Types of materials used in 4D printing.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-822-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-821-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-823-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"8bcc7b0888f751d6a309eb0c6b8af509",bookSignature:"Dr. Morufu Olalekan Olalekan Raimi, Dr. Oyeyemi Abisoye Sunday, Dr. Henry Olawale Sawyerr and Prof. Teddy Charles Adias",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11683.jpg",keywords:"Environmental Health Management, Epidemiological Measures, Health Impact Assessment, Social Responsibility, Continued Surveillance, Cumulative Incidence, Health Education, Health Care, Universal Precautions, Anthropometric Measurement, Population Intervention, Ethical Concern",numberOfDownloads:13,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 25th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Raimi's work on groundwater pollution in the Niger Delta, amongst others, is opening a new path of scientific knowledge and research in pollution control management and related fields. He is a reviewer and an editorial board member of many scientific journals and is also a member of many societies among which are the Canadian Association for Global Health (CAGH) and Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA).",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Abisoye Oyeyemi won the J.D. Soleye’s Prize for being the best candidate in the 2010 Parts II FMCPH Examinations with the best dissertation and also won the Adetokunbo O. Lucas Prize for the best candidate in 2010 Part II FMCPH Examinations. Between 2003 and 2005, Dr. Oyeyemi served as Site Supervisor (rural site) for the first-ever PMTCT project in Bayelsa State – a partnership between Bayelsa State Government, UNICEF, and Nigerian Agip Oil Company.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Sawyerr is a member of the African Academy of Environmental Health Professionals and the Alliance of Hazardous Materials Professionals, the U.S.A. He has authored over seven training manuals for Environmental Health Science, has published in over eighty-seven scientific journals, and has attended several scientific conferences both nationally and internationally.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:"Dr. Adias is a Fellow of the Institute of Biomedical Science (FIBMS), London, UK. His current research interest is focused on Transfusion immunology, safety, alternatives, and hematology of infectious diseases. Recent publications have included articles in Journals such as the Journal of Blood Medicine, Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, Pathology and Laboratory, and Medicine International amongst others.",coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"338653",title:"Dr.",name:"Morufu",middleName:"Olalekan",surname:"Olalekan Raimi",slug:"morufu-olalekan-raimi",fullName:"Morufu Olalekan Raimi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/338653/images/system/338653.jpg",biography:"Sanitarian RAIMI, Morufu Olalekan 15 years’ career includes expertise in environmental health ethics and policy, emergency preparedness and response, environmental health informatics, environmental auditing, monitoring and scanning, Health Impact Assessment (HIA). A registered and licences environmental health officer. Sanitarian Raimi Morufu Olalekan received his M.Phil in Environmental Health Science from Kwara State University in August 2018 and MSc in Environmental Health Management from the University of Uyo in March 2017, Diploma in Environmental Health from Public Health Training Institute and Bsc in Geography and Environmental Management from Niger Delta University. \nHe has taught classes at the Niger Delta University (department of community medicine), University of Maiduguri (department of geography), University of Uyo (center for wetlands and waste management studies) and Kwara State University (department of environmental health). Raimi Morufu Olalekan is the author or coauthor of more than 100 scientific publications and expert papers in American, European and Asian journal to his credit, 20 research projects under way including cumulative impact assessment of air quality and assessment of digital debris management in health Institutions in South-South, Nigeria. He has served as a key note speaker in many International and Local Conferences and has attended a number of certified educational seminars, participants of numerous symposiums in Nigeria and abroad. His H index is 20, i10 - index is 51, had 1164 Google citations, https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=nRBW82AAAAAJ&hl=en, SSRN citation 172, crossref citation 10 and download 2865, https://ssrn.com/author=2891311. San. Raimi Morufu Olalekan has successfully supervised more than (5) Master degrees candidates, two (2) doctorate degrees and currently supervising a number of Master and Doctorate degree candidates. His work on ground water pollution in the Niger Delta amongst others is opening new path of scientific knowledge and research in pollution control management and related fields. He is a reviewer and an editorial board member to many Scientific Journals viz: American Journal of Environmental Sciences, American Public Health Association (APHA), Plos One, Heliyon, Earth Science & Environment Research Journal (OMSP International), Science Publishing Group, CPQ Medicine, Acta Scientific Agriculture, MAR Microbiology, Journal of Environmental Science and Research, International Journal on Research Case Reports and Case Series, Journal of Education and Learning Management, African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences,, Continental Journal of Applied Sciences, Continental Journal of Biological Sciences, Open Access Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Biosciences, Journal of Medical Care Research and Review, Journal of Nursing and Primary Care, Journal of Medical Reviews, New International Journal of Medicine and Science (NIJMS), Ecuadorian Journal of Science Research and Innovation, Academic Research Journal on Health Information Management, Journal of Research in Food Science and Nutrition, IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature, American Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, Pollution and Public Health, Advanced Journal of Toxicology: Current Research, International Journal of Case Reports & Short Reviews (IJCRSR), Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Toxicology, Journal of Community Medicine & Public Health Care, Journal of Bacteriology Research (JBR), Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, Agricultural Sciences Research Journal [ARJ], ES Journal of Public Health, American Journal of Environmental Protection, Elixir International Journal etc. and has also published several academic papers in academic International Journals, author of few books related to water pollution in the Niger Delta title: Assessment of Trace Elements in Surface and Ground Water Quality (Lambert academic publishing 2017, First edition) and member of a number learned societies. \nHis current research interests focus on pollution control management, water pollution and management, Environmental Impact Assessment, Waste management, institutional capacity building, policy and governance issues, environmental management, risk and vulnerability assessment, hazard mitigation, and resilience building. His taught courses include: Anthropogenic climate, Introduction to Environmental Health, Waste Management, Environmental Air Pollution and Human Health, Environmental Land Pollution and Human Health, Demography, Disaster Management, The Socio-Economic Environment, Biological and Physical Environment etc.",institutionString:"Saving One Million Lives Program for Results (SOML PforR) Bayelsa State Ministry of Health",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"452612",title:"Dr.",name:"Oyeyemi",middleName:"Abisoye",surname:"Sunday",slug:"oyeyemi-sunday",fullName:"Oyeyemi Sunday",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003N9ZMfQAN/Profile_Picture_1643704495237",biography:"Dr. Abisoye Oyeyemi is an Associate Professor at the Niger Delta University and a Consultant Public Health Physician at the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital. 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He has held several Adjunct academic appointments with various Nigerian universities and has taught at both postgraduate and undergraduate levels for over nine years. His current research interest is focused on Transfusion immunology, safety, alternatives, and hematology of infectious diseases. 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N-coupled wave theory [2] has extended Kogelnik\'s approach to provide a useful analytic model of diffraction in spatially multiplexed gratings and in monochromatic holograms.
