Demographic profile of participants.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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\r\n\tCytokeratins are the most diverse and, arguably least understood components of the cytoskeleton. Comprising the intermediate filaments of epithelial cells, cytokeratins have roles in tissue integrity, in signaling, attachment to a substrate, and providing scaffolding to cytoplasmic organelles including, presumably, the nucleus. Essentially insoluble filamentous structures, these assemblies disappear during mitosis, to re-assemble immediately afterward. Beyond the confines of epithelial cells, keratins provide the bulk material to the epidermal stratum corneum, hair, nails and other rigid elements of the integument. Cytokeratins are obligate heteropolymers, consisting of equal amounts of Type I, acidic, and Type II neutral to basic proteins. In mammals, the Type I keratin genes are clustered in a single chromosomal region, and so are the Type II keratin genes. Different cytokeratins are characteristic molecular marker for specific epithelia, e.g., epidermis, cornea, tongue, hair etc. Mutations in keratin genes have dominant inheritance, in accordance with their obligate polymerization, and can cause severe disorders. Lately, first successes in correcting the mutant phenotype have been achieved using DNA-targeted therapies. Recent progress in studies of these fascinating proteins warrants a recap at this moment, which this volume aims to provide.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"5b6f7c428ae46faa9e16125459bedbff",bookSignature:"Dr. Miroslav Blumenberg",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9775.jpg",keywords:"Cytoplasm, Cytokeratin-associated Proteins, Signal Transduction, Actin, Tubulin, Integrins, Extracellular Matrix, Disruptions and Diseases, Promoters, Transcription Factors, Tissue Specificity, Keratinopathies",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 8th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 6th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 5th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 24th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Blumenberg pioneered the use of DNA microarrays in skin biology. His H-index of 35 is a clear indicator of his merit and impact as a researcher. He serves on editorial boards of BMC Genomics, Acta Dermatovenerologica APA, and World Journal of Biological Chemistry and holds three patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Vessels",doi:"10.5772/52780",slug:"anatomy-of-ciliary-body-ciliary-processes-anterior-chamber-angle-and-collector-vessels",body:'The ciliary body is the site of aqueous humor production and it is totally involved in aqueous humor dynamics. The ciliary body is the anterior portion of the uveal tract, which is located between the iris and the choroid. (figure 1)
Histology of human ciliary body (courtesy Prof. Ruth Santo)
On cross-section, the ciliary body has the shape of a right triangle, approximately 6 mm in length, where its apex is contiguous with the choroid and the base close to the iris. Externally, it attaches to the scleral spur creating a potential space, the supraciliary space, between it and the sclera. The external surface forms the anterior insertion of the uveal tract. The internal surface of the ciliary body comes in contact with the vitreous surface and is continuous with the retina [1].
The anterior portion of the ciliary body is called the
The
Thus, the ciliary processes have a large surface area, estimated to be 6 cm2, for ultrafiltration and active fluid transport, this being the actual site of aqueous production; the
The posterior portion of the ciliary body is called the
In the adult eye, the anterior-posterior length of the ciliary body ranges 4.5-5.2 mm nasally and 5.6 -6.3 mm temporally [5].
The ciliary body is composed of muscle, vessels and epithelium.
Pars plicata of rabbit ciliary body (courtesy of Prof. Durval Carvalho Jr.)
The ciliary muscle consists of three separate muscle fibers: longitudinal, circular and oblique.
The longitudinal fibers (meridional), which are the most external, attach the ciliary body anteriorly to the scleral spur and trabecular meshwork at the limbus, and posteriorly to the supracoroidal lamina (fibers connecting choroid and sclera) as far back as the equator of the eye [6].
The contraction of the longitudinal muscle, opens the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm`s canal.
The circular fibers (sphincteric) make up the more anterior and inner portion, and run parallel to the limbus. This insertion is in the posterior iris. When these fibers contract, the zonules relax, increasing the lens axial diameter and its convexity.
The oblique fibers (radial or intermediate) connect the longitudinal and circular fibers. The contraction of these fibers may widen the uveal trabecular spaces.
Traditional views hold that the vasculature of the ciliary body is supplied by the anterior ciliary arteries and the long posterior ciliary arteries, forming the major arterial circle near the root of the iris, wherefrom branches supply the iris, ciliary body and the anterior choroid. Recent studies in primates have shown a complex vascular arrangement with collateral circulation on at least three levels [7,8]: an episcleral circle formed by anterior ciliary branches; an intramuscular circle formed through the anastomosis between anterior ciliary arteries and long posterior ciliary artery branches; and the major arterial circle formed primarily, if not exclusively, by paralimbal branches of the long posterior ciliary arteries. The major arterial circle is the immediate vascular supply of the iris and ciliary processes [8,9].
The inner surfaces of the ciliary processes and the pars plana are lined by two layers of epithelium. (figure 3)
The outer layer is the pigmented epithelium, which is composed of low cuboidal cells and is adjacent to the stroma and continuous with the retinal pigmented epithelium.
The inner layer is formed by the nonpigmented epithelium, a columnar epithelium, adjacent to the aqueous humor in the posterior chamber and continuous with the retina.
These two layers of the epithelium are appositioned in their apical surfaces.
The major innervation is provided by ciliary nerve branches (third cranial nerve-oculomotor), forming a rich parasympathetic plexus. There are also sympathetic fibers originating from the superior cervical ganglion which keep pace with arteries and their branches.
Histology of human ciliary epithelia
Each ciliary process is composed of a central stroma and capillaries, covered by a double layer of epithelium. (FIGURE 3)
The ciliary process capillaries occupy the center of each process [10]. The capillary endothelium is thin and fenestrated, representing areas with fused plasma membranes and no cytoplasm, which may have an increased permeability. A basement membrane surrounds the endothelium and contains mural cells or pericytes.
The stroma is very thin and surrounds the vascular tissues, separating them from the epithelial layers. The stroma is composed of ground substance (mucopolysaccharides, proteins and plasma of low molecular size), collagen connective tissue (especially collagen type III) and cells of connective tissue and the blood [11].
