granodiorites occurring in the Austrian Mühlviertel are intimately associated with the I/S-granites of the Mauthausen/Freistadt granite suite. These rocks form small irregular bodies in granites of this granitic suite of the Moldanubian batholith that are represented by usually fine-grained and dark granodiorites, which contain a large amount of titanite hell “spots” formed by aggregates of plagioclases and quartz. Titanite as a relative plentiful accessory mineral exists in the center of these “spots” as idiomorphic and sphenoidal grains. The composition of titanite ranges from 89 to 92 mol.% titanite end-member. According to its Al concentration, the analyzed titanites could be considered as low-Al titanites (Al = 0.05–0.08 atoms per formula unit). Titanite contains low concentrations of both (Al + Fe3+)–OH (2–9 mol.%) and (Al + Fe3+)–F (0–8 mol.%). Titanite together with Na-enriched plagioclase and quartz is originated during late-magmatic evolution of titanite-spots granodiorites.",signatures:"Miloš René",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68291",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68291",authors:[{id:"142108",title:"Dr.",name:"Miloš",surname:"René",slug:"milos-rene",fullName:"Miloš René"}],corrections:null},{id:"69711",title:"Investigation of the Usability of Pseudoleucites in Central Anatolia Alkali Syenites as Industrial Raw Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89588",slug:"investigation-of-the-usability-of-pseudoleucites-in-central-anatolia-alkali-syenites-as-industrial-r",totalDownloads:496,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pseudoleucite syenite is a magmatic rock, which is rarely found in the foidolite rock group. With respect to the compositions of similar alkali feldspars as sodium potassium aluminosilicates, feldspathoid minerals are normally characterized by silica deficiency. Pseudoleucite syenite formed from alkaline (sodium and potassium)-rich and silica-poor magmas. In this study, intrusion-related distributions, mineralogical and petrographical properties, and mineral chemistry of pseudoleucites in İsahocalı (Kırşehir) alkali syenites from Central Anatolia Granitoids have been investigated, and magnetic enrichment processes have been carried out on their crushed and grinded samples. As a result of the enrichment of pseudoleucite syenites with a high amount of K2O + Na2O (12.25 + 5.61 wt.%), via dry magnetic separator, the obtained data demonstrated that pseudoleucites in İsahocalı Alkali syenites can be used as industrial raw material in sectors such as ceramics, agriculture, cement industries, etc.",signatures:"Zeynel Başibüyük and Gökhan Ekincioğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69711",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69711",authors:[{id:"299081",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynel",surname:"Başıbüyük",slug:"zeynel-basibuyuk",fullName:"Zeynel Başıbüyük"},{id:"299082",title:"Dr.",name:"Gökhan",surname:"Ekincioğlu",slug:"gokhan-ekincioglu",fullName:"Gökhan Ekincioğlu"}],corrections:null},{id:"71848",title:"Mineralogical-Petrographical Investigation and Usability as the Gemstone of the North Anatolian Kammererite, Tokat, Turkey",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92153",slug:"mineralogical-petrographical-investigation-and-usability-as-the-gemstone-of-the-north-anatolian-kamm",totalDownloads:554,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Kammererite formations were observed in the region of Tokat province in the north of Anatolia. Kemmererite (purple, reddish, pink color) is present in the form of nodules or veins in chromium levels found in Mesozoic basic-ultrabasic rocks. In the surveys, it was found that archerite minerals do not show a widespread distribution and have different shades of pink and color and glassy brightness. Thin-section analyses were performed from kammererite samples. In the investigations, kammererite mineral showed brownish or pinkish pleochroism in plane-polarized light. In crossed polars, it was observed that they had interference color in grayish tones. Due to its low hardness, kammererite was treated with epoxy to increase its durability. In addition, it has been determined that they can be used in both jewelry and ornamental objects with the applied cabochon cutting styles.",signatures:"İlkay Kaydu Akbudak, Zeynel Başibüyük and Gökhan Ekincioğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71848",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71848",authors:[{id:"299081",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynel",surname:"Başıbüyük",slug:"zeynel-basibuyuk",fullName:"Zeynel Başıbüyük"},{id:"299082",title:"Dr.",name:"Gökhan",surname:"Ekincioğlu",slug:"gokhan-ekincioglu",fullName:"Gökhan Ekincioğlu"},{id:"317737",title:"Dr.",name:"İlkay",surname:"Kaydu Akbudak",slug:"ilkay-kaydu-akbudak",fullName:"İlkay Kaydu Akbudak"}],corrections:null},{id:"71052",title:"Enhanced Humidity Sensing Response in Eu3+-Doped Iron-Rich CuFe2O4: A Detailed Study of Structural, Microstructural, Sensing, and Dielectric Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90880",slug:"enhanced-humidity-sensing-response-in-eu-sup-3-sup-doped-iron-rich-cufe-sub-2-sub-o-sub-4-sub-a-deta",totalDownloads:581,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles are synthesized by solution combustion method. The influence of Eu3+ on the structural, morphological, dielectrical, and humidity sensing study is recorded. The XRD pattern peaks of the as-prepared CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticle confirm the polycrystalline spinel cubic structure with a small amount of CuO impurity phase at 38.87° and 48.96°. Surface morphology of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the nanoparticles, and their respective average grain size was estimated using Image software. Chemical composition of all prepared samples was analyzed by EDS spectra. The dielectric parameters of AC conductivity, electric modulus, and impedance of the samples were measured over a range of frequencies from 0.1 KHz to 1 MHz at room temperature. Europium-doped copper ferrite samples showed good humidity sensing response, response and recover times, and stability over a %RH range of 11–91%. These types of samples are very useful for sensor application, battery applications, electronic applications, and automotive applications.",signatures:"I.C. Sathisha, K. Manjunatha, V. Jagadeesha Angadi, B. Chethan, Y.T. Ravikiran, Vinayaka K. Pattar, S.O. Manjunatha and Shidaling Matteppanavar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71052",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71052",authors:[{id:"266255",title:"Dr.",name:"Veerabhadrappa",surname:"Jagadeesha Angadi",slug:"veerabhadrappa-jagadeesha-angadi",fullName:"Veerabhadrappa Jagadeesha Angadi"},{id:"321561",title:"Dr.",name:"I.C.",surname:"Sathisha",slug:"i.c.-sathisha",fullName:"I.C. Sathisha"},{id:"321562",title:"Dr.",name:"K.",surname:"Manjunatha",slug:"k.-manjunatha",fullName:"K. Manjunatha"},{id:"321564",title:"Dr.",name:"B.",surname:"Chethan",slug:"b.-chethan",fullName:"B. Chethan"},{id:"321565",title:"Dr.",name:"Y.T.",surname:"Ravikiran",slug:"y.t.-ravikiran",fullName:"Y.T. Ravikiran"},{id:"321566",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayaka K.",surname:"Pattar",slug:"vinayaka-k.-pattar",fullName:"Vinayaka K. Pattar"},{id:"321567",title:"Dr.",name:"S.O.",surname:"Manjunatha",slug:"s.o.-manjunatha",fullName:"S.O. Manjunatha"},{id:"321568",title:"Dr.",name:"Shidaling",surname:"Matteppanavar",slug:"shidaling-matteppanavar",fullName:"Shidaling Matteppanavar"}],corrections:null},{id:"68949",title:"Iron Oxides Synthesized in Hypersaline Solutions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88948",slug:"iron-oxides-synthesized-in-hypersaline-solutions",totalDownloads:624,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Iron oxides were synthesized in conditions similar to those that prevail in deeps of the Red Sea (2–5M NaCl, temperatures 60–80°C, and pH 6.5–10.4). The main phase that was crystallized was submicron magnetite. Additional phases of feroxyhyte, goethite, and akagenéite were also detected. Magnetite morphology observed through high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) varied between euhedral plates and octahedral or unhedral crystals. The euhedral plates were probably crystallized pseudomorphically after platy green rust or Fe(OH)2 due to its quick crystallization. Size of magnetite varied between 18 and 45 nm. The addition of Si retarded crystal growth, and at Si/Fe = 0.5, short-range ordered phases are formed and not magnetite. This finding is in line with earlier laboratory experiments in which Si was found to retard goethite and lepidocrocite crystallization.",signatures:"Nurit Taitel-Goldman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68949",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68949",authors:[{id:"161472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurit",surname:"Taitel-Goldman",slug:"nurit-taitel-goldman",fullName:"Nurit Taitel-Goldman"}],corrections:null},{id:"67459",title:"Preparation and Characterization of Fe2O3-SiO2 Nanocomposite for Biomedical Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81926",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-fe-sub-2-sub-o-sub-3-sub-sio-sub-2-sub-nanocomposite-for-biomedi",totalDownloads:879,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The scope of this chapter is to get deeper insight into the correlation between synthesis parameters and magnetic behavior of the nanocomposite materials containing hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles. Potential applications of nano-hematite in biomedicine are listed in the short overview. Then, basic requirements necessary for synthesis of high-quality nanoparticles for biomedical application are summarized. The next part of the chapter is devoted to the sol-gel synthesis that is recognized as suitable for preparation of the nanocomposite materials containing α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Having in mind that sol-gel method considers preparation of hematite nanoparticles via Fe2O3 phase transformations initiated by thermal treatment at high temperatures, coexistence of the other iron oxides (such as ε-Fe2O3) with α-Fe2O3 phase is commented. Special attention is paid on mechanism of the critical field (which is in literature usually denoted as coercivity field) alterations. Diffraction patterns and hysteresis measurements of the chosen samples containing hematite nanoparticles in the silica matrix are represented. Finally, variations in the observed measured critical field values are discussed.",signatures:"Violeta N. Nikolić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67459",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67459",authors:[{id:"256415",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"violeta-nikolic",fullName:"Violeta Nikolic"}],corrections:null},{id:"71054",title:"Future of Nanoparticles in the Field of Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89777",slug:"future-of-nanoparticles-in-the-field-of-medicine",totalDownloads:452,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter deals with the application of iron oxide nanoparticles in the field of medicine. It focuses on the treatment of cancerous cells in the body as a case study. Cancer as we all know is a disease which is spreading at the speed of light across the nations, primarily due to the lifestyles and heredity. The human war against the disease is on, and many cures are in practice or under research, so as to limit the deaths due to it. Most of the research is focused on finding alternative and effective techniques in conquering cancer, so that the stigma attached with it can be diminished; the researchers are also focusing on lowering the side effects of the currently practiced cures. We all hope that a day will come when it will come under the category of conquerable diseases. It has been shown that cancer deaths in the world have declined considerably, but it is still unconquerable. It is still one of the leading causes of death around the globe. Usual therapy like radiation, surgery, and immunotherapy in addition to chemotherapy has shown challenges like ease of access to the tumor cells, danger