Representative architectures of GANs in recent years.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-150-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-149-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-151-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7409b2acd5150a93004300800918b736",bookSignature:"Prof. Karmen Pažek",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10548.jpg",keywords:"Lean Manufacturing, Agriculture, Production and Process, Costs Reduction, Lean Principles, Industry, Tools, Implementation, Sustainability, Modeling, Environment, Planning",numberOfDownloads:11,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 20th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 17th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 16th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 6th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 5th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Pažek is Head of the undergraduate study program Agricultural economics and rural development and Vice-dean for education. She is the author or co-author of 61 scientific papers, 6 scientific books, and 24 book chapters.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"179642",title:"Prof.",name:"Karmen",middleName:null,surname:"Pažek",slug:"karmen-pazek",fullName:"Karmen Pažek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179642/images/system/179642.jpg",biography:"Karmen Pažek achieved her Ph.D. at University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture in 2006. She is active as Full Professor for Farm management in the Department for Agriculture Economics and Rural Development on Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor. Her research includes development of decision support tools and systems for farm management (simulation modeling, multi-criteria decision analysis, option models, investment analysis) and economics of agricultural production. She is involved in teaching activities as thesis supervisor at postgraduate study programs and involved in national and international research projects. She is author or coauthor of 61 scientific papers (including 34 papers in journals with impact factor), 6 scientific books and 24 book chapters. Currently she is Head of the undergraduate study program Agricultural economics and rural development and Vice dean for education. \r\n\r\nAcademic activities\r\nResearch:\r\n-\tFarm management\r\n-\tDecision support, simulation, forecasting, multi criteria decision making in the area of agriculture with emphasis on field crops, farm tourism and fruit producon\r\n\r\nCurrent Research work:\r\n- Financial parameters assessment based on perfect and in-perfect information in agrifood \r\n systems \r\n- Option modeling of agrifood projects\r\n-\tEfficiency assessment in farm tourism \r\n-\tEfficiency of sugar beet production systems \r\n\r\nTeaching:\r\nUndergraduate Programmes and Courses\r\n-\tFarm management I and II\r\n-\tIntroduction to decision theory\r\n-\tOrganic fam management\r\n-\tManagement od supplementary activities\r\n-\tEconomics and management of rural tourism\r\n-\tSelected issues in agricultural entrepreneurship\r\n\r\nMaster Programmes and Courses\r\n\r\n-\tResearch methods in farm management\r\n-\tDecision theory\r\n-\tProject planning and quality management\r\n-\tOrganic fam management\r\n\r\n \r\nPhD Programme and Course\r\n\r\n-\tProject management (transferable skills)\r\n-\tSelected issues in farm management",institutionString:"University of Maribor",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"74769",title:"Development of Integrated Lean Six Sigma-Baldrige Framework for Manufacturing Waste Minimization: A Case of NAS Foods Plc",slug:"development-of-integrated-lean-six-sigma-baldrige-framework-for-manufacturing-waste-minimization-a-c",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"27590",title:"Submarine Mass Movements: Sedimentary Characterization and Controlling Factors",doi:"10.5772/25635",slug:"submarine-mass-movements-sedimentary-characterization-and-controlling-factors",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/27590.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27590",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27590",totalDownloads:2466,totalViews:74,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"January 28th 2011",dateReviewed:"July 1st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 3rd 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/27590",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/27590",book:{slug:"earth-sciences"},signatures:"Gemma Ercilla and David Casas",authors:[{id:"63959",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Ercilla",fullName:"Gemma Ercilla",slug:"gemma-ercilla",email:"gemma@icm.csic.es",position:null,institution:{name:"Spanish National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"69844",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Casas",fullName:"David Casas",slug:"david-casas",email:"d.casas@igme.es",position:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Geológico y Minero de España",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"621",title:"Earth Sciences",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Earth Sciences",slug:"earth-sciences",publishedDate:"February 3rd 2012",bookSignature:"Imran Ahmad Dar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/621.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64247",title:"Dr.",name:"Imran Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"imran-ahmad-dar",fullName:"Imran Ahmad Dar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"27585",title:"The Expanding International Coal Market",slug:"the-expanding-international-coal-market",totalDownloads:2374,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jude Clemente",authors:[{id:"63415",title:"Mr.",name:"Jude",middleName:null,surname:"Clemente",fullName:"Jude Clemente",slug:"jude-clemente"}]},{id:"27586",title:"Weathering Indices for Assessment of Weathering Effect and Classification of Weathered Rocks: A Case Study from NE Turkey",slug:"weathering-indices-for-assessment-of-weathering-effect-and-classification-of-weathered-rocks-a-case-",totalDownloads:8431,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Sener Ceryan",authors:[{id:"64382",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sener",middleName:null,surname:"Ceryan",fullName:"Sener Ceryan",slug:"sener-ceryan"}]},{id:"27587",title:"The Effectiveness of Petrified Wood as a Geobiological Portal to Increase Public Understanding of Geologic Time, Fossilization, and Evolution",slug:"the-effectiveness-of-petrified-wood-as-a-geobiological-portal-to-increase-public-understanding-of-ge",totalDownloads:1634,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Renee M. Clary and James H. Wandersee",authors:[{id:"71240",title:"Dr.",name:"Renee",middleName:null,surname:"Clary",fullName:"Renee Clary",slug:"renee-clary"}]},{id:"27588",title:"Debris Flow Phenomena: A Short Overview?",slug:"debris-flow-phenomena-a-short-overview-",totalDownloads:2964,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Chiara Calligaris and Luca Zini",authors:[{id:"79309",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",middleName:null,surname:"Calligaris",fullName:"Chiara Calligaris",slug:"chiara-calligaris"}]},{id:"27589",title:"Heat-Transfer-Model Analysis of the Thermal Effect of Intrusive Sills on Organic-Rich Host Rocks in Sedimentary Basins",slug:"heat-transfer-model-analysis-of-the-thermal-effect-of-intrusive-sills-on-organic-rich-host-rocks-in-",totalDownloads:2037,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dayong Wang, Minglong Zhao and Tian Qi",authors:[{id:"72134",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Dayong Wang",slug:"dayong-wang"}]},{id:"27590",title:"Submarine Mass Movements: Sedimentary Characterization and Controlling Factors",slug:"submarine-mass-movements-sedimentary-characterization-and-controlling-factors",totalDownloads:2466,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gemma Ercilla and David Casas",authors:[{id:"63959",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Ercilla",fullName:"Gemma Ercilla",slug:"gemma-ercilla"},{id:"69844",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Casas",fullName:"David Casas",slug:"david-casas"}]},{id:"27591",title:"Self-Organization of the Khibiny Alkaline Massif (Kola Peninsula, Russia)",slug:"self-organization-of-the-khibiny-alkaline-massif-kola-peninsula-russia-",totalDownloads:1774,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Gregory Ivanyuk, Victor Yakovenchuk, Yakov Pakhomovsky, Natalya Konoplyova, Andrei Kalashnikov, Julia Mikhailova and Pavel Goryainov",authors:[{id:"65695",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanyuk",fullName:"Gregory Ivanyuk",slug:"gregory-ivanyuk"},{id:"68621",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Yakovenchuk",fullName:"Victor Yakovenchuk",slug:"victor-yakovenchuk"},{id:"68623",title:"Dr.",name:"Nataliya",middleName:null,surname:"Konoplyova",fullName:"Nataliya Konoplyova",slug:"nataliya-konoplyova"},{id:"68624",title:"Dr.",name:"Yakov",middleName:null,surname:"Pakhomovsky",fullName:"Yakov Pakhomovsky",slug:"yakov-pakhomovsky"},{id:"68625",title:"Dr.",name:"Anfdrei",middleName:null,surname:"Kalashnikov",fullName:"Anfdrei Kalashnikov",slug:"anfdrei-kalashnikov"},{id:"68626",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavel",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Goryainov",fullName:"Pavel