Ciliary process epithelia consist of two layers, with the apical surfaces in apposition to each other.
The pigmented epithelium is the outer layer, and the cuboidal cells contain numerous melanin granules in their cytoplasm. This layer is separated from the stroma by an atypical basement membrane, a continuation of Bruch`s membrane which contains collagen and elastic fibers [15].
The nonpigmented epithelium is composed of columnar cells with numerous mitochondria, well-developed endoplasmic reticulum seen in the cytoplasm, extensive infoldings of the membranes and tight junctions between the apical cell membranes. The basement membrane faces the aqueous humor, is composed of fibrils in a glycoprotein with laminin and collagens I, III and IV [16]. The apical cells of this membrane are connected by tight junctions (zonulae occludentae), creating a permeability barrier, which is an important component of the blood-aqueous barrier called the internal limiting membrane.
Adjacent cells within each epithelial layer and between the apical cells of the two layers are connected by gap junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes. The apical membranes of the nonpigmented epithelium are also joined by tight junctions [12,13,14]
These tight junctions are permeable only to low-molecular-weight solutes.
The anterior portion of the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium has the morphologic features of a tissue involved in active fluid transport, i.e., evidence of abundant sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase ( Na+ K+ ATPase), glycolytic enzymes activity, and incorporation of labeled sulfate into glycolipids and glycoproteins [17]. There are many indications that the aqueous humor is produced in the anterior portion of the nonpigmented epithelia of ciliary processes [17,18,19].
There is a potential space between the two epithelial layers, called "ciliary channels". The aqueous humor may be secreted into this space after beta-adrenergic agonist stimulation, but this notion requires additional studies [20].
The iris inserts into the anterior side of the ciliary body and separates the aqueous compartment into a posterior and anterior chamber. The angle formed by the iris and the cornea is the anterior chamber angle6.
The aqueous humor is formed by the ciliary process, passes from posterior chamber to the anterior chamber through the pupil, and leaves the eye at the anterior chamber angle. Most of the aqueous humor exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork, which is called the conventional or canalicular system, and accounts for 83 to 96% of aqueous outflow of normal human eyes [21,22].
The other 5-15% of the aqueous humor leaves the eye through the uveoscleral and uveovortex systems (unconventional systems), including anterior ciliary muscle and iris to reach supraciliary and suprachoroidal spaces [22,23,24].
Schwalbe`s line
This line or zone represents the transition from the trabecular to corneal endothelium, the termination of Descemet`s membrane, and the trabecular insertion into the corneal stroma.
Schwalbe`s line is just anterior to the apical portion of the trabecular meshwork, is composed of collagen and elastic tissue and has a width that varies 50-150 µm; it has been called Zone S [25].
Scleral spur
The posterior wall of the scleral sulcus is formed by a group of fibers, parallel to the limbus that project inward like a fibrous ring, called the scleral spur. These fibers are composed of 80% collagen (collagen type I and III) and 5% elastic fibers. The spur is attached anteriorly to the trabecular meshwork and posteriorly to the sclera and the longitudinal portion of the ciliary muscle [26].
When the ciliary muscle contracts, it pulls the scleral spur posteriorly, it increases the width of the intertrabecular spaces and prevents Schlemm`s canal from collapsing [27].
Ciliary body band
This is structure that is located posterior to scleral spur.
When the iris inserts into the anterior side of the ciliary body, it leaves a variable width of the latter structure visible between the iris and scleral spur, corresponding to the ciliary body band. Gonioscopically, it appears as a brownish band.
Trabecular meshwork
The aqueous humor leaves the eye at the anterior chamber angle through the conventional system consisting of the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm´s canal, intrascleral channels, and episcleral and conjunctival veins.
The trabecular meshwork consists of connective tissue surrounded by endothelium. In a meridional section, it has a triangular shape, with the apex at Schwalbe´s line and the base at the scleral spur.
The meshwork consists of a stack of flattened, interconnected, perforated sheets, which run from Schwalbe´s line to the scleral spur. This tissue may be divided into three portions: a) uveal meshwork, b) corneoscleral meshwork and c) juxtacanalicular tissue6. By gonioscopy, the trabecular meshwork can be separated into two portions: an anterior (named non-pigmented) and a posterior (pigmented).
The inner layers of the trabecular meshwork can be observed in the anterior chamber angle and are referred to as the uveal meshwork. This portion is adjacent to the aqueous humor, is arranged in bands or rope-like trabeculae, and extends from the iris root and ciliary body to the peripheral cornea. These strands are a normal variant and are called by a variety names such as iris process, pectinated fibers, uveal trabeculae, ciliary fibers, and uveocorneal fibers. The deeper layers of the uveoscleral meshwork are more flattened sheets with wide perforations.
The outer layers, the corneoscleral meshwork, consist of 8 to 15 perforated sheets. The corneoscleral trabecular sheets insert into the scleral sulcus and spur. These sheets are not visible gonioscopically.
The perforations are elliptical and become progressively smaller from the uveal meshwork to the deep layers of the corneoscleral meshwork [28]. The aqueous humor leaves the trabecular in a tortuous route until reaching Schlemm´s canal, because the perforations are not aligned.
The ultrastructure of the trabecular, uveal and corneoscleral meshworks is similar. Each sheet is composed of four concentric layers. The trabecular beams have a central core of connective tissue of collagen fiber types I and III and elastin. There is a layer composed of elastic fibers that provides flexibility to the trabeculae. The core is surrounded by a glass membrane, which is composed of fibronectin, laminin, heparin, proteoglycan and collagen type III, IV and V. The endothelial layer is a continuous layer and covers all the trabeculae. The endothelial cells are larger, more irregular than corneal endothelial cells. They are joined by gap junctions and tight junctions and have microfilaments, including actin filaments and intermediate filaments (vimentin and desmin) [30].
On gonioscopy, starting at the cornea and moving posteriorly toward the root of the iris, the first anatomic structure encountered is Schwalbe´s line. (FIGURE 4)
Normal gonioscopic vision of Schwalbe´s line (black arrow)
Schwalbe´s line corresponds to the termination of Descemet´s membrane and marks the most anterior extension of the trabecular meshwork.