of operating on a vital organ to name some. Off late, research laboratories are using nanoparticles for the detection in addition to drug delivery in treatment of various diseases. It gives boost to minimizing the side effects encountered in conventional therapies at the cellular and tissue level. Nanoparticles’ widespread use is accounted by their size.",signatures:"Neha Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71054",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71054",authors:[{id:"301389",title:"Dr.",name:"Neha",surname:"Sharma",slug:"neha-sharma",fullName:"Neha Sharma"}],corrections:null},{id:"69811",title:"Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of Luminescent Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88165",slug:"chemical-synthesis-and-characterization-of-luminescent-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-and-their-biomedical",totalDownloads:546,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The syntheses and characterizations of biocompatible luminescent magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles has drawn particular attention as diagnostic and drug delivery tools for treatment of cancer and many other diseases. This chapter focuses on the chemical synthetic methods, magnetic and luminescent properties, including the biomedical applications of iron oxide nanomaterials and luminescent magnetic iron oxide-based nanocomposite materials. The influences of functionalizing with short ligands such as dopamine and L-cysteine on the magnetic properties of synthesized nanoparticles are described. The chapter contains some data on necessary reagents and protocols for bioconjugation aimed at cell culture and step by step the MTT assays used to evaluate cytotoxicity are also presented. In the final section of the chapter, we focus on the biomedical applications specifically for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer treatment. 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1. Introduction
As the government adopting social media as a tool, social media might increase the government’s capacity for engagement [1]. Other social media can build interactive features and increase citizen collaboration with the government. These concerns change citizens’ social media tools, especially the local government, to encourage and listen to public demand [2]. Further, social media took a role in public action, its influence on citizen engagement, and increased public trust [3]. Social media includes communication platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, which the government intensively uses. The adoption of social media uses brought collaborative nature between government and citizen [4, 5].
The use of social media might increase collaboration among stakeholders. For citizens, social media can engage them in a government program and bridge the gap between the government with society. For the government, social media able to engage public participation and collaboration. Social media platform makes informed citizen and strengthens public relations. It is explained citizen engagement through social media, including interaction among social media users. Various areas will be involved, where the municipality might use social media to engage the government, organization, citizen, and community. But the challenge is the professionalism to manage social media interaction for communication. For instance, lack of capacity and skill to initiate such engagement requires technological development and professional media skill development. The movement towards social media use requires people’s attitude, staff preparedness, time availability, and skill [6].
Further, Dobos and Jenei argue on the changing participation to engagement. There are two types of citizen engagement through instrumental and normative activities. It aims to informing or receiving a response from the governance process [7]. The way of engagement more efficiently should be used among normative activities [8]. At the same time, the form of engagement in local government have to roles to find the way that provides conditions for listening and engagement activities the way and techniques through dialog and interaction in social media. From the government-citizen relationship, there is the ability to dialog, involve, and collaborate. It is expected more likely to be interested in inquiring, expressing opinions, making a suggestion, and taking responsibility. In this approach, the government should motivate and encourage them to better understand the government-citizen relationship. The importance of citizen engagement, understood as the participation of citizens in political and social issues is considered essential for democracy [9].
However, some critiques about the uses of social media in the government have considered not to be the adequate cause of many social media platforms used simultaneously [10]. Social media should be egalitarian (Flecha 2000) and government interventions [11]. Citizen engagement requires systematic probing. Further, the desired citizen development “knowledge and understanding” of the political and administrative activities may influence such the ability to analyze, express, and defend opinions, positions, participate and debate. A chance like tolerance, loyalty, openness, negotiation, and compromise is needed for a democratic society. The municipality opened the internet, mainly social media platforms change and engagement. Social media has quickly grown into public organization tools and human face for communication [12]. Avidar argues social media interaction among organizations and interaction for the public to consume, produce and share online information and raise social media use for engagement. Nevertheless, the growth of social media, “traditional” media still play an essential role in raising the social media visibility of an organization.
This chapter would like to present the study results of the application of social media to develop tools and operating systems that can be used to improve and increase the management efficiency of local government organizations. It will make a presentation of the concrete and practical development model. And it can extend into applications and operating systems that can be applied following the actual municipality operating conditions. This social media will ultimately enable municipalities to further enhance digital technology for the administration and delivery of public services to residents.
2. Theoretical review
Social media refers to the activities, practices, and behaviors among peoples involved and gather online to share information, knowledge, and opinions using various media. The application of social media by governments requires an organizational change to the culture, people, structures, and processes for effective results are to be achieved. It can create opportunities for developing community-based partnerships by facilitating engagement with the public, such as creating and maintaining interactions and relationships. The local government is beginning to engage through using social media in different ways. This action includes promoting events and activities, problem-solving, gaining community input, and engaging [13]. Teng et al. [14] also illustrate how local governments can harness technology to improve efficiencies and engage citizens. However, local leaders must be careful that technology-based mechanisms for communication and engagement do not benefit only those who can advance the technology uses. Thus, technology must be complemented by other widely accessible means of gathering participation. In this case, Professionals in using the technologies should not act as a threat but as an opportunity for making the organization more global, interactive, dialogical, and socially responsible.
Further, social media are functional in publishing information about public interaction and sharing strategies for resolving social problems and promoting positive change. There are two essential elements to consider: first, the media can support local activation by strengthening the network effect; and secondly, the media as an international network, able to contribute significantly to opens the connection whole around the world. Information-based web and social media play roles in pursuing communication networks (horizontal and vertical communication), particularly media relations, such as a) making strategies for policies and communication between the international and local networks. b) improving dialog space between government and citizens. c) as a tool for engagement and participation. More specifically, in enhancing stakeholders’ engagement [15].
The local government context could use social media to focus on municipal management, engage citizens in local decision-making, and improve government to citizen relationships. Citizens need government capacities to encourage public needs, such as providing public service, favoring high participation rates in public sector management, and helping local government prioritize and implement.
Social media as an ‘alternative’ public space, the development of Web 2.0 technologies have been described as offering the 21st century by providing opportunities for extensive citizen engagement with the government [16]. The development of social media technologies has led to more use by governments. Governments should have already moved from the past traditional phase with social media platforms and should deliver and create value using social media. The governments are using digital technologies to engage in e-services such as broadcasting information, emphasizing citizen interaction [17]. Social media applications, built on Web 2.0 technologies, offer governments extensive means to engage communities and make services more efficient. It also allows for encouragement. Governments aim to value civil society as a legitimate partner for change through enhancing capabilities for collaboration, participation, and empowerment. However, the government using digital technologies to enhance direct citizen engagement in city, regional or provincial planning processes [18]. Indeed, Web 2.0 and social media are now considered part of participative citizens to the government in providing public service and information. Some governments are increasing with e-government service that includes social media tools.
Social media lies in the perceived advantages of both the government and the citizens, although the benefits tend to be idealistic. For example, there is much talk about increasing public participation, citizen involvement, transparency, coproduction, using more excellent knowledge, and reaching stakeholders. It also identifies benefits such as the actual value of engagement that raises awareness of new policies, services, or social issues and encourages interaction with feedback from governments. Use the internet and media platforms to organize and promote their interests and actively participate in their social interaction [19].
Ellison and Hardey [20] said that the viability of social media as a potential means to stimulate citizen engagement in local politics and ask whether people can use specific platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to develop innovative and accessible forms of democratic dialog within the local community. The role of local government and citizens themselves is in the process of constant articulation, primarily concerned with considering the kind of role social media can play in facilitating new forms of dialog and local engagement. The peoples are constantly experimenting and realizing the social media feasibility, combining this creatively with face-to-face interaction and bridging the distance of view and participation. Social media is an arena that deserves attention and critical reflection as a political site and as a starting point for this new type of public engagement [21].
3. Methodology
This chapter will implement the qualitative research methodology through data collection, data analysis, and synthesis. There will be a specific selection of three municipalities in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. There are three steps of researching as follows.
First, this research will use the interview and focus group methods for the selected key informants to collect data.
