Comparison of change in high-order aberrations over time between T-PRK and LASIK.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2796",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Lactic Acid Bacteria - R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria",subtitle:"R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Ongoing scientific research in many parts of the world on the genomics,\nproteomics and genetic engineering of LAB is increasing our understanding of\ntheir physiology, pushing further the boundaries for their potential\napplications. "Lactic Acid Bacteria - R&D for Food, Health & Livestock\nPurposes" is a compilation and discussion of the outstanding scientific\nresearch activities concerning actually and future applications of LAB. It is\ndirected to a vast public of readers - researcher, academics, corporate R&D,\nstudents or just curious interested in the subject.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0955-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5349-8",doi:"10.5772/2825",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-r-d-for-food-health-and-livestock-purposes",numberOfPages:672,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"8d625f084ccba1e96cc326406074fe3f",bookSignature:"Marcelino Kongo",publishedDate:"January 30th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2796.jpg",numberOfDownloads:122823,numberOfWosCitations:217,numberOfCrossrefCitations:123,numberOfDimensionsCitations:338,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:678,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 6th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 10th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 15th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 14th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 13th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"138356",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Marcelino",middleName:null,surname:"Kongo",slug:"j.-marcelino-kongo",fullName:"J. Marcelino Kongo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/138356/images/3755_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. J. Marcelino Kongo was a Post-Doc fellow and a Special Researcher Graduate Faculty at the Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph in Canada, where he pursued research on Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). Dr. Kongo has a PhD in Biotechnology & Food Engineering, a MSc in Food Technology from the School of Biotechnology and a BA in Biology of Aquatic Ecosystems from the University of Oporto, Portugal. In the Last 10 years he has been teaching Food Microbiology and Processing at Department of Science & Technology (University of Azores) and at the Institute of Technology and Innovation of Azores, where he is also a project Coordinator, having previously worked as a Quality Manager for the Dairy industry and as a teacher for two vocational colleges, having supervised several graduate and undergraduate students. \nDr. Marcelino Kongo is also a former Visiting Scientist at Cornell University (New York, USA) where he pursued research on Isolation and Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes, and at University College of Cork, (Ireland) with research in Dairy Chemistry. He was the recipient of “The President Award” from the Society for Applied Microbiology (SFAM), UK and is a Reviewer for the Journal of Dairy Science. He has several publications in the field of Food Microbiology, namely with research on LAB, cheese microbiology and safety, probiotics and fermentation processes, is the author of the book “São Jorge, the cheese and the island, 500 years”, was a chapter contributor to the book “Food Chains”, contribuitor and Editor to the book “Lactic Acid Bacteria, R &D for Food , Health and Livestock Purposes, and is actually working on the book “Traditional Cheeses - Ecological, Economic and Socio-Cultural Roles”. \nHis actual research interests are in Systems Biology of Lactic Acid Bacteria, their Antimicrobial Systems (bacteriocins) applied in non-thermal processing, as well as on the Multiple Socio Economic Roles of Artesan Cheeses.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of the Azores",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"409",title:"Bacteriology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology-bacteriology"}],chapters:[{id:"42344",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria as Starter-Cultures for Cheese Processing: Past, Present and Future Developments",doi:"10.5772/55937",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-as-starter-cultures-for-cheese-processing-past-present-and-future-developments",totalDownloads:9288,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:24,signatures:"J. Marcelino Kongo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42344",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42344",authors:[{id:"138356",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Marcelino",surname:"Kongo",slug:"j.-marcelino-kongo",fullName:"J. Marcelino Kongo"}],corrections:null},{id:"42330",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria Resistance to Bacteriophage and Prevention Techniques to Lower Phage Contamination in Dairy Fermentation",doi:"10.5772/51541",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-resistance-to-bacteriophage-and-prevention-techniques-to-lower-phage-contaminat",totalDownloads:3352,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"A.K. Szczepankowska, R.K. Górecki,\nP. Kołakowski and J.K. Bardowski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42330",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42330",authors:[{id:"144010",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Kolakowski",slug:"piotr-kolakowski",fullName:"Piotr Kolakowski"},{id:"145354",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman Krzysztof",surname:"Górecki",slug:"roman-krzysztof-gorecki",fullName:"Roman Krzysztof Górecki"},{id:"145355",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacek",surname:"Bardowski",slug:"jacek-bardowski",fullName:"Jacek Bardowski"},{id:"145356",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka, Katarzyna",surname:"Szczepankowska",slug:"agnieszka-katarzyna-szczepankowska",fullName:"Agnieszka, Katarzyna Szczepankowska"}],corrections:null},{id:"42314",title:"Redox Potential: Monitoring and Role in Development of Aroma Compounds, Rheological Properties and Survival of Oxygen Sensitive Strains During the Manufacture of Fermented Dairy Products",doi:"10.5772/51137",slug:"redox-potential-monitoring-and-role-in-development-of-aroma-compounds-rheological-properties-and-sur",totalDownloads:4935,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"F. Martin, B. Ebel, C. Rojas, P. Gervais, N. Cayot and R. Cachon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42314",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42314",authors:[{id:"142736",title:"Prof.",name:"Rémy",surname:"Cachon",slug:"remy-cachon",fullName:"Rémy Cachon"}],corrections:null},{id:"42324",title:"Potential of Fermented Sausage-Associated Lactic Acid Bacteria to Degrade Biogenic Amines During Storage",doi:"10.5772/51302",slug:"potential-of-fermented-sausage-associated-lactic-acid-bacteria-to-degrade-biogenic-amines-during-sto",totalDownloads:1938,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jirasak Kongkiattikajorn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42324",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42324",authors:[{id:"140964",title:"PhD.",name:"Jirasak",surname:"Kongkiattikajorn",slug:"jirasak-kongkiattikajorn",fullName:"Jirasak Kongkiattikajorn"}],corrections:null},{id:"42316",title:"The Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Safety and Flavour Development of Meat and Meat Products",doi:"10.5772/51117",slug:"the-role-of-lactic-acid-bacteria-in-safety-and-flavour-development-of-meat-and-meat-products",totalDownloads:8351,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:20,signatures:"Lothar Kröckel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42316",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42316",authors:[{id:"141741",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Kroeckel",slug:"kroeckel",fullName:"Kroeckel"}],corrections:null},{id:"42320",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria in Biopreservation and the Enhancement of the Functional Quality of Bread",doi:"10.5772/51026",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-in-biopreservation-and-the-enhancement-of-the-functional-quality-of-bread",totalDownloads:4690,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Belal J. Muhialdin, Zaiton Hassan and Nazamid Saari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42320",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42320",authors:[{id:"140861",title:"MSc.",name:"Belal",surname:"Muhialdin",slug:"belal-muhialdin",fullName:"Belal Muhialdin"}],corrections:null},{id:"42323",title:"Fermentation of Vegetable Juices by Lactobacillus Acidophilus LA-5",doi:"10.5772/51309",slug:"fermentation-of-vegetable-juices-by-lactobacillus-acidophilus-la-5",totalDownloads:5480,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Lavinia Claudia Buruleanu, Magda Gabriela Bratu, Iuliana Manea, Daniela Avram and Carmen Leane Nicolescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42323",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42323",authors:[{id:"139924",title:"Prof.",name:"Lavinia Claudia",surname:"Buruleanu",slug:"lavinia-claudia-buruleanu",fullName:"Lavinia Claudia Buruleanu"}],corrections:null},{id:"42329",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria as Probiotics: Characteristics, Selection Criteria and Role in Immunomodulation of Human GI Muccosal Barrier",doi:"10.5772/50732",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-as-probiotics-characteristics-selection-criteria-and-role-in-immunomodulation-o",totalDownloads:7661,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:19,signatures:"Daoud Harzallah and Hani Belhadj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42329",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42329",authors:[{id:"143935",title:"Dr.",name:"Daoud",surname:"Harzallah",slug:"daoud-harzallah",fullName:"Daoud Harzallah"}],corrections:null},{id:"42331",title:"Probiotics and Intestinal Microbiota: Implications in Colon Cancer Prevention",doi:"10.5772/51696",slug:"probiotics-and-intestinal-microbiota-implications-in-colon-cancer-prevention",totalDownloads:2425,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Katia Sivieri, Raquel Bedani, Daniela Cardoso Umbelino Cavallini and Elizeu A. Rossi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42331",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42331",authors:[{id:"95918",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",surname:"Sivieri",slug:"katia-sivieri",fullName:"Katia Sivieri"}],corrections:null},{id:"42336",title:"Highlights in Probiotic Research",doi:"10.5772/50004",slug:"highlights-in-probiotic-research",totalDownloads:2598,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Gülden Başyiğit Kılıc",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42336",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42336",authors:[{id:"140900",title:"Dr.",name:"Gulden",surname:"Basyigit Kilic",slug:"gulden-basyigit-kilic",fullName:"Gulden Basyigit Kilic"}],corrections:null},{id:"42315",title:"Dose Effects of LAB on Modulation of Rotavirus Vaccine Induced Immune Responses",doi:"10.5772/50379",slug:"dose-effects-of-lab-on-modulation-of-rotavirus-vaccine-induced-immune-responses",totalDownloads:2144,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Lijuan Yuan, Ke Wen, Fangning Liu and Guohua Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42315",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42315",authors:[{id:"139676",title:"Dr.",name:"Lijuan",surname:"Yuan",slug:"lijuan-yuan",fullName:"Lijuan Yuan"},{id:"156199",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Wen",slug:"ke-wen",fullName:"Ke Wen"},{id:"156200",title:"Dr.",name:"Fangning",surname:"Liu",slug:"fangning-liu",fullName:"Fangning Liu"},{id:"156201",title:"Dr.",name:"Guohua",surname:"Li",slug:"guohua-li",fullName:"Guohua Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"42341",title:"Bifidobacterium in Human GI Tract: Screening, Isolation, Survival and Growth Kinetics in Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions",doi:"10.5772/50457",slug:"bifidobacterium-in-human-gi-tract-screening-isolation-survival-and-growth-kinetics-in-simulated-gast",totalDownloads:5473,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Nditange Shigwedha and Li Jia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42341",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42341",authors:[{id:"140033",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Nditange",surname:"Shigwedha",slug:"nditange-shigwedha",fullName:"Nditange Shigwedha"},{id:"143756",title:"MSc.",name:"Li",surname:"Jia",slug:"li-jia",fullName:"Li Jia"}],corrections:null},{id:"42335",title:"Lactic Fermentation and Bioactive Peptides",doi:"10.5772/51692",slug:"lactic-fermentation-and-bioactive-peptides",totalDownloads:3399,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,signatures:"Anne