It can be seen, by slit-lamp examination, as a fine white ridge, just anterior to the meshwork, and with an indirect contact gonioscopic lens, it is identified at the point where the anterior and posterior beams of the cornea converge (parallelepiped method to identify the transition between the cornea and the meshwork).
The trabecular meshwork lies between Schwalbe´s line and the scleral spur, and it may be considered as two separate portions: (a) anterior part, which is composed of corneoscleral sheets and is not pigmented, meaning it is not visible gonioscopically; (b) posterior part, which is the primary site of aqueous outflow and is the pigmented trabecular meshwork composed of a syncytium of fibers. Gonioscopically, it has an irregular roughened pigmented surface. The amount and distribution of the pigment deposition varies considerably with age and race. At birth, it has no pigment, and develops color with age from light to dark brown, depending on the degree of pigment dispersion in the anterior chamber angle.
The scleral spur is just posterior to the pigmented trabecular band, and it is the most anterior projection of the sclera internally. Gonioscopically, it is seen as a prominent white line between the ciliary body band and pigmented trabecular. It can be obscured by excessive pigment dispersion, and is not visible at variable degrees of narrow or occluded angles.
The iris processes, thickenings of the posterior uveal meshwork, may be frequently seen crossing the scleral spur. They have the appearance of a variable number of fine and pigmented strands.
The ciliary body band is the portion of ciliary body that is visible in the anterior chamber. The width of the band depends on the point of the iris insertion on the ciliary body. Gonioscopically, it appears as a densely pigmented band, gray or dark-brown, posterior to the scleral spur and anterior to the root of the iris.
The corneoscleral meshwork is separated from the endothelium of Schlemm´s canal by a thin tissue, the juxtacanalicular tissue [29].
The juxtacanalicular tissue is the outermost portion of the meshwork in contact with the inner wall of Schlemm`s canal. This tissue consists of a layer of connective tissue (types III, IV and V collagen, fibronectin) and ground substance (glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins), and it is lined on either side by endothelium [31,32]. There is evidence that the juxtacanalicular tissue contains elastic fibers that provide support for Schlemm`s canal and that these fibers are attached to the tendons of the ciliary muscle.
Schlemm`s canal is a 360-degree endothelial-lined channel that runs circumferentially around the globe. Generally, it has a single lumen, but occasionally it is like a plexus with multiple branches.
The outer wall of Schlemm`s canal is a single layer of endothelium, without pores but with numerous large outlet channels and series of giant vacuoles, which form projections into the lumen of Schlemm`s canal, possibly serving as a pathway for fluid moviment [33].
Schlemm`s canal drains into the episcleral and conjunctival veins by a complex system of vessels (collector channels or outflow channels). This system is composed of innumerous intrascleral aqueous vessels and aqueous veins of Ascher, which arise from the outer wall of Schlemm`s canal up to the episcleral and conjunctival veins. These collector vessels can run like a direct system, draining directly into the episcleral venous system or like an indirect system of more numerous, fine channels, forming an intrascleral plexus before draining into the episcleral venous system [34,35].
The aqueous humor reaches the episcleral venous system by several routes [36]. Most aqueous vessels run posteriorly draining into episcleral and conjunctival veins. Some aqueous vessels run parallel to the limbus before heading posteriorly toward the conjunctival veins.
The episcleral veins drain into the cavernous sinus by the anterior ciliary and superior ophthalmic veins.
The conjunctival veins drain into superior ophthalmic or facial veins via the angular or palpebral veins [37].
Substance abuse is a social problem from eternity.World Health Organization (WHO) mentions substance abuse as the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, such as alcohol and illegal drugs. Substance abuse is “persistent or sporadic drug use inconsistent with or unrelated to acceptable medical practice” [1]. Substance abuse among the youngsters and adolescents is the rising social problem all over world [2].
Alcohol addiction is the leading problem for death and disability all over the world.it is observed that 75 million people are alcohol addicts and 3 million are opioid abusers in India [3]. Due to tobacco addiction nearly 13,000 deaths per day occurs all over It has been predicted by the According to World Health Organization (WHO) that tobacco consumption will lead more than 500 million mortality people by 2030 and it will be the commonest cause of death [4, 5]. Many studies has shown that smokers became habituated at adolescent period. It is unfortunate that consumption of alcohol is getting social acceptance and has become status symbol.
All hard drugs like opioids and other became the easily available which is the important cause of substance abuse in adolescents. Alcohol and opioid addiction is common in children. According to National institute on drug abuse (NIDA), in adolescence marijuana use consumption is common. Many studies had shown that common age group of substance abuse ranges from 12 to 20 years [6].
The United Nations has designed 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets. They expected that by 2030 all states will succeed to achieve all goals. From above all Sustainable Development Goals, important Goal-3 having Target-5 stresses on Strengthening the prevention of substance abuse and its proper treatment especially of narcotic drug and alcohol abuse. Many researches has confirmed that antisocial activities in childhood leads to alcohol abuse in adolescent. Adolescents is the most important stage of human life but unfortunately this group is most misunderstood and neglected by the society [7].
Substance addiction (drug addiction) and Non-substance addiction (behavioral addiction) are two different disorders. Substance addiction or drug addiction is a neuropsychiatric disorder categorized by a periodic craving for the consumption drug despite of having knowledge about harmful effects. Non substance abuse includes pathological food obsession, internet craving, and mobile phone compulsion [8].
Men are always under stress and for relief of it used many parameters one of it is drug abuse. This problem has risen at all levels in the society in various forms. Drug trafficking is one of the most profitable trades along with petroleum and weapons trade. Every country has and is facing this problem in its own way. Newer forms of drug abuse patterns like solvents are on the rise probably due to strict regulations on other recognized forms of abuse.
Street children in India constitute a group of marginalized population in most urban centers of the country. They constitute children living in streets permanently, who are detached from their families and live on the streets temporarily, children who belong to poor families and spend most of their time on the streets, children living with their families on the streets etc [9].