The second, about data analysis. This research will use the content analysis method to compare all collected data between before and after using social media in local government administrations and then interpret data followed by theories and concepts.
The third, data synthesis, will be conducted by gathering all analyzed data to be reorganized to propose the SOUP model.
4. Key results
4.1 The key factors
This chapter presents the concept and practice of applying social media to promote citizen engagement and local governance development. The aim of presenting is a model of development called the SOUP Model. The development of social media use following this model is as follows.
The use of social media must be designed to facilitate sharing (Sharing: S)
Information between citizens, departments, administrators, municipalities, and the public can be quickly and universally provided to be used as a tool to enable all parties to be mutually beneficial in terms of monitoring progress. In addressing public complaints to a municipality, it is used to raise awareness and understand the municipality about the needs of people while also expressing it to the public and the public. Knowing the performance in various areas of the municipality can be appropriate for the people’s use. For example, it is used as a medium for sharing and exchanging information in tracking complaints submitted by the people to the municipality. It has set up a variety of tools for people to send information to the application easily.
The use of social media must be designed to facilitate openness and use (Openness: O)
The use of social media should be designed that it can be easily and universally used by citizens, agencies, administrators, municipalities, and the public. All parties can benefit, both in monitoring the progress of work to resolve the public’s problems and raising awareness and understanding the municipality. It can also be used to show people and the public about performance in various municipality areas. It provides opportunities for people to use various channels or tools in raising complaints and informing their recommendations. The municipality should adopt a local development policy by facilitating social media and other non-governmental channels. Social media, which this openness provides, has given the public more opportunities.
The use of social media must be designed to provide optimal accessibility and use in the context of local usage (Uniqueness: U)
Its use should be able to adapt to the way of living of the people in the area. It should not create too much of a burden on the people they have no interest in using. It can apply to local government organizations and does not affect government officials and employees’ regular operation. It may result in not being accepted in the practice of government officials in the organization. For example, the awareness of differences among the groups of people in the area is because some people do not have the skills to use social media. But they familiar with the use of regular communication channels. The municipality must provide facilities for these people. The municipality might have established an agency with a regular officer responsible for receiving complaints and suggestions from the public. And then, the officers will bring the information received from the public into the application for action. In addition, the municipality may set up a new agency to be mainly responsible. It acts as a central agency that facilitates the application for the coordination between the municipality’s internal officials, citizens, and administrators to monitor the performance.
The use of social media must be designed to support the cooperation of the state and the people. (Partnership: P)
Social media should provide people with more opportunities to become responsible for the municipality’s administration. It must enable citizens to participate in monitoring, supervision, and decision-making conveniently and conveniently with municipalities and cover all stages of their implementation, for example, using applications to display progress on problem-solving. Complaints are put into the operating system that will facilitate the public to follow up on the performance as soon as there is progress in solving problems. It can also be used to collect feedback data and the needs of the people to use in the formulation of development projects that will be used in the fiscal year or to consider in the formulation of local policies and plans for the next fiscal year.
4.2 The model
The use of social media will help the people and the municipality work together more closely together. It will also help the people to raise themselves to become partners in the administration and formulation of their local public policy with the municipal officials. Because it will provide people with access to information on the same basis as the municipality, which, when the people have received such information, will help the people follow up to ensure that the municipality must work following the problems and needs of the area as much as possible. It will enable the people to monitor the performance of the municipality at every stage. And it will also support the people to take responsibility in the municipality’s administration with more equality.
From the guidelines for promoting the use of social media to develop the administration of the local government mentioned above, they have been synthesized to create a SOUP model for promoting social media in the development of citizen engagement and local governance shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Development model for using social media to promote civic responsibility and local governance (SOUP model).
5. Discussion
From Figure 1, it shows that the SOUP model has various components:
Person
Organization/unit
Applications and work processes related to the implementation of social media for the development of Citizen Engagement and Local Governance
It will be presented through applications for handling various citizens who want the municipality to resolve the problem or want the municipality to use it as a policy and a local development plan. The details of such a model can be presented and classified by various three elements as follows.
5.1 Person
Figure 1 shows that persons directly involved in using the model are citizens, staff in the organization responsible for overseeing the central application’s operating system, and the mayor, Including the municipal administrators. These groups will play a role and the responsibility for using social media for development, as shown in Table 1.
Groups
Authorities
Responsibilities
Citizen
Report a complaint and suggestions for local development
Follow up on the outcome of the complaint report and their suggestions through the application
Staffs in the agency that manages the application’s operating system
Check the correctness of the information sent by the public
Bringing information on complaints and suggestions into the application
A center for communication
To consider and improve the language of complaints and suggestions
Forward information to the agency responsible directly and related agencies
The medium of providing information and news to the both
Mayor and municipal administrators
Follow up on solving problems according to complaints received from the public
Consideration to make a policy and local development plans
Supervise the operations of the responsible agency to resolve issues using operational progress notification status sent from the central application as a tool.
Bring various suggestions to be considered together with various agencies involved at regular intervals
Table 1.
Shows the roles and functions, and responsibilities of various groups in the use of social media.
The model was assigned to different groups of people related to the use of social media. They act together both as a recipient and information sender. The municipality should set up an agency to perform this duty as a center of communication and coordination. When the citizens act as a sender of complaints and recommendations to the municipality, this one will act as a receiver and carry information to continue. At the same time, the municipality acts as a sender, that is, contacts citizens to report progress on the resolution of complaints or various policies to the public. The two parties interact with each other within the process of using social media to perform that work. It will help all parties to receive information and news equally all the time. This operation will result in making the municipality and the people can be closer to each other. It will contribute to building partnership, which is one of the critical features of local governance.
5.2 Organization
From the model presented by this study, three leading agencies are involved in adopting social media in the development, namely the system operation organization, the directly responsible organizations, and the central government agencies. These agencies will play a role and responsibility for using social media for development, as shown in Table 2.
Organizations
Authorities
Responsibilities
An agency (new?) that is responsible for the use of the application
Manage applications
Coordination center
Maintain applications
Manage a database for supporting the exchange of information between citizens and municipalities.
Various departments
Solve the problem
Establishing a project for solving problems
that serve directly to resolve the issue
Communicating with the people
Participation in policy formulation and local development plans
Notification of the results of complaints
Listen to the opinions of the people to improve operations.
Report results and improve operations
Departments of central government
Collect information about complaints and recommendations for the local development of the people
Follow up and supervise the operations of the municipality
Create a database for decision-making in formulating policies, plans, and projects for national development.
Monitoring and supporting the performance of the municipality to be systematic
Table 2.
Shows the roles and functions, and responsibilities of organizations/agencies in the use of social media.
The model specifies that municipalities can use social media to provide the three groups of organizations with coordinated operational guidelines in a supportive manner systematically or empowerment. The agency that serves as application supervision will serve as a connection point for the operations of the two remaining organizations to work together, not duplicate, between the central government and the municipality in terms of operations for solving problems of the people in the area, policy setting, and various development plans. It aims to create repetition, which will help the central government formulate policies that can support the municipality’s policy. Because the central government will know information from the report of the application and help the central government know that what needs of residents have been developed? And the municipality has a policy for such development or not? Which central government must support the municipality’s policy? This acknowledged information will help the central government formulate policies parallel with the policy and the local development plan appropriately and be implemented more efficiently.
5.3 Applications and work processes related to the implementation of social media
From the models presented by this study, it is found that social media can increase the efficiency of municipal administration in promoting civic engagement and local governance. Central governments and municipalities should work together to create an application. It should be designed to have unique characteristics, which can support all types of social media applications that people use today, whether using YouTube, LINE, Twitter or Facebook, etc. The application must be compatible with all types of social media to receive complaints and recommendations for the development (Openness) and act as the central processor that can be converted from anywhere. The citizen can use social media as the medium for sending the information right to the mayor, the agency’s head, including sending the information back to the people who own the complaint and those suggestions directly. There is no need to switch to the application or other kinds of social media by the people. But they can use the social media that they regularly use to communicate with the municipality (Uniqueness) by this application. It will act in information management to facilitate all parties to work together without creating an additional burden on all parties involved (Openness).
For example, when people are faced with a problem that needs to be solved or help from the municipality. They only use their mobile phones or computers regularly used to transmit information via social media, where they are most convenient to send such information to municipalities. The municipality then takes information into the application to connect with information to the mayor and the head of the agency involved in solving those problems. People will be able to use the application to keep track of information related to the action taken by the municipality by the central application will send information on the progress of operations back through the social media that the public uses to send the information directly.
In addition, the applications will serve as a link for information and news between municipalities, provincial government agencies, and the central government (Sharing). It is responsible for submitting complaints and various needs to the regional agencies and the center, which can be used to formulate policies, programs, and projects that will not be duplicated with the local development policy that the municipality has already implemented. But this information can formulate policies or programs for various projects that will enhance the efficiency of municipal operations. This application will help the operation resolve the problem and respond to the needs of the people in the area more successfully.
Another benefit of using social media that this study offers is that the central government agency can use the data collected by the application to monitor municipal operations (Sharing). Because of the linkage system between the municipality’s application with the central government, it gives a tool to the central government to know another part of the municipality’s performance and implement the regular operational supervision system already in place. The various departments of the central government will be able to use the information in consultation or join in formulating guidelines for monitoring and promoting the municipality’s performance appropriately. Social media can reduce wasted time and the operational budget of government agencies in the central government and the municipality.