Pihlanto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42335",authors:[{id:"143992",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",surname:"Pihlanto",slug:"anne-pihlanto",fullName:"Anne Pihlanto"}],corrections:null},{id:"42321",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria in Tropical Grass Silages",doi:"10.5772/50703",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-in-tropical-grass-silages",totalDownloads:2894,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Edson Mauro Santos, Thiago Carvalho da Silva, Carlos Henrique Oliveira Macedo and Fleming Sena Campos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42321",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42321",authors:[{id:"139631",title:"Dr.",name:"Edson Mauro",surname:"Santos",slug:"edson-mauro-santos",fullName:"Edson Mauro Santos"},{id:"144240",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"thiago-da-silva",fullName:"Thiago Da Silva"},{id:"155308",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos Henrique Oliveira",surname:"Macedo",slug:"carlos-henrique-oliveira-macedo",fullName:"Carlos Henrique Oliveira Macedo"},{id:"155309",title:"Dr.",name:"Fleming",surname:"Campos",slug:"fleming-campos",fullName:"Fleming Campos"}],corrections:null},{id:"42334",title:"Ruminal Digestibility and Quality of Silage Conserved via Fermentation by Lactobacilli",doi:"10.5772/50816",slug:"ruminal-digestibility-and-quality-of-silage-conserved-via-fermentation-by-lactobacilli",totalDownloads:2663,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Yang Cao, Yimin Cai and Toshiyoshi Takahashi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42334",authors:[{id:"141590",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiyoshi",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"toshiyoshi-takahashi",fullName:"Toshiyoshi Takahashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"42332",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Bacteriocins: A Promising Approach to Seafood Biopreservation",doi:"10.5772/50705",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-and-their-bacteriocins-a-promising-approach-to-seafood-biopreservation",totalDownloads:4635,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,signatures:"Mahdi Ghanbari and Mansooreh Jami",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42332",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42332",authors:[{id:"139655",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahdi",surname:"Ghanbari",slug:"mahdi-ghanbari",fullName:"Mahdi Ghanbari"}],corrections:null},{id:"42339",title:"Selection of Lactobacillus Species from Intestinal Microbiota of Fish for Their Potential Use as Biopreservatives",doi:"10.5772/50166",slug:"selection-of-lactobacillus-species-from-intestinal-microbiota-of-fish-for-their-potential-use-as-bio",totalDownloads:3089,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Mahdi Ghanbari, Masoud Rezaei and Mansoureh Jami",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42339",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42339",authors:[{id:"139655",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahdi",surname:"Ghanbari",slug:"mahdi-ghanbari",fullName:"Mahdi Ghanbari"}],corrections:null},{id:"42333",title:"Exploring Surface Display Technology for Enhancement of Delivering Viable Lactic Acid Bacteria to Gastrointestinal Tract",doi:"10.5772/50783",slug:"exploring-surface-display-technology-for-enhancement-of-delivering-viable-lactic-acid-bacteria-to-ga",totalDownloads:2025,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Shirin Tarahomjoo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42333",authors:[{id:"140986",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Tarahomjoo",slug:"tarahomjoo",fullName:"Tarahomjoo"}],corrections:null},{id:"42317",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria and Mitigation of GHG Emission from Ruminant Livestock",doi:"10.5772/50358",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-and-mitigation-of-ghg-emission-from-ruminant-livestock",totalDownloads:2504,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Junichi Takahashi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42317",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42317",authors:[{id:"141650",title:"Prof.",name:"Junichi",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"junichi-takahashi",fullName:"Junichi Takahashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"42338",title:"Lactose and β-Glucosides Metabolism and Its Regulation in Lactococcus lactis: A Review",doi:"10.5772/50889",slug:"lactose-and-glucosides-metabolism-and-its-regulation-in-lactococcus-lactis-a-review",totalDownloads:2739,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,signatures:"Tamara Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42338",authors:[{id:"143584",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",surname:"Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk",slug:"tamara-aleksandrzak-piekarczyk",fullName:"Tamara Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk"}],corrections:null},{id:"42319",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria in Hydrogen-Producing Consortia: On Purpose or by Coincidence?",doi:"10.5772/50364",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-in-hydrogen-producing-consortia-on-purpose-or-by-coincidence-",totalDownloads:3132,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:66,signatures:"Anna Sikora, Mieczysław Błaszczyk, Marcin Jurkowski and Urszula Zielenkiewicz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42319",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42319",authors:[{id:"143688",title:"Dr.",name:"Urszula",surname:"Zielenkiewicz",slug:"urszula-zielenkiewicz",fullName:"Urszula Zielenkiewicz"},{id:"146985",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Sikora",slug:"anna-sikora",fullName:"Anna Sikora"},{id:"162424",title:"Prof.",name:"Mieczysław",surname:"Błaszczyk",slug:"mieczyslaw-blaszczyk",fullName:"Mieczysław Błaszczyk"},{id:"162425",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcin",surname:"Jurkowski",slug:"marcin-jurkowski",fullName:"Marcin Jurkowski"}],corrections:null},{id:"42337",title:"Exopolysaccharides of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Food and Colon Health Applications",doi:"10.5772/50839",slug:"exopolysaccharides-of-lactic-acid-bacteria-for-food-and-colon-health-applications",totalDownloads:5968,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:36,signatures:"Tsuda Harutoshi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42337",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42337",authors:[{id:"141928",title:"Dr.",name:"Harutoshi",surname:"Tsuda",slug:"harutoshi-tsuda",fullName:"Harutoshi Tsuda"}],corrections:null},{id:"42318",title:"Dynamic Stresses of Lactic Acid Bacteria Associated to Fermentation Processes",doi:"10.5772/51049",slug:"dynamic-stresses-of-lactic-acid-bacteria-associated-to-fermentation-processes",totalDownloads:5237,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,signatures:"Diana I. Serrazanetti, Davide Gottardi, Chiara Montanari and Andrea Gianotti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42318",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42318",authors:[{id:"141754",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana Isabella",surname:"Serrazanetti",slug:"diana-isabella-serrazanetti",fullName:"Diana Isabella Serrazanetti"},{id:"144308",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",surname:"Gottardi",slug:"davide-gottardi",fullName:"Davide Gottardi"},{id:"144310",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",surname:"Montanari",slug:"chiara-montanari",fullName:"Chiara Montanari"},{id:"144311",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Gianotti",slug:"andrea-gianotti",fullName:"Andrea Gianotti"}],corrections:null},{id:"42326",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria in Philippine Traditional Fermented Foods",doi:"10.5772/50582",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-in-philippine-traditional-fermented-foods",totalDownloads:7559,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Charina Gracia B. Banaay, Marilen P. Balolong and Francisco B. Elegado",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42326",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42326",authors:[{id:"140960",title:"Dr.",name:"Charina Gracia",surname:"Banaay",slug:"charina-gracia-banaay",fullName:"Charina Gracia Banaay"},{id:"144166",title:"Prof.",name:"Marilen",surname:"Parungao-Balolong",slug:"marilen-parungao-balolong",fullName:"Marilen Parungao-Balolong"},{id:"144168",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Elegado",slug:"francisco-elegado",fullName:"Francisco Elegado"}],corrections:null},{id:"42328",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria as Source of Functional Ingredients",doi:"10.5772/47766",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-as-source-of-functional-ingredients",totalDownloads:6504,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:30,signatures:"Panagiota Florou-Paneri, Efterpi Christaki and Eleftherios Bonos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42328",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42328",authors:[{id:"140984",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiota",surname:"Florou-Paneri",slug:"panagiota-florou-paneri",fullName:"Panagiota Florou-Paneri"},{id:"142773",title:"Dr.",name:"Efterpi",surname:"Christaki",slug:"efterpi-christaki",fullName:"Efterpi Christaki"},{id:"142774",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleftherios",surname:"Bonos",slug:"eleftherios-bonos",fullName:"Eleftherios Bonos"}],corrections:null},{id:"42322",title:"The Current Status and Future Expectations in Industrial Production of Lactic Acid by Lactic Acid Bacteria",doi:"10.5772/51282",slug:"the-current-status-and-future-expectations-in-industrial-production-of-lactic-acid-by-lactic-acid-ba",totalDownloads:8381,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:38,signatures:"Sanna Taskila and Heikki Ojamo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42322",authors:[{id:"139705",title:"Dr.",name:null,surname:"Taskila",slug:"taskila",fullName:"Taskila"},{id:"142916",title:"Prof.",name:"Heikki",surname:"Ojamo",slug:"heikki-ojamo",fullName:"Heikki Ojamo"}],corrections:null},{id:"42325",title:"Application of Amylolytic Lactobacillus fermentum 04BBA19 in Fermentation for Simultaneous Production of Thermostable Alpha-Amylase and Lactic Acid",doi:"10.5772/50456",slug:"application-of-amylolytic-lactobacillus-fermentum-04bba19-in-fermentation-for-simultaneous-productio",totalDownloads:3791,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,signatures:"Bertrand Tatsinkou Fossi and Frédéric Tavea",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42325",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42325",authors:[{id:"140244",title:"Dr.",name:"Bertrand",surname:"Tatsinkou Fossi",slug:"bertrand-tatsinkou-fossi",fullName:"Bertrand Tatsinkou Fossi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2129",title:"A Search for Antibacterial Agents",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1567c6402f459b018a6aabfd620aa3f7",slug:"a-search-for-antibacterial-agents",bookSignature:"Varaprasad Bobbarala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2129.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90574",title:"Dr.",name:"Varaprasad",surname:"Bobbarala",slug:"varaprasad-bobbarala",fullName:"Varaprasad Bobbarala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5056",title:"Actinobacteria",subtitle:"Basics and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46638f9636540f83f06226bf0e0a1e43",slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran and Yi Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5056.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48914",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharumadurai",surname:"Dhanasekaran",slug:"dharumadurai-dhanasekaran",fullName:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"200541",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"yi-jiang",fullName:"Yi Jiang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200541/images/system/200541.png",biography:"Dr. Yi Jiang, PhD of Kiel University, Germany; and Associate Professor of Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University. She is a specialist in taxonomy, ecology and resources of actinomycetes. Dr. Yiang published 93 academic articles and 3 books, obtained 9 patents, and awarded a first prize of Natural Science of Yunnan and Second prize of Kunming City.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5867",title:"Antibacterial Agents",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7834e622de76478416bdc3092c52cb15",slug:"antibacterial-agents",bookSignature:"Ranjith N. Kumavath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5867.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",surname:"Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"554",title:"Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3092adcfb46acf538c9ef38530f92d8f",slug:"bacterial-artificial-chromosomes",bookSignature:"Pradeep Chatterjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/554.