Goryainov",slug:"pavel-goryainov"},{id:"68628",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuliya",middleName:null,surname:"Mikhailova",fullName:"Yuliya Mikhailova",slug:"yuliya-mikhailova"}]},{id:"27592",title:"Seismic Imaging of Microblocks and Weak Zones in the Crust Beneath the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau",slug:"seismic-imaging-of-microblocks-and-weak-zones-in-the-crust-beneath-the-southeastern-margin-of-the-ti",totalDownloads:1466,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Haijiang Zhang, Steve Roecker, Clifford H. Thurber and Weijun Wang",authors:[{id:"71921",title:"Dr.",name:"Haijiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Haijiang Zhang",slug:"haijiang-zhang"}]},{id:"27593",title:"Advances and Challenges of Reservoir Characterization: A Review of the Current State-of-the-Art",slug:"advances-and-challenges-of-reservoir-characterization-a-review-of-the-current-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:8260,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ailin Jia, Dongbo He and Chengye Jia",authors:[{id:"66505",title:"Prof.",name:"Ailin",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",fullName:"Ailin Jia",slug:"ailin-jia"}]},{id:"27594",title:"Mechanisms and Effective Prevention of Damage for Formations with Low-Porosity and Low-Permeability",slug:"mechanisms-and-effective-prevention-of-damage-for-formations-with-low-porosity-and-low-permeability",totalDownloads:2989,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jienian Yan and Jiaojiao Geng",authors:[{id:"70762",title:"Dr.",name:"Jienian",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Jienian Yan",slug:"jienian-yan"},{id:"71023",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiaojiao",middleName:null,surname:"Geng",fullName:"Jiaojiao Geng",slug:"jiaojiao-geng"}]},{id:"27595",title:"Application of Hagedoorn’s Plus-Minus Method to Hydrology Study",slug:"application-of-hagedoorn-s-plus-minus-method-to-hydrology-study",totalDownloads:2605,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jiandang Ge",authors:[{id:"65410",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiandang",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Jiandang Ge",slug:"jiandang-ge"}]},{id:"27596",title:"Responses of River Deltas to Sea-Level and Supply Forcing: Autostratigraphic View",slug:"responses-of-river-deltas-to-sea-level-and-supply-forcing-autostratigraphic-view",totalDownloads:2362,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"T. Muto, A.L. Petter, R.J. Steel, J.B. Swenson, A. Tomer and G. Parker",authors:[{id:"67415",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuji",middleName:null,surname:"Muto",fullName:"Tetsuji Muto",slug:"tetsuji-muto"}]},{id:"27597",title:"Numerical Geodynamic Modeling of Continental Convergent Margins",slug:"numerical-geodynamic-modeling-of-continental-convergent-margins",totalDownloads:1538,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Zhonghai Li, Zhiqin Xu and Taras Gerya",authors:[{id:"66906",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhong-Hai",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Zhong-Hai Li",slug:"zhong-hai-li"},{id:"116531",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhiqin",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Zhiqin Xu",slug:"zhiqin-xu"},{id:"116533",title:"Prof.",name:"Taras",middleName:null,surname:"Gerya",fullName:"Taras Gerya",slug:"taras-gerya"}]},{id:"27598",title:"The Thermogeographic Model in Paleogeography: Application of an Abiotic Model to a Plate Tectonic World",slug:"the-thermogeographic-model-in-paleogeography-application-of-an-abiotic-model-to-a-plate-tectonic-wor",totalDownloads:1945,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lee-Ann C. Hayek and Walter H. Adey",authors:[{id:"65332",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",middleName:null,surname:"Adey",fullName:"Walter Adey",slug:"walter-adey"},{id:"117553",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee-Ann C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hayek",fullName:"Lee-Ann C. Hayek",slug:"lee-ann-c.-hayek"}]},{id:"27599",title:"Mesothermal Lode Gold Deposit Central Belt Peninsular Malaysia",slug:"mesothermal-lode-gold-deposit-central-belt-peninsular-malaysia",totalDownloads:10356,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kamar Shah Ariffin",authors:[{id:"65772",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamar Shah",middleName:null,surname:"Ariffin",fullName:"Kamar Shah Ariffin",slug:"kamar-shah-ariffin"}]},{id:"27600",title:"Computer Aided Ore Body Modelling and Mine Valuation",slug:"computer-aided-ore-body-modelling-and-mine-valuation",totalDownloads:7539,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kaan Erarslan",authors:[{id:"65290",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaan",middleName:null,surname:"Erarslan",fullName:"Kaan Erarslan",slug:"kaan-erarslan"}]},{id:"27601",title:"Mud Volcano and Its Evolution",slug:"mud-volcano-and-its-evolution",totalDownloads:5043,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Bambang P. Istadi, Handoko T. Wibowo, Edy Sunardi, Soffian Hadi and Nurrochmat Sawolo",authors:[{id:"60519",title:"Mr",name:"Bambang",middleName:null,surname:"Istadi",fullName:"Bambang Istadi",slug:"bambang-istadi"},{id:"60529",title:"Mr.",name:"Nurrochmat",middleName:null,surname:"Sawolo",fullName:"Nurrochmat Sawolo",slug:"nurrochmat-sawolo"},{id:"127917",title:"MSc.",name:"Handoko",middleName:"Teguh",surname:"Wibowo",fullName:"Handoko Wibowo",slug:"handoko-wibowo"},{id:"127918",title:"Dr.",name:"Edy",middleName:null,surname:"Sunardi",fullName:"Edy Sunardi",slug:"edy-sunardi"},{id:"127919",title:"Mr.",name:"Soffian",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",fullName:"Soffian Hadi",slug:"soffian-hadi"}]},{id:"27602",title:"Xujiaweizi Rift Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Group Volcanic Sequence Stratigraphic Features",slug:"xujiaweizi-rift-lower-cretaceous-yingcheng-group-volcanic-sequence-stratigraphic-features",totalDownloads:2033,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhang Yuangao, Chen Shumin, Feng Zhiqiang, Jiang Chuanjin Zhang Erhua, Xin Zhaokun and Dai Shili",authors:[{id:"72093",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",middleName:null,surname:"Yuangao",fullName:"Zhang Yuangao",slug:"zhang-yuangao"},{id:"119233",title:"Dr.",name:"Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Shumin",fullName:"Chen Shumin",slug:"chen-shumin"},{id:"119245",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiang",middleName:null,surname:"Chuanjin",fullName:"Jiang Chuanjin",slug:"jiang-chuanjin"},{id:"119319",title:"MSc.",name:"Xin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhaokun",fullName:"Xin Zhaokun",slug:"xin-zhaokun"},{id:"119320",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhiqiang",fullName:"Feng Zhiqiang",slug:"feng-zhiqiang"},{id:"119321",title:"MSc.",name:"Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Shili",fullName:"Dai Shili",slug:"dai-shili"},{id:"119322",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",middleName:null,surname:"Erhua",fullName:"Zhang Erhua",slug:"zhang-erhua"}]},{id:"27603",title:"Laser Altimetry: What Can Be Learned About Geology and Surface Processes from Detailed Topography",slug:"laser-altimetry-what-can-be-learned-about-geology-and-surface-processes-from-detailed-topography",totalDownloads:1903,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tim Webster",authors:[{id:"71734",title:"Dr.",name:"Tim",middleName:null,surname:"Webster",fullName:"Tim Webster",slug:"tim-webster"}]},{id:"27604",title:"Remote Predictive Mapping: An Approach for the Geological Mapping of Canada’s Arctic",slug:"remote-predictive-mapping-an-approach-for-the-geological-mapping-of-canada-s-arctic",totalDownloads:1947,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"J. R. Harris, E. Schetselaar and P. Behnia",authors:[{id:"63447",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeff",middleName:null,surname:"Harris",fullName:"Jeff Harris",slug:"jeff-harris"}]},{id:"27605",title:"Monitoring of Heavy Metal Concentration in Groundwater of Mamundiyar Basin, India",slug:"monitoring-of-heavy-metal-concentration-in-groundwater-of-mamundiyar-basin-india",totalDownloads:2134,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Imran Ahmad Dar, K. Sankar, Dimitris Alexakis and Mithas Ahmad Dar",authors:[{id:"64247",title:"Dr.",name:"Imran Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",fullName:"Imran Ahmad Dar",slug:"imran-ahmad-dar"}]},{id:"27606",title:"Age Dating of Middle-Distillate Fuels Released to the Subsurface Environment",slug:"age-dating-of-middle-distillate-fuels-released-to-the-subsurface-environment",totalDownloads:6417,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Gil Oudijk",authors:[{id:"73697",title:"Mr.",name:"Gil",middleName:null,surname:"Oudijk",fullName:"Gil Oudijk",slug:"gil-oudijk"}]},{id:"27607",title:"Geology and Geomorphology in Landscape Ecological Analysis for Forest Conservation and Hazard and Risk Assessment, Illustrated with Mexican Case Histories",slug:"geology-and-geomorphology-in-landscape-ecological-analysis-for-forest-conservation-and-hazard-and-ri",totalDownloads:2902,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"María Concepción García-Aguirre, Román Álvarez and Fernando Aceves",authors:[{id:"71409",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"GarcĂa-Aguirre",fullName:"GarcĂa-Aguirre",slug:"garcaa-aguirre"}]},{id:"27608",title:"Radiolarian