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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4567",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Tuberculosis - Expanding Knowledge",title:"Tuberculosis",subtitle:"Expanding Knowledge",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Progress obtained by mycobacteriology in recent years is undeniable with regards to preventing, detecting, and treating cases of tuberculosis, millennial disease that is still present as public health issue worldwide. We present here high-impact research and interest topics related to the application of new methodologies, especially molecular methods for rapid diagnostic such as rapid DST, application of high performance liquid chromatography, molecular epidemiology and molecular diagnostic testing on post mortem. Currently, the constant search for vaccines that prevent the disease is promising through research of the immune response generated by the host towards the bacterium, and the effectiveness that may be achieved from developed vaccines. Another high-impact factor is the one generated by considering tuberculosis as a social disease with an infectious component reflected in research about tuberculosis and human rights. Finally, we present important issues of the pathogen interaction with different hosts. The constant knowledge generation that expands the frontiers of understanding is a key factor for finding solutions and successful activities for public health.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2139-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7245-1",doi:"10.5772/58737",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"tuberculosis-expanding-knowledge",numberOfPages:240,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6620343e9ad62f2984bc393701cee6ff",bookSignature:"Wellman Ribon",publishedDate:"July 8th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4567.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18725,numberOfWosCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:50,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:116,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 4th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 2nd 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 29th 2014",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 28th 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 27th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"88491",title:"Dr.",name:"Wellman",middleName:null,surname:"Ribón",slug:"wellman-ribon",fullName:"Wellman Ribón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/88491/images/system/88491.jpeg",biography:"Wellman Ribón, bacteriologist and clinical laboratory professional of the Industrial University of Santander, Master\\'s degree in Biochemistry from Universidad Javeriana; with more than fifteen years of experience as public health adviser, Colciencias (Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia y Tecnología de Colombia) senior researcher in scientific and technological development. He has worked at the National Health Institute of Colombia as coordinator of the mycobacteria group, manager of research projects and member of Centro Colombiano de Excelencia de Investigación en Tuberculosis (CCITB), EurolabTB Consortium and the SLAMTB. Ribón was the Microbiology School director and is currently a professor in Medicine School and works as professor and researcher at the Industrial University of Santander,.He is also the director of the Mycobacterium Research laboratory. Mr. Ribón has published articles about tuberculosis, leprosy and mycobacteriosis diseases, and has written four book chapters. His major area of interest and research is Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.",institutionString:"Industrial University of Santander",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Industrial University of Santander",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046",title:"Infectious Diseases",slug:"infectious-diseases"}],chapters:[{id:"47993",title:"Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Rights in Chiapas, Mexico",doi:"10.5772/59670",slug:"tuberculosis-tb-and-human-rights-in-chiapas-mexico",totalDownloads:1629,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"H.J. Sánchez-Pérez, Anaximandro Gómez-Velasco, G. Leal, A.\nBencomo-Alerm, N. Romero-Sandoval and M. 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Verma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9132.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278358",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita P.",middleName:null,surname:"Verma",slug:"rita-p.-verma",fullName:"Rita P. Verma"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11851",leadTitle:null,title:"Duodenum - Functional, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThis book is going to be an excellent overview of duodenal physiology, pathology, and therapeutic aspects. Duodenum is the most metabolically active part of the small intestine. It is the site of active absorption of many nutrients. It is also the source of many hormones which not only control biliary and pancreatic secretions but also different metabolic activities in our body. It is also the commonest site of peptic ulcer disease and peptic ulcer bleeding. Giardiasis and many opportunistic infections like cryptosporidium, microsporidium, and mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection can occur in the duodenum. Duodenal adenoma, ampullary adenoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, and duodenal carcinoma are occasionally seen in our clinical practice. Different diagnostic and therapeutic modalities of these topics will be discussed in this book. With the epidemic of obesity throughout the world, the duodenum has now become one of the therapeutic targets. Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass surgery is done to bypass the duodenum so nutrient absorption cannot occur. Now duodenal resurfacing is done to control obesity and type II diabetes mellitus.
\r\n\t
Over time, hypnosis has been defined in various ways. In its early stages, it was associated with supernatural states. The current official definition, according to the American Psychological Association, is “a state of consciousness, involving a focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness, characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestions” [1]. Unestahl [2] defines hypnosis as “an alternative state of consciousness, where information can bypass the logical mind and bring about changes in suggestibility and perception and in which there are alternative control systems available.” Taking both definitions into account, we propose the following definition that describes this state of consciousness more broadly:
In the past, it was also common knowledge that hypnosis implies a relaxation, or a sleep-like state, in which the hypnotized person loses his/her consciousness temporarily, being completely under the hypnotist’s control. Now, however, it is known that hypnosis is a natural state that tends to occur periodically several times a day, approximately every 90 min in human beings, as one of many psychobiological ultradian rhythms [4] during which the person is in total control of his/her will [5].
According to our definition of hypnosis, we can say that this state is not limited to a relaxed state but any state of focused attention that switches our mind to a more creative mode, helping us to find solutions for specific problems or seeing things from a different perspective, enhancing the capacity to access unconscious memories and perceptions and to reframe them, and facilitating processes of dissociation.
In her 1973 doctoral dissertation, Eva Banyai explained her study about the effects of hypnosis in verbal learning that involved 24 patients. She stated that the majority of subjects achieved a classic hypnotic state (a relaxed, passive state), but four of them exhibited a different state:
That unexpected finding suggested that hypnosis is not only a relaxed state, but is also a wide spectrum of “altered” conscious states that can be subjectiveley experienced in many different forms by each individual with different behavioral and physiological outcomes.