The advantage of using an application is an application can adapt the use of social media with different features to be compatible with the central application (Uniqueness). This use will facilitate the people to use it well because it gives the user the feeling that it is easy to use. People can use social media in a way that they are already familiar with the use. There is no need to adjust the method of use or must change the application in any way. The feature also reduces the impact on government officials and municipal officials rejecting their use since this system does not create additional business. There will be a unit within the municipality responsible for administering this system as a facilitator for applying the application. It is an agency that facilitates communication with the people, which will enable government officials and officials of various departments within the municipality to fulfill their primary duties and responsibilities in solving problems for the people. Traditionally, it will enhance the performance of government officials and municipal officials to meet the needs of the people more efficiently.
Another advantage is that using such applications allows the public to use the various tools and various social media applications to send information about complaints or various suggestions directly to the application (Openness). After that, the application will display the progress of the municipal problem-solving operations. Information will be displayed in the system so that the public can come in and watch at any time. People can obtain information on their own. In which such opportunities will help to increase the acceptance of social media among people as well. This approach can optimize how social media is used to suit better how people use them (Uniqueness).
6. Conclusion
This chapter can analyze all the above studies against the proposed model to develop social media usage. This study proposes that there must be functional characteristics that are consistent with fundamental principles 4. That is, it can be shared (Sharing), can be used openness (Openness), practical use for space (Uniqueness), building partnerships in work. (Partnership), also known as the SOUP model. This chapter demonstrates how the municipality can strengthen social media to foster citizen engagement and develop local governance in Table 3.
Principles
Concepts
Implementations
Sharing (S)
A link of information and news between municipalities with provincial government agencies and the central government
A center for collecting information about complaints and various suggestions of the people to government agencies to use in the formulation of policies, plans, and projects
The data collected by the application can be used to monitor municipal operations.
Use the information in consultation or jointly formulate guidelines for monitoring and promoting the operation of the municipality
Openness (O)
The application can support all types of social media applications commonly used by people today.
They are facilitating all parties to work together without creating additional burdens on all parties involved.
Uniqueness (U)
People can use the social media they regularly use as a means of communicating with municipalities.
A central processing unit that can convert any kind of social media information for mutual benefit
It is easy to use.
It is an implementation that can adjust the use of social media with different features to be compatible with the application of municipal.
Partnership (P)
Helping all parties to receive information and news equally and all the time
All parties act together as a recipient and information sender
Departments have operational guidelines that empower the performance of each other systematically
Organizations can know each other’s information, which will help each organization to define policies that can be used for development consistently and efficiently.
Table 3.
Summarizes the results of comparative data analysis between social media usage and SOUP principles.
The data analysis showed that the SOUP has some qualifications that enable municipalities to increase their capacity for action in promoting the participation of citizens. Because the municipality can provide more channels for citizens to access the management of public affairs [22, 23], the municipalities can use social media to process information that the public wishes to offer directly using the municipal application to convert all subsections [24, 25, 26]. The public does not need to change any method of use. They Just use the social media that you use regularly and send it to social media at the municipality. The application is a specially developed tool for the development of communication systems between citizens and municipalities. The application works as a source of information to the internal departments and local administrators. This application will speed the collaboration between citizens and municipalities to use social media to contact and send information to locals [27, 28]. This application will be a central processing tool to deliver the people’s information directly to the mayor and responsible agencies within the municipality and at the same time. This application will enable the use of all related information. And all parties can track progress or the results of all joint actions [29, 30]. The municipality will process the application and report results to at least four stakeholders, including one is sent to the responsible agency. The second is sent to the mayor. The third is sent to the federal government. The fourth is to send it back to the people who own the matter. Therefore, all parties involved will be able to investigate all operations together jointly. Even the central government can recognize it [31, 32]. Social media will link the corrective process [33, 34, 35].
This system will support the public to ensure that the municipality will put various suggestions into operation. Because when the government agency has received the matter, the application will immediately report the results to the people who send the information directly. Referring to the people who own the story, they will know that what he proposed was met with some degree of response from the municipality. People were able to use the application in monitoring the progress of the municipality’s operations in the matter that they are proposing or other matters that they are interested in following. This operating system will help both the public and the municipality work together efficiently and closer [36, 37]. Because it will facilitate the public no longer have to come to contact the government in person. People can see it on their mobile phones or any other personal communication tool. This application will be the manager of all information, which means that the application can be developed or adapted for municipalities to promote their work with their people better.
However, this kind of use is still limited, namely the laws and regulations relevant to the municipality’s performance. As a result, municipalities may not fully utilize all the information they receive from their citizens via social media. Nevertheless, the open use may affect the annual administrative costs of municipal. Because obtaining certain types of information that do not meet the needs of use makes municipalities more burdensome regarding operating time and budget expenditures in screening information received from citizens to extract only information that can be utilized. In addition, there are concerns about the use of social media regarding the coordination system within the organization, which is still not a usual bureaucratic practice. Adaptation to support this kind of work. As a result, municipal authorities are unable to establish coordination practices that are not yet clear enough to foster collaboration in the form of complementary support or to empowerment performance of each other And each other systematically.
To increase the efficiency of the internal management system in supporting the use of social media. This study suggests the central government’ agencies need to review and revise guidelines to support municipal use. It may be in conjunction with the municipality to define as a measure of operation to be used as a basis for monitoring and evaluating the municipality’s performance, including consultation to advise the municipality to improve and develop administrative processes. These operations can increase the efficiency of the municipality’s use of social media. At the same time, they may join municipalities in using social media as a regulatory tool. This implementation will create savings in the budget of the municipal administration as well.
Acknowledgments
This chapter is a part of the research project title Social media development for dealing with complaints and promoting public participation in public policymaking of local government organizations.’ This project was granted by Thailand Science, Research, and Innovation (TSRI). Contract No. RGU6280012.
\n',keywords:"Digital technology, Social media, Local government, Governance, Citizen engagement",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77327.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77327.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77327",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77327",totalDownloads:224,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:2,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:44,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"May 6th 2021",dateReviewed:"May 28th 2021",datePrePublished:"June 28th 2021",datePublished:"January 7th 2022",dateFinished:"June 24th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The main objective of this study is to propose guidelines for the development of the administration of local government organizations using digital technology, such as the use of social media in the administration. It will be used in the case of promoting public participation in public policy formulation. The information on the features needed to develop operating systems on social media applications would be collected and then trialed. At the same time, data was collected from the experiments. Then, the received information is made into a user manual. The study found that the municipality could use social media to enhance the communication efficiency between municipalities with the public at an efficiency level. At the effectiveness level, people were satisfied with using social media to raise complaints and recommend municipalities. Meanwhile, municipalities can obtain adequate information to use in making operational decisions in comparison with regular operations. And at the impact level, it was found that the municipality could encourage people to participate in the administration of local administrative organizations and support municipalities begin to take new approaches in response to the needs of the people even better.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77327",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77327",book:{id:"10752",slug:"communication-management"},signatures:"Sataporn Roengtam",authors:[{id:"353694",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sataporn",middleName:null,surname:"Roengtam",fullName:"Sataporn Roengtam",slug:"sataporn-roengtam",email:"sataro@kku.ac.th",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Theoretical review",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Key results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 The key factors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 The model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"5.1 Person",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"5.2 Organization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"5.3 Applications and work processes related to the implementation of social media",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Zavattaro, Staci M., and Arthur J. 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Lance. 2012. “The Personalization of Politics: Political Identity, Social Media, and Changing Patterns of Participation.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 644(1): 20-39'},{id:"B36",body:'Kim, Jae Hong, Timothy D. Keane, and Eric A. Bernard. 2015. “Fragmented Local Governance and Water Resource Management Outcomes.” Journal of Environmental Management 150: 378-386'},{id:"B37",body:'Cheshire, Lynda, Jo Anne Everingham, and Geoffrey Lawrence. 2014. “Governing the Impacts of Mining and the Impacts of Mining Governance: Challenges for Rural and Regional Local Governments in Australia.” Journal of Rural Studies 36: 330-339'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Sataporn Roengtam",address:"sataro@kku.ac.th",affiliation:'