Age Constraints of Mid-Cretaceous Black Shales in Northern Tunisia",slug:"radiolarian-age-constraints-of-mid-cretaceous-black-shales-in-northern-tunisia",totalDownloads:4380,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ben Fadhel Moez, Soua Mohamed, Zouaghi Taher, Layeb, Mohsen, Amri Ahlem and Ben Youssef Mohamed",authors:[{id:"39860",title:"Dr.",name:"Taher",middleName:null,surname:"Zouaghi",fullName:"Taher Zouaghi",slug:"taher-zouaghi"},{id:"101309",title:"Dr.",name:"Moez",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Fadhel",fullName:"Moez Ben Fadhel",slug:"moez-ben-fadhel"}]},{id:"27609",title:"Miogypsinid Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy from the Oligocene to Miocene Sedimentary Rocks in the Tethys Region",slug:"miogypsinid-foraminiferal-biostratigraphy-from-the-oligocene-to-miocene-sedimentary-rocks-in-the-tet",totalDownloads:2460,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kuniteru Matsumaru",authors:[{id:"101793",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuniteru",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumaru",fullName:"Kuniteru Matsumaru",slug:"kuniteru-matsumaru"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1882",title:"Earth and Environmental Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08e8b418978309cbc096cae436e41c6",slug:"earth-and-environmental-sciences",bookSignature:"Imran Ahmad Dar and Mithas Ahmad Dar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1882.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64247",title:"Dr.",name:"Imran Ahmad",surname:"Dar",slug:"imran-ahmad-dar",fullName:"Imran Ahmad Dar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"24548",title:"Geophysics and Wine in New Zealand",slug:"geophysics-and-wine-in-new-zealand",signatures:"Stephen P. Imre and Jeffrey L. Mauk",authors:[{id:"65122",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Imre",fullName:"Stephen Imre",slug:"stephen-imre"}]},{id:"24549",title:"Geological Carbon Dioxide Storage in Mexico: A First Approximation",slug:"geological-carbon-dioxide-storage-in-mexico-a-first-approximation",signatures:"Oscar Jiménez, Moisés Dávila, Vicente Arévalo, Erik Medina and Reyna Castro",authors:[{id:"65352",title:"MSc.",name:"Moises",middleName:null,surname:"Davila",fullName:"Moises Davila",slug:"moises-davila"},{id:"72440",title:"Prof.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez",fullName:"Oscar Jimenez",slug:"oscar-jimenez"},{id:"121474",title:"BSc.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Arevalo",fullName:"Vicente Arevalo",slug:"vicente-arevalo"},{id:"121475",title:"BSc.",name:"Reyna",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",fullName:"Reyna Castro",slug:"reyna-castro"},{id:"121476",title:"BSc.",name:"Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Medina",fullName:"Erik Medina",slug:"erik-medina"}]},{id:"24550",title:"Late Proterozoic – Paleozoic Geology of the Golan Heights and Its Relation to the Surrounding Arabian Platform",slug:"late-proterozoic-paleozoic-geology-of-the-golan-heights-and-its-relation-to-the-surrounding-arabian-",signatures:"Miki Meiler, Moshe Reshef and Haim Shulman",authors:[{id:"65553",title:"Dr.",name:"Miki",middleName:null,surname:"Meiler",fullName:"Miki Meiler",slug:"miki-meiler"},{id:"71101",title:"Prof.",name:"Moshe",middleName:null,surname:"Reshef",fullName:"Moshe Reshef",slug:"moshe-reshef"},{id:"71102",title:"MSc.",name:"Haim",middleName:null,surname:"Shulman",fullName:"Haim Shulman",slug:"haim-shulman"}]},{id:"24551",title:"Geology for Tomorrow's Society: Some Nordic Perspectives",slug:"geology-for-tomorrow-s-society-some-nordic-perspectives",signatures:"Morten Smelror",authors:[{id:"63492",title:"Dr.",name:"Morten",middleName:null,surname:"Smelror",fullName:"Morten Smelror",slug:"morten-smelror"}]},{id:"24552",title:"Geology and Geotectonic Setting of the Basement Complex Rocks in South Western Nigeria: Implications on Provenance and Evolution",slug:"geology-and-geotectonic-setting-of-the-basement-complex-rocks-in-south-western-nigeria-implications-",signatures:"Akindele O. Oyinloye",authors:[{id:"68497",title:"Prof.",name:"Akindele",middleName:null,surname:"Oyinloye",fullName:"Akindele Oyinloye",slug:"akindele-oyinloye"}]},{id:"24553",title:"The Organic-Rich and Siliceous Bahloul Formation: Environmental Evolution Using Facies Analysis and Sr/Ca & Mn Chemostratigraphy, Bargou Area, Tunisia",slug:"the-organic-rich-and-siliceous-bahloul-formation-environmental-evolution-using-facies-analysis-and-s",signatures:"Mohamed Soua, Hela Fakhfakh-Ben Jemia, Dalila Zaghbib-Turki, Jalel Smaoui, Mohsen Layeb, Moncef Saidi and Mohamed Moncef Turki",authors:[{id:"57075",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Soua",fullName:"Mohamed Soua",slug:"mohamed-soua"},{id:"61351",title:"Prof.",name:"Dalila",middleName:null,surname:"Zaghbib-Turki",fullName:"Dalila Zaghbib-Turki",slug:"dalila-zaghbib-turki"},{id:"61352",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Layeb",fullName:"Mohsen Layeb",slug:"mohsen-layeb"},{id:"61353",title:"Dr.",name:"Hela",middleName:null,surname:"Fakhfakh-Ben Jemia",fullName:"Hela Fakhfakh-Ben Jemia",slug:"hela-fakhfakh-ben-jemia"},{id:"61354",title:"Mr.",name:"Jalel",middleName:null,surname:"Smaoui",fullName:"Jalel Smaoui",slug:"jalel-smaoui"},{id:"61355",title:"Dr.",name:"Moncef",middleName:null,surname:"Saidi",fullName:"Moncef Saidi",slug:"moncef-saidi"},{id:"61356",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Moncef",middleName:null,surname:"Turki",fullName:"Mohamed Moncef Turki",slug:"mohamed-moncef-turki"}]},{id:"24554",title:"Petrography, Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Late-Stage Granites: An Example from the Glen Eden Area, New South Wales, Australia",slug:"petrography-geochemistry-and-petrogenesis-of-late-stage-granites-an-example-from-the-glen-eden-area-",signatures:"A. K. Somarin",authors:[{id:"65295",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Somarin",fullName:"Alireza Somarin",slug:"alireza-somarin"}]},{id:"24555",title:"Seismic Illumination Analysis with One-Way Wave Propagators Coupled with Reflection/Transmission Coefficients in 3D Complex Media",slug:"seismic-illumination-analysis-with-one-way-wave-propagators-coupled-with-reflection-transmission-coe",signatures:"Weijia Sun, Li-Yun Fu, Wei Wei and Binzhong Zhou",authors:[{id:"70196",title:"Dr.",name:"Weijia",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Weijia Sun",slug:"weijia-sun"},{id:"118409",title:"Prof.",name:"Li-Yun",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"Li-Yun Fu",slug:"li-yun-fu"},{id:"118410",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Wei Wei",slug:"wei-wei"},{id:"118411",title:"Dr.",name:"Binzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Binzhong Zhou",slug:"binzhong-zhou"}]},{id:"24556",title:"Seismic Ground Motion Amplifications Estimated by Means of Spectral Ratio Techniques: Examples for Different Geological and Morphological Settings",slug:"seismic-ground-motion-amplifications-estimated-by-means-of-spectral-ratio-techniques-examples-for-di",signatures:"M. Massa, S. Lovati, S. Marzorati and P. Augliera",authors:[{id:"71440",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Massa",fullName:"Marco Massa",slug:"marco-massa"},{id:"71450",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Lovati",fullName:"Sara Lovati",slug:"sara-lovati"},{id:"71451",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Augliera",fullName:"Paolo Augliera",slug:"paolo-augliera"},{id:"120451",title:"Dr.",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Marzorati",fullName:"Simone Marzorati",slug:"simone-marzorati"}]},{id:"24557",title:"Slope Dependent Morphometric Analysis as a Tool Contributing to Reconstruction of Volcano Evolution",slug:"slope-dependent-morphometric-analysis-as-a-tool-contributing-to-reconstruction-of-volcano-evolution",signatures:"Veronika Kopačková, Vladislav Rapprich, Jiří Šebesta and Kateřina Zelenkova",authors:[{id:"77987",title:"MSc.",name:"Vladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Rapprich",fullName:"Vladislav Rapprich",slug:"vladislav-rapprich"},{id:"78859",title:"MSc",name:"Veronika",middleName:null,surname:"Kopačková",fullName:"Veronika Kopačková",slug:"veronika-kopackova"},{id:"119182",title:"MSc.",name:"Kateřina",middleName:null,surname:"Zelenková",fullName:"Kateřina Zelenková",slug:"katerina-zelenkova"},{id:"119183",title:"MSc.",name:"Jiří",middleName:null,surname:"Šebesta",fullName:"Jiří Šebesta",slug:"jiri-sebesta"}]},{id:"24558",title:"Beneficiation of Talc Ore",slug:"beneficiation-of-talc-ore",signatures:"Mahmoud M. Ahmed, Galal A. Ibrahim and Mohamed M.A. Hassan",authors:[{id:"72123",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed"},{id:"84390",title:"Prof.",name:"Galal",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",fullName:"Galal Ibrahim",slug:"galal-ibrahim"},{id:"84394",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"Hassan Mohamed",slug:"hassan-mohamed"}]},{id:"24559",title:"Water Resources Assessment for Karst Aquifer Conditioned River Basins: Conceptual Balance Model Results and Comparison with Experimental Environmental Tracers Evidences",slug:"water-resources-assessment-for-karst-aquifer-conditioned-river-basins-conceptual-balance-model-resul",signatures:"Antonia Longobardi, Albina Cuomo, Domenico Guida and Paolo Villani",authors:[{id:"66200",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonia",middleName:null,surname:"Longobardi",fullName:"Antonia