A more recent and alternative approach to Kogelnik\'s coupled wave theory, known as the PSM model [3], short for "Parallel Stacked Mirrors", is based on a differential formulation of the process of Fresnel reflection occurring within the grating. This theory has the advantage of providing a particularly useful and more intuitively natural description of diffraction in the reflection volume grating. It also deals with the π-polarisation, which requires significantly greater work under Kogelnik\'s approach, in a simpler and more natural way.
Although the PSM model is itself a type of coupled-wave theory, it is nevertheless based on an alternative and distinct set of assumptions to standard coupled-wave theory. This in itself is extremely useful as it allows one to look at the problem of diffraction in volume gratings from two relatively separate perspectives. In some cases the PSM assumptions are clearly somewhat superior to Kogelnik\'s as evidenced by rigorous computational solutions of the Helmholtz equation. But this is not always the case and in various albeit rather extreme cases Kogelnik\'s theory can provide the superior estimate of diffractive efficiency.
The PSM model naturally treats polychromatic index modulation profiles. This is not to say that Kogelnik\'s formulism cannot be extended to treat the polychromatic case. Indeed Ning has demonstrated this [4]. But the mathematics and their meaning here is more transparent in the PSM case. Like standard coupled-wave theory, the PSM model can be generalised to an N-coupled wave theory, capable of describing spatially multiplexed gratings and holograms. Again the PSM model provides a simple and trivially transparent generalisation to the polychromatic spatially multiplexed grating allowing a very clear understanding of diffraction in the full-colour reflection volume hologram.
Despite the utility and analytic nature of both Kogelnik\'s coupled wave theory and the PSM model, a completely accurate description of diffraction in gratings can only be offered by a rigorous solution of the underlying wave equation. Moharam and Gaylord [5] first tackled this problem in 1989 and provided numerical solutions for both transmission and reflection gratings as index modulation increased. Glytis and Gaylord [6] extended this work to cover anistropic media and simple multiplexed gratings.
Kogelnik\'s theory [1] assumes that only two plane waves propagate inside and outside a finite thickness grating. The Helmholtz equation is then used to calculate how a specific modulation in the dielectric permittivity intrinsically couples these waves. The approach has its origins in the field of acousto-optics. The first wave is assumed to be the illuminating reference wave and the second wave is the hologram’s response or “signal” wave. The adoption of just two waves is made on the assumption that coupling to higher order modes will be negligible. There is no rigorous mathematical proof for this per se; we therefore look to the results of this two-wave theory to see whether they are sensible and consistent. In addition we shall review a rigorous formulation of the coupled wave equations in section 5 and here we shall see that for the kind of index modulations present in modern holography, the two-wave assumption is pretty good.
Assuming a time dependence of
Here
The assumption of small conductivity means that our analysis is restricted to lossless phase holograms with no absorption. The assumption that
A one-dimensional grating extending from
The grating vector
We may write the
Here we have also introduced Kogelnik’s coupling constant
At Bragg resonance the signal and reference wavevectors are related by the condition
The magnitude of both
We now choose a very particular trial solution of the form
The first term represents the illumination or "reference" wave and the second term, the response or "signal" wave. Both are plane waves. Figure 1(a) illustrates how these waves propagate in a reflection grating and Figure 1(b) illustrates the corresponding case of the transmission hologram. Note that the complex functions
The "R" and "S" waves of Kogelnik\'s Coupled Wave Theory for the case of (a) a reflection grating and (b) a transmission grating.