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10752",type:"book",title:"Communication Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Communication Management",slug:"communication-management",publishedDate:"January 7th 2022",bookSignature:"František Pollák, Jakub Soviar and Roman Vavrek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10752.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-512-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-511-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-513-1",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"304707",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"František",middleName:null,surname:"Pollák",slug:"frantisek-pollak",fullName:"František Pollák"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"345118",title:"Dr.",name:"Jakub",middleName:null,surname:"Soviar",slug:"jakub-soviar",fullName:"Jakub Soviar"},coeditorTwo:{id:"345119",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Vavrek",slug:"roman-vavrek",fullName:"Roman Vavrek"},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"274"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"77371",type:"chapter",title:"Communication Channels",slug:"communication-channels",totalDownloads:177,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anca Constantinescu-Dobra and Mădălina-Alexanda Coțiu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"353337",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Constantinescu-Dobra",fullName:"Anca Constantinescu-Dobra",slug:"anca-constantinescu-dobra"},{id:"355076",title:"Dr.",name:"Mădălina-Alexanda",middleName:null,surname:"Coțiu",fullName:"Mădălina-Alexanda Coțiu",slug:"madalina-alexanda-cotiu"}]},{id:"78937",type:"chapter",title:"Sensory Marketing",slug:"sensory-marketing",totalDownloads:152,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"František Pollák, Jakub Soviar and Roman Vavrek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"304707",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"František",middleName:null,surname:"Pollák",fullName:"František Pollák",slug:"frantisek-pollak"},{id:"345118",title:"Dr.",name:"Jakub",middleName:null,surname:"Soviar",fullName:"Jakub Soviar",slug:"jakub-soviar"},{id:"345119",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Vavrek",fullName:"Roman Vavrek",slug:"roman-vavrek"}]},{id:"78366",type:"chapter",title:"Communication through Social Media: Fake or Reality",slug:"communication-through-social-media-fake-or-reality",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arshia Kaul and Ritika Guaba",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"353971",title:"Dr.",name:"arshia",middleName:null,surname:"kaul",fullName:"arshia kaul",slug:"arshia-kaul"},{id:"353975",title:"Dr.",name:"Ritika",middleName:null,surname:"Guaba",fullName:"Ritika Guaba",slug:"ritika-guaba"}]},{id:"77327",type:"chapter",title:"Using Social Media for the Development of Civic Engagement and Local Governance",slug:"using-social-media-for-the-development-of-civic-engagement-and-local-governance",totalDownloads:224,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sataporn Roengtam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"353694",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sataporn",middleName:null,surname:"Roengtam",fullName:"Sataporn Roengtam",slug:"sataporn-roengtam"}]},{id:"77715",type:"chapter",title:"The Use of Videoconferencing in Higher Education",slug:"the-use-of-videoconferencing-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:319,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Chandra K. Massner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"353463",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra",middleName:"Kaye",surname:"Massner",fullName:"Chandra Massner",slug:"chandra-massner"}]},{id:"77947",type:"chapter",title:"Digital Economy in the Post-COVID Period: Changes, Communication Processes and Development Prospects",slug:"digital-economy-in-the-post-covid-period-changes-communication-processes-and-development-prospects",totalDownloads:132,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alexander Rozanov, Anna Chebotareva, Vladimir Chebotarev, Abdel Raheem Naser and Elena Danilina",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"233092",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Rozanov",fullName:"Alexander Rozanov",slug:"alexander-rozanov"},{id:"416782",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Chebotareva",fullName:"Anna Chebotareva",slug:"anna-chebotareva"},{id:"416785",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Chebotarev",fullName:"Vladimir Chebotarev",slug:"vladimir-chebotarev"},{id:"416788",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Raheem",middleName:null,surname:"Naser",fullName:"Abdel Raheem Naser",slug:"abdel-raheem-naser"},{id:"416789",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Danilina",fullName:"Elena Danilina",slug:"elena-danilina"}]},{id:"78502",type:"chapter",title:"Ethics and the Prospect of E-Commerce Platforms in Doing Business in Nigeria",slug:"ethics-and-the-prospect-of-e-commerce-platforms-in-doing-business-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ngozi Okpara",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"353215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ngozi",middleName:null,surname:"Okpara",fullName:"Ngozi Okpara",slug:"ngozi-okpara"}]},{id:"76795",type:"chapter",title:"Integrative Activities with Suppliers and Customers to Achieve Supply Chain Integration",slug:"integrative-activities-with-suppliers-and-customers-to-achieve-supply-chain-integration",totalDownloads:157,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bertha Molina-Quintana, Antonio Vaamonde-Liste and María Berta Quintana-León",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"353013",title:"Dr.",name:"Bertha",middleName:null,surname:"Molina-Quintana",fullName:"Bertha Molina-Quintana",slug:"bertha-molina-quintana"},{id:"353033",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Vaamonde-Liste",fullName:"Antonio Vaamonde-Liste",slug:"antonio-vaamonde-liste"},{id:"353034",title:"Dr.",name:"María Berta",middleName:null,surname:"Quintana-León",fullName:"María Berta Quintana-León",slug:"maria-berta-quintana-leon"}]},{id:"79576",type:"chapter",title:"Marketing Communications in Health Care Institutions",slug:"marketing-communications-in-health-care-institutions",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aykut Ekiyor and Fatih Altan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"301345",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Aykut",middleName:null,surname:"Ekiyor",fullName:"Aykut Ekiyor",slug:"aykut-ekiyor"},{id:"312495",title:"Mr.",name:"Fatih",middleName:null,surname:"Altan",fullName:"Fatih Altan",slug:"fatih-altan"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8119",title:"A Complex Systems Perspective of Communication from Cells to Societies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"04114b4c21090a11d7eb9c365dfc1c85",slug:"a-complex-systems-perspective-of-communication-from-cells-to-societies",bookSignature:"Anamaria Berea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8119.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203322",title:"Dr.",name:"Anamaria",surname:"Berea",slug:"anamaria-berea",fullName:"Anamaria Berea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"65763",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Role of Communication as a Fundamental Process for Life and Society",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-role-of-communication-as-a-fundamental-process-for-life-and-society",signatures:"Anamaria Berea",authors:[{id:"203322",title:"Dr.",name:"Anamaria",middleName:null,surname:"Berea",fullName:"Anamaria Berea",slug:"anamaria-berea"}]},{id:"64967",title:"Extracellular Vesicles: Living Prototypal Communication System",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-living-prototypal-communication-system",signatures:"Paul A. 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\n
1. Introduction
\n
More attention has been taken on electrical vehicles for a series of motives, like price of oil increasing and concern about global environmental problems [1]. The study on this area has been searching for methods of increasing the energy efficiency, safety, stability, and performance of those systems [2, 3].
\n
Another aim of the researchers is to develop efficient control strategies for navigation, but without an accurate control of the traction motors, the trajectory desired cannot be followed [4]. Traction control of vehicles can be very tricky though, because the friction coefficient between the tire and surface is nonlinear and uncertain [5]. This effect also happens for applications in mobile robots with torque higher than the surface friction; hence, the velocity control cannot assure that the trajectory will be followed.
\n
The architecture of four independent motors actuating on each wheel is presented by [5, 6]. Usually, each wheel is controlled by a torque controller, direct or indirectly, as in [7], which proposes an optimum torque distribution strategy of four independent motors on an electric vehicle, considering its driving force and yaw moment ratios testing on slippery road conditions.
\n
As pointed by [8], the torque of an electric motor can be generated quickly and accurately and also can be easily measured through an observer, making it possible to create a drive force observer. This work presents a study over the torque control of a DC motor, which the electromagnetic torque is estimated, with a discrete state space estimator and a Kalman filter [9].
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\n
\n
2. System design
\n
In this section, the mechanical system is described, which is the aim of the control study; it also presented the mathematical description of this model, so it can further be applied in this work.
\n
\n
2.1 Mechanical system
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The choice of physical implementation for testing, setting, and tuning is a motor-wheel system, where a motor is attached to a suspended wheel with the use of a crown, pinion, and chain. This system provides an actuation of the motor on acceleration and braking of the wheel, making it possible to generate a full cycle of control. \nFigure 1\n presents the current system.
\n
Figure 1.
Suspended wheel attached to the traction motor by a crown-chain-pinion.
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Notice that the motor is attached directly to the wheel instead of an axis, providing the possibility of a full cycle of control of the wheel speed and torque by the motor.
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\n
\n
2.2 Dynamic model
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The approach of the independent-driven wheels for vehicle traction results in a DC motor attached to a single wheel. Therefore, knowingly Eqs. (1)–(3) describe the electric DC motor states:
where v(t) is the voltage supplied to the motor (V), Ra\n the armature resistance (Ω), ia\n the value of armature current (A), La\n the armature inductance (H), e(t) the back electromotive force (V), Ke\n the back electromotive constant (V.s/rad), ω(t) the motor shaft speed (rad/s), Tm\n the motor electromagnetic torque (N.m) and Kt\n is the motor torque constant (N.m.A). Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) yields (4):
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\n\n
\nE4
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Apart from the DC motor, the single wheel attached to the motor alters the dynamic equations for the system. Applying Newton’s second law of motion on the rotational movement results in Eq. (5):
Given that BT\n is the coefficient of viscosity (Kgm2/s) of the system and JT\n is the moment of inertia (Kgm2) generated by the sum of the motor shaft (Jm\n), the wheel (Jr\n) is given by Eq. (6):
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\n\n
\nE6
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Considering ω(t) and Tm\n(t) the system states and TL\n(t) is zero, it is possible to obtain the state space matrices for the DC motor, given Eqs. (4) and (5).
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\n
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2.3 State space of a DC motor
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Selecting the states previously elected and knowing that v(t) and TL\n(t) are inputs of the system, Eqs. (4) and (5) can be rewritten as (7) and (8):
Therefore, the output of the system given by Eq. (10) is only the current rotor speed, once there is no torque sensor integrated on the system. Also the matrix D is equal to zero, because there is no interference on the input of the system directly to the output.
\n
Although the state space obtained describes the motor inputs and outputs for a continuous time application, these matrices cannot be applied on a digital discrete system. Hence, for an implementation of the digital control, it is needed to obtain the state space discrete model described by (9) and (10) with a sample period of τ. For that, (7) becomes (11):
In this section, the hardware used for the development of this work as the introduction of the hardware-in-the-loop applied system is described. Also, the motor and mechanical parameters for tuning the controllers are presented.