Longobardi",slug:"antonia-longobardi"}]},{id:"24560",title:"Fundamental Approach in Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport Modelling Using the Finite Difference Method",slug:"fundamental-approach-in-groundwater-flow-and-solute-transport-modelling-using-the-finite-difference-",signatures:"M.U. Igboekwe and C. Amos-Uhegbu",authors:[{id:"68087",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:"Uzoma",surname:"Igboekwe",fullName:"Magnus Igboekwe",slug:"magnus-igboekwe"},{id:"70864",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwunenyoke",middleName:null,surname:"Amos-Uhegbu",fullName:"Chukwunenyoke Amos-Uhegbu",slug:"chukwunenyoke-amos-uhegbu"}]},{id:"24561",title:"Deposits from the Glacial Age at Lake Baikal",slug:"deposits-from-the-glacial-age-at-lake-baikal",signatures:"N.I. Akulov and M.N. Rubtsova",authors:[{id:"63546",title:"Prof.",name:"Nickolay",middleName:"Ivanovich",surname:"Akulov",fullName:"Nickolay Akulov",slug:"nickolay-akulov"}]},{id:"24562",title:"Application of Illite- and Kaolinite-Rich Clays in the Synthesis of Zeolites for Wastewater Treatment",slug:"application-of-illite-and-kaolinite-rich-clays-in-the-synthesis-of-zeolites-for-wastewater-treatment",signatures:"Carlos Alberto Ríos Reyes and Luz Yolanda Vargas Fiallo",authors:[{id:"64896",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Ríos Reyes",fullName:"Carlos Alberto Ríos Reyes",slug:"carlos-alberto-rios-reyes"},{id:"138940",title:"Dr.",name:"Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Yolanda Vargas Fiallo",fullName:"Luz Yolanda Vargas Fiallo",slug:"luz-yolanda-vargas-fiallo"}]},{id:"24563",title:"Natural Radioactive Isotopes in Water in Relation with Geology and Hydrological Investigations in the Territory of Luxembourg",slug:"natural-radioactive-isotopes-in-water-in-relation-with-geology-and-hydrological-investigations-in-th",signatures:"Zornitza Tosheva, Harald Hofmann and Antoine Kies",authors:[{id:"73573",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Tosheva",fullName:"Tosheva",slug:"tosheva"},{id:"74264",title:"MSc.",name:"Harald",middleName:null,surname:"Hofmann",fullName:"Harald Hofmann",slug:"harald-hofmann"},{id:"74265",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoine",middleName:null,surname:"Kies",fullName:"Antoine Kies",slug:"antoine-kies"}]},{id:"24564",title:"Carbonate-Hosted Base Metal Deposits",slug:"carbonate-hosted-base-metal-deposits",signatures:"Fred Kamona",authors:[{id:"64861",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",middleName:null,surname:"Kamona",fullName:"Fred Kamona",slug:"fred-kamona"}]},{id:"24565",title:"Simulation of Tunnel Surrounding Rock Mass in Porous Medium with Hydraulic Conductivity Tensor",slug:"simulation-of-tunnel-surrounding-rock-mass-in-porous-medium-with-hydraulic-conductivity-tensor",signatures:"Lin-Chong Huang and Cui-Ying Zhou",authors:[{id:"30653",title:"Dr.",name:"Linchong",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Linchong Huang",slug:"linchong-huang"},{id:"116481",title:"Prof.",name:"Cuiying",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Cuiying Zhou",slug:"cuiying-zhou"}]},{id:"24566",title:"Soil Contamination by Trace Metals: Geochemical Behaviour as an Element of Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-contamination-by-trace-metals-geochemical-behaviour-as-an-element-of-risk-assessment",signatures:"Monika Zovko and Marija Romic",authors:[{id:"63363",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Romic",fullName:"Marija Romic",slug:"marija-romic"},{id:"70993",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Zovko",fullName:"Monika Zovko",slug:"monika-zovko"}]},{id:"24567",title:"Evaluation of Soil Hydraulic Parameters in Soils and Land Use Change",slug:"evaluation-of-soil-hydraulic-parameters-in-soils-and-land-use-change",signatures:"Fereshte Haghighi, Mirmasoud Kheirkhah and Bahram Saghafian",authors:[{id:"33437",title:"Ms",name:"Fereshte",middleName:null,surname:"Haghighi",fullName:"Fereshte Haghighi",slug:"fereshte-haghighi"},{id:"121562",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirmasoud",middleName:null,surname:"Kheirkhah Zarkesh",fullName:"Mirmasoud Kheirkhah Zarkesh",slug:"mirmasoud-kheirkhah-zarkesh"},{id:"121563",title:"Prof.",name:"Bahram",middleName:null,surname:"Saghafian",fullName:"Bahram Saghafian",slug:"bahram-saghafian"}]},{id:"24568",title:"Integration of Satellite Imagery, Geology and Geophysical Data",slug:"integration-of-satellite-imagery-geology-and-geophysical-data",signatures:"Andreas Laake",authors:[{id:"70847",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Laake",fullName:"Andreas Laake",slug:"andreas-laake"}]},{id:"24569",title:"Climate History and Early Peopling of Siberia",slug:"climate-history-and-early-peopling-of-siberia",signatures:"Jiří Chlachula",authors:[{id:"58290",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Chlachula",fullName:"Jiri Chlachula",slug:"jiri-chlachula"}]},{id:"24570",title:"Multivariate Analysis Techniques in Environmental Science",slug:"multivariate-analysis-techniques-in-environmental-science",signatures:"Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki",authors:[{id:"66933",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Zare Chahouki",fullName:"Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki",slug:"mohammad-ali-zare-chahouki"}]},{id:"24571",title:"Accumulation of Bio Debris and Its Relation with the Underwater Environment in the Estuary of Itanhaém River, São Paulo State",slug:"accumulation-of-bio-debris-and-its-relation-with-the-underwater-environment-in-the-estuary-of-itanha",signatures:"Fresia Ricardi Branco, Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira, Fabio Cardinale Branco and Paulo R. Brum Pereira",authors:[{id:"67451",title:"Dr.",name:"Fresia",middleName:null,surname:"Ricardi-Branco",fullName:"Fresia Ricardi-Branco",slug:"fresia-ricardi-branco"},{id:"71187",title:"Dr.",name:"Sueli",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshinaga-Pereira",fullName:"Sueli Yoshinaga-Pereira",slug:"sueli-yoshinaga-pereira"},{id:"71189",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Branco",fullName:"Fabio Branco",slug:"fabio-branco"},{id:"71190",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Paulo Ricardo Pereira",slug:"paulo-ricardo-pereira"}]},{id:"24572",title:"The Permo-Triassic Tetrapod Faunal Diversity in the Italian Southern Alps",slug:"the-permo-triassic-tetrapod-faunal-diversity-in-the-italian-southern-alps",signatures:"Marco Avanzini, Massimo Bernardi and Umberto Nicosia",authors:[{id:"69352",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Avanzini",fullName:"Marco Avanzini",slug:"marco-avanzini"},{id:"69369",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardi",fullName:"Massimo Bernardi",slug:"massimo-bernardi"},{id:"122682",title:"Prof.",name:"Umberto",middleName:null,surname:"Nicosia",fullName:"Umberto Nicosia",slug:"umberto-nicosia"}]},{id:"24573",title:"Genomics of Bacteria from an Ancient Marine Origin: Clues to Survival in an Oligotrophic Environment",slug:"genomics-of-bacteria-from-an-ancient-marine-origin-clues-to-survival-in-an-oligotrophic-environment",signatures:"Luis David Alcaraz, Varinia López-Ramírez, Alejandra Moreno-Letelier, Luis Herrera-Estrella, Valeria Souza and Gabriela Olmedo-Alvarez",authors:[{id:"62835",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Herrera-Estrella",fullName:"Luis Rafael Herrera-Estrella",slug:"luis-rafael-herrera-estrella"},{id:"70607",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Olmedo-Alvarez",fullName:"Gabriela Olmedo-Alvarez",slug:"gabriela-olmedo-alvarez"},{id:"72333",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis David",middleName:null,surname:"Alcaraz",fullName:"Luis David Alcaraz",slug:"luis-david-alcaraz"},{id:"72353",title:"MSc.",name:"Varinia",middleName:null,surname:"López-Ramírez",fullName:"Varinia López-Ramírez",slug:"varinia-lopez-ramirez"},{id:"72356",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-Letelier",fullName:"Alejandra Moreno-Letelier",slug:"alejandra-moreno-letelier"},{id:"72360",title:"Prof.",name:"Valeria",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Valeria Souza",slug:"valeria-souza"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73604",title:"Advances in Convolutional Neural Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93512",slug:"advances-in-convolutional-neural-networks",body:'Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are specially designed to handle data that consists of multiple arrays/matrixes such as an image composed of three matrixes in RGB channels [1]. The key idea behind CNNs is the convolution operation, which is to use multiple small kernels/filters to extract local features by sliding over the same input. Each kernel can output a feature map and all the feature maps are concatenated together, this is also known as a convolutional layer and it is the core component in a CNN. Note that these concatenated maps can be further processed by the next layer. To reduce the computational cost, the pooling operation such as maximum pooling is usually applied on these feature maps. A typical CNN is usually structured as a series of layers, including multiple convolutional layers and a few of fully connected layers. For example, the famous LeNet [2] consists of two convolutional layers and three fully connected layers, and the pooling operation is used after each convolutional layer.