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91537",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradeep",surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"pradeep-chatterjee",fullName:"Pradeep Chatterjee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6764",title:"Cyanobacteria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87c7d8f86f7c1185aa4dd47c6492951a",slug:"cyanobacteria",bookSignature:"Archana Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6764.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6425",title:"Probiotics",subtitle:"Current Knowledge and Future Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"129bd046ff0fb4db6584e5afeebe98fa",slug:"probiotics-current-knowledge-and-future-prospects",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6425.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6685",title:"Basic Biology and Applications of Actinobacteria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"301e66d4a6b29d4326c39ff2922ec420",slug:"basic-biology-and-applications-of-actinobacteria",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8133",title:"Pathogenic Bacteria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b26e69f94525a38ead8ac88e3c68631a",slug:"pathogenic-bacteria",bookSignature:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu and Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8133.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahra",surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8032",title:"Staphylococcus and Streptococcus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9ddbf132ac8ea9d2a7613836e5a27ca",slug:"staphylococcus-and-streptococcus",bookSignature:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahra",surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7240",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a76c3ef7718c0b72d0128817cdcbe6e3",slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",bookSignature:"Madhusmita Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204267",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusmita",surname:"Mishra",slug:"madhusmita-mishra",fullName:"Madhusmita Mishra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66062",slug:"corrigendum-to-pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",title:"Corrigendum to: Pain Management in Plastic Surgery",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66062.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66062",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66062",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66062",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66062",chapter:{id:"62958",slug:"pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",signatures:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa, Made Wiryana, Tjokorda Gde\nAgung Senapathi and Pontisomaya Parami",dateSubmitted:"April 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"June 5th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"208429",title:"M.D.",name:"I Gusti Ngurah",middleName:"Mahaalit",surname:"Aribawa",fullName:"I Gusti Ngurah Aribawa",slug:"i-gusti-ngurah-aribawa",email:"mahaalit@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tjokorda Gde Agung",middleName:null,surname:"Senapathi",fullName:"Tjokorda Gde Agung Senapathi",slug:"tjokorda-gde-agung-senapathi",email:"tjoksenapathi@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209750",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pontisomaya",middleName:null,surname:"Parami",fullName:"Pontisomaya Parami",slug:"pontisomaya-parami",email:"ponti@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209752",title:"Prof.",name:"Made",middleName:null,surname:"Wiryana",fullName:"Made Wiryana",slug:"made-wiryana",email:"wiryana@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62958",slug:"pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",signatures:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa, Made Wiryana, Tjokorda Gde\nAgung Senapathi and Pontisomaya Parami",dateSubmitted:"April 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"June 5th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"208429",title:"M.D.",name:"I Gusti Ngurah",middleName:"Mahaalit",surname:"Aribawa",fullName:"I Gusti Ngurah Aribawa",slug:"i-gusti-ngurah-aribawa",email:"mahaalit@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tjokorda Gde Agung",middleName:null,surname:"Senapathi",fullName:"Tjokorda Gde Agung Senapathi",slug:"tjokorda-gde-agung-senapathi",email:"tjoksenapathi@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209750",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pontisomaya",middleName:null,surname:"Parami",fullName:"Pontisomaya Parami",slug:"pontisomaya-parami",email:"ponti@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209752",title:"Prof.",name:"Made",middleName:null,surname:"Wiryana",fullName:"Made Wiryana",slug:"made-wiryana",email:"wiryana@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10203",leadTitle:null,title:"Dyes and Pigments",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe use of dyes and pigments is narrowly associated with everyday life. Since ancient times, people have been using various types of dyes and pigments for both aesthetic and practical applications. Typically, the coloration of various materials e.g. textiles, clay, plastics, etc. has been their main purpose. Yet, the scope of contemporary dyes and pigments has become significantly broader and there is constant interest in new products fulfilling numerous requirements parallel to their ability to act as colorants. This trend has led to the development of functional dyes.
\r\n\r\n\tIn recent years, novel dyes and pigments with hi-tech applications have been developed and there is a continuous demand for new products with better properties and/or broader application scope. Of particular interest is the development of dyes and pigments with environment-responsive aptitudes i.e. products that can undergo some structural modification as a result of external stimuli e.g. light, heat, pressure, pH-changes, etc. These stimuli-responsive functional dyes have in turn found application in sensor technologies, optical data storage, molecular switches, etc. Acknowledging these facts, this book aims to cover current state-of-the-art research and development in the remarkably important area of environment-responsive (multi)functional dyes and pigments.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-615-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-614-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-616-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"624f533946a159bc8a03f109c2e1dc91",bookSignature:"Dr. Raffaello Papadakis",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10203.jpg",keywords:"Fluorescent Dyes, PH-Sensitive Dyes, Solvatochromism, Solvent Polarity Indicators, Chromic Betaines, Viscosity, Charge-Transfer Complexes, Spectroscopy, Piezochromism, Optoelectronics, Photochromism, Molecular Switches",numberOfDownloads:62,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 28th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 25th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 24th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 12th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 13th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Chemical Engineer with working experience at the Institute of Molecular Sciences, CNRS/Aix-Marseille University in the research group of Dr. Thierry Tron, and at Uppsala University in the research group of Dr. Henrik Ottosson. Currently a Senior Research Scientist at Tdb Labs, Uppsala, Sweden.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"251885",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaello",middleName:null,surname:"Papadakis",slug:"raffaello-papadakis",fullName:"Raffaello Papadakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251885/images/system/251885.jpg",biography:"Raffaello Papadakis is a Chemical Engineer (MEng 2005) majoring in organic chemical technology and polymer science and technology. He started his PhD in the field of physical organic chemistry in 2006 under the supervision of Prof. (Emer.) Dr. Athanase Tsolomitis (National Technical University of Athens, Greece) and graduated in 2010. During his PhD he concentrated on the synthesis of solvatochromic probes and molecular switches. He later on spent two years in Marseille, France (September 2010–January 2013) working as a postodoctoral researcher at the Institute of Molecular Sciences, CNRS/Aix-Marseille University, in the field of water oxidation catalysts in the research group of Dr. Thierry Tron before moving to to Uppsala, Sweden in 2014. There he joined the group of Dr. Henrik Ottosson (Uppsala University) and he worked as a postdoc researcher and later as a researcher (Forskare) focusing on excited state (anti)aromaticity and graphene photochemistry-related research. His current research interests revolve around physical organic and materials chemistry with an emphasis on the chemistry and photochemistry of graphene and novel covalent organic frameworks as well as polymer chemistry. He is the author and coauthor of 24 scientific research papers, two book chapters and he has more than 35 contributions in international conference proceedings. Furthermore, he is an active referee of scientific peer-reviewed papers of world-class chemistry journals and he has acted as a scientific expert evaluating international research-grant proposals. Currently he works as a Senior Research Scientist at TdB Labs AB (Sweden) and specializes in polysaccharide modifications and derivatization placing particular interest in fluorescent dye polysaccharide-functionalizations.",institutionString:"TdB Labs",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"74730",title:"Treatment of Textile Dyeing Waste Water Using TiO2/Zn Electrode by Spray Pyrolysis in Electrocoagulation Process",slug:"treatment-of-textile-dyeing-waste-water-using-tio2-zn-electrode-by-spray-pyrolysis-in-electrocoagula",totalDownloads:63,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56380",title:"Airlines Content Recommendations Based on Passengers' Choice Using Bayesian Belief Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70131",slug:"airlines-content-recommendations-based-on-passengers-choice-using-bayesian-belief-networks",body:'\nIn a world of increasingly global competition, companies have to compete on the effectiveness and efficiency of their marketing strategies to capture new opportunities to satisfy customers\' needs. In other words, having the greatest product at the lowest price is not competitive enough. Choice behavior is affected by a consumer\'s own preference for entire product categories and particular brands, allowing companies to collect market and industry data, learn about consumer preference, and change sales tactics. In general, companies must consider consumer choice and offer their customers varieties of differentiated products and different types of choices to meet consumer demand when they formulate revenue decisions and marketing strategies. For instance, most airlines have different fare classes (e.g., economy class versus first class) that differ in the level of services and facilities available for customers. Companies have to understand the choices that consumers make when facing such a product assortment and provide appropriate contents for each consumer. Once individual choice has been modeled, the choice prediction would be of great value to managers for the estimation of the impact of a change in product formulation [1, 2].
\nWhat one cares most is choice, the selection of a suitable content from a set of available alternatives. Given the growing diversity of the purchasing channels and information media, companies are increasingly interested in modeling and understanding an actual process through which consumers choose products, in addition to measure consumers\' future choices. Better understanding of consumer choices and predicting preference is important for enterprises to introduce new products and implement target marketing. Preference prediction could also be used more extensively by companies to guide decision optimization [3]. The researchers and managers are mostly interested in knowing human choice behavior, particularly the underlying choice mechanisms, and reveal and investigate fundamental reasons behind it. Choice behavior is complex and yet rational, as a result, decision makers seek to simplify the formulation of choice process. Capturing the consumers\' choice decision, a method that estimates direct and indirect effects, the situation-specific variables and clear causal relationship could offer better representing choice behavior mechanisms. Based on choice mechanism, companies need to measure preference and predict consumer decision making to conduct market research to design products. In this chapter, we aim to investigate these concerns:
\nHow can we infer consumers\' choice for content in the future?