Substituting (12) into (3) we obtain
Since only two waves are assumed to exist in the solution we must now disregard the third and fourth term of this expression on the pretext that they inherit only negligible energy from the primary modes. Next, second-order derivatives are neglected on the premise that
We can then use (14) and (15) to derive identical uncoupled second order differential equations for
Here the
And if the grating has been written using a reference and object wave of angles of incidence of respectively
It has been assumed that the
With these boundary conditions in hand we can now solve (14) - (15) for the transmission and reflection cases. For the transmission grating we obtain
And for the reflection grating we have
These are very simple solutions which paint a rather logical picture. For the transmission case we see that as the reference wave enters the grating it slowly donates power to the signal wave which grows with increasing
In the reflection case the behaviour is rather different. Here, as one might well expect, there is simply a slow transfer of energy from the reference driving wave to the reflected signal wave. If the emulsion is thin then the signal wave is weak and most of the energy escapes as a transmitted R wave. If the emulsion is thick on the other hand then the amplitudes of both waves become exponentially small as
Using Poynting’s theorem it can be shown that power flowing along the
Multiplying (21) by respectively
Perfect Bragg Compliance: (a) Diffractive replay efficiencies (
This tells us that at each value of
where
It is now simple to use the forms for
Figure 2(a) shows this graphically for
To study the case of a small departure from the Bragg condition Kogelnik continues to use (9) but relaxes the condition that
We then define the “Off-Bragg” or "dephasing" parameter
where
Then, as before, we can solve equations (14) and (26) to arrive at expressions for the diffractive efficiency Note that equation 23 is modified away from Bragg resonance in Kogelnik\'s theory to the more general form
whereas for the reflection grating we have
Clearly for
(a) Diffraction Efficiency for the transmission grating according to Kogelnik\'s theory versus the normalised Off-Bragg Parameter,
We can understand better the parameter
Then (27) can be written as
This tells us how the parameter
We can understand the replay angle and wavelength behaviour of the transmission and reflection gratings by an analysis of equations (29) and (30).
To this end we assume that the illumination wave on playback is of magnitude
We will now adopt a value of
We may then use (34) to show that for the un-slanted transmission grating Note that Kogelnik gives the following formulae for the FWHM: ; .
and for the corresponding reflection grating,
This shows that a transmission grating is generally more selective in angle than a reflection grating:
The PSM model [3] offers an alternative method to Kogelnik\'s coupled wave theory for the analysis of diffraction in planar gratings. PSM stands for "Parallel Stacked Mirrors". As might be expected from this name, the theory models a holographic grating as an infinite stack of mirrors, each one parallel to the next. Each mirror is formed by a "jump" or discontinuity in the permittivity profile which constitutes the grating; the process of diffraction is then described entirely by Fresnel reflection. In many ways the PSM model can be thought of as a differential representation of the chain matrix approach of Abeles [9] as described by various authors [10,11] and which was derived from the ideas of Rouard[12]. These ideas, in turn, extend back to Darwin\'s 1914 work on X-ray diffraction [13]. Early attempts at an analytical formulation of diffraction in the planar grating in terms of Fresnel reflection are also due to Ludman [14] and Heifetz, Shen and Shariar [15].
An unslanted holographic grating with the following index profile is assumed
Here, Note that this is equivalent to the grating of (4) for zero slant - but note the change of coordinates.
Now we wish to understand the response of the grating to a plane reference wave of the form
As before we shall assume that the grating is surrounded by a zone of constant index,
Here the terms in brackets are just the Fresnel amplitude reflection and transmission coefficients and the exponential is a phase propagator which advances the phase of the
and consider the limit
These equations are an
and the conservation of energy
When
The PSM model of the unslanted reflection grating for (a) normal incidence and (b) for oblique incidence. In the case of normal incidence both the R and S fields have one index whereas for the case of oblique incidence the fields have two indices. In both cases the grating is modelled as a stack of dielectric layers of differing index.
We now make the transformation
where the primed quantities are slowly varying compared to
where the operator
which is just the ratio of the replay wavelength to the recording wavelength. Introducing the pseudo-field,
these equations may now be written in the form of Kogelnik\'s equations for the normal-incidence sinusoidal grating
where Kogelnik\'s constant,
For comparison, Kogelnik\'s coefficients are
By imposing boundary conditions appropriate for the reflection hologram
where d is the grating thickness, equations (53) may be solved analytically. We can then define the diffraction efficiency for both the PSM and Kogelnik models as
Note that we should ensure that
where m is a non-zero integer to prevent a discontinuity in index at
For cases of practical interest for display and optical element holography, substitution of (54) (the PSM coefficients) or (55) (Kogelnik\'s coefficients) into (57) / (58) yield very similar results. However one should note that the only approximation made in deriving the PSM equations, (53) - (54) and (57) has been that of equation (49). This is an assumption which one would reasonably expect to hold in most gratings of interest. Equation (57) in conjunction with (55) is of course exactly equivalent to (30) for the case of zero grating slant and normal incidence.
At Bragg resonance, when
However the PSM model provides a useful insight into what is happening within the grating: multiple reflections of the reference wave simply synthesise the signal wave by classical Fresnel reflection and transmission at each infinitesimal discontinuity. This is a rigorous picture for the normal incidence unslanted reflection grating as equations (45) are an exact representation of Maxwell\'s equations. The fact that we explicitly need to introduce a "pseudo-field",
One of the advantages of the PSM model is that it does not limit the grating to a sinusoidal form. This is an advantage over the simplest variants of standard coupled-wave theories including Kogelnik\'s.