In addition to building a neural network, a loss function is essential to measure the model performance. Therefore, the process of training a CNN model is transformed into an optimization problem, which normally seeks to minimize the value of the loss function over the training data. Specifically, a gradient-descent based algorithm is usually adopted to iteratively optimize the parameters in a CNN.
Figure 1 shows the high-level abstraction of CNNs in this survey. Specifically, we firstly introduce two types of convolution operations in Section 2. Then four methods are summarized for constructing convolutional layers in CNNs in Section 3. In Section 4, we group the current CNN architectures into three types: encoder, encoder-decoder and GANs. Next, we discuss two main types of loss functions in Section 5. In Section 6, we give the advanced applications based on the three types of CNN structures. Finally in Section 7, we conclude this research and give future trends.
High-level abstraction of convolutional neural networks in this survey.
The main reason why CNNs are so successful on a variety of problems is that kernels (also known as filters) with fixed numbers of parameters are adopted to handle spacial data such as images. In particular the weight sharing mechanism can help reduce the number of parameters for low computational cost while remaining the spacial invariance properties. In general, there are mainly two types of convolution operations, including basic convolution and transposed convolution.
As shown on the left in Figure 2, convolution operation essentially is a linear model for the local spacial input. Specifically, it only performs the sum of element-wise dot products between the local input and the kernels (usually including a bias), and output a value after an activation function. Each kernel slides overall spacial locations in the input with a fixed step. The result is that we can get an 1-channel feature map. Note that there are generally many kernels in one convolutional layer, and all of the output feature maps are concatenated together, e.g., if the number of kernels used in this convolutional layer is
Left: A demonstration of basic 2D convolution with a 3×3×DI kernel (stride = 1, padding = 0), I∈R5×5×DI is the spacial input and O∈R3×3 is the 1-channel output feature map. Right: A dilated kernel for increasing the receptive fields in the input, where the empty space between each element represents 0.
While the kernel size of
Normally the size of output feature maps generated from the basic convolution is smaller than the input space (i.e., the dimension of input
Left: A demonstration of transposed 2D convolution with a 3×3×DI kernel (stride = 1, padding = 0), I∈R2×2×DI is the spacial input and O∈R4×4 is the 1-channel output feature map. Note that the receptive fields in O can overlap and we normally sum the values where output overlaps. Right: A dilated kernel for increasing the receptive fields in the input, where the empty space between each element represents 0.
Similarly, we can still use dilated kernels in transposed convolution. The main reason why we need transposed convolution is that it is the fundamental idea to construct a decoder network, which is used to map a latent space into an output image, such as the decoders in U-Net [6] and GANs. Specifically, the transposed convolution is widely used in tasks such as model visualization [7], image segmentation [6], image classification [8] and image super-resolution [9].
The core components in CNNs are convolutional layers. In the last section, we have demonstrated two types of convolution operations and they are the main idea to construct convolutional layers. In this part, we summarize the main methods in deep learning for building convolutional layers, including basic convolutional layers, convolutional layers with shortcut connection, convolutional layers with mixed kernels and convolutional capsule layers.
Recall that there are normally
where
While there are many variants related to the activation function, the typical ones which are widely adopted are ReLU
Note that after convolution operation, the width and height of the output feature map
where
It is true that deep neural networks normally can learn better representation from the data than shallow neural networks. However, stacking more layers in a CNN can lead to the problems of vanishing or exploding gradients, which make the networks hard to optimize. A simple and effective way to address this problem is to use shortcut connections, which can help directly transform the information from the previous layer to the current layer in a network.
Note that
Element-Wise Sum: Each element in
Concatenation: We can concatenate the current output and previous input together. Suppose the size of the current output feature map is
So far we have demonstrated that we normally use many convolutional kernels with the same size in one convolutional layer such as
where pool(I) denotes the pooling operation such as max-pooling. Therefore, the size of the output feature map is
However, if we directly add different sizes of kernels in one convolutional layer, the computational cost involved will increase sharply. In the inception module [13, 14], a
“The pooling operation used in convolutional neural networks is a big mistake and the fact that it works so well is a disaster.”—Geoffrey Hinton.
In general, pooling operation is essential to reduce the size of output feature maps so that we can obtain high-level abstractions from input by stacking multiple convolutional layers in a CNN. However, the cost is that some information in the feature maps has been abandoned such as conducting max-pooling.
In 2017 [15], Hinton et al. proposed an alluring version of convolutional architectures, which is known as capsule networks, followed by the updated versions in 2018 [16] and 2019 [17]. The convolutional capsule layers in capsule networks are very similar to the traditional convolutional layers. The main difference is that each capsule (i.e., an element in convolutional feature maps) has a weight matrix
Although numerous variants of CNN architectures for solving different tasks are proposed from the deep learning community every year, their essential components and over-all structures are very similar. We group the recent classic network structures into three main types, including encoder, encoder-decoder and GANs.
In 1990, LeCun et al. proposed a seminal network called LeNet [2], which help establish the modern CNN structure. Since then, many new methods and compositions are proposed to handle the difficulties encountered in training deep networks for challenging tasks such as objective detection and recognition in computer vision. Some representative works in recent years are AlexNet [18], ZFNet [7], VGGNet [19], GoogleNet [13], ResNet [11], Inception [14]. As mentioned earlier, new methods for constructing convolutional layers in these networks are proposed, e.g., shortcut connection [11] and mixed kernels [14, 20].
In general, the above-mentioned networks can all be regarded as encoders, in which each input such as an image is encoded into a high-level feature representation, as shown on the left in Figure 4. And this encoded representation can be further used for, such as image classification, object detection etc. In some literatures, an encoder is also called as a feature extractor. Specifically, the basic convolutional layers are the main components for constructing an encoder network, by stacking multiple layers, each layer in the network can learn high-level abstractions from previous layers [1]. More formally, an encoder network can be written as
Left: An encoder network. Middle: An encoder-decoder network. Right: Generative adversarial networks.
where
In some specific tasks such as image segmentation [20], our goal is to map an input image to a segmented output image rather than an abstraction. An encoder-decoder structure is specifically designed for solving this type of task. There are many possible ways to implement an encoder-decoder structure, and many variants have also been proposed to improve the drawbacks in the last few years. A naive version of encoder-decoder network which was introduced in [20] can be denoted as
where
As shown in the middle in Figure 4, an encoder-decoder network is still one complete network and we can train it with an end-to-end method. Note that there are generally many convolutional layers in each coder network, which results that it can be challenging to train a deep encoder-decoder network directly. Recall that the shortcut connection is often adopted to address the problems in deep CNNs. Naturally, we can add connections between the encoder and the decoder. An influential network based on this idea is U-Net [6], which is widely applied in many challenging domains such as medical image segmentation. The above two equations can also be rewritten as a composition of two functions.
Specifically, in unsupervised learning, an encoder-decoder network is also well known as autoencoder. And there are many variants of autoencoders proposed in recent years, some famous ones including variational autoencoder [21], denoising variational autoencoder [22] and conditional variational autoencoder [23, 24].
Since generative adversarial networks were firstly proposed by Goodfellow et al. [25] in 2014, this type of architectures for playing two-player minimax game has been most extensively studied. Partly because it is an unsupervised learning method and we can obtain a fancy generator network which can help generate fake examples from a latent space (i.e., a vector with some random noise). On the right in Figure 4 shows the basic structure of GANs, in which a generator network can map some input noise into a fake example and make it look as real as possible and a discriminator network always tries to identify the fake sample from its input. By iteratively training the two players, they can both improve their methods. More formally, we can have
where
As shown in Table 1, numerous variants of GANs architectures can be found in the recently published literatures and we broadly summarize these representative networks according to their published time. Note that the fundamental methods behind these architectures are very similar.