These children have to put up with a variety of physical and mental abuse and hence are a concern for a wide range of social issues. Poly substance abuse is common among these children and often solvents are the first psychoactive substance they attempt to try. Not much is known as to why children adopt such abusive behavior. Solvents are freely available in the market without any regulations in India. Though a lot of global awareness is reached about this form of abuse it is yet to be recognized by the political circle in the country [10].
We have been facing a shocking rise of substance abuse among the youngsters. Recent times have witnessed a steady increase in drug abuse among younger population, with more children starting substance use from an early age. Further, the delinquent is seen across all socioeconomic groups, from cities to small towns and rural areas, with new and multiple substance use also being recognized [11, 12].
Speedy industrial development with changing lifestyles have left the youth harassed for their survival; compelling many to seek defense in the dark world of substance abuse. India too, is fronting a similar condition that has been paying attention of policy makers and researchers [13, 14, 15].
Not only the child, but the family and society as a whole are likely to be disturbed as a result of early onset substance use. Thus, this matter is of nationwide interest and significance. This phase of life is characterized by growth and maturation of brain and body, which potentially affects responses to drugs and treatment [16, 17, 18, 19].
World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that globally 25 to 90% of children and adolescents have consumed at least one substance of abuse [1, 19, 20]. In India approximately 5500 children and adolescents start using tobacco products daily, some as young as 10 years old. A large number of them have used tobacco prior to the age of 18 years [21, 22, 23].
Dependence is defined by World Health Organization and American Psychiatric Association, as a syndrome of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena, which lead to loss of control over use. DSM-5, cancels the term ‘dependence ‘and substitutes it with ‘use disorder’. [24].
Research on substance abuse among children and adolescents presents its own distinctive challenges. But the main question is that why the Indian society is facing such a quandary where more of the teenagers and youths are indulging in immoral and unproductive activities like substance abuse. The present study has the aim of analyzing the biosocial profile and pattern of substance abusers. The study is indicative for the need of fostering a supportive environment comprising of both parents and teachers so that adolescents can adopt and sustain with the right choices for a healthy life.
To assess the pattern and prevalence of substance abuse among Children in slum areas of Ahmednagar.
To find out demographic profile of children using substances for abuse.
To find out association of family history, peer pressure, educational status of family and children associated with substance use among children.
It’s a descriptive cross sectional study done in collaboration with NGO (Balbhavan Project) working in slum areas of Ahmednagar. They were evaluated according to pre designed questionnaire in given time frame with the help of NGO (Balbhavan project) working in that area. All the children satisfying the following inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study.
Children with age group 18 years or less of either sex were included in study.
Children who were willing to participate in research work.
Patients/Parent/relative/NGO who were ready to give informed consent.
Informed written consent was taken from the child or adolescent and the parent or NGO staff counselor (as a surrogate guardian, in case the parents are not available).
Children with age group below 5 and above 18 years of either sex were not included.
A child who was Unable to provide information was not included in the study.
For this research project we have chosen the most active non-governmental agency (NGO) of Ahmednagar, Maharashtra.This NGO named Snehalaya is working for the overall growth of children living in slum areas. They are also actively working on hot issue of substance abuse among these children. NGO has established nice rapport with children and also have data of the substance abuse among children. They also have information about the substance abuse and treatment of each child abuser. With help Snehalaya, we collected information related to our research project.
Considering the time frame of the research, study was carried out with the help of NGO working in slum areas of Ahmednagar and children fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria which were mentioned above. It was estimated that the total sample size will be about 246 children who are using substances. (Calculated by open Epi Software).
The abusers are taking all kinds of substances commonly tobacco consumption, Bidi/Cigarette smoking, pan masala, gutkha, ganja, bhang, alcohol, LSD, Cocaine and Opium etc.
We have labeled child as substance abuser who have fulfilled following criteria.
1-taking one or more above mentioned substances and consuming it since last 1 year,
2-using it at least once in a week or many times in last months.
Collected informations was tabulated and evaluated using suitable statistical tests as and when required. The information so collected was analyzed by using SPSS software. Chi-square test was used as per the requirement.
To know the present scenario of substance abuse, we conducted a descriptive cross sectional study, among 246 children of slum areas of Ahmednagar under the guidance of Snehalay balbhavan project. The result obtained at the end of the study was quit shocking. It was found that in slum areas 87% children were drug abusers, among which 83% were boys and 17% were girls. A high correlation of substance abuse was found with increasing age consisting of 6.1% drug abuser of age group 5–8 years, 15% drug abuser of age group 9–12 years and 78.9% drug abuser of age group 13–18 years. Most abused substance among them was Tobacco, Alcohol, Inhalants, Sedative and opium. When we inquired about the educational status of parents, it was found that 84.6% of mothers were illiterate and 60.2% of fathers were illiterate. A special emphasis was laid on education of children among which 52% were school going and remaining were engaged in unskilled labor like rag picking, hotel worker, street vending, dhabha and other work. About 77.6% of these children got addicted due to their friends and 17.3% from their family. At the end of our study only 46.3% of them were willing to quit. 50.9% of children were craving for the substances and 38.8% of children got addicted due to peer pressure (Tables 1–5 and Figures 1 and 2).
Sr. No. | Variable | Groups | No. of participants (N = 246) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sex | Male | 191 | 77.6 |
Female | 55 | 22.4 | ||
2 | Age | 5–8 years | 15 | 6.1 |
9–12 years | 37 | 15.0 | ||
13–18 years | 194 | 78.9 | ||
3 | Living arrangement | Home (With family) | 191 | 77.6 |
(with friends/ distant relatives) | 55 | 22.4 | ||
4 | Mothers literacy | Literate | 38 | 15.4 |
Illiterate | 208 | 84.6 | ||
5 | Fathers literacy | Literate | 98 | 39.8 |
Illiterate | 148 | 60.2 | ||
6 | Drug abuse by mother | Yes | 197 | 80.1 |
No | 49 | 19.9 | ||
7 | Drug abuse by father | Yes | 207 | 84.1 |
No | 39 | 15.9 | ||
8 | Work | Student | 128 | 52.0 |
Rag picker/ Kabadi | 29 | 11.8 | ||
Street level vending | 9 | 3.7 | ||
Dhaba/ Restaurant/ Waiter | 5 | 2.0 | ||
Unskilled worker/ Labourer | 13 | 5.3 | ||
Do not work | 30 | 12.1 | ||
Others | 32 | 13.0 |
Demographic profile of participants.