We start by assuming a general index profile
Equations (45) then reduce to the following form
Assuming that the individual gratings have very different spatial frequencies these equations then lead to a simple expression for the diffractive efficiency when the reference wave is in Bragg resonance with one or another of the multiplexed gratings:
In addition, in the region of the jth Bragg resonance, (62) leads to the approximate analytical form
When the spatial frequencies of the different gratings are too close to one another, these relations break down. For many cases of interest however (63) to (65) provide a rather accurate picture of the normal-incidence unslanted polychromatic reflection phase grating. Indeed the following form can often be used to accurately describe an N-chromatic grating at normal incidence:
For example Diehl and George [18] have used a sparse Hill\'s matrix technique to computationally calculate the diffraction efficiency of a lossless trichromatic phase reflection grating at normal incidence. They used free-space recording wavelengths of 400nm, 500nm and 700nm. The grating thickness was 25 microns and the index parameters were taken as
To treat the case of reference wave incidence at finite angle to the grating planes we must redraw Figure 4(a) using two-dimensional fields,
The Fresnel amplitude coefficients for the σ-polarisation may be written as
where r and t pertain respectively to reflection and transmission occurring at the index discontinuity between layers k and k+1. The
where
where the angle
We can now use Figure 4 (b) to write down two expressions relating the discrete values of
and the corresponding equation for
Since we are assuming that
The exponentials are also written using a Taylor expansion. Then using the following additional approximations
and taking the limit
Note the similarity of (76) and (77) to (45). Note also that if we set
The PSM equations may be simplified under boundary conditions corresponding to monochromatic illumination of the grating.
Let
\n\t\t\t\t\tUnder this transformation equations (76) - (77) yield the following pair of ordinary differential equations
Similarly the π-polarisation equations yield
Equations (81) and (82) are approximate only because we have assumed an approximate form for the direction vector of the waves within the grating. We may however approach the problem differently and derive exact equations directly from (45). For example, in the case of the σ-polarisation, we use the optical invariant
Then using Snell\'s law
it is simple to see that (45) reduces to
where
then (86) is seen to be an exact solution of the Helmholtz equation. Therefore the solution of (85) and (86) subject to the boundary conditions (56) and
We start by defining an unslanted grating with the following index profile
where we imagine
and using (49), equations (81) reduce to
As before we now define the pseudo-field
whereupon equations (90) reduce to the standard form of Kogelnik\'s equations
The coefficients for the PSM model and for Kogelnik\'s model are as follows:
Equations (92) in conjunction with the boundary conditions (56) then lead, as before to the general analytic expression for the diffractive efficiency of the unslanted reflection grating:
Note that at Bragg resonance both the PSM theory and Kogelnik\'s theory reduce to the well-known formula
The π-polarisation may be treated in an exactly analogous way, leading to the following pair of ordinary differential equations for
These are just Kogelnik\'s equations with a modified
The practical predictions of Kogelnik\'s model and the PSM model are very close for gratings of interest to display and optical element holography. This is largely due to the effect of Snell\'s law which acts to steepen the angle of incidence in most situations. But at very high angles of incidence within the grating, larger differences appear.
A multi-colour unslanted reflection grating can be modelled in the following way
In this case the PSM σ-polarisation equations yield
Once again, if we assume that the individual gratings have very different spatial frequencies, then these equations lead to a simple expression for the diffractive efficiency when the reference wave is in Bragg resonance with one or another of the multiplexed gratings:
The corresponding result for the π-polarisation is
In the region of the jth Bragg resonance, (100) leads to the approximate analytical form Note that the
Again, as long as there is sufficient difference in the spatial frequencies of each grating we can add each response to give an convenient analytical expression for the total diffraction efficiency:
In cases where the individual gratings are too close to one another in wavelength or where small amplitude interaction effects between gratings are to be described, equations (100) must be solved numerically.
We may use the PSM equations for the unslanted grating to derive corresponding equations for the general slanted grating. To do this we define rotated Cartesian coordinates
In the un-primed frame we have
whereas in the primed frame we have
Derivatives in the primed system are related to those in the un-primed system by Leibnitz\'s chain rule
The PSM equations for the σ-polarisation may therefore be written as
and
Note that we have kept the un-primed frame on the RHS on purpose as in this system the index profile is one dimensional and so much easier to evaluate.
To study the single colour grating we use the unslanted index profile (88) in the un-primed frame leading to the following profile in the primed frame
Letting
Equations (110) and (111) then become
Next we make the transformation
whereupon once again the PSM equations reduce to a simple pair of ordinary differential equations of the form of Kogelnik\'s equations, (92) with coefficients
For comparison, Kogelnik\'s coefficients are
With the usual reflective boundary conditions
Substitution of either (117) or (118) into (119) gives the required expression for the diffractive efficiency in either the Kogelnik or PSM model. When
which is identical to Kogelnik\'s solution. Note that the behaviour of the π-polarisation is simply described by making the transformation (98) in all formulae of interest. The PSM model for the slanted grating under either the σ or π polarisations gives expressions very similar to Kogelnik\'s theory. For most gratings of practical interest to display and optical element holography, the two theories produce predictions which are extremely close.
As before the formulae (102) - (105) with coefficients (117) give useful expressions for the diffractive efficiency of the general polychromatic slanted reflection grating at oblique incidence.
The PSM model can be applied to transmission gratings by simply using the appropriate boundary conditions to solve the PSM equations in a rotated frame. We use the transmission boundary conditions
to solve equations (92) with coefficients (117) which at Bragg resonance result in the standard formula given by Kogelnik\'s theory.