Name | Year | Summary |
---|---|---|
GANs [25] | 2014 | The original version of GANs, where |
Conditional GANs [26] | 2014 | Labels are included in |
Laplacian Pyramid GANs [27] | 2015 | CNNs with the laplacian pyramid method. |
Deep Convolutional GANs [28] | 2015 | Transposed convolutional layers are used to construct |
Bidirectional GANs [29] | 2016 | An extra encoder was adopted based on the traditional GANs. |
Semi-supervised GANs [30] | 2016 | The |
InfoGANs [31] | 2016 | An extra classifier was added into the GANs. |
Energy-based GANs [32] | 2016 | The |
Auxiliary Classifier GANs [33] | 2017 | An auxiliary classifier was used in the |
Progressive GANs [34] | 2017 | Progressive steps are adopted to explain the networks. |
BigGANs [35] | 2018 | A large GANs with self-attention module and hinge loss. |
Self-attention GANs [36] | 2019 | The self-attention mechanism is proposed to build |
Label-noise Robust GANs [37] | 2019 | A noise transition model is included in |
AutoGANs [38] | 2019 | The neural architecture search algorithm is used to obtain |
Your Local GANs [39] | 2020 | A new local sparse attention layer was proposed. |
MSG-GANs [40] | 2020 | There are connections from |
Representative architectures of GANs in recent years.
Before introducing the loss functions, we need to understand that the ultimate goal to train a neural network
where
Note that there are numerous variants of loss functions used in the deep learning literature. However, the fundamental theories behind them are very similar. We group them into two categories, namely Divergence Loss Functions and Margin Loss Functions. And we also introduce six typical and classic loss functions that are commonly used for training neural networks.
Divergence loss functions denote a family of loss functions based on computing the divergences between the predicted results and true labels, mainly including Kullback-Leibler Divergence, Log Loss, Mean Squared Error.
Before introducing the Kullback–Leibler divergence, we need to understand that the fundamental goal of deep learning is to learn a data distribution
where
Specifically,
where
Log loss is widely used in the current deep neural networks due to its simplicity and power. The binary log loss function is defined as
where
When the learning task is multi-class classification, each sample label is normally encoded with the one-hot-encoding format, which can be denoted as
where
We may wonder why the log loss is a reasonable choice. Informally, let
And our goal is to minimize the divergence between
Probably the mean squared error is one of the most familiar loss functions as it is really like the least square loss function. It directly calculates the difference between the predicted result and the true label, which is denoted as
One example which can help us deeply understand the mean squared error is that minimize the mean squared loss of a linear regression model is equivalent to maximum likelihood. In other words, this is a method to optimize the parameters of our model so that the distribution learned by our model is most probable under the observed training data. Therefore, the fundamental goal is still the same as above, which is to make the model distribution and the data distribution as close as possible.
Margin loss functions represent a family of margin maximizing loss functions. The typical functions include Hinge Loss, Contrastive Loss and Triplet Loss. Unlike the divergence loss functions, margin loss functions calculate the relative distances between outputs and they are more flexible in terms of training data.
Hinge loss is well known to train Support Vector Machine classifiers. Specifically, there are two main types of hinge losses. The first type is for each sample with only one correct label, it is denoted as
where
However, in real tasks such as attribute classification, each samples can have multiple correct labels. e.g., a photo posted on Facebook may include a set of hashtags. Therefore, the second type for multiple labels is
where
Contrastive loss is specially designed for measuring the similarity of a pair of training samples. Considering two pairs of samples
where
where
Triplet loss looks similar to the contrastive loss, but it is a measure of the difference between the matched pair and the unmatched pair. Considering three samples
Note that minimize the loss function is equivalent to minimizing the distances of matched pairs and maximizing the distances of unmatched pairs.
One of the most exciting areas in deep learning is that we can apply neural networks to a numerous number of applications that cannot be solved well or be handled by the traditional machine learning method. In this section, we summarize the typical advances that CNNs has achieved based on the three types of CNN structures.
A basic task in machine learning is classification, which is the problem of identifying to which of a list of labels a new sample belongs, such as the well-known CIFAR-10 dataset, in which there are 10 categories of images and the goal is to train a model for correctly classifying an unseen image based on observing the training dataset. In particular, CNNs have made many breakthroughs on large scale image datasets such as the ImageNet challenge [18]. As mentioned in Section 4.1, the classic encoders such as AlexNet [18], ZFNet [7], VGGNet [19], GoogleNet [13], ResNet [11], Inception [14] are regarded as the milestones in the past few years. The successes of these encoders are all based on supervised learning, which means that manual labelling is essential for the dataset such as the ImageNet dataset [42]. Specifically, a labeled dataset is normally divided into training and test dataset (may also include a validation dataset), and our goal is to achieve good performance on the test dataset after training a neural network with the training dataset, and the pre-trained model can be further used for classifying new images that are from the same data distribution space.
Classification can also be treated as a fundamental problem in machine learning, the successes of these encoders on image classification also help establish the foundation for many other applications. Specifically, we can utilize an encoder to extract high-level representation from the low-level input image, and the obtained representation can be further used for many other applications.
In addition to image classification, object detection is also very important in computer vision. Image classification gives us the answer to what a given image is, and object detection is about telling us the specific positions of objects in an image. Specifically, the goal is to train an encoder to output a suitable bounding box and associated class probabilities for each object in a given image. Two typical methods are widely used in the current computer vision, including YOLO [43] and SSD [44]. The core idea of YOLO is that object detection is treated as an regression problem, which means that each image is divided into multiple grids and each grid cell outputs a pre-defined number of bounding boxes, the corresponding confidence for each box and class probabilities [43]. Since the first version of YOLO was proposed, the updated versions have also been proposed. SSD is a more simple method, which utilizes a set of default boxes with different aspect ratios, and each box outputs the shape offsets and the class confidences [44].
The multiple levels of representations learned in the multiple layers of CNNs can also be used for solving the task of human-body pose estimation. Specifically, there are mainly two types of approaches, including regression of body joint coordinates and heat-map for each body part. In 2014, a framework called DeepPose [45] was introduced to learn pose estimation by a deep CNN, in which estimating human-body pose is equivalent to regressing the body joint coordinates. There are also some extension works based on this method, such as a process called iterative error feedback [46], which encompasses both the input and output spaces of CNN for enhancing the performance. In 2014, Tompson et al. [47] propose a hybrid architecture which consists of a CNN and a Markov Random Field, in particular the output of the CNN for an input image is a heat-map. Some recent works based on the heat-map method such as [48], in which a multi-context attention mechanism was proposed to incorporate with CNNs.
The operation of image restoration is to recover a damaged or corrupt image for the clean image such as image denoising and super-resolution. Therefore, a natural way to implement this idea is to utilize a pre-trained encoder-decoder network, where the encoder can map a noise image into a high-level representation, and the decoder can transform the representation into an original image. For example, Mao et al. [49] apply a deep convolutional encoder-decoder network for image restoration, in particular the shortcut connection method is adopted between the encoder and decoder, which has been demonstrated in Section 3.2. And the transposed convolution is used for constructing the decoder network, as mentioned in Section 2.2. Similar work in [50] has also been introduced for image restoration, in which a residual method is used in the network (i.e., in Section 3.2).
The task of image segmentation is to map an input image into a segmented output image. The encoder-decoder networks have been developed dramatically in recent years and achieve a significant impact on computer vision. Specifically, there are mainly two types of tasks including semantic segmentation and instance segmentation. In 2015, Long et al. [20] firstly showed that an end-to-end fully CNN can achieve state-of-art in image segmentation tasks. Similar work has also been introduced in [6] in 2015, in which a U-Net architecture is proposed for medical image segmentation, and the main advance in this architecture is that the shortcut connection method is also used between the encoder and decoder network. Since then, a series of papers based on these two methods have been published. In particular nowadays the U-Net based architectures are widely used for the medical image diagnosis.
One of the exciting applications achieved by CNNs is image captioning, which is to describe the content of an input image with natural language. The basic idea is as follows: Firstly, a pre-trained CNN encoder is used to extract some high-level features from an input image. Secondly, these features are typically fed into an recurrent neural network for generating a sentence. For example, Li et al. [51] proposed a fully convolutional localization network for extracting representation from images and the decoder for generating captions is LSTM. Recently, attention mechanism has been widely used for sequence processing and achieved significant improvements such as machine translation, Huang et al. [52] introduce an encoder-decoder framework, where an attention module is used in the encoder and decoder respectively. Specifically, the encoder is a CNN based network.
Note that speech signals exhibit spectral variations and correlations, CNNs are very suitable to reduce them. Therefore, CNNs can also be utilized for the task of speech processing, such as speech recognition. Sainath1 et al. [53] applied deep CNNs for large vocabulary speech tasks. In [54, 55, 56], the CNNs are used for speech recognition. And the fundamental methods are very similar, both of them use the CNNs to extract features from the raw input, and then these features are fed into an decoder for the specific learning tasks.
The most typical application of GANs is to generate fake examples. Recall that there normally are two dependent networks in GANs, including
Generating fake samples can be regarded as data augmentation, which means that these fake data can be further used to train models. Note that deep learning is also well known as a data-driven approach. In particular most of the advances that deep neural networks achieved are based on supervised learning. Specifically, the current successful neural network models usually consist of millions of parameters. And annotated data is essential to optimize these parameters for guaranteeing the model accuracy when conducting supervised learning. However, manually labeling data is time-consuming and expensive, especially in some specific domains such as medicine. Even more severe is that it can be hard to collect enough data due to the privacy concerns. There are numerous works to utilize GANs for enhancing model performance. E.g., in [57], a semi-supervised framework based on GANs is applied to semantic segmentation in order to address the lack of annotations. [58] is a work of utilizing synthetic medical images for enhancing the performance of liver lesion classification.