Banyai called this kind of hypnotic state “active-alert hypnosis.” She also stated that the sleep-like outcomes in traditional hypnosis occur due to suggestions from the facilitator rather than from the hypnosis itself. This modality of hypnosis has been applied to high-performing athletes with significantly positive results [1], but also with people who prefer an eyes-open trance, or a more active one. In our experience, this type of induction can also be used for visualization and reaching one’s own personal and professional goals.
The original active alert-hypnosis approaches were performed while pedaling a stationary bicycle, receiving hypnotic suggestions of activation and alertness, paying attention to the feelings in their legs, to automatic movement, to their energy, and to their inner peace [7, 8].
According to Banyai [6], active-alert hypnosis has been a useful tool in the following cases:
Lack of initiative and energy
General inhibition
Excessively withdrawn personality
Depression
Anxiety disorders
Inhibited identity development
Eating disorders (bulimia and obesity)
Children who do not tolerate the stillness of traditional hypnosis
Enhancement of physical and mental performance in healthy people (including competitive athletes)
Since these original approaches were performed, several methods of achieving an active-alert hypnotic state have been developed. For example, Etzel Cardeña [9] elaborated a gentle active-alert hypnotic technique consisting of simply waving one hand up and down, producing results similar to those of Banyai’s study. Even though active-alert hypnotic approaches are used primarily in therapeutic contexts, you can also notice “altered” consciousness states and active-alert hypnotic states in other contexts, such as religious ceremonies, highly competitive sports (while practicing or watching), dancing, teaching, writing, playing a musical instrument, and many other activities that require highly focused attention. This kind of hypnosis has been called in different ways: hyper-alert hypnosis, active hypnosis, waking hypnosis, awake-alert hypnosis, and alert hypnosis.
I (AV) would like to share an experience I had some time ago. A friend of mine asked me to slightly change my way of dressing to become a more presentable professional, to give a different image to others and to myself. I have to admit that a part of me was reluctant to make that change, while the other one was just a little curious about what could change for the better if I follow his advice. That curiosity led me to a little inspection of my closet, with some dirty and old clothes hanging there along with some clothes that I did not really use, but there they were, and I came to realize that I needed to go get new clothes, and a new pair of shoes, because my old ones, although comfy, were starting to rip apart, and we all need a good pair of formal and comfortable shoes for formal occasions. After making the decision to go and buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes, the instruction “buy a pair of shoes” was imprinted in my mind, nothing else.
Get inside the shop, with all those different kinds of shoes, selecting just one pair of them was a difficult task. But my mind was clear: “buy a pair of shoes.” I bought a brown pair of shoes, and they were going to be worn next Monday. That day, I put them on and walked a little, and after a few blocks my ankle started to hurt. It was a weak but annoying pain. After a few more blocks, the skin of my Achilles tendon started to peel and I felt an even more annoying pain, and I remembered thinking, “But these shoes are new. Why is this happening?”
Now when we make plans, we not only use our conscious mind, but we also use our unconscious one [10]. The question here is: how?
According to some research [11, 12], our brain makes decisions even before we think we made them. Let us explain this statement. Imagine that we suggest that you move your lips to the right when you see something beautiful and to your left when you see something that you think is not. Then I show you some images on a screen. When you see an image, the information travels all the way through your visual processing structures in your brain (occipital lobe structures), then after being analyzed it is sent to an interpretation area (temporo-parieto-occipital region), and then to our decision-making structures (prefrontal region) to decide whether it is beautiful. That takes no more than a few microseconds, but it is a complex process, all happening without you realizing it. Now that you have decided to make the movement to the left or right, your frontal lobe sends a signal to your lips to “move” left or right. That is when it gets tricky: it appears that your brain sends that last signal
Can we say that our decision-making process and motivation are, therefore, unconscious? If so, how can we develop a stronger will and motivation to make different or even better decisions? Some evidence suggests that the decision-making process comes from a mixture of conscious and unconscious mind [13].
As hypnotherapists, we are accustomed to “talking to the unconscious mind” [14] and that includes avoiding some of the intellectual and logical barriers that one builds for oneself. In hypnosis, that is achieved through hypnotic suggestions. Weitzenhoffer [15, 16] claims that the difference between a hypnotic suggestion and an order is the nonvolitional outcome after the hypnotic suggestion, that is, the hypnotized person does not act according to conscious will but rather in a “dissociative” mode: “it’s as if the levitating arm were not mine.” As Farvolden and Woody [17] find on their study, diminished activity on frontal lobe structures could be an explanation to this “unconscious” behavior. And that is the key aspect of a hypnotic and posthypnotic suggestions, the nonconscious willingness.
Now, how can we use this process to achieve goals? That is what we will be exploring in this chapter.
“It’s a poor sort of memory that only works backwards.”
Lewis Carroll (Alice in Wonderland).
Prospective memory is the ability that allows us to make plans in the present and then remember and carry them out in the future [18]. It is known that the hippocampus consolidates memory from short term to long term [19] and such a complex process occurs better while sleeping [20]. Also, the amygdala’s involvement in the memory consolidation process is well demonstrated since a memory associated with high-intensity emotional content tends to last longer than a boring one [21, 22].
In the prefrontal cortex, the Brodmann area 10 seems to be responsible for making plans and translating them into action, with support from the structures mentioned above. Also, the same area is responsible for retrieving information about those plans and maintaining the attention required to execute them [23].
As Milton Erickson said
There are some classic hypnotic phenomena reported in literature, such as:
Amnesia-hypermnesia
Catalepsy
Analgesia
Age regression
Hypnotic hallucination
Posthypnotic suggestion
Automatic writing
Age progression
Hypnotic age progression
We will focus on hypnotic age progression in this section. Age progression is a procedure that projects the person
Now, when you work with this pseudo-orientation in time, you need to make contact with the conscious mind, and that is where goal construction takes place.