Both Kogelnik\'s Coupled wave model and the PSM model can be extended to model diffraction from spatially multiplexed gratings of the form [19]
In PSM this is done by considering the Fresnel reflections from N grating planes, each having a slant
where for the σ-polarisation
and where
Here the
At Bragg resonance
and (125) then gives the following expression for the diffractive efficiency of the
The total diffraction efficiency of the entire multiplexed grating is likewise found by summing the diffractive response from each grating:
Here
N-PSM can be extended to the polychromatic case in which case (130) generalises to
In the limit that
and where
Moharam and Gaylord [5] first showed how coupled wave theory could be formulated without approximation. This led to a computational algorithm which could be used to solve the wave equation exactly. Although earlier approaches such as the Modal method [20] were also rigorous they involved the solution of a trancendental equation for which a general unique algorithm could not be defined. This contrasted to the simple Eigen formulation of Maraham and Gaylord. Here we provide a derivation of rigorous coupled wave theory for the more complicated spatially multiplexed case. For brevity we shall limit discussions to the σ-polarisation for which the Helmholtz equation may be written
where
defines the multiplexed grating This is just the same as (124)
In both the front region (
This expression may be substituted into (135) and(136). On taking the Fourier transform and applying orthogonality we then arrive at the following rigorous coupled wave equations:
Note that for the case of the simple sinusoidal grating, the transformation
reduces (140) to the more usual form
In the zones in front of and behind the grating where
These equations define which
where the square roots are real for un-damped propagation Note that there are modes which propagate inside the grating but which show damped propagation outside.
Likewise the rear solution comprising all transmitted modes must be of the form
By demanding continuity of the tangential electric field and the tangential magnetic field at the boundaries
And at the rear surface they take the form
Diffraction Efficiency versus normalised grating thickness according to rigorous coupled wave theory and compared to the PSM and Kogelnik theories at Bragg resonance for (a) the simple reflection grating ( n0=1.5, n1/n0=0.331/2,
The modes available for external (undamped) propagation are calculated using the condition
Moharam and Gaylord [5] solved the single grating equations (142) using a state-space formulation in which solutions are obtainable through the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an easily defined coefficient matrix. But one can also solve the more general equations (140), subject to the boundary conditions (147) and (148), using simple Runge-Kutta integration. This is a practical method as long as the number of component gratings within the multiplexed grating is relatively small. Diffraction efficiencies of the various modes are defined as
(a) Diffractive Efficiency,
where the fields in this equation are defined either at the front boundary in the case of reflected modes or at the rear boundary in the case of transmitted modes. Note that we are treating the lossless case here and so the sum of all transmitted and reflected efficiencies totals to unity In the case of the front reflected 000... mode one uses
Equations (140), subject to the boundary conditions (147) and (148) can be solved using either Runge-Kutta integration or through the eigen-method referred to above. This permits the rigorous calculation of the diffraction efficiencies of all modes which are produced by a general grating. Fig.5 shows an example for a simple reflection grating and a simple transmission grating at Bragg Resonance Note that at Bragg resonance the PSM and Kogelnik models give the same predictions.
Fig.6 compares the N-PSM theory with the rigorous equations (140) for the case of a reflection duplex grating formed by the sequential recording of two simple reflection gratings of different slant. The first plot shows the on-Bragg behaviour at high index modulation where evidently good agreement is seen between the two "+1" rigorous modes and the two signal waves in N-PSM despite many other waves being present at much smaller amplitude. The second plot shows the off-Bragg behaviour of the duplex grating at a typical index modulation where excellent agreement is seen between N-PSM and the rigorous calculation.
In general, for the type of index modulations encountered typically in display and optical element holography, the Kogelnik and PSM theories produce fairly accurate estimations of diffractive efficiencies. For multiplexed gratings and for holograms, N-PSM and N-Coupled wave theory similarly produce usefully accurate estimations.
In this chapter we have presented two analytic methods to describe diffraction in loss-free volume holographic gratings. These are Kogelnik\'s model and the PSM model. We have shown briefly how the PSM model can be extended to describe spatially multiplexed gratings and holograms. At Bragg resonance the N-PSM model is in exact agreement here with the extension of Kogelnik\'s model which is known as N-coupled wave theory. Away from Bragg resonance Kogelnik\'s model and the PSM model give slightly different predictions. But the differences are rather small. This is the same situation when one compares the N-PSM theory with N-coupled wave theory.
We have briefly discussed rigorous coupled wave analysis. Here we have seen that even at high values of index modulation diffraction in the simple reflection grating is controlled predominantly by the "+1" mode. In the simple transmission grating, higher order modes such as the "+2" can become significant if index modulation and incidence angle with respect to the grating planes is high. However the overall conclusion is that for index modulations characteristic of modern display and optical element holography both Kogelnik\'s coupled wave theory and the PSM model provide a rather good description of diffraction in the volume grating. And this is particularly so in the reflection case where Snell\'s law conspires to reduce the incidence angles and where RCW analysis shows that the dynamics are controlled really by the "+1" mode alone. RCW analysis also shows that this picture extends to the case of the multiplexed grating - with the implication that it should also apply to holograms.
Finally we should point out that all the theories presented here can be extended to cover more complex cases such as the presence of loss and anisotropy.
The process of joining materials layer upon layer from 3D digital model data or Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model is known as additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing as per International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 52900:2015 standard [1]. 3D printing has a long history of development for using it in the rapid prototyping of products for manufacturing since the 1980s. This development has since then led to also accessibility to the public. These developments started when Chuck Hull of 3D System Corp. filed their patent for a stereolithographic process eventually evolving into a 3D-printing technology boom [2]. Today 3D printer is priced as low as $100 [3] and is therefore accessible to the general public. Recent advances in 3D printing include, for example, the manufacturing of biomaterials for biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering. With recent advancements in the 3D printers, the industrial printers can build as small layers as 16 μm and thus creating a major milestone for biomedical applications [4]. 3D-printing technology can be used in various forms of materials printing, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), selective laser melting (SLM), and electron beam melting (EBM). The most used techniques are stereolithography and fused deposition modeling [5].
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 52900:2015 has classified the additive manufacturing (AM) process into seven categories (Figure 1) [5, 6].