Age Groups | Drug Abuse (%) | No Drug abuse (%) | Total | Chi-Square Value | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5–8 years | 6 (2.8) | 9 (28.1) | 15 (6.1) | 41.517 | 0.000 |
9–12 years | 27 (12.6) | 10 (31.2) | 37 (15.0) | ||
13–18 years | 181 (84.6) | 13 (40.6) | 194 (78.9) | ||
Total | 214 (100.0) | 32 (100.0) | 246 (100.0) |
Association between age and drug abuse.
As p < 0.05, there is significant association between age and drug abuse. Children in the age of 13–18 years are more likely to get involved in drug abuse.
Drug abuse by mother | Drug Abuse by children (%) | No Drug abuse by children (%) | Total | Chi-Square Value | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | 178 (90.4) | 19 (9.6) | 197 (100.0) | 9.887 | 0.004 |
No | 36 (73.5) | 13 (26.5) | 49 (100.0) | ||
Total | 214 (87.0) | 32 (13.0) | 246 (100.0) |
Association between mothers involved in drug abuse and drug abuse by the children.
As p < 0.05, there is significant association between mother involved in drug abuse and drug abuse by the children. If the mother is using drugs, there are 90.4% chances of children getting involved in drug abuse.
Drug abuse by father | Drug Abuse by children (%) | No Drug abuse by children (%) | Total | Chi-Square Value | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | 188 (90.8) | 19 (9.2) | 207 (100.0) | 16.920 | 0.000 |
No | 26 (66.7) | 13 (33.3) | 39 (100.0) | ||
Total | 214 (87.0) | 32 (13.0) | 246 (100.0) |
Association between fathers involved in drug abuse and drug abuse by the children.
As p < 0.05, there is significant association between father involved in drug abuse and drug abuse by the children. If the father is using drugs, there are 90.8% chances of children getting involved in drug abuse.
Sr. No. | Variable | Groups | No. of participants (N = 246) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Substance abuse (N = 246) | Tobacco | 140 | 56.9 |
Alcohol | 41 | 16.7 | ||
Inhalant | 23 | 9.3 | ||
Sedative | 6 | 2.4 | ||
Opium | 4 | 1.6 | ||
No Substance abuse | 32 | 13.0 | ||
2 | Want to quit the habit (N = 214) | Yes | 99 | 46.3 |
No | 115 | 53.7 | ||
3 | Procurement of the drug (N = 214) | Friends | 166 | 77.6 |
Family | 37 | 17.3 | ||
Itself | 11 | 5.1 | ||
4 | Difficulty in quitting (N = 214) | Craving | 109 | 50.9 |
Peer pressure | 83 | 38.8 | ||
Easily available | 17 | 7.9 | ||
Withdrawal symptoms | 5 | 2.4 |
Drug abuse & related parameters.
Sex distribution among abusers.
Age and sex distribution of abusers.
Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substance including alcohol and illicit drugs. The present study reveals the prevalence of substance abuse among children to be 87%, which is higher than that reported by Lisa Sarangi et al. [2] where the prevalence was 43.4%.Jasani PK et al.in his study covered 600 adolescents and he found that substance abusers children were 30.17% [25]. Another study conducted at Andhra Pradesh by Benegal et al. Prashant et al. [11] revealed that about 32.7% children were abusers. Many research studies have found that, in India 50% children up to grade nine experiences the substance at least once [26, 27].
This research study revealed the major basic reason behind such high consumption of substance abuse is poverty, easy availability of substances and peer pressure. Jasani PK et al. found that most common cause of substance abuse was peer pressure, then experiencing thrill in life and academic stress [25]. Our results coincides with Benegal et al. Prashant et al. [11], in their study, they revealed most common reason was peer pressure (52.9%) then for pleasure (21.1%).But according to Jain et al. curiosity (68%)was the main reason for start of substance abuse [22], the reason behind it may be due to different culture and economic status. Another study by Barua et al. shown that academic stress comforting outcome and only for enjoyment were the common causes of consumption of alcohol [23].
This study also revealed that the most common substance being abused is the widely available Tobacco (56.9%) which is supporting, the findings of Dhirendra N. Sinha et al. [28]. Our findings are similar with Jasani PK et al., it showed most common substance is tobacco 25.83%, followed by liquor (2.17%), opioid/afin (1%) bhang (0.67%) [25].
Bihar based study by Sinha et al. showed that smoking is commonest substance abuse (19.4%)in school going children [14]. Kaur et al. from North India revealed 39.2% substance abusers consumes tobacco [15]. Another study from Uttar Pradesh by Dube and Handa et al. stated that alcohol is consumed by 22.8% abusers [16]. Similar findings 18.55% abusers are taking alcohol are also reported by Thacore [17], Shukla et al. described that 38.3% is substance abuse prevalence in the rural population in Uttar Pradesh [18]. Jena et al. also reported 28.8% rural people of Bihar consumes alcohol/drug [19]. Study conducted in most sensitive state, Punjab by Varma et al. revealed that 45.9% alcohol taking habit in urban population and 28.1% in rural population [20, 21].
It was found that in slum areas 87% children were drug abusers, among which 83% were boys and 17% were girls Prevalence of tobacco use was higher among boys than girls. Many research studies have found that, in India 50% children up to grade nine experiences the substance at least once [26, 27, 29]. Study by Majra et al. found that tobacco consumption is more among males (42.1%) as compared to females (17.0%) [13]. As boys are involved more in outdoor activities and are subjected to substance abuse. Adolescents reported using tobacco in multiple forms, chewing tobacco being the most popular.