According to Robert Dilts [25], people construct their goals using six principal methods:
negation of the problematic state
defining the goal as the polarity or the opposite of the problematic state
using an external role model or reference to define the desired state
taking some key characteristics of the desired state
making a generative outcome (using their own references instead of external ones)
acting “as if”
When you are working to generate changes with people, all psychotherapy approaches usually take time to define goals. Some methods establish them in a positive and a future-oriented way, for example “What you are going to be doing once you feel…” [26], or focused on what is going to be happening once you get rid of your problem [27]. In our experience, people often struggle with the construction of their objective because they are ambiguous and lacking both clarity and a deadline. Also people focus on what they do not want rather than on what they really want to reach or accomplish.
Now, we are presenting an active-alert hypnotic strategy to increase motivation and visualize goals, a methodology that has shown excellent results in our practice, and that currently is being tested for efficacy not only in therapeutic contexts but also through the use of scientific methodology.
In our experience, the approach that has been most useful in helping people to formulate their goals consists of four simple rules:
Write your goal in the first person: Always start with “I…,” even if it is obvious that the goal refers to you, it is important to express it with certainty.
Write your goal in the present or in the present progressive tense: Use “I’m” and “I’m being” instead of using the future tense.
Describe your goal with as many details as possible: Remember that if you give details to them, some goals could seem smaller and therefore more attainable.
Write your goals in a positive way: For example, instead of thinking, “I do not want to get sick,” you should write, “I am a healthy person.”
Here is an example. A common goal is “I want to lose weight.” Now, following those four rules, we can formulate that goal in this way:
We ask the person to write two or three goals for every important aspect of his/her life. Then we ask them to read these goals out loud while imagining him/herself in that moment, reaching that goal.
In this second part of the exercise, we ask the patient to write a different list following these instructions:
In my experience (AT), fear is the principal enemy of setting and achieving your goals, but optimism and good self-esteem will also act as your allies all the way to success.
Once all of these fears and limitations are written on a sheet of paper, we tell the person to say goodbye to them, and tear up the paper with all her/his strength. We tell them:
This is an active-alert hypnotic technique developed a few years ago, in which we ask the person to sit comfortably and look at any point (you can use a point on the wall or an image). Next, we start to suggest:
As you may notice, some of the words are italicized and we know that you are aware of how to use them, or maybe you can change them a little for your convenience.
Next, you can start another exercise. You may stay in the same place.
Next, here is some feedback from people who experienced this approach:
There is no big difference between how the linguistic structure is applied in common, relaxed trances, as you may have seen in the approach we share with you, there are some “hypnotic language forms” [24] or “Milton Model” patterns [28, 29], such as analogical marks, interspersal, ambiguities (phonological and punctuation), or lack of a referential index, among others.
In addition, the use of posthypnotic suggestions is key to the construction of a good and effective hypnotic script, since you are looking for a “posthypnotic behavior” [30] integrated into the “normal” behavior of the person [5], and there are some suggestions for their usage [3]:
Say them at different times and with depth in the trance session
Express it in different language levels (such as metaphorical, explicit, or with ambiguity)
Express them as a contingent suggestion (the standard form is “next time that you [unavoidable fact], you will [suggestion]”)
Use distinctive nonverbal cues to indicate that suggestion’s importance.
Unestahl [2] states that every time that a posthypnotic suggestion is triggered, a “posthypnotic trance” occurs, providing an opportunity for the person to elicit all the sensations and learning acquired in the hypnotic session and to bring them to a context where they will be useful.
There is a process in our brain called hippocampal offline replay that allows our memory to consolidate while in a sleep state. However, there is evidence suggesting that this process can occur in a special consciousness state (relaxed awake state) to bring back learned behaviors or sequences of thoughts in a shorter period of time [31, 32]. That process may be the one that will help us to consolidate and accomplish our most important goals through active-alert hypnosis, posthypnotic suggestions, and clearer goal setting.
This did not happen with that half-baked goal of mine about “getting some new shoes” because that instruction was not specific enough to obtain the desired result. My hippocampus just replays “new shoes… new shoes” a lot, without any more details, and that is what I obtained in the end. A better hypnotic suggestion might have been the following “buy a pair of new and
Active-alert hypnotic states could be an alternative in some cases where traditional, relaxed-state hypnosis may not be applied. This approach can be used as a tool to guide people to realize how hypnosis could be experienced on a daily basis and as an auto-hypnosis method, making use of posthypnotic trance states.
Reaching a goal requires people to think, to feel, and to act, both consciously and unconsciously. Both active-alert hypnosis and traditional relaxed-state hypnosis help to store goal-seeking information into the unconscious mind in order to encourage the person to reach his/her goals in a nonconscious manner. However, an advantage of active-alert hypnosis is that it seems to increase motivation and energy as well as increasing the probability of producing a state of flow.
According to our experience, this dumbbells technique is an excellent tool helping people to set and achieve their own goals, whatever they are: personal, professional, financial, and health-related ones. Also, in many cases it could produce a flow state characterized by a focused attention and full concentration, merging awareness and action, “freedom” from worries about failure, self-consciousness disappearing, distorted time sense, and auto-rewarding experiences [33]; this flow state leads the person to a higher motivation and energy, augmented self-efficiency perception, mind clarity, and self-control.
AAH could be very useful in high-performance athletes, as has been shown by Unestahl’s research [30]. We have used the dumbbells technique, as a kind of AAH, in several cases of high-performance athletes and sport teams, from amateurs to professionals. The following is a report from a female cyclist who won gold medal in 2018 Pan-American games, who experienced this technique after a session of AAH dumbbells technique:
“I felt all the people in the stadium was screaming, encouraging me… to arrive the finish line in first place… I felt how my legs were stronger and faster as time goes by… once I reached the goal I felt proud, happiness, and a lot of inner peace.”