\n
\n
3.1 System description
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The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) process is composed of the real physical system, to be controlled, activated by an embedded microcontroller which communicates directly to the virtual environment of design in the computer, as illustrated in \nFigure 2\n. The embedded controller is made through the BeagleBone Black, programed through the software MATLAB/Simulink, allowing fast prototyping and tuning of the controller settings and observation of the results.
\n
Figure 2.
Illustration of hardware-in-the-loop system.
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As illustrated in \nFigure 2\n, the controller design is made through MATLAB/Simulink, where it is also possible to tune the controller parameters and observation of the results in real time, without compromising the experiment execution. The results can be observed through real-time graphs that can also be stored for later analysis.
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The controller design is created through Simulink block diagram that automatically generates a code compatible to the microcontroller and downloads it to the embedded controller system. The embedded system, on the other hand, is dedicated to execution of the motor control, estimating states and sensors reading.
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\n
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3.2 Hardware
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A DC motor model MY1016 is used for the traction of the wheel for the studied system, which has a nominal voltage of 24 V, current of 13.7 A, maximum velocity of 2650 RPM, and nominal power of 250 W. For the system power supply, two batteries of 12 V and 7.0 Ah are used, powering the motor driver.
\n
The motor velocity is obtained through a Hall effect sensor u1881 and six pairs of magnets attached to the motor shaft with alternated polarities, so when the motor spins, it produces six rising and falling edges per revolution.
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For the crown-chain-pinion set, a 11 teeth pinion on the motor axis is used, while the wheel has a 55 teeth crown, generating a mechanical advantage of 5, meaning the motor axis has a rotational speed five times faster than the wheel; meanwhile, its torque is five times higher.
\n
With a diameter of 18.0 cm in the wheel, the maximum speed expected by the system is 17.98 km/h, resulting in a system speed high enough for the analysis used in this work. The embedded system is controlled by a BeagleBone Black ARM Cortex-A8 microcontroller, which has up to 1 GHz of frequency. The parameters that describe the state space for the torque control are provided in \nTable 1\n.
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\n
\n
\n
\n
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\n\n
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Ra [Ω]
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La [μH]
\n
Ke [Vs/rad]
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Kt [Nmrad/s]
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Bm [Kgm2/s]
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Jm [Kgm2]
\n
\n\n\n
\n
4.735
\n
344.6
\n
0.0236
\n
0.0424
\n
0.15379
\n
0.0005
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Parameters of the mechanical system.
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\n
\n
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4. Hardware-in-the-loop
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This section describes hardware-in-the-loop process used in this work; it also presents the configuration and workflow of the current system.
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4.1 MATLAB/Simulink embedded coder
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The system in hardware-in-the-loop allows the fast prototyping of a control system, allowing the observation of speed, control signal graphs, and observation of states in real time, provided by the embedded board BeagleBone Black. It also provides a result much more closer to reality than the pure simulation [10].
\n
Once the coding does not need to be tested in a complete real situation, the presence of HIL system turns out to be a low-cost solution for engineering problems [11]. Allowing the code to be directly generated and optimized by the embedded coder from the Simulink environment [12].
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This processor is responsible for sensor reading and processing the actual speed, given the sensor signals provided, as estimation of the current torque value. Besides, the PWM signals controls the motor through its driver. \nFigure 3\n illustrates the HIL system workflow.
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Figure 3.
Schematic of a hardware-in-the-loop system design.
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As shown in \nFigure 3\n, the design of the project is previously created in Simulink virtual environment of design. Through the use of code generator provided by MATLAB, the environment generates a compatible code to the embedded controller and downloads the code.
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Once the code is downloaded, the embedded system still maintains a communication in background with the physical computer but, in second plane, without compromising the current experiment. This communication provides the value of specific variables, so the results can be observed in real time. Also, it is possible that new adjusts in variables inside the controller designed can be transferred to the embedded controlled in the current experiment, without the necessity of terminating the simulation and starting again.
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The embedded board is responsible for all the execution of the digital controller; hence, the speed sensor is an input to the microcontroller, which processes the information and estimates the respective speed; this speed works as an input to the Kalman filter that works not just as an estimator for the torque but also filters the noise generated by speed sensor. By adding a Kalman filter, the vibration of the system is reduced, creating a much more efficient controller [13]. As a result, the current torque works as an input for the feedback of a PID controller, producing PWM signals for the motor drive.
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For the physical system, the input is the PWM signals that provide not just the information of the amplitude in which the motor will be activated but also its direction, depending on the current PWM activated. This signal activates the interface of activation of the motor producing the correction on the motor torque and speed. As the motor axis rotational speed produces a rotational movement on the motor axis, the Hall effect speed sensor produces a signal that works as an output, providing a feedback for closed-loop control system [14].
\n
\n
\n
4.2 MATLAB/Simulink configuration
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For the implementation of the HIL system, it is needed to follow some configuration steps. The first step is to assure that MATLAB has support for the desired embedded board; in this present research, it was chosen to use the BeagleBone Black board. The support packages can be found in Add-Ons → Get Hardware Support Packages.
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Those which are necessary to successfully communicate with MATLAB are ARM Cortex-A: Generate code optimized for ARM Cortex-A processor, providing the possibility for MATLAB to generate code compatible to an ARM processor Cortex-A.
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BeagleBone Black development board interact with MATLAB which in turn generates an optimized code necessary for HIL implamentation.
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After the download and installation of each package, it is needed to connect the board to MATLAB and open Simulink configurations in model configuration parameters to properly set the communication with the board, as shown in \nFigure 4\n.
\n
Figure 4.
Interface of parameter configuration for the hardware communication.
\n
The configuration parameters are set automatically once the previous installations are successfully done; however, for high demanding control system in HIL which are time dependent, it is necessary to run the communication in the second plane. To configure the HIL in the background, it is necessary to check the option Run external mode in a background thread in the External mode menu.
\n
Another parameter configuration menu panel that is very important for a successfully code generation is depicted in \nFigure 5\n.
\n
Figure 5.
Interface of parameter configuration for the code generator.
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Language C and the system target file, ert.tlc, are necessarily set for a successful download of the designed control system, so the code can be understood by the embedded board. This menu also allows the generation of the code for external applications without running in HIL.
\n
For the application of the HIL, after the proper design of the controller has been set, it is necessary to change the mode of execution from normal to external, as shown in \nFigure 6\n, and run the simulation button, instead of deploying on the hardware. While the code is running, Simulink will automatically generate a code and print a report of the code generated and also automatically downloads the code into the embedded board and starts the experiment.
\n
Figure 6.
Illustration for running the code in HIL.
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. Controller design
\n
The torque controller as its design as a Simulink block diagram and also the torque-generated speed controller are described in this section, where it also presented its design for application.
\n
\n
5.1 Torque controller
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Motor’s speed could present a high slipping ratio and some times lost of traction, in extreme situations, once the controller has no information about traction and real acceleration, which might be dangerous.
\n
\n\nFigure 7\n shows a design of a torque controller for the motor, in which the reference is an input for the system. The sensor signal is then read and processed and assigned as one of the Kalman filter inputs, aside from the control signal. The Kalman filter is responsible for filtering noises from the sensor signal and also estimates the current torque, since there is no torque sensor attached to the system.
\n
Figure 7.
Torque controller design.
\n
As a torque control, the output of the Kalman filter which estimates the real current speed is ignored, and the current torque is assigned as the feedback for the controller. The resulting error signal is the input of the discrete PID controller, resulting on a control signal.
\n
This control signal is a feedback to the Kalman filter and also it is normalized, and after passing through a block of separation and generation of the protected PWM signals, the system outputs both PWM signals as generated.
\n
\n
\n
5.2 Torque-generated speed controller
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A second option for the solution of the pure speed controller problems is the application of a torque-generated speed controller, where the controller sets the speed as desired, but it is tuned by a torque controller. This method keeps the torque monitored and can be easily limited and used for noticing traction of the wheel.
\n
The significant difference from the torque controller to the design of the present controller is that the estimated speed is not ignored any longer, but its value is used as a feedback of a global controller, where the speed is controlled by another discrete PID controller.
\n
The resulting signal of this global controller is a torque reference for the previous controller, called local controller. This system then provides a stable speed controller with a monitored torque that provides more safety for the system (\nFigure 8\n).
\n
Figure 8.
Torque-generated speed controller design.
\n
\n
\n
\n
6. Results
\n
The results of this work are presented and discussed in this section. Each result is presented with graphs.
\n
\n
6.1 Torque controller
\n
The torque controller for a free wheel has low stability, as higher the speed lowers the current torque, but the tuning of a good torque controller allows the increase of stability for other types of controllers.
\n
It is noticeable in \nFigure 9\n that the torque controller manages to stabilize around 0.15 and 0.02 Nm, in different states of time, which happens because of the control correction.
\n
Figure 9.
Torque generated.
\n
The controller actuation can be seen in \nFigure 10\n, where the fast response of the controller to correct the stability region in a small period of time is noticeable.
\n
Figure 10.
Normalized control signal.
\n
Also it is possible to observe in \nFigure 11\n the error signal, where it notices the correction of the controller with the time, and visualize the challenge of stability of a torque control in the absence of traction.
\n
Figure 11.
Torque controller error.
\n
\n
\n
6.2 Torque-generated speed controller
\n
Once the pure torque control proves to be challenging, the proposition of developing a torque-generated speed controller seems to produce better results adding the best characteristics of each controller. \nFigure 12\n shows the signal reference of the local controller generated by the global controller and notices the stability of the current system.