How to design a model using only current period choices to infer consumers\' inter-temporal preferences?
Is the process dynamic and it allows the researchers to analyze influences of effect changes?
With increasing awareness of transportation competition, if airline companies hope to survive and make profit, they have to realize that customer resource is the most valuable competitive advantage and try their best to satisfy the needs of their customers. Besides, Mowen (1988) emphasized that managers can reset promotional strategies to satisfy different types of consumers\' desire most effectively, through the best channels [7]. Based on the above analysis, we decided to introduce a personalized content recommendation system to satisfy China air passengers\' desire. As we all know, good relationship with customers is crucial for airline companies to keep advantage in competition and furthermore make profit in the long run. Using real history data from China Southern Airline and Bayesian network can fix best personalized contents to each individual passenger.
\nThis chapter introduces Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) for predicting air passengers\' choice. On the basis of these choices, airlines can recommend best relevant content to passengers, including products, service, tips, notices, feature introductions, and information sharing to improve their travel experience, satisfaction, and loyalty. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly discusses a review of consumer choice behavior, provides some definitions, and illustrates advantages of Bayesian belief networks. In the next section, we establish BBN models by using the case of China Southern Airlines with real transaction data, including passengers\' basic information, history decision options, and purchase characteristics to predict the possible contents which the consumer will choose, followed by model results and discussion.
\nWhen consumers face multiple alternative products, brands, and services, they tend to repeat the same choices that proved satisfactory in similar situations [4]. Information integration theory offers a specific mechanism to describe how individuals integrate separate pieces of available information into an overall index of preferences [5, 6]. The theory proposes that in situations where information about the products and brands are available in the marketplace, consumers tend to value and weight product attributes more often at the time of making a purchase decision. We formulated a comprehensive evaluation by combing consumers\' values and weights under certain rules. Marketing managers should carefully study these decision-making processes and results to understand where consumers can collect relevant information, how consumers form beliefs, and what criteria consumers use to make product or service choices. As a result, companies can develop products that emphasize the appropriate attributes, and managers can reset promotional strategies to satisfy different types of consumers\' desire most effectively, through the best channels [7]. Another interest issue to academia is in determining whether there are systematic differences in consumers’ choice behavior. Identifying and understanding these differences are important for developing or formulating effective marketing strategies.
\nConsumer choice behavior has been mainly conceptualized as a combination of some socio-demographics and the attributes of alternatives [8]. Constructs, such as utility, attitude, or cognition, are used to map the attributes into one of the choice behavior. However, little research has been conducted about the choice process models considering the socio-demographic characteristics and the attributes of their decision alternatives in a recent study.
\nIn recent years, the airline industry faces the economic challenges, which are coupled with volatile fuel prices and pressure of environment protection. In addition, with increasing awareness of competition caused by the development of other transportation alternatives, if airline companies hope to survive and make profit, they have to realize that customer resource is the most valuable competitive advantage and try their best to satisfy the needs of their customers. Thus, good relationship with customers is crucial for airline companies to keep advantage in competition and furthermore make profit in the long run. Domestic and international airline companies have long shifted their attention to customer relationship management [9]. Relationship with passengers has been taken as one of the most important goals for every airline company to maximize passengers\' loyalty and revenues. Besides good performance in airline operation and business management, another important key for success is leveraging power of customer relationship to attain superb performance. Those airline companies, who could correctly estimate trends and risks in the airline market and take necessary actions to satisfy their customers, could be much more successful in the industry.
\nAlthough understanding changing needs of passengers is of great importance for airlines, passengers\' decision-making processes have received relatively little managerial attention. Therefore, further understanding of those decision-making processes is crucial for airline companies to improve their operations and business models [10].
\nWith today\'s ever-increasing travel choices and growing consumer heterogeneity, numerous factors affect passengers\' choices, for example, their socio-demographic status, decision-making patterns, cultural background, ticket cost, travel objectives, time schedule, and so on. The role of each factor is difficult to define, let alone the interaction between different factors. Leisure travelers are becoming more and more supply-oriented selecting airlines with most convenient schedules and best service experience. A change from selecting the travel destination and seeking for appropriate transportations to one, which a desirable airline service is initially set and the trip is arranged around in, will very likely alter the dominant social ideological trend of travel behavior.
\nBelief networks are probabilistic graphical representations of models that capture relationship between different variables. Belief networks use either directed or undirected graphs to represent a dependency model. The directed acyclic graph (DAG) is more flexible and expressive. It is also able to investigate a wide range of probabilistic inter-dependency than undirected graphs. For example, induced and transitive dependency cannot be modeled accurately by undirected graphs, but can be easily represented in DAGs.
\nA causal belief network is made up of various types of nodes. An arc between two nodes represents a causal relation, an originating node of the arc is a parent node and the others are child nodes. A root node has no parents while a leaf node has no children. Each node has an underlying conditional probability table (CPT) that describes the option distribution for specific nodes associated with each possible combination of the parent nodes. Bayesian belief network (BBN) is a specific type of causal belief network, consisting of a set of nodes, where each node represents a variable in the dependency model and the connecting arcs represent the causal relationship among variables. Figure 1 shows a simple BBN example about heart disease and heartache patients. The CPT\'s of the nodes is also illustrated in Figure 1. As for any causal belief network, the nodes represent stochastic variables and the arcs identify direct causal influences among the linked variables [11]. Each node or variable may take one of a number of possible states. The certainty of these states is determined from the belief in each possible state of all the nodes. The belief in each state of a node is updated whenever the belief in each state of any directly connected node changes. The difference between Bayesian belief networks and other causal belief networks is that BBNs use Bayesian calculus to process the state probabilities of each node from the predetermined conditional and prior probabilities. The belief network is dynamic and their probabilities are subject to changes.
\nA Bayesian belief network depicting relationship among heart disease and heartache patients.
A Bayesian belief network is a graphical representation of a Bayesian probabilistic dependency within a knowledge domain [12], particularly appropriate for target recognition problems, where the category, identity, and class of target groups are to be recognized [13]. Bayesian belief networks have proven to be very useful, befitting to small and incomplete data collections. A Bayesian network can be, for example, used to save a considerable amount of space, explicit treatment of uncertainty, and support for decision analysis, casual relationship, and fast responses. Bayesian network is also suited to structural learning applications, and a combination of different sources of the preferred knowledge [14]. Besides, Bayesian approach finds the inclusion optimal model structure from data constructed by the a priori knowledge, and a constraint-based approach finds the optimal model structure from conditional dependences in each pair of variables. Given the ascertained information, Bayesian belief networks are used to determine or infer the posterior probability distributions for the variables of interest [11]. As such, they do not include decisions or utilities that typify the preferences of the users, but the user make decisions based on these probability distributions [11]. The causal relationships in Bayesian belief networks allow the correlation between variables to be modeled and predictions to be made. Comparing to classical statistical approaches, Bayesian belief networks have a distinct advantage [15]. BBN becomes not only a powerful tool for knowledge representation but reasoning under conditions of uncertainty [16], frequently dealing with real-world problems such as building medical diagnostic systems, forecasting, and manufacturing process control for several decades [17]. Nowadays BBN has been extended to other applications including software risk management [18], ecosystem and environmental management [19], and transportation [20]. There is a great impact of key events on long-term transport mode choice decisions using Bayesian belief network, precisely Bayesian decision network, for the exploration of the suggested formalism in measuring, analyzing, and predicting dynamic travel mode choice in relation to key events and critical incidents [21]. However, seldom researches are found using BBN as an application in airlines marketing management. This paper introduces Bayesian belief networks using relative and contextual variables to estimate a logic relationship and test the causal mechanisms of current passengers\' choice and predict their future preference.
\nAir passengers make their choices using prior information available as well as information they obtain from the internal and external environments. Passengers integrate all the information actually available to them (including prior information and any information affect them) and turn them into preferences of a product. The basic aim is to support airline decision makers in their analysis of the impact of variables on passenger demand in the future. Prediction of passenger choice for the distant future is critical to guide managers in the specification of marketing strategies to be used. Such distant future predictions necessitate large-scale models of passenger choice but that pressing need contrasts sharply with the capabilities of traditional forecasting and modeling techniques. In this study, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are studied. Developed as such, the BBN is expected to guide airline managers in their future product decisions, facilitating analysis of specific decisions based on predicting the choice modes of passengers; highlighting the causal relationships among variables in the process and finally showing the impact of changes. To represent the dynamic nature of the causal relationship and to draw inferences based on the uncertainty concerning the states of the variables; this part constructs a Bayesian belief network for airline content recommendation mode using a case study of Chinese airline. A basic assumption of BBN is that when the conditional probabilities for each variable are multiplied, the joint probability distributions for all variables in the network are then calculated [22]. The structure is determined based on experts\' judgments on content recommendation mode and a logic relationship.
\nThree components of a belief network are important: the nodes representing variables, the links among nodes, and states representing the expected utilities or probabilities. Therefore, the first step of the process is the development of a casual network. For this purpose, relevant variables and the logic relationship of this network should be determined. In the next stage, belief networks explore how the changes of states of variables (nodes) influence consumers\' future choices and the needs of contents. Therefore, the static causal model is transformed into a dynamic one through the calculation of the Bayesian belief network. The resulting network is subjected to scenario analysis to help airline decision makers in their analysis on future product designs.