A WHO study group on youth and drugs indicated that most of the experimentation and initiation of dependence producing drugs takes place during adolescence [30]. Though they had some knowledge about the harmful effects of substances, this was not sufficient to motivate them to quit, in our study only 46.3% were willing to quit. Craving (50.9%) was the most common cause to abstain substance abuse.
11 DSM-5 criteria implementation in clinics research purpose is easier than 11 DSM-IV criteria because one disorder is involved instead of two hierarchical disorders. A checklist helps for covering all criteria [31].
The study has emphasized the escalating incidence of substance abuse among slum children in Ahmednagar, pressing need of initiating programs for prevention and treatment in slum areas. The subject needs to be dealt in a comprehensive manner. There is need for availability of specialized treatment services for children who are using substances. These facilities should be available in government hospitals. The settings in which the facilities are delivered should be child sensitive and safe. Treatment programs must attempt to include the family in treatment and address the family issues as a part of the remedy. Rehabilitation of children should focus on skill building and vocational training. Substance abuse by children has detrimental impact on their physical, psychological, social and mental well-being hence needs immediate intervention. Rehabilitation of children abusing illicit substances is the necessity of the hour.
Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Girish Kulkarni (Founder of Snehalaya) and Dr. Hanif for their great support. I am also thankful to all my students for their active participation in the project-Chhajed Neel A., Mehta Rahul J., Arve Rutvik N., Upadhyay Prabhakar I., Mustafa Saad.
The author declares no conflict of interest in the present study.
Not applicable.
Taken from institutional ethical committee.
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Plant cell and organ culture systems are feasible option for the production of secondary metabolites that are of commercial importance in pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavors, and other industrial materials. The stress, including various elicitors or signal molecules, often induces the secondary metabolite production in the plant tissue culture system. The recent developments in elicitation of plant tissue culture have opened a new avenue for the production of secondary metabolite compounds. Secondary metabolite synthesis and accumulation in cell and organ cultures can be triggered by the application of elicitors to the culture medium. Elicitors are the chemical compounds from abiotic and biotic sources that can stimulate stress responses in plants, leading to the enhanced synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites or the induction of novel secondary metabolites. Elicitor type, dose, and treatment schedule are major factors determining the effects on the secondary metabolite production. The number of parameters, such as elicitor concentrations, duration of exposure, cell line, nutrient composition, and age or stage of the culture, is also important factors influencing the successful production of biomass and secondary metabolite accumulation. This chapter reviews the various abiotic and biotic elicitors applied to cultural system and their stimulating effects on the accumulation of secondary metabolites.",book:{id:"5066",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-plants-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants",fullTitle:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Poornananda M. Naik and Jameel M. Al–Khayri",authors:[{id:"176282",title:"Prof.",name:"Jameel M.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Khayri",slug:"jameel-m.-al-khayri",fullName:"Jameel M. Al-Khayri"},{id:"176284",title:"Dr.",name:"Poornananda M.",middleName:null,surname:"Naik",slug:"poornananda-m.-naik",fullName:"Poornananda M. Naik"}]},{id:"49274",doi:"10.5772/61368",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Enzymes Involved in Plant Tolerance to Stress",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species-and-antioxidant-enzymes-involved-in-plant-tolerance-to-stress",totalDownloads:4912,totalCrossrefCites:47,totalDimensionsCites:105,abstract:"Plants are continuously exposed to several stress factors in field, which affect their production. These environmental adversities generally induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause severe oxidative damage to plants. ROS are toxic molecules found in various subcellular compartments. The equilibrium between the production and detoxification of ROS is sustained by enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Due to advances in molecular approaches during the last decades, nowadays it is possible to develop economically important transgenic crops that have increased tolerance to stresses. This chapter discusses the oxidative stress and damage to plants. In addition, it reports the involvement of antioxidant enzymes in the tolerance of plants to various stresses.",book:{id:"5066",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-plants-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants",fullTitle:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Andréia Caverzan, Alice Casassola and Sandra Patussi Brammer",authors:[{id:"176303",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Casassola",slug:"alice-casassola",fullName:"Alice Casassola"},{id:"176409",title:"Dr.",name:"Andréia",middleName:null,surname:"Caverzan",slug:"andreia-caverzan",fullName:"Andréia Caverzan"},{id:"176410",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Patussi Brammer",slug:"sandra-patussi-brammer",fullName:"Sandra Patussi Brammer"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66996",title:"Ethiopian Common Medicinal Plants: Their Parts and Uses in Traditional Medicine - Ecology and Quality Control",slug:"ethiopian-common-medicinal-plants-their-parts-and-uses-in-traditional-medicine-ecology-and-quality-c",totalDownloads:4037,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The main purpose of this review is to document medicinal plants used for traditional treatments with their parts, use, ecology, and quality control. Accordingly, 80 medicinal plant species were reviewed; leaves and roots are the main parts of the plants used for preparation of traditional medicines. The local practitioners provided various traditional medications to their patients’ diseases such as stomachaches, asthma, dysentery, malaria, evil eyes, cancer, skin diseases, and headaches. The uses of medicinal plants for human and animal treatments are practiced from time immemorial. Stream/riverbanks, cultivated lands, disturbed sites, bushlands, forested areas and their margins, woodlands, grasslands, and home gardens are major habitats of medicinal plants. Generally, medicinal plants used for traditional medicine play a significant role in the healthcare of the majority of the people in Ethiopia. The major threats to medicinal plants are habitat destruction, urbanization, agricultural expansion, investment, road construction, and deforestation. Because of these, medicinal plants are being declined and lost with their habitats. Community- and research-based conservation mechanisms could be an appropriate approach for mitigating the problems pertinent to the loss of medicinal plants and their habitats and for documenting medicinal plants. Chromatography; electrophoretic, macroscopic, and microscopic techniques; and pharmaceutical practice are mainly used for quality control of herbal medicines.",book:{id:"8502",slug:"plant-science-structure-anatomy-and-physiology-in-plants-cultured-in-vivo-and-in-vitro",title:"Plant Science",fullTitle:"Plant Science - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro"},signatures:"Admasu