Additive manufacturing processes.
There are several benefits to using 3D printing, such as [5, 7]:
Design to component translation.
Greater customization.
Manufacturing of complex, flexible, or lightweight components with no additional cost.
Potential of zero-waste manufacturing.
On-demand manufacturing.
Excellent scalability.
Although the 3D-printing industry is rapidly growing, there have been several economic, social, and environmental challenges that need to be addressed, such as recycling of materials, energy usage, organic compounds emission, high cost of raw materials, and standards and certifications [6]. The lack of printing material [8] and the high cost of thermoplastic polymers add to the barrier to the industrialization of 3D-printing technologies [9]. The market growth potential is considerable for 3D-printing as it is estimated that the filament market will be worth $ 6.6 billion by 2026 [10]. One concern for the advancement of 3D printing other than the high cost of raw material is the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC), including iso-butanol and methyl-methacrylate [11]. To address the abovementioned economic and environmental concerns, there has been a new advancement in the additive manufacturing process which includes the addition of additives can such as diatoms [10] and biodegradable materials, such as ceramics, biomaterials, graphene, carbon fibers, binders for metals, sand, and plaster [12]. The cost of these additives is relatively much less than the thermoplastic filaments. In addition, there are added benefits including included in the addition of additives, such as improved moisture resistance that may slow down the process of decomposition of the filament material and may potentially open up other innovative functional possibilities, such as immobilization of chemical sensors and bacteria and virus-killing agents for novel biomedical applications.
In general, the structures fabricated with 3D printing either using single or multiple materials are intrinsically static, hence 3D printing cannot meet the demands where dynamic materials applications are needed including, for example, hygromorph biocomposites [13], adaptive wind turbines [14], active biocomposites [15], and self-folding microgrippers [16]. This addition of a new dimension to 3D printing has started a new era of printing known as 4D printing and includes novel materials compositions, additives, and chemical functionalization.
There are several challenges associated with manufacturing or scaling up of 3D printing mentioned as follows [17]:
Earlier 3D printing or additive manufacturing was normally used for rapid prototyping only but in the current scenario, 3D printing has already established a large pool of diverse applications, for example, in manufacturing, sociocultural, food, and biomedical sectors. There is a wide range of applications from nano to macro to large scale for 3D printing (Figure 2).
Range of applications of 3D printing.
There are several types of advancements are done recently to increase the efficiency of the additive manufacturing process, such as materials advancement, process advancement, and post-processing advancement.
There are several challenges associated with 3D printing, such as emission of volatile organic compounds, creation of voids, and high cost of thermoplastic polymers. To avoid all these issues, recent advancements have been done which include the use of fillers, such as carbon fibers, nanofibers, graphite, and diatomaceous earth [9, 10]. Carbon nanotube/polylactic acid composites (CNT/PLA) and multi-walled carbon nanotube/polylactic acid composites (MWCNT/PLA) with strong mechanical properties are being explored in microelectronics [19]. The smaller particles sizes are used in composites to produce stiffness and high density in the printed products, such as hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene/polyamide composites (HA-PE/PA) [20]. Carbon black/polyamide 12 (CA/PA12) composites were fabricated which enhance the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of printed products [21]. Nanomaterial composites, such as nanosilica/polyamide, nanoclay/polyamide, and graphite nanoplatelets/polyamide composites, have also been fabricated leading to improved mechanical properties [9]. These composites can be used for multiple applications, such as biomedical applications, because of the high surface area of fillers present (Figure 3) [10].
3D-printed Diatoms in the PLA matrix (original work).
3D-printed titanium firefighting drone [
There is an innovative advancement that mimics the living organism’s organic cellular structure and bone growth. The world’s largest 3D-printed airplane cabin component with a “bionic partition” which separates the passenger cabin from the galley has been divulged by Autodesk and Airbus. This design has made the partition very light with a 45% reduction in weight compared to traditional designs but still very strong. It has been estimated that this design would save 465,000 metric tons of CO2 emissions per year. This new bionic partition used the second-generation alloy of scandium, aluminum, and magnesium named “Scalmalloy” created by the 3D-printing expertise of Airbus subsidiary “APWorks” (Figure 5) [24].
Airbus 3D printed bionic partition cabin [Source: Airbus].
Similarly, Airbus has collaborated with Materialise to produce the 3D-printed bionic spacer panel using FDM and Materialise’s post-production processes which made the panel 15% light in weight compared to traditional panels (Figure 6) [25, 26].
3D-printed finished spacer panel, [Source: Materialise].
Stratasys has been 3D printing more Airbus cabin components for years now [27]. Airbus A350 XWB was decided to be manufactured by 3D printing (Figure 7) [28].
Airbus 3D metal-printed bionic titanium bracket [Source: Airbus].
Alquist 3D has printed the first-ever 3D-printed house in the US which was assembled in 22 hours. The printer head was connected to the tube through which the traditional concrete was being pumped. Alquist 3D has teamed up with the nonprofit organization known as “Habitat for Humanity” where they will be providing homes to the people in need. Alquist 3D has claimed that the 3D-printed houses are 10–15% less in cost compared to traditional house building. It has saved the manpower also as according to Alquist 3D, only 3–4 humans were required to operate the printer [29]. This was not the first time 3D-printed houses have been built. In France, 3D-printed houses were built and Europe’s first 3D-printed house was built in 22 days which was later shortened to 3 days. In Dubai, there have been 3D-printed offices have been built. According to the Dubai government, it has saved them almost 50% of the total cost [30]. Initially, 3D printing was used only for prototyping the construction but now 3D printing has been used for constructing the whole buildings.