\nTo obtain a mutually, selectively exhaustive list of basic variables of the airline companies, interviews are conducted with airline domain experts, who are encouraged to identify the variables that might be relevant to the research. Thereafter, 35 variables are generated based on the situation of China and with weights of the expert judgments and estimation. The decision variables are classified into four groups:
\nPersonal characteristics
Experience and behavior characteristics
Preference characteristics
Individuals\' perceptions
Personal characteristics include airline passengers\' demographic status and member information related to air travel. Experience and behavioral characteristics include passenger purchase behavior, decisions in choosing products, and attributes of particular experience. Preference characteristics include consumer preference and travel patterns. Individual perception describes the evaluation of passengers\' loyalty, satisfaction, and comfort. After the identification of variables, the next step is the determination of the causal relations among all the variables. The use of this network is proposed to capture the knowledge and assumptions and to understand the mechanism of consumer choice processes`. The whole network is built up using Netica. The changes exist in the network are subjected to field tests using real world data from Chinese data sources.
\nThe content recommendation is a new attempt in airline companies\' new marketing strategies. After obtaining and integrating consumers\' choice behavior, airline companies forecast and measure passengers\' preference to predict intertemporal choices in the future. Based on the predicted choices, airline decision makers formulate relevant content and recommend it to target consumer groups. Passengers can get information about what they want to know which can improve their loyalty, satisfaction, and comfort with airlines. Better customer relationship, more market share in the fierce competition. Content recommendations include products, services, tips, notices, introductions, and information sharing. Products include popular routes; international and domestic hotels; duty free gifts, etc. Services include special assistance, baggage inquiry, online check-in, pre-paid luggages, and so on. Tips include travel guide, entertainment activities, lounge locations, and flight delays. News and promotions, mileage redemption, and offers are also included in notices. Introductions involve frequent flyer program, activities, flight and hotel, boarding and arrival procedure, and so on. Information sharing is a new measure applied to web search with the popularity of social media. Airline industry starts to realize this platform can further improve service experience. Passengers can link the data of Weibo (China popular social media) or WeChat to flight reservation process that is easy for them to know who are in the same flight [23]. The network in Figure 2 shows airline content recommendations for given choices of passengers.
\nNetwork for content recommendation mode.
The first cluster illustrates personal information. Demographic data elements include gender, age, and education. By using these three attributes, one can speculate individual occupation and time pressure. Distinguishing leisure travelers and business travelers depends on time sensitivities. The node ‘feasibility’ indicates the air travel feasibility of each node combination, upgrade (yes or no), travel mode (leisure or business), and time pressure (yes or no). The second cluster depicts experience and behavior characteristic. The experience characteristic describes passengers\' trip and destination experience. The third cluster represents passenger\'s preference such as fare class preference, seat preference, flight time preference, and holiday preference. It is worth to emphasize that distance and upgrade may lead passenger to change their class selections. Passengers will choose more comfortable classes when they take longer range flights. When it comes to membership upgrades, passengers are more likely to choose traveling first class to accumulate qualified miles. The fourth cluster describes individuals\' perception evaluating the effect of variable changes on passengers\' loyalty, satisfaction, and degree of comfort. This cluster refers to benefit variables that intend to cover the most significant perception. One of the benefit variables, namely, loyalty is affected by membership class. The higher the membership class, the higher level of stickiness to an Airline company. In this aspect, the outcome should take the weights of the benefit nodes into account.
\nThe data from airlines are used to complete all CPTs of the nature nodes. After completing all tables, we use Netica software to compile the network and determine the probabilities of six contents. Figure 3 shows the compiled decision network.
\nCompiled decision network (Cluster 1).
From Figure 3, the probability of tips is the highest, reaching 18.5% in total among all the contents decision options. Due to tips containing travel guide, entertainment activities, lounge caution, and delay calling, different kinds of hints remind passengers to have considerable experience. The probabilities of products and notice are around 17%. The other three contents are similar under the average level just over 15.4%. The beliefs and probabilities will be updated when evidence for certain nature nodes change. We will discuss some examples below.
\nAfter entering the evidence ‘Yes’ for the node ‘Feasibility’, which is colored gray in Figure 4, the belief for the decision nodes are auto-updated and recalculated. We find that only the probability of ‘Introduce’ option changed according to this new evidence. When air traveling is totally feasible for passengers no matter his or her travel purpose is holiday or business, the ‘Introduce’ is less useful to provide them flight information, boarding, and arrival procedure what they already know. They concern more about the services, delay caution, popular routes, holiday destination, and so on.
\nCompiled decision network (‘Feasibility’ = ‘yes’).
Figure 5 represents the influence of the evidence ‘Yes’ for the nature node ‘Change’ on the decision options mode. The beliefs and probabilities updated automatically. The results illustrates if passengers change their purchase behavior or trip modes, for example, taking high-speed train, the effective method to retain their customers, airline managers could recommend relative tips and notice to them and give them more comfortable services.
\n(a) Compiled decision network (Cluster 2). (b) Compiled decision network (‘Change’ = ‘Yes’).
We compiled network with the ‘Long’ for ‘Distance’, ‘High’ for ‘TotalFlight’, and ‘High’ for ‘Frequency’, respectively. The consequences are represented on Figure 6 (a–c). The trends of three results are similar. The probabilities of ‘Products’, ‘Introduce’, and ‘Shares’ rise outstanding. However, what surprised us is that the probabilities of ‘Services’ decrease sharply. This result gives decision makers a good suggestion that passengers who have high frequency traveling behavior need products recommendation, destination introduce, web link to share when they experience long range journey. In the same way, the service is not as important as other aspects.
\n(a) Compiled decision network (‘Distance’ = ‘Long’). (b) Compiled decision network (‘TotalFlights’=‘High’). (c) Compiled decision network (‘Frequency’ = ‘High’).
As each passenger has own preference. The information about preference is too diverse, so that we introduce a nature node ‘Flexibility’ to describe the overall variation of consumers\' preferences. Controlling states of these nodes, including seat, class, flight time and holiday, have no obvious effects on decision option modes. Therefore, we set ‘Flexibility’ to ‘Yes’ for sure in Figure 7. ‘Shares’ has the biggest change in the entire content recommendation options mode that means ‘Share’ is the most useful method to address flexibility problems whose regular pattern is hard to capture. Facing this situation, airline managers share links to their passengers on social media to release a service “meeting & sitting in the same flight” [23]. As the results shown in Figure 8, the membership class has significant influence on customers\' loyalty. Members with highest qualification are stickier to their choices of airlines; the probability of high loyalty ascends from 35.7 to 85.2% when we set ‘Yes’ for state ‘Gold’. Moreover, more than half of silver card owners remain loyal to their airline companies. For airlines, managers should better service loyal customers, reduce the loss of customers and mining new customers.
\nCompiled decision network (‘Flexibility’ = ‘Yes’).
(a–d) Compiled decision network of Cluster 4.
In the first part, we come up with three questions: How can we infer consumers\' choice for content in the future? How to design a model using only current period choices to infer consumers’ inter-temporal preferences? Is the process dynamic and it allows the researchers to analyze influences of effect changes?
\nThis paper uses automatic updating process to explain the dynamics of belief networks. BBN model represents a complex network that constructs and model consumer choice process. From the examples above, we investigate clearly how the evidence of one state of a node change affects the probability of decision options. Based on China Southern Airline historical real data, we predict the passengers\' choice and help airline managers recommend relative contents to satisfy passengers\' needs.
\nThis article measures air passengers\' preference and predicts their choices in the future based on current choice behavior using Bayesian belief network. This network can represent complex choice behavior and causal relationship among different variables, and the use of the probability of options can capture passengers\' dynamic decision-making processes. The most powerful of the Bayesian network is that the probability of getting results from each stage is a reflection of mathematics and science. In other words, the network will infer reasonable results if we obtain enough information based on statistical knowledge.
\nWe illustrate it by conducting a detailed empirical study of a data set from a Chinese Airline company. Our research demonstrates that understanding the extent to which the consumer choice behavior is beneficial for airline mangers strategic decision making.
\nTo help with formulating better marketing strategies, the airline companies may consider adoption of the following procedures.
\nTo track detailed consumer behavior: inquiry of products, reservation, payment, ticket issue, check-in, waiting, cabin service, luggage claim, mileage accumulation.
To analyze consumer behavior: purchase behavior, tour experience, choice behavior, preference.
To set up high-level products: high-level customization; customized design and products design, relevant product support.
To use social media: share web link, extract information from social media and social network.
A good strategy should analyze passengers\' trip behavior and preferences to conduct cross selling, filter unnecessary information, and to present consumer recommendations and offer the most valuable product portfolio to customers.
\nWe expect that, together with the need for the more specific features; BBN combined with Artificial Intelligence and deep learning are of great value to addressing uncertainty problems and consumer choice behavior in the future.
\nMyopia is a common refractive error in the population. It is defined as an optical aberration in which parallel light rays from a distant image are getting focused on a point anterior to the retina. Hereditary and environmental factors both play an important role in the development of myopia. Myopia typically appears between the age of 6 and 12, and the mean rate of progression is considered to be approximately 0.50 D per year, based on studies of mostly Caucasian children. One of the studies showed that progression of myopia can vary by ethnicity, as well as by age of the child. For instance, in ethnic Chinese children, the progression rate is higher [1].
\nA recent report in Nature, entitled “The Myopia Boom,” demonstrated, and it is now widely accepted, that there is an epidemic of myopia in the developed countries of East and Southeast Asia, paralleled by an epidemic of high myopia [2]. Recent meta-analyses have suggested that close to half of the world’s population may be myopic by 2050, with as much as 10% highly myopic [3]. Correction of refractive error can be achieved conservatively with glasses or contact lenses which is the treatment of choice in the childhood. However, despite the long-standing use of glasses and contact lenses, there are some disadvantages in both forms of optical correction. Increased light scatter, image magnification/minification, discomfort, and inconvenience are some of the issues with glasses, while contact lenses may irritate the ocular surface with increased risk of corneal scratches and infections. After the age of 21, various surgical treatments can be considered. The best surgical option depends on the amount of refractive error and the patient’s cornea, lens, and age. Available options include various laser vision corrections which are aimed on the cornea, implantation of phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs), and refractive lens exchange (RLE) with implantation of multifocal and monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). It is important to perform a detailed examination of each patient and assess their needs, wishes, and expectations. Doctors need to explain in as much detail as possible what the expected results and risk would be with for the selected surgical method.