Moges and Yohannes Moges",authors:[{id:"249746",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Admasu",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"admasu-moges",fullName:"Admasu Moges"},{id:"297761",title:"MSc.",name:"Yohannes",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"yohannes-moges",fullName:"Yohannes Moges"}]},{id:"63148",title:"Domestic Livestock and Its Alleged Role in Climate Change",slug:"domestic-livestock-and-its-alleged-role-in-climate-change",totalDownloads:15893,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is very old wisdom that climate dictates farm management strategies. In recent years, however, we are increasingly confronted with claims that agriculture, livestock husbandry, and even food consumption habits are forcing the climate to change. We subjected this worrisome concern expressed by public institutions, the media, policy makers, and even scientists to a rigorous review, cross-checking critical coherence and (in)compatibilities within and between published scientific papers. Our key conclusion is there is no need for anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and even less so for livestock-born emissions, to explain climate change. Climate has always been changing, and even the present warming is most likely driven by natural factors. The warming potential of anthropogenic GHG emissions has been exaggerated, and the beneficial impacts of manmade CO2 emissions for nature, agriculture, and global food security have been systematically suppressed, ignored, or at least downplayed by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and other UN (United Nations) agencies. Furthermore, we expose important methodological deficiencies in IPCC and FAO (Food Agriculture Organization) instructions and applications for the quantification of the manmade part of non-CO2-GHG emissions from agro-ecosystems. However, so far, these fatal errors inexorably propagated through scientific literature. Finally, we could not find a clear domestic livestock fingerprint, neither in the geographical methane distribution nor in the historical evolution of mean atmospheric methane concentration. In conclusion, everybody is free to choose a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle, but there is no scientific basis, whatsoever, for claiming this decision could contribute to save the planet’s climate.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Albrecht Glatzle",authors:[{id:"252990",title:"Dr.",name:"Albrecht",middleName:null,surname:"Glatzle",slug:"albrecht-glatzle",fullName:"Albrecht Glatzle"}]},{id:"66714",title:"Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Plants",slug:"biotic-and-abiotic-stresses-in-plants",totalDownloads:5794,totalCrossrefCites:54,totalDimensionsCites:96,abstract:"Plants are subjected to a wide range of environmental stresses which reduces and limits the productivity of agricultural crops. Two types of environmental stresses are encountered to plants which can be categorized as (1) Abiotic stress and (2) Biotic stress. The abiotic stress causes the loss of major crop plants worldwide and includes radiation, salinity, floods, drought, extremes in temperature, heavy metals, etc. On the other hand, attacks by various pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, nematodes and herbivores are included in biotic stresses. As plants are sessile in nature, they have no choice to escape from these environmental cues. Plants have developed various mechanisms in order to overcome these threats of biotic and abiotic stresses. They sense the external stress environment, get stimulated and then generate appropriate cellular responses. They do this by stimuli received from the sensors located on the cell surface or cytoplasm and transferred to the transcriptional machinery situated in the nucleus, with the help of various signal transduction pathways. This leads to differential transcriptional changes making the plant tolerant against the stress. The signaling pathways act as a connecting link and play an important role between sensing the stress environment and generating an appropriate biochemical and physiological response.",book:{id:"8015",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-plants",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants",fullTitle:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants"},signatures:"Audil Gull, Ajaz Ahmad Lone and Noor Ul Islam Wani",authors:null},{id:"62573",title:"Introductory Chapter: Terpenes and Terpenoids",slug:"introductory-chapter-terpenes-and-terpenoids",totalDownloads:7547,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:null,book:{id:"6530",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids"},signatures:"Shagufta Perveen",authors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"},{id:"192994",title:"Dr.",name:"Areej",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Taweel",slug:"areej-al-taweel",fullName:"Areej Al-Taweel"}]},{id:"62876",title:"Introduction to Phytochemicals: Secondary Metabolites from Plants with Active Principles for Pharmacological Importance",slug:"introduction-to-phytochemicals-secondary-metabolites-from-plants-with-active-principles-for-pharmaco",totalDownloads:5789,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Phytochemicals are substances produced mainly by plants, and these substances have biological activity. In the pharmaceutical industry, plants represent the main source to obtain various active ingredients. They exhibit pharmacological effects applicable to the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections and also chronic-degenerative diseases such as diabetes and cancer. However, the next step in science is to find new ways to obtain it. In this chapter, we discuss about the main groups of phytochemicals, in addition to presenting two case studies. One of the most important secondary metabolites is currently Taxol, which is a natural compound of the taxoid family and is also known for its antitumor activity against cancer located in breasts, lungs, and prostate and is also effective with Kaposi’s sarcoma. Our case studies will be about Taxol, extracted from an unexplored plant species, and the production of Taxol by its endophytic fungi.",book:{id:"6794",slug:"phytochemicals-source-of-antioxidants-and-role-in-disease-prevention",title:"Phytochemicals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals - Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention"},signatures:"Nadia Mendoza and Eleazar M. Escamilla Silva",authors:[{id:"51406",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleazar",middleName:"Máximo",surname:"Escamilla Silva",slug:"eleazar-escamilla-silva",fullName:"Eleazar Escamilla Silva"},{id:"243304",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza",slug:"nadia-mendoza",fullName:"Nadia Mendoza"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"41",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81798",title:"Protein Metabolism in Plants to Survive against Abiotic Stress",slug:"protein-metabolism-in-plants-to-survive-against-abiotic-stress",totalDownloads:29,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102995",abstract:"Plants are frequently subjected to several abiotic environmental stresses under natural conditions causing profound impacts on agricultural yield and quality. Plants can themselves develop a wide variety of efficient mechanisms to respond environmental challenges. Tolerance and acclimation of plants are always related to significant changes in protein, cellular localization, posttranscription, and posttranslational modifications. Protein response pathways as well as pathways unique to a given stress condition shared by plants under different stressed environment are discussed in this chapter. The various signaling of protein such as fluctuation, overexpression, and silencing of the protein gene are observed to be modulated in drought-tolerant plants. Similarly, gene expression, RNA processing, and metabolic process take place to cope with drought conditions. For adaption in water-submerged conditions, plants undergo reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell wall modification, proteolysis, and post-recovery protein metabolism. Heat shock protein and protein and lipid contents vary and play pivotal role in resisting low and high temperatures. In a nutshell, this paper provides an overview of several modification, synthesis, degradation, and metabolism of protein in plants to cope with and revive again to normal growing conditions against abiotic stress, emphasizing drought, submerged, extreme cold, and heat temperatures.