Porsche has used 3D-printing technology to produce 3D-printed pistons, spare parts, and sports seats. Porsche has developed the lightweight, better thermal resistance, high-performance pistons for the twin-turbo boxer engine of the 911GT2 RS model leading to a 30-horsepower gain. This process used the laser printing or laser metal fusion process in collaboration with MAHLE & TRUMPF which uses the high-precision machine, TruPrint 3000 with a 500-Watt fiber laser and high-purity metal special aluminum alloy powder which melted to print 1200 layers ending into the desired shape (Figure 8) [31, 32].
Pistons of the twin-turbo boxer engine of 911GT2 RS [Source: Porsche AG].
Porsche has been manufacturing spare parts using selective laser melting since 2018 but recently, Porsche has started manufacturing personalized bodyform full-bucket sports seats for Porsche 911 and 718. Porsche has also invested in 3D-printing specialist INTAMSYS (Figure 9).
3D-Printed bodyform full-bucket sports seats [Source: Porsche AG].
Porsche has also produced its first complete housing for its electric drive using the additive laser fusion process which has opened the possibilities for 3D printing in the highly stressed electric sports cars sector (Figure 10) [33].
Prototype for small series production [Source: Porsche AG].
4D printing or smart printing has a unique basic characteristic that differentiates it from the static 3D-printing structures; 4D-printing materials are dynamic and able to have functionality [8]. The well-used definition describing the 4D-printing states “It is the evolution of a 3D printed structure either in shape, property, and functionality when it is exposed to external factors such as light [38], heat [39], pH [40], and water [41]”. 4D printing can be defined as the best combination of a smart material, a 3D printer, and a well-programmed automated design (Figure 11) [8].
3D vs 4D printing.
There are five factors that influence the 4D printing which are the additive manufacturing process, feedstock material, stimuli, interaction mechanism, and modeling [42].
According to F. Momeni and J. Ni, there are three laws that define the shape-changing behavior of 4D-printed objects [43]. The first law states that “all the shapes changing behaviors such as curling, twisting, coiling, bending, etc. of multi-material 4D structures are due to the relative expansion between active and passive materials.”
The second law states that “there are four physical factors behind the shape changing ability of all multi-material 4D structures i.e., mass diffusion, thermal expansion, molecular transformation, and organic growth.”
The third law states that the “time-dependent shape-morphing behavior of nearly all multi-material 4D printed structures is governed by two “types” of time constants” (Table 1).
Types of materials | Examples | References |
---|---|---|
Responsive toward moisture: Hydrogels | Hydrogels respond to moisture or water and can expand up to 200% of their original volume. Sustainable materials, such as cellulose, can be used as hydrogel printing ink compatible with various types of printers | [8, 14, 40] |
Responsive toward light: photo-responsive | Chromophore (photosensitive) materials are inserted into smart material for which light acts as an indirect stimulus because light generates the heat which eventually changes the shape of the material. | [8, 37] |
Responsive toward temperature: thermo-responsive | Temperature (heating or cooling) is used as an external stimulus either to change the shape of material – shape change effect (SCE) or to transform the deformed shape into the original shape – shape memory effect (SME). SMEs can be polymers, metals, ceramics, alloys, and gels. These smart materials are used in biomedical applications such as orthodontics, physiotherapy, orthopedics, surgeries, etc. | [8, 38] |
Materials responsive toward pH | Polyelectrolytes are used as smart material which changes their shape as the pH changes with the release or gain of protons. It has found applications in biocatalysts, valves, actuators, drug delivery, etc. | [8, 39] |
Materials responsive toward the electric field | An electric field is also the indirect stimulus that produces the heat and causes the change in shape. For instance, origami using polypyrrole | [8] |
Materials responsive toward the magnetic field | Smart materials change their shape in the presence of a magnetic field. Magnetic nanoparticles are incorporated into hydrogels which respond in the presence of a magnetic field | [8, 41, 42] |
Piezoelectric materials | The charge is produced with mechanical stress which eventually causes the deformation. | [8, 41, 42] |
Types of materials used in 4D printing.
There are revolutionary applications associated with the 4D printing, such as biomedical applications of 4D printing in drug delivery, organ regeneration and transplantation, and tissue fabrication [44]. 4D-printed structures have great potential in soft robotics because of their capability to deform, adjust to environmental changes, and flexibility [8]. 4D-printed structures with smart materials can be used as self-evolving structures [45, 46], active origami structures [47], self-sustainable satellite manufacturing parts [8], sensors responsive toward moisture, temperature, pH, magnetic energy, etc. [8]. Despite diverse applications, 4D printing needs more research and development, especially in scaling it up. Commercializing the 4D printing is troublesome because of the high production cost, installation cost and material used and availability. Multi-materials printers could be a possible solution but need furthermore research (Figure 12).
4D printed metamaterials reconfigurable object [
Additive manufacturing was invented in the 1940s and it has developed a lot with innovative inventions since then. The different additive manufacturing process techniques have specific peculiarities and the disadvantage of one technique can lead to the innovation of a new technique. The development of different types of printers has enabled the AM to use different types of materials which include plastics, metals, and ceramics. New improvements in AM techniques allow the high filler loading in thermoplastic composites.