\nProcedures which involve altering the shape of the cornea with excimer laser are collectively referred to as keratorefractive surgery, refractive keratoplasty, laser vision correction, or refractive corneal surgery.
\nPhotorefractive keratectomy (PRK) was the first excimer laser technique for the treatment of refractive errors. Seiler performed the first corneal ablation in a live patient in 1985, and McDonald treated the first human sighted eye in 1985 after extensive preclinical investigation [4]. The PRK procedure involves removal of the central corneal epithelium, most commonly performed mechanically (brush, crescent knife, or alcohol) or with excimer laser when it is referred as transepithelial PRK (T-PRK). The denuded anterior stroma is then reshaped by the excimer laser, with either central corneal flattening, steepening, or a torical pattern when treating myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism, respectively. Due to significant postoperative pain, relatively slow visual recovery, epithelial defects due to irregular healing, and haze development, especially when treating high myopia [5, 6], different techniques of epithelial removal were introduced over time to solve these complications [7]. Recently the role of surface ablations has been reevaluated due to raised issues of potential flap complications, risk of iatrogenic corneal ectasia, and inability to treat thin corneas with laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) [8]. With surface ablation techniques, there is no flap involved, and more cornea tissue is preserved, and by some it is still considered the overall safest procedure for treatment of low to moderate myopia [9]. It is performed, especially in corneas with superficial scarring, epithelial dystrophies, or recurrent erosions, in thin corneas, after penetrating keratoplasty and for keratorefractive retreatments. The introduction of mitomycin C and modern surface ablation techniques has also increased the range of treatment and lowered the risk of haze and regression after PRK [10]. Therefore today surface ablation includes several sub-techniques such as epithelial LASIK (epi-LASIK), laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK), and T-PRK [11].
\nThe term LASIK was first used in 1990 by Pallikaris [4]. The procedure is performed in two steps. The first step involves the formation of a front corneal flap and the lifting of the flap for the purpose of exposing the corneal stroma. The hinged flap consists of the corneal epithelium, the Bowman membrane, and superficial stroma. The second step is the application of the excimer laser on the stromal bed. Once the ablation with the excimer laser is finished, the flap is returned into its original position.
\nLASIK has now become the most common elective surgical procedure in the world, presumably because it is almost painless with fast visual recovery, as compared to PRK [4]. Nowadays, there are two techniques available for the formation of the flap—mechanical microkeratomes and femtosecond lasers. The use of femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FsLASIK) offers greater precision in flap creation leading to better morphological stability of the flap compared to earlier bladed microkeratome keratomileusis. However, changes in the biomechanical strength of the cornea, induction of higher-order aberrations, and flap-related complications can still occur [12]. LASIK reduces the tensile strength of the stroma by about 35% when the ablation takes place between 10 and 30% of the stromal depth [13]. Regarding the available data, and our experience, there is no significant difference in shorter-term refractive stability and induction of high-order aberrations between T-PRK and LASIK (Figures 1 and 2 and Table 1). However, when higher refractive errors are treated, surface ablations pose more risk for haze development and regression [14].
\nComparison of change in spherical correction over time between T-PRK and LASIK.
Comparison of change in astigmatism correction over time between T-PRK and LASIK.
Comparison of change in high-order aberrations over time between T-PRK and LASIK.
The femtosecond laser corneal procedure known as small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) was originally described by Sekundo et al. and became clinically available in 2011 [15]. The procedure does not require the creation of a flap: two precise intrastromal planar sections are created using a single femtosecond laser to form an intrastromal lenticule. The intrastromal lenticule is dissected from the pocket, grasped with a forceps, and manually extracted through a small incision. The incision is placed at the superior temporal/nasal quadrant, usually angled at 70°, and 2–5 mm in length. The removal of the intrastromal lenticule alters the shape of the cornea, thereby correcting myopia and astigmatism. Since Bowman’s layer remains intact, the procedure offers greater biomechanical stability, especially in the treatment of higher levels of myopia [15]. The flapless property of SMILE obviates the risks associated with LASIK including adverse events at flap creation and dislocation [16].
\nThe tensile strength of the cornea may reduce by 55% after a SMILE procedure when the lenticule is formed and extracted from the anterior half of the stroma. Loss of tensile strength is less profound when the lenticule is extracted from deeper regions of the stroma. Thus, the exact change in the biomechanical properties of the cornea will depend on the amount of ablation and the location where the lenticule is formed [13].
\nRegarding the available data, and our experience, LASIK and SMILE are comparable procedures in terms of visual quality and reduction of myopia; however, in treating astigmatism LASIK still offers better precision (Figures 3 and 4).
\nPolar diagram showing target and surgically induced astigmatic values for the SMILE group. The concentric semicircles reduce in 0.50 D steps from −2.00 DC (outermost semicircle) toward zero (central point) in 0.50 DC steps. From right to left, the 0 to 90 to 180° axes are shown in 30° steps. The target and surgically induced astigmatism data points are shown as empty circles and filled dots, respectively.
Polar diagram showing target and surgically induced astigmatic values for the FsLASIK group. The concentric semicircles reduce in 0.50 D steps from −2.00 DC (outermost semicircle) toward zero (central point) in 0.50 DC steps. From right to left, the 0 to 90 to 180° axes are shown in 30° steps. The target and surgically induced astigmatism data points are shown as empty circles and filled dots, respectively.
A detailed review of the patient’s condition before surgery and informing the patient about the results, benefits, and disadvantages of the procedure are the most important steps for a successful outcome of refractive surgery [17].
\nThe examination should include detailed medical history (systemic status, medications intake, allergies, ocular status, information about previous ocular surgeries—especially in the case of refractive lens exchange—and information about contact lens wear) and reasons/motivations for refractive surgery to identify patients with unrealistic expectations [18, 19]. It is important for patients to understand that refractive surgery primarily serves to reduce spectacle dependence and contact lens use, and it is not meant to completely remove all optical aids in all situations, for an indefinite time period.
\nPatients should discontinue contact lens use before the examination (for soft contact lenses, at least a week prior to the examination, and for rigid gas permeable contact lenses, at least 2–3 weeks prior) since corneal topography and biometry measurement can be severely affected by the corneal changes induced by contact lens wear. In the case of corneal warpage syndrome (corneal irregularities caused by contact lenses), contact lenses should be discontinued for at least 4–6 weeks [20].
\nThe preoperative evaluation must include monocular manifest refraction, cycloplegic refraction, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), pupillometry, tonometry, anterior chamber depth (ACD) measurement, corneal topography/tomography, pachymetry, aberrometry, tear film quality and quantity, determining the dominant eye, ocular motility, and a fundus examination [18, 21]. Cycloplegic refraction is recommended to exclude the accommodation effect, while in patients in/or close to presbyopia age near visual acuity should be checked also. It is mandatory to check the patient’s refractive stability during the time, which can most often be obtained by inspecting the patient’s eyeglasses or by reviewing the previous ophthalmological documentation [21].
\nContraindications for refractive surgery may relate to systemic or ocular disorders. Absolute systemic contraindications are poorly controlled systemic immune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa), as well as poorly controlled diabetes and AIDS. Such patients have a higher risk of complications associated with prolonged inflammation or corneal healing after refractive surgery [18, 22, 23, 24]. Surgical procedures are not recommended during pregnancy and lactation [25].
\nOcular absolute contraindications are considered to be poorly controlled or untreated eye inflammation (blepharitis, dry eye syndrome, atopy/allergy), poorly controlled glaucoma, clinically significant lens opacities, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, ocular pemphigoid, and chemical burns of the eye surface [26, 27]. Instability of refraction (i.e., a change greater than 0.50 D within a year) is considered as an absolute contraindication, as well as insufficient corneal thickness or corneal irregularities suspicious for keratoconus [21, 26, 28, 29]. Precautions are also needed in patients with certain systemic therapies (isotretinoin, amiodarone, sumatriptan, colchicine) [23, 24, 30]. Caution is also required in functional monocular patients and in patients with well-controlled glaucoma. Other relative contraindications are history of uveitis, herpes simplex, and varicella zoster keratitis. In patients with epithelial basal membrane degeneration, LASIK is not recommended, but PRK is the procedure to consider [21, 31].
\nComplications of corneal refractive surgery are considered rare. They can be divided in intraoperative and postoperative complications (which can be early or delayed).
\nRegarding the intraoperative complications, they are mainly correlated with corneal flap creation or excimer laser ablation. During the era of microkeratome, flap-related complications were encountered more often and fell within 3%; with the introduction of femtosecond lasers, they were almost nullified; however, some complications specific to femtosecond lasers appeared [32].
\nFlap-related complications include free or partial flap creation, incomplete and irregular flap creation, thin and perforated flaps, and corneal perforation. Those complications were mostly related to corneal anatomy (flat <41.00 D or steep >46.00 D corneas, small corneal diameter), inadequate suction, mechanical failure—a defect in the dissection blade or motor unit—and surgeon experience. Penetration into the anterior chamber is extremely rare and may occur during lamellar dissection or excimer laser photoablation usually on extremely thin corneas with old scars [33].
\nFemtosecond-related complications are closely correlated with cavitation bubbles and formation of the flap. They are presented in the form of confluent cavitation bubbles in the corneal lamellae or anterior chamber which can interfere with excimer laser systems and vertical gas breakthrough which is presented in the forms of incomplete buttonholes or difficulties in dissecting the flap due to tissue bridges [34]. Temporary hypersensitivity to light and rainbow glare are complications exclusively related to energy and pattern of femtosecond lasers characterized with normal visual acuity and photophobia without inflammation or light dispersion in low light conditions [35].
\nLaser-related complications include decentration of excimer laser ablation, irregular astigmatism, and formation of central islands. Those complications are clinically characterized by poor uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity complaints of glare, “ghosting” around images and haloes, and refractive astigmatism in the axis of decentration [33].
\nEarly postoperative complications include flap striae, diffuse lamellar keratitis, central toxic keratopathy, pressure-induced steroid keratitis, infectious keratitis, and epithelial ingrowth.
\nFlap striae are caused by misalignment of the flap; peripheral striae usually are asymptomatic; however, central location of the striae is associated with loss in corrected distance visual acuity and night vision disturbances [33, 36].