We invite you to develop your own approaches, keeping in mind that there are many kinds of hypnotic states and that you can elicit those states just by talking, even about something trivial, like your wardrobe, following conversational hypnotic patterns, by reading while your unconscious learns something without you noticing it yet, you know?
The authors have no conflicts of interest.
Two approaches have recently emerged in the psychoanalysis of “identity politics”: on one hand, a series of indictments have been leveraged against identity politics through the avenues of Freudian [1] and Lacano-Marxist analyses [2], and, on the other hand, a series of segmented, fractured forays have facilitated the analysis of identity categories through psychoanalytic constructs [3, 4]. The former undermines the validity of identity politics as a sociopolitical enterprise for comprehending oppression, and the latter renders the phrase “X is a social construct” intelligible in piecemeal psychoanalytic fashion, addressing each identity category (e.g., race, gender, ability, sexual orientation, nationality, and so on) without necessarily considering the intersection of these categories. Neither pathway for theorizing identity politics encounters the Real: the ungraspable, elusive, and traumatic center resisted by identity-based discourse but around which it fundamentally revolves. Through a Derridean-inspired deconstruction, I have developed an “aporia of identity” within which two forces ineluctably conflict with one another for determining the content of marginalized identities, namely intersubjectivity and intersectionality. The Real of identity politics resides here: the irresolvable, unsymbolizable clash between the push-and-pull of identification and disidentification with the symbolic register.
“Identity politics” refers to the progressive Leftist discursive formation that foregrounds the political experience of peripheral subject positions. It forges a binarized system for responding to the fundamental question of identity-based movements: “What does it mean to be X (e.g., black, a woman, disabled/differently-abled, and so on)?” The first type of response submits the individual’s identity to an agreed-upon signifier for collective organization against oppressive apparatuses; that is, individuals identify as “being-black” and “being-a-woman” through intersubjective engagement with political groups. These groups, however, inexorably cultivate a particular image, ideal, or paradigm of being-black and being-a-woman, such that individuals who might not “fit the description” cannot completely or sufficiently identify with the group’s implicit representation of being-X. In the case of “being-a-woman,” the politically-crafted image of womanness often assumes the positionality of white feminists, which, in the mid-to-late twentieth century, implied the positionality of being confined to (re)productive labor within their own homes. Women of color, conversely, labored outside their domiciles for decades, if not centuries, before white feminists demanded the capacity to leave the home for professional reasons [5]. The demands of white feminists in political organizations, thus, neglected the marginalized location of black women, introducing another type of response to the meaning of being-a-woman: intersectionality.
Intersectionality, as the second type of response, emerges at the crossing of the individual’s various marginalized identities, taking into account someone’s situatedness at the intersection of being-black, being-a-woman, being-impoverished, and so on [6]. In order to understand the meaning of being-X, we must also understand the meaning of being-A, being-B, being-C, etc. The aforementioned example of white feminists monopolizing the signification of “woman” demonstrates the necessity of interrogating such a signifier from a multitude of standpoints, including race and class. Even within the available categories of identification, individuals vary along further experiential axes: phenotypic expressions of color, gendered expressions of masculinity/femininity, and economic expressions of affluence/pennilessness to name a few. Discovering the intersection from which an individual’s political experience can be (re)constructed, traced, and investigated, therefore, does not guarantee the capacity to adequately signify the individual’s political experience in the social order. The meaning of being-X within the intersectional refusal of signification reveals the antinomic pole, movement, and determination of identity in the context of political engagement. The first type of response (i.e., submission to the signifier) firmly positions the individual as a political subject with respect to an established symbolic identification, and the second type of response (i.e., resistance to the signifier) loosely positions the individual as a political subject with respect to established symbolic identifications. To be clear, the intersectional inclination to constantly revise signification does not completely dissociate the individual from subjectification; rather, the intersectional push away from identity always corresponds to an intersubjective pull toward identification with additional signifiers.
The Derridean [7, 8] formulation of the “aporia of identity” appears as follows: the conditions for the possibility of being-X are simultaneously the conditions for the impossibility of being-X. The conditions for (im)possibility nominalize the action of identifying with political signifiers, which illuminate the individual’s political experience in the social order while also obscuring it. Invoking signifiers to describe one’s marginalized position, if the aim of identity politics has been accurately formulated, will never suffice: the individual always-already exceeds semiotic circumscription in the symbolic order. There is a remainder, a leftover, a stain evading assimilation into extant identity categories; indeed, the escaping excess should not be condemned, loathed, or castigated because, after all, it fuels the discursive formation of identity politics. Imagine the culmination of identity politics; that is, through a series of hard-nosed, social scientific decisions, we accurately determine the political experience of each and every subject position. In turn, the social order could clearly and distinctly designate individuals as “being-black” or “being-a-woman,” arriving at a definitive framework for assessing whether, for instance, Rachel Dolezal is black or Caitlyn Jenner is a woman. Spelling doom for identity politics, the definitive establishment of meaning for categorical designations inspires a teleological paradox: on the surface, identity politics strives for its dissolution through the clearcut determination of individual experience, but, at its core, identity politics conceals its underlying drive for incompletion, indeterminacy, and gappiness.