Despite the successes of GANs, generating high-resolution, diverse samples is still a challenging task. In [35], they introduce the progressive GANs which can generate high-resolution human faces. Another impressive work to generate realistic photographs is BigGANs [36].
Another interesting application derived from GANs is image translation. While there are many specific applications, we summarize them into three categories, including translation of image to image, translation of text to image and translation of image to super-resolution.
Image to Image: The task of image-to-image translation is to learn a mapping
Text to Image: One of the interesting works from GANs is to synthesis a realistic image based on some text descriptions. E.g., “There is a little bird with red feather.” Some representative works include: Reed et al. [61] introduce a text-conditional convolutional GANs. Zhang et al. [62] apply a StackGANs to synthesize high-quality images from text.
Super Resolution: The task of super-resolution is to map a low-resolution image to a high-resolution image. In 2017, ledig et al. [63] propose a framework named as SRGAN, which is regarded as the first work that has the ability to generate photo-realistic images for 4X upscaling factors. Specifically, the loss functions used in their framework consist of an adversarial loss and a content loss. In particular the content loss can help remain the original content from the input images.
Image editing is regarded as a fundamental problem in computer vision. The emergence of GANs has also brought new chances for this task. In the past few years, GANs have been developed for image editing, such as image inpainting and image matting.
Image inpainting: The task of image inpainting is to recover an arbitrary damaged region in an image. Specifically, we can utilize the algorithm to learn the content and style of the image and generate the damaged part based on the input image, such as [64], in which they introduce a context encoder for natural image inpainting. And in [65, 66], their works mainly focus on human face completion.
Image matting: The goal of image matting is to separate the foreground object from the background in an image. This technique can be used for a wide range of applications such as photo editing and video post-production. And there are also some representative works such as [67, 68].
In this research, we have conducted a hierarchically-structured survey of the main components in CNNs from the low level to the high level, namely, convolution operations, convolutional layers, architecture design, loss functions. In addition to introducing the recent advances of these aspects in CNNs, we have also discussed the advanced applications based on the three types of architectures including encoder, encoder-decoder and GANs, from which we can see that CNNs have made numerous breakthroughs and achieved state-of-the-art in computer vision, natural language processing and speech recognition, especially these fantastic results based on GANs.
From the above analyses, we can summarize that the current development tendencies in CNNs mainly focus on designing new architectures and loss functions. Because these two aspects are the core parts when applying CNNs into various types of tasks. On the other hand, the fundamental ideas behind these various applications are very similar, as summarized above.
However, there are still many disadvantages in the current deep learning. The first problem is the requirement of large-scale datasets, in particular constructing a labeled dataset is very time-consuming and expensive such as in the medical domain. Therefore, we need to pay much more attention to semi-supervised learning and unsupervised learning. The second disadvantage is the high computational cost related to training deep CNNs, as the current standard CNN structures become deeper and deeper and they usually consists of millions of parameters. The third issue is that applying CNNs into tasks is not an easy job and it usually requires professional skills and experiences, because training a network involves a lot of hyper-parameters to tune, such as the number of kernels in each layer, the size of kernels, the total number of layers, learning rate etc.
Future work should focus on deep learning theory as the solid theory for supporting the current neural models is lacking. Unlike other machine learning algorithms such as support vector machines that have obvious mathematical logic, it is usually very hard to totally understand why a deep network can achieve such an excellent performance on a task. Therefore, based on the current developments of deep learning, we give three trends on which we need to work in the future: Neural Topologies such as the graph neural networks, Uncertainty Estimation such as Bayesian neural networks and Privacy Preservation.
This work is supported by China Scholarship Council and Data61 from CSIRO, Australia.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
All publications on this website are published under the Open Access model, without any subscription, registration, or access fees required from the user or his/her institution. In accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative's (BOAI) definition of Open Access, users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the full text versions of all Chapters. To read more about our Open Access Statement click here.
',metaTitle:"Editorial policies",metaDescription:"Editorial policies",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/editorial-policies",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\\n\\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\\n\\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\\n\\n\\n\\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\n\\n\\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\\n\\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\\n\\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\\n\\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\\n\\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\\n\\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\\n\\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\\n\\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\n\n\n\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\n\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\n\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\n\n\n\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\n\n\n\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\n\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\n\n\n\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\n\n\n\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\n\n\n\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5684},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5166},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1682},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10211},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:887},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15616}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"7724",title:"Climate Issues in Asia and Africa - Examining Climate, Its Flux, the Consequences, and Society's Responses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c1bd1a5a4dba07b95a5ae5ef0ecf9f74",slug:null,bookSignature:" John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7829",title:"Psychosis - Phenomenology, Psychopathology and Pathophysiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a211068a33e47af974e3823f33feaa43",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kenjiro Fukao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7829.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"32519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenjiro",surname:"Fukao",slug:"kenjiro-fukao",fullName:"Kenjiro Fukao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7901",title:"Advances in Germ Cell Biology – New Technologies, Applications and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4adab31469b82dd5a99eec04dbbe09f2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sonia Oliveira and Prof. Maria De Lourdes Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7901.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"323848",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"sonia-oliveira",fullName:"Sonia Oliveira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7921",title:"Optogenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ae7e24d8f03ff3932bceee4b8d3e727",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7921.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8485",title:"Weather Forecasting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eadbd6f9c26be844062ce5cd3b3eb573",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Muhammad Saifullah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8485.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320968",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Saifullah",slug:"muhammad-saifullah",fullName:"Muhammad Saifullah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8575",title:"Animal Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"689b9f46c48cd54a2874b8da7386549d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8575.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"265070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein Abdelhay",surname:"Essayed Kaoud",slug:"hussein-abdelhay-essayed-kaoud",fullName:"Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8950",title:"Birds - Challenges and Opportunities for Business, Conservation and Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"404a05af45e47e43871f4a0b1bedc6fd",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Heimo Juhani Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8950.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-juhani-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Juhani Mikkola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications for Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hiroyuki Kagechika and Dr. Hitoshi Shirakawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9016",title:"Psychoneuroendocrinology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cb4ce09b8e853bef06c572df42933500",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9016.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"307495",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifigenia",surname:"Kostoglou-Athanassiou",slug:"ifigenia-kostoglou-athanassiou",fullName:"Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9046",title:"Amyloidosis History and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"371a4ad514bb6d6703406741702a19d0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jonathan Harrison",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9046.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"340843",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Harrison",slug:"jonathan-harrison",fullName:"Jonathan Harrison"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:307},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5131},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology",parent:{title:"Life Sciences",slug:"life-sciences"},numberOfBooks:65,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1808,numberOfWosCitations:762,numberOfCrossrefCitations:741,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1754,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"immunology-and-microbiology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e692b520263526cca2b37092c3e8d0b4",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9294",title:"Fluorescence Methods for Investigation of Living Cells and Microorganisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a97a566a3a19eb9e0c9ba61042bb06c5",slug:"fluorescence-methods-for-investigation-of-living-cells-and-microorganisms",bookSignature:"Natalia Grigoryeva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9294.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"239430",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:"Yu.",surname:"Grigoryeva",slug:"natalia-grigoryeva",fullName:"Natalia Grigoryeva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9352",title:"Proteoforms",subtitle:"Concept and Applications in Medical Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f0288da2d32c0c0fcda6be0d4d45d67",slug:"proteoforms-concept-and-applications-in-medical-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8997",title:"Microorganisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4bb9c77b89f8baf2716d1fb84c5bd9f",slug:"microorganisms",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Mona Shaaban, Abdelaziz Elgaml",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8997.