\nDiffuse lamellar keratitis (Sands of Sahara syndrome) is a sterile inflammation probably caused by the introduction of toxins in the flap interface [37, 38]. It is graded in four stages, with stage one and two being mild and visually unthreatening, while stage four can lead to corneal melting and permanent changes [33, 39]. In comparison to diffuse lamellar keratitis, central toxic keratopathy is a rare noninflammatory central corneal opacification linked to enzymatic degradation of keratocytes with spontaneous resolution and mild central opacification which often causes refractory hyperopic shift [40].
\nPressure-induced stromal keratitis is also easily mistaken with diffuse lamellar keratitis but is caused by postoperative steroid use which leads to increase in intraocular pressure and represents as cystoid lamellar edema [41].
\nInfectious keratitis after LASIK is extremely rare but can be quite serious since invading organisms are already implanted into the deep corneal stroma. The most often isolated organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium chelonae, and Nocardia asteroides [33, 42].
\nEpithelial ingrowth under the LASIK flap is reported to occur in merely 1–2% of patients and is caused by migration of epithelial cells under the flap. It is usually insignificant, but if epithelial cells continue to grow, it can cause flap distortion and melting causing visual disturbances [43].
\nLate postoperative complications include dry eye, night vision problems, corneal haze, regression of refractive error, and iatrogenic corneal ectasia.
\nDry eye syndrome is caused by denervation and cutting of nerve fibers during the formation of the flap, removal of corneal tissue by excimer laser, and changes in the shape of the cornea. Dry eye syndrome is usually transient and symptoms fade away after healing period. It causes discomfort, fluctuation in vision quality, slower healing, and epithelial damage and may lead to regression of refractive error and reduced vision quality [44].
\nSymptoms of impaired visual quality are usually more expressed during the night due to physiological pupil dilatation. The main causes of nighttime issues are the increase in spherical aberrations at the centrally flatted cornea, decentered ablations, too small optical zones, newly emerging lens opacities, and induced astigmatism [45].
\nCorneal haze reduces corneal transparency at variable degrees and is more common after PRK and correction of high myopia (>−6.00 D). Besides the ablation depth, it is correlated with an excessive ocular UV-B radiation, duration of the epithelial defect, postoperative steroid treatment, male sex, and certain population with brown iris [46].
\nRegression of refractive error is defined as return of part of the primary refractive error and is associated with increase in thickness and curvature of the cornea. Potential mechanisms include nuclear sclerosis, stromal synthesis (wound healing), compensatory epithelial hyperplasia, and iatrogenic keratectasia [47].
\nPostoperative ectasia is linked to biomechanical weakening of the cornea and is characterized with progressive corneal steepening, either centrally or inferiorly, resulting in severe progressive irregular astigmatism and decrease of both uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity. The incidence of ectasia after LASIK has been estimated between 0.04 and 0.9% [48]. Risk factors include abnormal topographic findings, thin cornea, and high myopia together with young age at the time of surgery [49].
\nIntraoperative complications of SMILE procedure are usually not sight threatening, and the procedure usually can be continued [13, 15, 50]. The most common complications are incision or cap tears, suction loss, cap perforation, black spots, and opaque bubble layer which lead to cap lenticular adhesions and retained lenticule. Regarding the postoperative complications of SMILE procedure, they are similar to all laser refractive procedures and include epithelial ingrowth, dry eye, diffuse lamellar keratitis, corneal haze, irregular astigmatism, minor interface infiltrates, increased aberrations, and iatrogenic ectasia [50, 51].
\nTwo basic intraocular procedures exist: phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation and refractive lens exchange (RLE) with posterior chamber IOL implantation.
\nPhakic intraocular lenses (pIOL) provide a safe and effective alternative for young patients with moderate to high refractive errors who may not be suitable candidates for excimer laser procedures or who prefer a reversible form of vision correction with efficacy comparable to results of LASIK [52]. It has been established that attempted corrections of high myopia with excimer laser procedures induce more higher-order aberrations, affecting vision quality and creating problems such as glare, halos, and ghost imaging [53]. Additional advantages of intraocular procedures are a broader range of treatable ametropia, faster visual recovery, more stable refraction, and better visual quality. In addition, the pIOL implantation does not affect accommodation, and the procedure is reversible [52, 54].
\nCurrently, there are two types of phakic intraocular lenses approved for correcting refractive errors: anterior chamber—iris fixated—and posterior chamber. Verisyse and Veriflex lenses are iris-fixated intraocular lenses. More than 160,000 of these lenses have been safely implanted worldwide [55]. The Verisyse pIOL is made from rigid, ultraviolet-absorbing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). This lens requires a 5.5–6.5-mm incision, depending on the optic size of the lens, whereas the Veriflex pIOL requires a 3.2-mm incision. The Verisyse pIOL is available for myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. For myopia, the pIOL is available in powers from −1.00 to −23.50 D in 0.50 D steps with two optic diameters of 5.0 or 6.0 mm. The Veriflex pIOL is a foldable implant with 6.0 mm flexible optic made of hydrophobic polysiloxane and features a PMMA haptic. It is available only for myopia in powers ranging from −2.00 to −14.50 D in 0.50 D steps.
\nThe Visian Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) is a posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens resting in the ciliary sulcus. ICL is made from soft advanced collamer material and requires 3.2 mm incision. It is available for myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. For myopia, the pIOL is available in powers from −0.50 to −18.00 D in 0.50 D steps with four lens diameters (12.1, 12.6, 13.2, 13.6 mm) and optical zone up to 6.1 mm.
\nThe preoperative evaluation of a patient for pIOL is the same as for any kind of refractive procedure. Inclusion criteria are more than 21 years of age, refractive stability (<0.50 D of change) for at least 1 year, ACD ≥ 3.0 mm measured from endothelium, endothelial cell count >2300 cells/mm2 (>2500 cell/mm2 if <40 years of age, > 2000 cells/mm2 if >40 years of age), irido-corneal angle ≥30° (at least grade II by gonioscopy examination), mesopic pupil size <6.00 mm, no anomaly of iris or pupil function, no evolving retinal pathology, absence of uveitis or any kind of ocular inflammation, and absence of glaucoma or any systemic immunological disorder [56, 57].
\npIOL optic power is calculated with the software provided by the manufacturer. The calculation is based on the formula developed by van der Heijde [58]. The formula uses the patient’s refraction at the 12-mm spectacle plane or the vertex refraction, the corneal keratometry dioptric power at its apex, and central ACD [59]. For Verisyse and Veriflex lenses, only one lens diameter is available, while for the ICL overall diameter depends on the ciliary sulcus diameter and should provide perfect stability with no excess of compression forces to the sulcus and allow correct vaulting. The ICL’s diameter should be oversized 0.5–1.0 mm from the white-to-white (WTW) measurements in myopic eyes and the same length or oversized 0.5 mm in hyperopic eyes. The internal diameter of the ciliary sulcus can be measured by ultrasound biometry (UBM) or can be approximated by horizontal WTW measurement obtained manually using a caliper or automatically by topographic or biometric devices [60].
\nThe complications relating to pIOLs can, at times, be more disabling than those from keratorefractive surgery. Night vision problems, corneal decompensation, glaucoma, cataract formation, dyscoria, uveitis, and endophthalmitis are potential complications after pIOL implantation. Night vision problems such as glare, halos, and diplopia are related to decentration of the pIOL and/or an optic diameter that is too small relative to the pupil size [61].
\nSurgically induced astigmatism is an issue primarily correlated with rigid Verisyse lenses and incision diameter. However, some investigators reported that the resulting surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was less than expected [62, 63]. However, when compared with the Veriflex pIOL and ICL, the SIA was significantly higher [64].
\nImplantation of a pIOL, whether iris fixated or positioned in the posterior chamber, is associated with an accelerated decrease in endothelial cell density (ECD) [60]. Damage to the corneal endothelium may be due to the direct contact between pIOL and the inner surface of the cornea during implantation, from postoperative changes in pIOL position, or from subclinical inflammation, and direct toxicity to the endothelium. The magnitude of ECD loss after phakic intraocular lens implantation surpasses the expected natural annual decrease of 0.6% as reported in a 1997 benchmark study based on 42 adults [65]. Following implantation of an iris-claw phakic intraocular lens, the loss of ECD is highest during the first year varying between 0.75 and 7.2% [66]. Thereafter, the ECD loss continues without following an obvious pattern, to about 8.9% after 10 years. However, with an ICL the impact on the endothelium is claimed to be lower because the implant is placed in the posterior chamber further away from the endothelium itself. For the ICL the ECD loss is about 1.7% after 2 years [60] increasing to 6.2% after 8 years [54] and up to 19.75% after 12 years [67].
\nIn our experience after ICL implantation, there is a linear decrease in ECD over a 3-year period, without any signs of exponential EC loss or reaching a plateau or stable ECD during this time (Figure 5).
\nMean endothelial cell density during the 3-year follow-up (28 eyes); ± SD error bars are included indicating the variance in the data.
With modern pIOL designs, increased intraocular pressure (IOP) seems to be relatively uncommon after 3 months postoperatively and is typically thought to be related to corticosteroid response [68]. Posterior chamber pIOLs cause narrowing of anterior chamber angle due to its position in ciliary sulcus, and its sizing (too long lenses which cause excessive vaulting >750 μm) is closely correlated with possible angle-closure glaucoma, pupillary block glaucoma, or pigmentary dispersion glaucoma [69, 70]. Given the risk of pupillary block, peripheral iridectomy or iridotomy is carried out as a preventative measure in anterior pIOL procedures, while in newer models of ICL with aquaport, technology is not needed.
\nPupil ovalization/iris retraction is mainly correlated with iris-fixated pIOL and can occur if fixation of the pIOL haptics is performed asymmetrically [61, 68, 71]. No progressive pupil ovalization has been reported.