The surface-level desire communicates a Sisyphean task: following the establishment of definitions for identity categories, the objectively-excluded remainders will subjectively identify with “improper” categories, re-creating the zero-point of identity politics. The discursive formation of identity politics explicates the political experience of the excluded, those pushed to the periphery by bias, prejudice, and discrimination. Any hard-and-fast categorical demarcation of the excluded, thus, requires the conceptual distinction between extensional (i.e., those falling underneath the signifier/category) and non-extensional content (i.e., those falling outside the signifier/category), perpetually creating an excluded set of people. Trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERFs), for example, determine the boundaries of “being-a-woman” on the basis of innate physiological characteristics for womanness, informed by the primary and secondary sexual characteristics usually attributed to “biological” women. The exclusion concomitant with the biological significance of “woman” represents the form of violence contested by identity politics, which appears at the juncture of every definition for any identity category. The completion of identity politics, in turn, is impossible: the conceptual distinctions required to neatly demarcate political experience would only perpetuate further pockets of exclusion, mandating more conceptual distinctions and categorical designations ad infinitum. What, then, is the goal of identity politics? How can we understand the progression of identity politics in relation to the oppressive organization of the social order? Psychoanalytic allusions to “the Real,” as put forth in Lacanian contexts, offer conceptual resources for pinpointing the positionality and teleology of identity politics with respect to the symbolic register.
The progressive deconstruction of identity categories (network of signifiers) through the invocation of individual experience (the Real) mostly occurs at the precipice of identification with marginalized groups. Consider the following excerpt from Rebecca Tuvel’s “In Defense of Transracialism” (2017) [9]: “[A]s MSNBC contributor Touré put it, [Rachel] Dolezal doesn’t share in ‘the one thing that binds black people,’ namely ‘the experience of racism’” (270). Even though Dolezal appeared to be black through her phenotypic presentation and organizational involvement in the NAACP, those who abhor her racial masquerading often cite a lack of oppression as the reason for her inability to don the signifier “black.” Yet, the chain of signification cascading from “black” encompasses more than “an experience of racism,” especially when non-black racial minorities also confront the oppressive reality of the social order. Other semiotic sources for justifying one’s placement within a racial category might include: self-awareness of ancestry, public awareness of ancestry, self-identification, and culture (ibid). Beyond these indicators for belonging to a particular racial group, the experiential element referenced by the aforementioned MSNBC contributor explodes into an unbounded multiplicity at the intersection of racism with ableism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia, and so on. There seem to be endless possibilities for exploring the meaning of being-black in the various contexts of racism tinged with other forms of oppression, including, potentially, Dolezal’s invention of “being-trans-black” as an excluded category against which discrimination runs rampant [10]. The inexhaustible plenitude of signifiers attributed to any singular identity category raises the following question: within the discursive formation of identity politics, is there any discernible limit to the signification of being-X?
If identity politics maintains its sincere acknowledgement of intersectional modes of oppression, the answer must be “no.” Individual experience, although constrained by the existing order of signifiers for describing marginalized political experience, always-already pushes the prevailing field of signifiers to the Real’s ineffability. Therein resides the (unconscious) death drive of identity politics, continuously overlooked and neglected by previous psychoanalytic forays into the discursive formation; that is, identity politics collides with the Real in its movement toward a fundamental Lacanian doctrine: there is no Other of the Other [11]. Kalpana Seshadri-Crooks [4], in
The unconscious desire of whiteness, thus, discloses the inclination for racial discourse to legitimize oppression in the disguise of non-symbolic, Real distinctions, which Seshadri-Crooks captures with her analysis of phenotypic designations (i.e., hair color, hair texture, facial features, bone structure, etc.) (59). Through the history of racial classification, disparate grounds have been offered for differentiating one race from another: blood (i.e., kinship), phrenology (i.e., skull size/shape), genetics, culture, and physiognomy. The objective foundation of race, in other words, has steadily shifted in its discursive manifestation, and Seshadri-Crooks locates the prevailing justification for racial categorization in phenotypic characteristics. The symbolic identities of “white,” “black,” “Asian,” etc. only maintain their legitimacy if they are perceived to carve nature at its joints, demarcating the Real within the symbolic order. By contrast, if racial categories are purely symbolic (i.e., a network of signifiers assigned to groups on the basis of pre-existing symbolic distinctions), the thin veneer concealing the classification of non-white groups for the sake of oppression would be exposed. Underneath the supposedly, naturally-existing physiological differences, therefore, is the assumed and presupposed superiority of whiteness; that is, Western standards for humanity are revealed as being predicated on the prescription of domineering white comportments (i.e., societal injunctions to write, speak, behave, and think in bourgeois modalities) [4]. Whiteness, ultimately, strives for a wholeness, completeness, and coherency that forecloses the possibility of disruption by the Real: the unconscious drive of whiteness implies the death of the subject (i.e., the site of shifting, changing, and fluctuating signification).
As mentioned earlier, the unconscious desire of whiteness inverts the death drive associated with identity politics. I offer a two-level differentiation of “death drive,” namely in the contexts of accessing jouissance, on one hand, through transgressing an established organization of signification and, on the other hand, through the replication of loss (at the inception of subjectivity) within the drive itself. The inversion between whiteness and identity politics, to invoke the aforementioned schema, occurs at the level of “disorderly conduct” in the symbolic order, as whiteness transgresses the incompleteness of the racial order (e.g., a belief in respecting each and every culture, such as multiculturalism) and identity politics transgresses the completeness of the sociopolitical order. Instead of effacing differences by adhering to a universal regime of (white) humanity, identity politics affirms the fundamental indeterminacy of the social order, or the impossibility of the social order to complete, fulfill, or satisfy itself. No sense-making apparatus can cohesively and coherently package the social order into a unitary entity; rather, a remainder will always-already slip through the cracks, saturate the boundary, and overflow the cup. Intersectionality, as the unlimited, inexhaustible reservoir for individual political experience, continually problematizes the extensionality of the extant field of signifiers, perpetuating the discursive mandate to consider the “inclusivity” of categories for various marginalized groups. To be clear, though, intersectionality remains inextricably tied to the intersubjective regime of sociopolitical signifiers, establishing long-lasting anchoring points in the symbolic order.