3D printing has diverse applications include for instance food, fashion, biomedical, health, aerospace, and cultural heritage preservation. 3D printing helps the consumer to customize the product as per their requirements. There are a few challenges that need to be addressed, such as emission of volatile organic compounds, creation of voids, high cost of thermoplastic polymers, and weak mechanical strength, of printed structures. To overcome these challenges composites with fillers have been fabricated such as carbon nanotube/polylactic acid composites, nanosilica/polyamide composites, and carbon black/polyamide composites which have increased the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the composites.
Despite highly diverse applications of 3D printing and new advancements in 3D printing, there are still a few challenges that restrict the usage of 3D printing on a commercial scale. These include the resistance and adaptability of 3D-printed material’s properties and structures against the change in environmental factors, such as temperature, electric energy, and pH.
4D printing is basically the combination of a 3D printer, smart material, and well-designed programming that allows the 3D-printed object to change its shape, properties, and functionality with time. 4D-printed objects change or modify against environmental conditions. These materials can be responsive to heat, water, pH, electric energy, and magnetic field. 4D printing has increased the number of application areas for additive manufacturing and thus expanded to include aviation, self-sustaining material, sensors, active materials, and bioprinting.
There has been a tremendous amount of technological advancement and research on 3D and 4D printing, and its applications. New advancements have been, however, the commercialization and implementation at a larger stage are still in progress and therefore more research and development are needed. Importantly more sustainable materials need to be explored due to the environmental risks associated with some of the materials and techniques used. The potential to create solutions to some of the most challenging product development needs in various industries using 3D- and 4D-printing technologies remain high. These developments are many times related to niche products that cannot be manufactured otherwise.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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Most smart home systems are controlled by smartphones and microcontrollers. A smartphone application is used to control and monitor home functions using wireless communication techniques. We explore the concept of smart home with the integration of IoT services and cloud computing to it, by embedding intelligence into sensors and actuators, networking of smart things using the corresponding technology, facilitating interactions with smart things using cloud computing for easy access in different locations, increasing computation power, storage space and improving data exchange efficiency. In this chapter we present a composition of three components to build a robust approach of an advanced smart home concept and implementation.",book:{id:"7602",slug:"internet-of-things-iot-for-automated-and-smart-applications",title:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications",fullTitle:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications"},signatures:"Menachem Domb",authors:[{id:"222778",title:"Prof.",name:"Menachem",middleName:null,surname:"Domb",slug:"menachem-domb",fullName:"Menachem Domb"}]},{id:"62481",title:"Blockchain and Digital Currency in the World of Finance",slug:"blockchain-and-digital-currency-in-the-world-of-finance",totalDownloads:2060,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"High-tech enables payment evolution and global competition. The ambiguities surrounding of the digital currency still leave enough space for the analysis of its unreserved acceptance, trust and anticipation, which are the main driver for the spread of the network. Banks should carefully consider the technology underlying these cryptocurrencies as a potential generic new way of transferring ownership of the value over the long term. The chapter provides an analysis of the use of cryptocurrencies in general, especially Bitcoin as the technology adoption in the presence of network externalities. The objective attitude is the future of the digital currency in the moment is still unsolved issue due to the existence of “critical mass”. Further, the chapter explores financial privacy which is very sensitive issue in using digital currency (or cryptocurrency) and discuss about private choices versus political rules. The research has shown that the future of cryptocurrencies can be bright if some institutional-formal conditions are met due to the fact that success evolution of e-money requires building safety payments through three criteria–standardization, compatibility and innovation.",book:{id:"7228",slug:"blockchain-and-cryptocurrencies",title:"Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies",fullTitle:"Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies"},signatures:"Tatjana Boshkov",authors:[{id:"246137",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Boshkov",slug:"tatjana-boshkov",fullName:"Tatjana Boshkov"}]},{id:"38793",title:"Overview of Wireless Sensor Network",slug:"overview-of-wireless-sensor-network",totalDownloads:12514,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:86,abstract:null,book:{id:"2211",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-technology-and-protocols",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks - Technology and Protocols"},signatures:"M.A. Matin and M.M. 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As different devices come under a single network, it is also referred as mesh cloud. WMN is self-healable. It works better with various different networks which include cellular networks and IEEE 802.11, 802.15, and 802.16 as well. WMN is flexible to work with more than one protocol. This chapter gives architecture, layer functionalities, and applications.",book:{id:"7322",slug:"wireless-mesh-networks-security-architectures-and-protocols",title:"Wireless Mesh Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Mesh Networks - Security, Architectures and Protocols"},signatures:"J. Rejina Parvin",authors:null},{id:"63090",title:"Cryptocurrency Returns",slug:"cryptocurrency-returns",totalDownloads:1476,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"One of the most significant innovations in the world of finance has been the creation and evolvement of cryptocurrencies. These digital means of exchange have been the focus of extensive news coverage, especially the Bitcoin, with a primary focus on the tremendous potential return and the high level of accompanying risk. In this chapter, we examine the risk-return pattern for an array of cryptocurrencies, contrasting the pattern with those of conventional currency and equity investments. We find the measures of cryptocurrency returns and risk to be a very high multiple of those of conventional investments, and the pattern is determined to be robust relative to the time frame. Consequently, cryptocurrencies are determined to provide an alternative to investors that involves tremendously high risk and return.",book:{id:"7228",slug:"blockchain-and-cryptocurrencies",title:"Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies",fullTitle:"Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies"},signatures:"Mike Cudd, Kristen Ritterbush, Marcelo Eduardo and Chris Smith",authors:[{id:"254939",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Cudd",slug:"mike-cudd",fullName:"Mike Cudd"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"88",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. 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He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. 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