\n
Figure 12.
Reference signal.
\n
As the response to the reference signal, the local controller alters the torque-generated speed controller which controls the final speed. \nFigure 13\n shows the current torque of the system during the experiment, and it is possible to notice not only the stability of the controller but also an oscillation of the state resultant from the chain that attaches the motor and wheel.
\n
Figure 13.
Torque.
\n
The variation of the resultant torque is caused by the control signal; this signal activates the motor through a driver using two PWM signals that varies from 0 to 1, and each one controls the direction of the motor activation. \nFigure 14\n shows the PWM signals and its values.
\n
Figure 14.
Control PWM signal.
\n
It can be noticed that, periodically, the controller generates a reverse pulse of PWM, caused by the mechanical system chain oscillation, but the controller proves to be stable as the result can be seen in \nFigure 15\n.
\n
Figure 15.
Speed.
\n
\n\nFigure 15\n shows the resulting signal of the controller that stabilizes on the desired speed. The mechanical oscillation is still present, but the controller transient shows to be more smooth than a pure speed controller, allowing a better control of slippery traction situations.
\n
Also \nFigure 16\n proves the use of a Kalman filter instead of a simple state observer for the torque estimation. The figure shows the noise removed from the speed reading without generating an offset of this signal, resulting in a more stable controller.
\n
Figure 16.
Error Kalman.
\n
\n
\n
\n
7. Conclusion
\n
This work presents a hardware-in-the-loop system as a solution for fast prototyping, tuning, observation of results, and coding. The process of design by the use of Simulink block diagrams and then automatically generating a code results in a much easier and faster way of designing a code for a complex controller, once the process of coding human error is completely eliminated. Also the possibility of adjusting variables in real time turns out to be a good tool for minor tuning of the controllers, when differences between the real system differs from the mathematical model. Also this work presents a torque controller for a traction motor to solve the slip problem created by high responsible speed controllers, and finally, this work concludes that a torque-generated speed controller shows to be more reliable than both the previous solutions, once the designer has more control over the traction of the vehicle without losing the control of the speed of the vehicle.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.
\n
\n',keywords:"hardware-in-the-loop, Kalman filter, discrete state estimation, DC motor, closed-loop control, electrical vehicles, torque control, embedded control systems",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/69427.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/69427.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69427",totalDownloads:857,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 7th 2019",dateReviewed:"June 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2019",datePublished:"March 25th 2020",dateFinished:"October 8th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This work presents a study over a torque-generated speed control of free wheel attached to a DC motor, for use on traction of mobile vehicles. Also, it presents the discrete state space model of a DC model and the Kalman filter’s equations and applications. This work presents a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system for design of a torque controller noticed that this process produces a faster design, coding, and parameter optimization of any embedded systems. The hardware used for the implementation of the system is discussed as the hardware-in-the-loop environment which makes possible the fast tuning and design of the system. In the absence of a torque sensor, this work uses the Kalman filter’s estimated states torque and speed as feedbacks of the system.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/69427",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/69427",signatures:"Alex Archela, Dario Guilherme Toginho and Leonimer Flávio de Melo",book:{id:"9290",type:"book",title:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",slug:"applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",bookSignature:"Adel El-Shahat and Mircea Ruba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78985-728-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-727-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-016-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"5720",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonimer",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Leonimer Melo",slug:"leonimer-melo",email:"leonimer@uel.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Londrina State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"277616",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Archela",fullName:"Alex Archela",slug:"alex-archela",email:"alex.archela@yahoo.com.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"296175",title:"MSc.",name:"Dario",middleName:null,surname:"Toginho",fullName:"Dario Toginho",slug:"dario-toginho",email:"darioguilherme@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. System design",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Mechanical system",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Dynamic model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 State space of a DC motor",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. System implementation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 System description",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 Hardware",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Hardware-in-the-loop",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.1 MATLAB/Simulink embedded coder",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.2 MATLAB/Simulink configuration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"5. Controller design",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.1 Torque controller",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"5.2 Torque-generated speed controller",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"6. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"6.1 Torque controller",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"6.2 Torque-generated speed controller",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"7. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nYin D, Hori Y. A new approach to traction control of EV based on maximum effective torque estimation. In: 34th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics; 2008\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nYin D, Hori Y. Traction control for EV based on maximum transmissible torque estimation. International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research. 2010;8(1):1-9\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nMagallan GA, De Angelo CH, Garcia GO. Maximization of the traction forces in a 2WD electric vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2011;60(2):369-380\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nHeikkinen J, Serykh EV, Minav T. A control strategy for an autonomous differential drive mobile robot. In: 2017 IEEE II International Conference on Control in Technical Systems (CTS); 2017\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nKuntanapreeda S. Traction control of electric vehicles using sliding-mode controller with tractive force observer. International Journal of Vehicular Technology. 2014;2014:829097\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nMutoh N. Driving and braking torque distribution methods for front-and rear-wheel-independent drive-type electric vehicles on roads with low friction coefficient. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2012;59(10):3919-3933\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nLi B, Goodarzi A, Khajepour A, Chen S, Littkouhi B. An optimal torque distribution control strategy for four-independent wheel drive electric vehicles. Vehicle System Dynamics. 2015;53(8):1172-1189\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nHori Y. Future vehicle driven by electricity and control-research on four-wheel-motored “UOT Electric March II”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2004;51(5):954-962\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nKalman RE. A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Journal of Basic Engineering. 1960;82(1):35-45\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nGuazzelli PRU, De Oliveira CMR, De Castro AG, Pereira WCA, De Aguiar ML. Electric vehicle hardware-in-the-loop simulation with differentiator optimised by genetic algorithm. In: 2016 12th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON); IEEE; 2016\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nAraújo JFB, Pedrosa HM, Rodrigues MCBP, Barbosa PG. Real-time “hardware-in-the-loop” simulation of components of an electric vehicle powertrain: Modeling and implementation. In: 2016 12th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON); IEEE; 2016\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nGarrido S, Moreno L. Mobile robot path planning using Voronoi diagram and fast marching. In: Robotics, Automation, and Control in Industrial and Service Settings (IGI-Global); 2015\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nArchela A, Toginho DG, de Melo LF. Torque control of a DC motor with a state space estimator and Kalman filter for vehicle traction. In: 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON); São Paulo, Brazil; 2018. pp. 763-769. DOI: 10.1109/INDUSCON.2018.8627285\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nPhilips CL, Nagle HT. Digital Control System Analysis and Design. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall Press; 2007. ISBN: 0130812226, 9780130812223\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Alex Archela",address:null,affiliation:'
State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Leonimer Flávio de Melo",address:"leonimer@uel.br",affiliation:'
State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
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After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. 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He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. 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I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. 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Aptamers are comparable to monoclonal antibodies, which are well-established therapeutic molecules, in terms of specificity and affinity to their target. The advantage of aptamers over antibodies includes their high stability, ease of synthesis, less batch-to-batch variation, easy chemical modifications that allow different conjugation chemistries, small size for better tissue penetration and low immunogenicity. These advantages make aptamers an important tool for use in therapeutics for targeted delivery. However, aptamers do have some limitations that have hindered their widespread clinical use as a therapeutic agent. Some of their common limitations include serum stability, renal filtration and endocytic escape. Other limitations that are more specific to aptamers include lack of diversity in the aptamer library, nuclease susceptibility and claims of aptamer specificity as well. This book chapter sheds light on these challenges, and using examples, it explains the scientific advancements that have been achieved in overcoming these limitations. We will end this chapter by discussing the use of high-throughput technology, which is the only way of truly industrializing the aptamer technology akin to the development of small molecule drugs.