Two notable psychoanalytic interrogations of identity politics, however, dispute the existence of its intersubjective dimension: Howard Schwartz’s
Schwartz [1], in short, disagrees with the anti-Oedipal (non-)logic of political correctness and identity politics: “What the paternal function accomplishes, the creation of social order based on mutual comprehensibility … the doctrine of microaggression, playing out the anti-Oedipal dynamics of political correctness, undoes” (55). In the process of eschewing the comprehensible structure of intersubjective reality, so the thinking goes, identity politics enables and justifies individualistic determinations of meaning based on marginalized subject positions: microaggressions, implicit biases, hidden prejudices, etc. The meaning of language is displaced from explicit linguistic content to implicit linguistic suggestions, such that an attribution of “articulateness” and “intelligence” to a person of color is interpreted as offensive rather than complimentary. Marginalized individuals determine the meaning of expressions, imputing and definitively establishing a particular interpretation of language based on background presuppositions. As a result, the individual becomes the fount of meaning, truth, and reality, recalling the pre-Oedipal position of primary narcissism: “The imaginary is presided over by the primitive mother, whose love validates us in our individuality” [1]. If the marginalized individual perceives, experiences, confronts, or encounters intersubjective reality in a specific manner, the individual’s interpretation trumps any contrasting intersubjective interpretation (i.e., esse est. percipi). As Schwartz notes, “Political correctness is a bid for hegemony in the name of this primitive mother, expelling the father and undermining the paternal function. As such, it is a bid for the destruction of the symbolic” (ibid).
In particular, Schwartz rejects the arbitrary, individualized re-signification of “man” and “woman” for transgender identity. He refuses to acknowledge the legitimacy of Caitlyn Jenner’s status as a (trans-)woman: “Consider the case of Bruce Jenner, who now declares that he wants to be called Catelyn [sic] … He is a woman in a man’s body, he says … What can it mean to say that a body is a woman’s body if the person with that body can be a man? … It seems that the words ‘man’ and ‘woman’ have lost their meaning” (37-38). The tension within the intersectional, experiential disruption of established, intersubjective signification appears in the aforementioned case; that is, Caitlyn Jenner asserts her feeling of being-a-woman in contrast to her subjectification by the signifier “man,” which diametrically opposes the identification with womanness in the Western binary of gender. Schwartz detests the intersectional modification of signifiers in the symbolic order because the undisturbed, prevailing organization of signification makes meaning, identification, and intelligibility possible in general. If children are not presented with clear-cut, defined gender roles for emulation, they will inevitably lack a sense of self and situatedness within the world: “Am I a boy or girl, the child wants to know, and the answer to this helps him to build a sense of himself in relation to the world, and an idea of what he is supposed to do in it” (38). Unfortunately for Schwartz, his idealistic conception of the post-Oedipal symbolic order closely resembles his psychoanalytic caricature of identity politics as a replication of pre-Oedipal primary narcissism.
First and foremost, though, Schwartz downplays the intersubjective “pull” implicit within the intersectional “push” of identity politics discourse. Even if Schwartz cannot coherently envision a “man” identifying as a “woman,” he poses a false dichotomy for the meaning of signifiers, namely signifiers are either meaningful (i.e., retain the original signified) or meaningless (i.e., retain no durable, long-lasting signified). He simply excludes any semiotic process of garnering newfound meaning for signifiers. Instead of making the signifiers of “man” and “woman” meaningless, the identity category of transgender adds and subtracts a series of significations originally residing within the overarching chain of gender binarization, which conceals the discursive mandate that someone is either a man or a woman for the duration of his or her life, and these dichotomous positions cannot be exchanged with one another. The intersectional modification of gender, thus, is merely a re-signification, involving the maintenance of extant terms for describing gender while altering their linguistic content. Schwartz overlooks the intersubjective dimension baked into the intersectional process of resignification itself. Second, as mentioned above, Schwartz idealizes the post-Oedipal symbolic order in such a manner that mimics the alleged pre-Oedipal primary narcissism attributed to identity politics discourse. Both resist the destabilizing register of the Real, such that Schwartz staticizes the social order to the same degree that the narcissistic child idealizes the primordial mother.
Why does Schwartz imagine the social order, prior to the introduction of political correctness and identity politics, as a synchronized, harmonious, and infallible system? In this sense, political correctness and identity politics represent the only obstacle to society’s smooth functionality. This cannot possibly be true. There are plenty of institutional factors that prevent the smooth functionality of society (e.g., bureaucratic red tape, corruption, miscommunication, etc.), but Schwartz has latched onto the factor (i.e., political correctness and identity politics) that most acutely threatens his access to the primordial mother, the institutional legitimacy associated with his academic accolades. Schwartz reveals his personal stake in the project of discrediting and dismantling identity-based discourse: his strategy for attaining mother’s love (i.e., identification with the post-Oedipal father) is invalidated by political correctness and identity politics. If the academy is fraught with white privilege and racism, Schwartz’s accomplishments suddenly become impugned, which, in turn, calls into question his entire career. This should explain, for the most part, why Schwartz’s first scholarly foray into political correctness studied its impact on the university [12]. Just as Seshadri-Crooks’s [4] account of whiteness demonstrates its unconscious desire for achieving wholeness through a particular image of humanity, Schwartz unconsciously desires a complete symbolic order that denies the existence of Reality (i.e., the destabilizing, disruptive force of jouissance) and ensures the death of the subject (i.e., the lack of a lack or a missing signifier). In general, he violently assimilates the remainder of subjectivity into the extant identity categories of the symbolic order, foreclosing the possibility of the subject’s engagement in the political from her individual standpoint.