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9025",title:"Parasitology and Microbiology Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9a211396d44f07d2748e147786a2c8b",slug:"parasitology-and-microbiology-research",bookSignature:"Gilberto Antonio Bastidas Pacheco and Asghar Ali Kamboh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9025.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"238219",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Bastidas Pacheco",slug:"gilberto-antonio-bastidas-pacheco",fullName:"Gilberto Antonio Bastidas Pacheco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8590",title:"Macrophage Activation",subtitle:"Biology and Disease",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e15abd1b0e08f1b67d33592999c52c32",slug:"macrophage-activation-biology-and-disease",bookSignature:"Khalid Hussain Bhat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162478",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Bhat",slug:"khalid-hussain-bhat",fullName:"Khalid Hussain Bhat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8422",title:"Metagenomics",subtitle:"Basics, Methods and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82c6409553747ffccd6075f9420e3175",slug:"metagenomics-basics-methods-and-applications",bookSignature:"Wael N. Hozzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8422.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael N.",middleName:"Nabil",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-n.-hozzein",fullName:"Wael N. Hozzein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6967",title:"Prebiotics and Probiotics",subtitle:"Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11781d6b1c070edcf204518e632033be",slug:"prebiotics-and-probiotics-potential-benefits-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Elena Franco-Robles and Joel Ramírez-Emiliano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6967.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219102",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Robles",slug:"elena-franco-robles",fullName:"Elena Franco-Robles"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7013",title:"Immunohistochemistry",subtitle:"The Ageless Biotechnology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cd11a72871d4b30ec4855a33d49adf3f",slug:"immunohistochemistry-the-ageless-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Charles F. Streckfus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7013.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29033",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:"F.",surname:"Streckfus",slug:"charles-streckfus",fullName:"Charles Streckfus"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8806",title:"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514ab85661e01a47575e845792ef5bdc",slug:"biology-of-em-trypanosoma-cruzi-em-",bookSignature:"Wanderley De Souza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8806.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161922",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanderley",middleName:null,surname:"De Souza",slug:"wanderley-de-souza",fullName:"Wanderley De Souza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:65,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"39599",doi:"10.5772/50046",title:"Encapsulation Technology to Protect Probiotic Bacteria",slug:"encapsulation-technology-to-protect-probiotic-bacteria",totalDownloads:11213,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:53,book:{slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"María Chávarri, Izaskun Marañón and María Carmen Villarán",authors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"},{id:"151613",title:"MSc.",name:"Izaskun",middleName:null,surname:"Marañon",slug:"izaskun-maranon",fullName:"Izaskun Marañon"},{id:"151621",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Villarán",slug:"ma-carmen-villaran",fullName:"Mª Carmen Villarán"}]},{id:"39607",doi:"10.5772/50121",title:"Recent Application of Probiotics in Food and Agricultural Science",slug:"recent-application-of-probiotics-in-food-and-agricultural-science",totalDownloads:9076,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:48,book:{slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"Danfeng Song, Salam Ibrahim and Saeed Hayek",authors:[{id:"107905",title:"Prof.",name:"Salam",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"salam-ibrahim",fullName:"Salam Ibrahim"},{id:"150202",title:"Dr.",name:"Danfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"danfeng-song",fullName:"Danfeng Song"},{id:"151025",title:"MSc.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"Hayek",slug:"saeed-hayek",fullName:"Saeed Hayek"}]},{id:"33740",doi:"10.5772/35797",title:"Interferences in Immunoassays",slug:"interference-in-immunoassays",totalDownloads:16951,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:42,book:{slug:"advances-in-immunoassay-technology",title:"Advances in Immunoassay Technology",fullTitle:"Advances in Immunoassay Technology"},signatures:"Johan Schiettecatte, Ellen Anckaert and Johan Smitz",authors:[{id:"105883",title:"Mr.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Schiettecatte",slug:"johan-schiettecatte",fullName:"Johan Schiettecatte"},{id:"113099",title:"Dr.",name:"Ellen",middleName:null,surname:"Anckaert",slug:"ellen-anckaert",fullName:"Ellen Anckaert"},{id:"113100",title:"Prof.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Smitz",slug:"johan-smitz",fullName:"Johan Smitz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54154",title:"Staphylococcus aureus: Overview of Bacteriology, Clinical Diseases, Epidemiology, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutic Approach",slug:"staphylococcus-aureus-overview-of-bacteriology-clinical-diseases-epidemiology-antibiotic-resistance-",totalDownloads:5104,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Arumugam Gnanamani, Periasamy Hariharan and Maneesh Paul-\nSatyaseela",authors:[{id:"192829",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugam",middleName:null,surname:"Gnanamani",slug:"arumugam-gnanamani",fullName:"Arumugam Gnanamani"},{id:"204388",title:"Dr.",name:"Periasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Hariharan",slug:"periasamy-hariharan",fullName:"Periasamy Hariharan"},{id:"204389",title:"Dr.",name:"Maneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Paul-Satyaseela",slug:"maneesh-paul-satyaseela",fullName:"Maneesh Paul-Satyaseela"}]},{id:"62553",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:4918,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:36,book:{slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"65613",title:"The Methods for Detection of Biofilm and Screening Antibiofilm Activity of Agents",slug:"the-methods-for-detection-of-biofilm-and-screening-antibiofilm-activity-of-agents",totalDownloads:6467,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}]},{id:"56849",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Innate Immune Response Against Pathogens",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-innate-immune-response-against-pathogens",totalDownloads:4842,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-immunology",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology",fullTitle:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz Carrillo, Flor Pamela Castro García, Oscar\nGutiérrez Coronado, María Alejandra Moreno García and Juan\nFrancisco Contreras Cordero",authors:[{id:"214236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Carrillo",slug:"jose-luis-munoz-carrillo",fullName:"Jose Luis Muñoz-Carrillo"},{id:"216080",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-García",slug:"alejandra-moreno-garcia",fullName:"Alejandra Moreno-García"},{id:"216081",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Coronado",slug:"oscar-gutierrez-coronado",fullName:"Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado"},{id:"216082",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-García",slug:"pamela-castro-garcia",fullName:"Pamela Castro-García"},{id:"220717",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras Cordero",slug:"juan-francisco-contreras-cordero",fullName:"Juan Francisco Contreras Cordero"}]},{id:"65914",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Action Mechanisms of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-action-mechanisms-of-antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:2848,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu, Nesrin Gareayaghi and Bekir S. Kocazeybek",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}]},{id:"74640",title:"Alternative Methods to Animal Use for Monoclonal Antibody Generation and Production",slug:"alternative-methods-to-animal-use-for-monoclonal-antibody-generation-and-production",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Monoclonal Antibodies",fullTitle:"Monoclonal Antibodies"},signatures:"Jane Zveiter de Moraes, Barbara Hamaguchi, Camila Braggion, Enzo Speciale, Fernanda Cesar, Gabriela Soares, Juliana Osaki, Rodrigo Aguiar and Tauane Pereira",authors:null},{id:"74660",title:"Analytical Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies with Novel Fc Receptor-Based Chromatography Technique",slug:"analytical-characterization-of-monoclonal-antibodies-with-novel-fc-receptor-based-chromatography-tec",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Monoclonal Antibodies",fullTitle:"Monoclonal Antibodies"},signatures:"Atis Chakrabarti, Jukka Kervinen, Egbert Müller, Toru Tanaka and Kazuaki Muranaka",authors:null},{id:"50488",title:"Biosynthesis of Vitamins by Probiotic Bacteria",slug:"biosynthesis-of-vitamins-by-probiotic-bacteria",totalDownloads:4725,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",fullTitle:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Qing Gu and Ping Li",authors:[{id:"180415",title:"Prof.",name:"Qing",middleName:null,surname:"Gu",slug:"qing-gu",fullName:"Qing Gu"},{id:"180891",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"ping-li",fullName:"Ping Li"}]},{id:"74385",title:"Precision Medicine of Autoimmune Diseases",slug:"precision-medicine-of-autoimmune-diseases",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease",fullTitle:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease"},signatures:"Ayodeji Ajayi, Oluwadunsin Adebayo and Emmanuel Adebayo",authors:null},{id:"55860",title:"Biotechnologies Applied in Biomedical Vaccines",slug:"biotechnologies-applied-in-biomedical-vaccines",totalDownloads:2055,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"vaccines",title:"Vaccines",fullTitle:"Vaccines"},signatures:"Yuan‐Chuan Chen, Hwei‐Fang Cheng, Yi‐Chen Yang and Ming‐\nKung Yeh",authors:[{id:"180299",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming-Kung",middleName:null,surname:"Yeh",slug:"ming-kung-yeh",fullName:"Ming-Kung Yeh"},{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"},{id:"185560",title:"Dr.",name:"Hwei-Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"hwei-fang-cheng",fullName:"Hwei-Fang Cheng"},{id:"185561",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"yi-chen-yang",fullName:"Yi-Chen Yang"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"immunology-and-microbiology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"74842",title:"Role of Dendritic Cells in Pathogen Infections: A Current Perspective",slug:"role-of-dendritic-cells-in-pathogen-infections-a-current-perspective",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95551",book:{title:"Cell Interaction - Regulation of Immune Responses, Disease Development and Management Strategies"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo, Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero, Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado, Paola Trinidad Villalobos-Gutiérrez, Luis Guillermo Ramos-Gracia and Jazmín Monserrat Vargas-Barboza"},{id:"74788",title:"SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Ancestors under a Molecular Scope",slug:"sars-cov-2-and-coronavirus-ancestors-under-a-molecular-scope",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95102",book:{title:"Cell Interaction - Regulation of Immune Responses, Disease Development and Management Strategies"},signatures:"Maram Adel Abdelghany, Sarah Abdullah Gozai Alghamdi and Jehane Ibrahim Eid"},{id:"74782",title:"Study of Various Chemically and Structurally Diverse Currently Clinically Used and Recently Developed Antimycobacterial Drugs",slug:"study-of-various-chemically-and-structurally-diverse-currently-clinically-used-and-recently-develope",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95538",book:{title:"Molecular Epidemiology Study of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex"},signatures:"Saad Alghamdi and Mohammad Asif"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:29},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/166179/esther-wamaitha-maina",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"166179",slug:"esther-wamaitha-maina"},fullPath:"/profiles/166179/esther-wamaitha-maina",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()