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Bharti Thapa and Abhisek Shrestha"},{id:"80923",title:"Salt Stress Tolerance in Rice and Wheat: Physiological and Molecular Mechanism",slug:"salt-stress-tolerance-in-rice-and-wheat-physiological-and-molecular-mechanism",totalDownloads:70,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101529",abstract:"Salinity is a major obstacle to global grain crop production, especially rice and wheat. The identification and improvement of salt-tolerant rice and wheat depending upon the genetic diversity and salt stress response could be a promising solution to deal with soil salinity and the increasing food demands. Plant responses to salt stress occur at the organismic, cellular, and molecular levels and the salt stress tolerance in those crop plant involving (1) regulation of ionic homeostasis, (2) maintenance of osmotic potential, (3) ROS scavenging and antioxidant enzymes activity, and (4) plant hormonal regulation. In this chapter, we summarize the recent research progress on these four aspects of plant morpho-physiological and molecular response, with particular attention to ionic, osmolytic, enzymatic, hormonal and gene expression regulation in rice and wheat plants. Moreover, epigenetic diversity could emerge as novel of phenotypic variations to enhance plant adaptation to an adverse environmental conditions and develop stable stress-resilient crops. The information summarized here will be useful for accelerating the breeding of salt-tolerant rice. This information may help in studies to reveal the mechanism of plant salt tolerance, screen high efficiency and quality salt tolerance in crops.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammad Hasanuzzaman"},{id:"80091",title:"Molecular Defense Mechanisms in Plants to Tolerate Toxic Action of Heavy Metal Environmental Pollution",slug:"molecular-defense-mechanisms-in-plants-to-tolerate-toxic-action-of-heavy-metal-environmental-polluti",totalDownloads:26,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102330",abstract:"Toxic action of heavy metals on plants growing in contaminated soils intensified the research on detoxification and sequestering mechanisms existing in plants to understand and manipulate defense mechanisms that confer tolerance against metal ions. Increased biosynthesis of plant biomolecules to confer tolerance during toxic action of heavy metals is an intrinsic ability of plants. Induced formation of low-molecular weight amino acids, peptides or proteines as chelators such as proline (Pro), glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs) or metallothioneins (MTs) under heavy metal stress enhances metal binding and detoxification capability of plants. In addition, proline and GSH related enzymes such as GSH reductase, GSH peroxidases and glutathione S-transferases are also key components of the antioxidant defense system in the cells to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Protective action of oxidized fatty acids oxylipins at toxic levels of heavy metals is considered to activate detoxification processes as signaling molecules.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Istvan Jablonkai"},{id:"80723",title:"Intra-Annual Variation in Leaf Anatomical Traits of an Overwintering Shrub of High Elevations of Himalaya",slug:"intra-annual-variation-in-leaf-anatomical-traits-of-an-overwintering-shrub-of-high-elevations-of-him",totalDownloads:33,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102016",abstract:"Trait variability in response to seasonal variations can be hypothesised as an advantageous strategy for overwintering shrubs. This hypothesis was tested by elucidating patterns of trait variation in an evergreen alpine shrub, Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don. The study site was established at Rohtang (3990 m a.s.l.) in western Himalaya. Its leaves were sampled at 10 time points spanning a period of 1 year (beginning from 22-August-2017 to 14-August-2018) for estimating anatomical traits using light and scanning electron microscopy. The data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance, and the trait-temperature relationships were analysed using linear regression. The results indicated a lower variability in the anatomical traits. A few traits (e.g. cuticle thickness and epidermal scales) were found to be significantly correlated with temperature (p < 0.05). Our analysis revealed increase in cuticle thickness and a decrease in epidermal scales (size) during low-temperature conditions. The lesser variability found in anatomical traits of overwintering shrub could be explained as ‘evolutionary gained adaptive traits’.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Nikita Rathore, Dinesh Thakur, Nang Elennie Hopak and Amit Chawla"},{id:"80587",title:"Morpho-Anatomical Adaptation against Salinity",slug:"morpho-anatomical-adaptation-against-salinity",totalDownloads:73,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101681",abstract:"Plants tolerant of NaCl, implement several adjustments to acclimate to salt stress, such as biochemical, physiological, and morphological modifications. Besides, plants also adjust to saline circumstances by altering their anatomical structure of roots, leaves, and morphological modifications. The leaf and roots are among the essential plant organs and are involved in the transport of water and minerals used for photosynthesis. From a plant physiology perspective, water use efficiency in the quantity of CO2 fixed in photosynthesis compared to the leaf anatomy. In this review, we provide a comparative account of the morphology of the leaf and root under normal and salt stress circumstances. There is little information on the ultrastructure changes elicited in response to salt stress. The analysis expands our knowledge of how salt may impact the leaves and root anatomy.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Smita Srivastava"},{id:"80201",title:"Nutrients Deficit and Water Stress in Plants: New Concept Solutions Using Olive Solid Waste",slug:"nutrients-deficit-and-water-stress-in-plants-new-concept-solutions-using-olive-solid-waste",totalDownloads:81,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101523",abstract:"Great efforts were deployed by researchers to mobilize water resources while is becoming rarer and to control with efficiency the water besides nutrient needs for the plant. Autonomous water and nutritional anti-stress device for plants (AWANASD) based on the recovery of rainwater patented by Medhioub et al. fits into this general framework. Scientific efforts were also dedicated to preserve the environment and minimize energy consumption through using agricultural waste materials in different fields. This chapter provides a new concept based on the use of the olive solid waste in AWANASD as water storage and nutrient elements for plants giving rise to the new system called AWANASD-OSW.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Samir Medhioub, Slah Bouraoui, Ali Ellouze and Hassen Sabeur"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. 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