Albeit not advocating for the preservation of the extant social order, Žižek [2]takes issue with the “individual standpoint” of identity-based discourse from which demands are made upon the political. In
Žižek, thus, neglects the unconscious desire residing within the discursive formation of identity politics, involving the exposure of the social order’s incompleteness (in contrast to suturing – that is, attempting to complete, finalize, or totally and definitively determine – the social order in a manner that resembles the discursive formation of whiteness). Even though identity-based discourse presupposes the pervasiveness and ubiquitous nature of oppression experienced by marginalized groups (i.e., enabling its identification of transnational forms of marginalization), intersectionality routinely usurps the intersubjective agreement underlying individuals’ identifications with existing categorization schemas. In turn, identity politics undercuts itself through the destabilization of agreed-upon narratives concerning oppression, such that racism, xenophobia, transphobia, ableism, etc. function in a similar fashion across disparate contexts but differ in functionality at the intersection of individual political experience. To put otherwise, the extimate aspect of the Real belonging to identity politics, at its zero-point, structures the semiotic field of differential relations while also, at the same level, representing the discursive point at which the semiotic field loses coherency.
The neologism of “extimacy” signifies the most intimate aspect of a discursive formation, organizing and managing the semiotic relations between each term’s signified and the master signifier, and the excluded middle from the core of a discursive formation, representing the Thing around which a discourse revolves and from which a discourse requires the greatest amount of distance to maintain the fantasy of consistency. Žižek [13], in
Intersectionality introduces an aleatory element into the discursive formation of identity politics, unknowingly yet always residing in the background of signification (i.e., the unconscious). Žižek’s imputation of sterility to identity politics, then, misses the death drive lurking underneath the facade of a tranquil exterior. It is not the case that identity politics merely leaves things as they are; instead, it contains a disruptive force (i.e., intersectionality) that impugns the field of signification within the extant social order. For a similar reason, the piecemeal approach that filters identity categories (e.g., race and gender) through existing psychoanalytic concepts excludes the extimacy of identity politics, or the intersectional indeterminacy of meaning according to individual experience. Seshadri-Crooks’s [4] psychoanalytic intervention into the concept of “race,” albeit instructive and facilitative for expressing the extimacy of whiteness, emblematizes the problematic character of the gradual approach to psychoanalyzing identity politics, such that Seshadri-Crooks reveals the purely symbolic character of racial distinctions in a vacuum (i.e., abstracted from other forms of identification that constitute the meaning of racial distinctions). Her (dis)closure of racial signification within the social order denies the complexity associated with the Real of intersectionality. Furthermore, her analysis of “whiteness” unwittingly reproduces its unconscious desire by obscuring the Real(ity) of identity politics; that is, after exposing the lack of the Real at the heart of whiteness (i.e., the unfounded character of phenotypic distinctions between racial groups), Seshadri-Crooks does not necessarily produce an “anxious” reaction in its adherents (i.e., an encounter with the lack of a lack) because the Real of identity politics remains a feasible option for whiteness to legitimize itself.
In turn, a more comprehensive psychoanalysis of the relationship between systems of oppression, including whiteness, and the dimensions of identity politics, including intersectionality, must be conducted. Even though Seshadri-Crooks and others (e.g., Juliet Flower MacCannell [3], Joan Copjec [14], etc.) have blazed the trail for the psychoanalysis of identity-based discourse, intersectionality offers a novel pathway for understanding its intricacies while also, unfortunately, providing a dangerous source of justification for oppressive apparatuses. For instance, the analyses of race and gender undertaken by psychoanalysts illuminate the heinous characters of whiteness, patriarchy, and neoliberalism, but the intersectional analysis of “being-black,” “being-a-man,” and “being-impoverished,” for instance, has inspired a rational calculus for coding and assessing the likelihood of an individual’s deviance from the mandates of the social order. To put otherwise, the Real of identity politics enables resistance against oppressive apparatuses by tracing patterns of marginalization, but it also enables the smooth functionality of these apparatuses by isolating and identifying potential “threats” to its reproduction. As Seshadri-Crooks [4] notes, whiteness appropriates the Real for the sake of fortifying its logic of domination, and the discursive element of intersectionality represents another avenue for co-opting the Real in order to bolster itself (59). I will pursue a contemporary pathway to make sense of the aforementioned phenomenon: a (psycho)analysis of racism in American public discourse with respect to the murder of an unarmed black man.
A series of questions are asked by the American public when a police officer kills an unarmed black citizen. Each of these questions reveals a network of signifiers within which the prevailing ideological apparatus makes sense of the killing; that is, these questions disclose an underlying layer of assumptions pertaining to the (wrongful) actions of the deceased. The field of signification, in short, is always-already predisposed to attribute blame, guilt, and fault to the “suspect” as opposed to the law enforcer. In particular, I will analyze the case of Ahmaud Arbery, who was killed by an ex-police officer and his son while jogging through a suburban neighborhood in Brunswick, Georgia. Due to spatial constraints, I will only address one of the questions normally asked by the American public in the aftermath of a provocative civilian/law enforcement interaction. This question, however, most centrally relates to the aforementioned problem of the symbolic appropriation of the Real, namely the ways in which the master signifier claims the Real for itself and its logic of domination.
After the lethal encounter between law enforcers and unarmed black citizens, some might ask: could the deceased have avoided the encounter with law enforcement? Instead of exhibiting a pattern of racial animus, as the thinking goes, the policing apparatus coincidentally kills unarmed black citizens. It is merely a case of being “at the wrong place at the wrong time.” If Arbery had not jogged through that particular residential area on that particular day, according to the modal assumptions underlying the question, he would not have been killed. This mode of rationalizing the death of Arbery, however, fails to pierce the veil of contingency that conceals the necessity of policing in its targeting and racial profiling of black citizens. In other words, the chain of signification linking “black” with “criminality” makes the racist attributions of “dangerous,” “aggressive,” and “unreasonable” possible across every context within which a law enforcer interacts with black citizens. The motivation for the shooters pursuing Arbery after spotting him in their neighborhood, after all, was the universal instantiation of blackness in the particular body of Ahmaud Arbery. The irrelevant spatiotemporal particularity obscures the relevant particularity of Arbery’s embodiment; that is, the relevant particular is mediated by the universal and vice versa. Arbery’s exhibition of blackness sufficiently incited the shooters’ mobilization and persecution without consideration for his particular manifestation of blackness. Indeed, one of the shooters was accused of using racial epithets while standing over Arbery’s deceased body, indicating his general racial animus in contrast to a specific concern for Arbery’s presence in the neighborhood [15].