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Chetan Chandola and Muniasamy Neerathilingam",authors:null},{id:"70614",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90365",title:"Cyclodextrin Nanosponges: A Promising Approach for Modulating Drug Delivery",slug:"cyclodextrin-nanosponges-a-promising-approach-for-modulating-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:872,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Nanotechnology showed great promise and impact on administration of therapeutic agents owing to its advantages over contemporary delivery systems. Nanoscale carriers like nanosponges represent a novel category of hyper cross-linked polymer structures with nanosized cavities which can be filled with variety of active moieties (hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic). These nanocarriers can circulate around the body until they found the specific target site and adhere on the surface and release the active moiety in a predictable and controlled manner, resulting in more effective delivery of a given dosage. Nanosponge technology helps to reduce drug associated side effects, improve stability, increase elegance and improve the flexibility of formulations, administered orally, parenterally and topically. Among nanosponges, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CDNS) are smart versatile carriers studied widely for drug delivery applications. Statistically, it have presented that approximately 40% of active moieties marketed currently and about 90% of active moieties in their preliminary phase confront problems regarding to solubility. In the past decade, the number of studies describing CDNS has dramatically increased. In the present chapter, scientists working in arena of nanotechnology can get an idea of fabrication, characterization and therapeutic utilities of nanosponges.",book:{id:"7604",slug:"colloid-science-in-pharmaceutical-nanotechnology",title:"Colloid Science in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology",fullTitle:"Colloid Science in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology"},signatures:"Sunil Kumar, Pooja Dalal and Rekha Rao",authors:null},{id:"54175",doi:"10.5772/66466",title:"Hybrid Nano-carriers for Potential Drug Delivery",slug:"hybrid-nano-carriers-for-potential-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:2223,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Nanocarriers have provided the versatile platform for the delivery of various therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Liposome, niosomes, polymeric and solid lipid nanoparticles are the most promising nanocarriers that have been entered in the clinical trials and become commercially available. However, each system has been associated with some problems that can be minimized by using the combinatorial approach of hybrid nanocarriers. These hybrid systems combine the benefits of different structural components to synergize the outcome of the therapy. In this chapter, the different types of hybrid nanocarriers have been described with particular emphasis on the brief rationale for the development of these hybrid nanocarriers along with different fabrication approaches with greater emphasize on the lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles. A brief description factors governing the optimized response characteristics and their potential application of these hybrid nanoparticles are also presented.",book:{id:"5357",slug:"advanced-technology-for-delivering-therapeutics",title:"Advanced Technology for Delivering Therapeutics",fullTitle:"Advanced Technology for Delivering Therapeutics"},signatures:"Asadullah Madni, Nayab Tahir, Mubashar Rehman, Ahmed Raza,\nMuhammad Ahmad Mahmood, Muhammad Imran Khan and\nPrince Muhammad Kashif",authors:[{id:"186972",title:"Dr.",name:"Asadullah",middleName:null,surname:"Madni",slug:"asadullah-madni",fullName:"Asadullah Madni"},{id:"194586",title:"Dr.",name:"Nayab",middleName:null,surname:"Tahir",slug:"nayab-tahir",fullName:"Nayab Tahir"},{id:"194587",title:"Mr.",name:"Mubashar",middleName:null,surname:"Rehman",slug:"mubashar-rehman",fullName:"Mubashar Rehman"},{id:"194588",title:"Mr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Raza",slug:"ahmad-raza",fullName:"Ahmad Raza"},{id:"194589",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmood",slug:"muhammad-ahmad-mahmood",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmad Mahmood"},{id:"194592",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"muhammad-imran-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Imran Khan"},{id:"194593",title:"Mr.",name:"Prince Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Kashif",slug:"prince-muhammad-kashif",fullName:"Prince Muhammad Kashif"}]},{id:"70345",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84424",title:"Polymer Properties: Functionalization and Surface Modified Nanoparticles",slug:"polymer-properties-functionalization-and-surface-modified-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:985,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Herein, the various polymer properties and the underlying mechanism for the functionalization and surface modification of polymer nanoparticles have been discussed. There are numerous polymer particles designed and developed for various applications. The synthesis and characterization of different types of polymers followed by the engineering of nanoparticles and capsules depend on various factors. There are too many polymerization methods approached for the development of nanoparticles with desired surface properties. The ring-opening polymerization (ROP), emulsion polymerization (EP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and free radical micro initiation are the significant approaches for the polymerization reactions. The polymer nanoparticle functionalization and modification of their surfaces based on requirements is an essential task. The solvent concentration, pH, temperature, and sonication have played a vital role to tune the morphology of polymer nanoparticles and capsules. Different characterizations such as FTIR, NMR (1H and 13C), HRMS, and MALDI-TOF are used for preliminary structural and confirmations. Further, SEM, FE-SEM, TEM, AFM, BET, XRD, Raman, EDAX, TGA-DSC, DLS, and zeta potential were used for morphological and thermal properties.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Chander Amgoth, Chiuyen Phan, Murali Banavoth, Santosh Rompivalasa and Guping Tang",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70327",title:"Solid Lipid Based Nano-particulate Formulations in Drug Targeting",slug:"solid-lipid-based-nano-particulate-formulations-in-drug-targeting",totalDownloads:921,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Recently, targeted drug delivery systems have gained much more interest for delivering varieties of drugs as well as imaging agents specifically to the targeted disease cells or tissues. These are well known for their increased precision and accuracy in mode of drug delivery along with reduced side effects. Though numerous carriers are being employed for drug targeting, the solid lipid based nanoparticles (SLNs) are preferred over them owing to their ability to encapsulate wide varieties of drugs, biocompatibility, ease of surface modification, scaling up feasibility, and possibilities of both active as well as passive targeting to various organs. Surface of these drug loaded SLNs can be modified by conjugating different ligands to enhance their tissue/organ targeting ability and therapeutic efficacy to much higher extent. In this chapter, we have discussed about the SLNs and their different surface modified forms for passive as well as active targeting to different organ such as (colon, breast, lungs, liver, kidney, brain, eyes, etc.) in combating different diseases.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Bibhash Chandra Mohanta, Subas Chandra Dinda, Narahari Narayan Palei and Jyotirmoy Deb",authors:null},{id:"54825",title:"Introductory Chapter: Drug Delivery Concepts",slug:"introductory-chapter-drug-delivery-concepts",totalDownloads:2704,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"5357",slug:"advanced-technology-for-delivering-therapeutics",title:"Advanced Technology for Delivering Therapeutics",fullTitle:"Advanced Technology for Delivering Therapeutics"},signatures:"Sabyasachi Maiti and Kalyan Kumar Sen",authors:[{id:"180971",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabyasachi",middleName:null,surname:"Maiti",slug:"sabyasachi-maiti",fullName:"Sabyasachi Maiti"}]},{id:"70083",title:"Drug Delivery through Targeted Approach with Special References to Phytosomes",slug:"drug-delivery-through-targeted-approach-with-special-references-to-phytosomes",totalDownloads:847,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Novel drug delivery is a great tool to deliver the drug at a specific site of action by the means of specific drug carrier like Solid-lipid Nanoparticles, Nano-structured lipid carriers, lipid vesicles, liposomes, phytosomes and ethosomes. Every carrier used in novel drug delivery system to deliver the drug at targeted site requires some special formulation techniques. These techniques help the drug carrier to deliver the active drug at targeted site, by reducing the side-effect, minimizing the dose, increasing the absorption and increasing the efficacy of the drug. There is a recent upsurge to move “back to nature” for healing body ailments because the report states that conventional treatment cause various side effects to the human body after prolonged used. Various novel drug delivery vesicles/‘somes’ are being used for the delivery of phytoconstitutents to the targeted site of action. Phytosome is one of the more reliable and best option for the delivery of herbal constituent to the targeted site. The combination of Novel drug delivery with the transdermal route may be a good idea having fast and targeted delivery of drug. Many health challenges like skin diseases, skin burns, migraine, allergies, cardiac problems, diabetes and trauma like bone fracture could be easily managed by the combination of novel drug delivery and the transdermal route in future.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Mahendra Rana, Aadesh Kumar and Amita J. Rana",authors:null},{id:"67379",title:"Breaking down the Barrier: Topical Liposomes as Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery into the Posterior Segment of the Eyeball",slug:"breaking-down-the-barrier-topical-liposomes-as-nanocarriers-for-drug-delivery-into-the-posterior-seg",totalDownloads:1253,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Topical instillation is the most widely preferred noninvasive route of drug administration to treat diseases affecting the anterior segment of the eye. Nonetheless, the ocular bioavailability for deeper ocular tissues is very low. Different routes of administration, such as intravitreal injections, periocular injections, and systemic administration, have been used to deliver drugs into the posterior segment ocular tissues. However, the presence of blood-retinal barriers (BRBs) makes systemic administration an impractical approach, whereas the drug delivery with the periocular administration route is compromised by ocular static and dynamic barriers. On the other hand, intravitreal injection, the most common and widely recommended route for drug administration to treat posterior ocular diseases, is related to several side effects such as endophthalmitis, hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and poor patient tolerance. Diverse strategies to overcome ocular barriers have been explored for topical drop formulations in order to deliver drugs into the posterior segment ocular tissues. In this chapter, we will review the promising topical nanocarriers for drug delivery into the posterior segment of the eye, emphasizing the use of liposomes for topical ophthalmic formulations targeting the vitreous cavity and the retina.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Arturo Santos, Juan C. Altamirano-Vallejo, José Navarro-Partida, Alejandro González-De la Rosa and Jane H. Hsiao",authors:null},{id:"66994",title:"Aptamers for Targeted Delivery: Current Challenges and Future Opportunities",slug:"aptamers-for-targeted-delivery-current-challenges-and-future-opportunities",totalDownloads:1360,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Aptamers are synthetic ssDNA/RNA molecules that are emerging as novel tools for the development of therapeutics, especially for targeted delivery. Aptamers are comparable to monoclonal antibodies, which are well-established therapeutic molecules, in terms of specificity and affinity to their target. The advantage of aptamers over antibodies includes their high stability, ease of synthesis, less batch-to-batch variation, easy chemical modifications that allow different conjugation chemistries, small size for better tissue penetration and low immunogenicity. These advantages make aptamers an important tool for use in therapeutics for targeted delivery. However, aptamers do have some limitations that have hindered their widespread clinical use as a therapeutic agent. Some of their common limitations include serum stability, renal filtration and endocytic escape. Other limitations that are more specific to aptamers include lack of diversity in the aptamer library, nuclease susceptibility and claims of aptamer specificity as well. This book chapter sheds light on these challenges, and using examples, it explains the scientific advancements that have been achieved in overcoming these limitations. We will end this chapter by discussing the use of high-throughput technology, which is the only way of truly industrializing the aptamer technology akin to the development of small molecule drugs.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Chetan Chandola and Muniasamy Neerathilingam",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1194",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. 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Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. 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She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. 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He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
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\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
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\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
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