As particularity serves as an ideological conduit for universality, contingency serves as an ideological conduit for necessity. The former case demonstrates the intimate connection between the universal property of “blackness” and the particular subject who happens to bear the universal property, such that the latter becomes the central locus for explicating the authority of law enforcement and the former becomes a secondary, coincidental concern. Similarly, as Žižek [13] notes, the contingent and necessary co-constitute one another in a dialectical fashion, but the pinnacle of necessity presents itself as contingency: “the acme of the dialectic of necessity and contingency arrives in the assertion of the contingent character of necessity as such” (36). By making sense of Arbery’s death through the “wrong place, wrong time” explanation, the invocation of contingency masks the underlying necessity associated with the semiotics of policing. Neither the place nor the time captures the fatal confluence of events leading to Arbery’s death; rather, an explanation beginning from the standpoint of Arbery’s particular manifestation of the universal property of “blackness” more accurately pinpoints the causal chain of events culminating in Arbery’s death. Additionally, the dialectical interaction between necessity and contingency appears in the context of, what I call, “statistical intersectionality.” At the conclusion of the previous section, I discussed the ways in which the Real often becomes coopted by the symbolic order for the sake of fortifying itself against dissension. Seshadri-Crooks [4], for instance, identified the appropriation of phenotypic differences between races in order to validate the persistence of racial classifications in naturalistic discourse. The symbolic, in short, shapes the Real to justify its supremacy, and the Real of identity politics (i.e., intersectionality) is no different.
With the advent of intersectional analyses of oppression, the assailed symbolic order has incorporated the categorical designations of intersectionality into statistical descriptions of criminality, violence, and aggression. “Black-on-black crime” is a striking example of the symbolic appropriation of intersectionality by whiteness [16]. Intersectionality, to reiterate, foregrounds an analysis of identity-based oppression at the crossing-point of marginalized signifiers; in turn, black-on-black crime (which also carries the assumption of male-on-male violence) adopts the perspective of intersectionality (through a concerted effort to understand the political situation of black identity in America) in order to demonstrate the extraordinary violence within black communities, absolving whiteness of any historical or contemporary role. Racial injustice is not the problem, as black-on-black crime indicates; instead, the black community sows the seeds of its own destruction. There is a litany of issues with the signifier at issue, but I would like to focus on the position of black-on-black crime within the dialectic of necessity and contingency. In Lacanian terms, “contingency” represents the saturation point, remainder, and leftover component of “necessity” as an ideological narrative, an implicit extension of Žižek’s Hegelian analysis. Necessity disguises itself through the semblance of contingency: black-on-black crime highlights the violence emanating from within the black community, an internal chain of cause and effect wholly unaffected by external factors (i.e., racism, over-policing, poverty, etc.). Black communities, to fully present the racist presupposition underneath the signifier at hand, are said to ultimately introduce, choose, and foster criminality within their neighborhoods, selecting a non-necessary, contingent formation of social organization.
Historical forces that constitute the overwhelming influence of “necessity” on the formation of black communities (e.g., slavery, redlining, segregation, etc.) become blurred by the rationalization of black-on-black crime as a “contingent” explication of troublesome conditions in black communities. As contingency entirely supplants necessity, black communities (in accordance with the aforementioned narrative) could have constructed themselves in a different fashion, but they simply chose to be violent, dangerous, and crime-ridden. Black-on-black crime, in effect, effaces the historical discrimination preceding and currently surrounding the construction of black communities, localizing criminality within the black body itself and again completing the chain of signification linking those signifiers. Arbery’s case does not stray from the demonstrated play of necessity and contingency. The fantastical motto of “wrong place, wrong time” shifts blame from a racially-motivated law enforcement system (necessity) to a black man jogging through a neighborhood (contingency), such that citizens can inquire into the contingency of Arbery’s actions while, in the background, hinting at the necessity of his vulnerability: “what was he even doing there?,” “why didn’t he jog in his own neighborhood?,” “couldn’t he have jogged elsewhere?”
I have briefly indicated the subtle manner through which the symbolic order of whiteness weaponizes the Real for its own justification (i.e., statistical intersectionality). This analysis only arises from the presuppositions presented at the beginning of my investigation. First, identity politics taps into the Real through its dialectic of intersubjectivity and intersectionality, as the latter represents the death drive of the former. Second, recent psychoanalytic forays into the discursive formation of identity politics have proven woefully insufficient for capturing its unconscious machinations: a surface-level affirmation to discern the meaning of being-X with, simultaneously, the undermining, subterranean negation of any discernible meaning for being-X. Those who deny the validity of identity politics (Schwartz and Žižek) overlook its destabilizing tendencies, and those who embrace the validity of identity politics (Seshadri-Crooks and MacCannell) overlook the importance of intersectionality in determining (and making indeterminate) the meaning of identity in the political. Finally, the Real of identity politics has become the instrument for legitimizing the symbolic order: through intersectional analyses of violence (e.g., black-on-black crime), a series of oppressive apparatuses, such as over-policing, have been thoroughly legitimized. Future psychoanalytic investigations should adopt a similar methodological approach, namely through a recognition of identity politics as a destabilizing force in relation to the symbolic order and, resultantly, an acknowledgement of the symbolic order’s manipulation of identity politics.
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His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and 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possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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