\nFormation of cataract due to the iris-claw pIOL is unlikely because the pIOL is inserted over a miotic pupil without contact with the crystalline lens [61]. The incidence of cataract formation was 1.1% for the iris-fixated pIOL. The overall incidence of cataract formation for posterior chamber pIOLs was 9.60%, which is significantly higher in comparison to iris-fixated pIOLs [72]. With various generations of the ICL, appearance of cataract formation is different. The less vaulted model V3 caused a higher incidence of cataract formation than the newer V4 and V5 models [73]. With the V4 model, the recently published FDA study showed an incidence of 2.1% anterior subcapsular opacities, which is the most common type of cataract after pIOL [59]. Possible reasons are operative trauma, continuous or intermittent contact of the posterior chamber pIOL with the crystalline lens, insufficient nutrition through anterior chamber flow between the posterior chamber pIOL and the crystalline lens, and chronic subclinical inflammation with disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier due to friction between the pIOL and posterior iris or the haptic on the ciliary sulcus [74, 75, 76].
\nThe risk of uveitis is a concern given the proximity of pIOLs to the iris, but it does not seem to be a significant long-term complication with modern designs. With iris-fixated pIOLs, a difficulty with enclavation of the iris can lead to iris atrophy and decentration of the implant [52]. Retinal detachment seems to be uncommon and lower than in clear lens extraction cases [68, 77]. A few cases of endophthalmitis have been reported after pIOL implantation, but it seems less common after pIOL implantation and then after cataract surgery [78, 79].
\nRefractive lens exchange (RLE) is by definition used to indicate the replacement of the cataractous/clear crystalline lens with an intraocular lens (IOL) to achieve emmetropia/near emmetropia. The improved efficacy, predictability, and safety of modern-day phacoemulsification have resulted in a resurgence of lens extraction as a modality for correction of high myopia. Increased numbers of RLE are being performed worldwide, especially in patients not suitable for LASIK or pIOL or with early lens changes in the presbyopia age group [80, 81]. Optics of the IOL confer better quality of vision as compared with LASIK, and this optical quality does not degrade with time except in the presence of a posterior capsular opacification. The refractive results are predictable and stable with a larger range of refractive correction possible than with either LASIK or pIOL. RLE addresses refractive error and cataract and with the use of modern multifocal IOLs results in a significant degree of spectacle independence for the patient. Visual recovery is faster, and it is more cost-effective, as the higher cost of pIOLs and future cataract surgery is eliminated. The principles of surgery are in the domain of most cataract/anterior segment surgeons [82].
\nOverall, patient satisfaction scores after implantation of multifocal IOLs are high. For example, using a 0–10 self-recording analogue scale, you can expect typical average satisfaction scores of 8.8 (Zeiss bifocal IOL, n = 48, range 2–10) and 9.00 (Zeiss trifocal IOL, n = 52, range 4–10). On closer examination satisfaction scores are closely linked to post-op uncorrected distance and intermediate, visual acuity as demonstrated in Figure 6.
\nPostoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity and patient satisfaction after RLE with implantation of multifocal IOLs.
Advanced technology multifocal IOLs tend to be less forgiving with respect to the surgical technique, multifocal IOL power selection, ocular comorbidities, and patient selection. Comorbidities such as dry eye, vitreomacular pathology, or implant decentration may be tolerated in patients after a monofocal IOL implantation. However, these are much less tolerated by the multifocal IOL patients [83, 84].
\nPresbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses should provide post-op emmetropia for the best visual outcome, as small amounts of residual refractive errors can limit visual performance and jeopardize the result [85].
\nIn evaluating the highly myopic patient, several aspects apart from the routine cataract/refractive surgery assessment should be noted. A detailed past ocular history is important, as previous refractive surgery or phakic intraocular lens implants or retinal problems (e.g., vitrectomy for previous retinal detachment) will affect lens formula choices and their final prognosis. Preoperative assessment should also include a detailed clinical examination of their lens status (e.g., cataract density and any zonular weakness) and refraction status of both eyes, as well as a dilated examination of the fovea and periphery for any retina disorder (e.g., myopic choroidal neovascular membrane, macular schisis, retinal tears, or detachment). Other issues for discussion include the potential use of toric or multifocal IOLs. Ideally, a larger haptic platform toric lens should be used in high myopes to reduce the risk of postoperative lens rotation, as the capsular bag is often large and floppy. In some cases, the use of a capsular tension ring to stretch the capsular bag may be required to prevent rotations. Multifocal IOLs should only be used in an eye with no retinal disorder [86].
\nInclusion criteria are more than 40 years of age with myopia not amenable to conventional laser refractive surgery (e.g., high refractive error, corneal irregularities, thin cornea) or phakic IOLS (e.g., shallow anterior chamber, poor endothelial cell count, early cataract changes), presbyopic myopic patients who want reasonable independence from glasses for both distance, and near-vision, myopic patients with early lens changes who desire refractive correction [80, 86]. For multifocal IOL it is important to rule out any irregularities of iris or pupil function, evolving retinal pathology, absence of uveitis, or any kind of ocular inflammation.
\nThe commonest disadvantage is the loss of accommodation with the need for near-vision glasses in the cases of monofocal IOL and the inherent risk associated with intraocular surgery, especially in high myopes [80]. The risk for endophthalmitis in general cataract surgery with implantation of a posterior chamber IOL is 0.1–0.7% with an optimal antiseptic perioperative treatment regimen [87]. Lens surgery is significantly more challenging in a highly myopic eye for several reasons. The issues that we take for granted in an eye of normal length (22–25 mm) such as the accuracy of axial length measurements and the choice of lens formula become a significant issue in the highly myopic eye as the predicted refractive outcomes are not achieved consistently. Axial length measurement error has been largely overcome by the use of optical interferometry. Despite this, consistent hyperopic errors are still reported. Improved predictive results are obtained with the Barrett Universal II (software constants), Haigis (ULIB), SRK/T, Holladay 2 (software constants), and Olsen (software constants) formulas in eyes with axial lengths greater than 26.0 mm and IOL powers greater than 6.0 D. In the eyes with axial lengths greater than 26.0 mm and IOL less than 6.00 D, the Barrett Universal II formula (software constants) and the Haigis (axial length adjusted) and Holladay 1 formulas (axial length adjusted) should be used [88, 89].
\nIntraoperatively, a highly myopic eye is surgically more challenging as the anterior chamber is deeper, with a floppy and large capsular bag and occasionally zonular weakness [90]. The anterior chamber is often unstable, and it is even less stable in a previously vitrectomized high myopic patient. There is also a concern that with elongated axial lengths, there is a higher risk of bag instability that can cause impaired vision, and the more complicated the IOL design is, the more sensitive the IOL is to final centration. A study by Soda et al. found that in uncomplicated cataract surgery with an IOL in the bag, the maximum decentration can be 0.3 mm for a satisfying result [91]. In addition, it is reported that myopic patients may exhibit worse results with more reported subjective symptoms and measurable aberrations like coma and glare in mesopic and scotopic lighting conditions compared to non-myopic controls, after multifocal IOL implantation with approximately the same amount of decentration [91]. RLE may increase the risk for retinal detachment and is generally not considered in myopic pre-presbyopic patients who can still accommodate.
\nThe incidence of retinal detachment is especially high among younger age groups (<50 years) and in the eyes with long axial length > 26 mm. The reported incidence of retinal detachment after RLE ranges from 2 to 8%. Meticulous surgery with minimal intraoperative vitreous disturbance and a regular follow-up postoperatively until the occurrence of posterior vitreous detachment can reduce the risk of retinal detachment further. With the higher risk of retinal detachment in younger patients, it is prudent to defer RLE in patients younger than 40 years if possible [92].
\nOther possible causes of unfavorable visual outcome after uncomplicated phacoemulsification are cystoid macular edema (CME) and choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM). Overall incidence of subclinical CME diagnosed with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is 5%, and incidence of clinical CME is 3%; however, high myopia does not increase the risk of CME [93]. Reported incidence of CNVM after RLE for myopia is 12.5% [94]; however, whether this was related to the higher degree of myopia with preexisting lacquer crack that was missed or due to some inflammatory mediators and free radicals released after surgery cannot be conclusively proved. Because the reported incidence of CNVM after uncomplicated phacoemulsification is not high, we assume that it is secondary to the degree of myopia, and it is prudent to perform OCT preoperatively in all RLE patients, especially those with more than 10 D of myopia. The presence of a myopic CNVM in the fellow eye is also considered as a risk factor for developing CNVM in the operated eye [80, 94].
\nSurgical treatment of myopia is a viable, safe, efficient, and predictable method for treating patients with myopia. There are several options of surgical treatment; we as doctors must always use our best judgment and available data to make sure we recommend the best method for each patient and their respective needs while taking into account any possible risk and contraindications. Among elective procedures in medicine, myopia treatment is one of the most commonly performed surgeries because of the positive effect it brings the patients’ quality of life.
\nIf you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links.
",metaTitle:"List of Institutions by Country",metaDescription:"If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. However, if your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"open-access-funding-institutions-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Book Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Book Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10366},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118187},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10656",title:"Intellectual Property",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"135df9b403b125a6458eba971faab3f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Dr. Suriyaprakash TNK",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10656.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10658",title:"Multilingualism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6bf171e05831c00f8687891ab1b10b5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xiaoming Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10658.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189844",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoming",surname:"Jiang",slug:"xiaoming-jiang",fullName:"Xiaoming Jiang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10913",title:"Indigenous Populations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c5e8cd4e3ec004d0479494ca190db4cb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10913.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0737383fcc202641f59e4a5df02eb509",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5227},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"158",title:"Metals and Nonmetals",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals",parent:{title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"},numberOfBooks:113,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:2715,numberOfWosCitations:2995,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2014,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4557,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"metals-and-nonmetals",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8787",title:"Bismuth",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Optoelectronic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7751170d0b538f61d14a27a56e6567a5",slug:"bismuth-fundamentals-and-optoelectronic-applications",bookSignature:"Yanhua Luo, Jianxiang Wen and Jianzhong Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8787.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226148",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanhua",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"yanhua-luo",fullName:"Yanhua Luo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9949",title:"Lead Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b2f999b9583c748f957f612227976570",slug:"lead-chemistry",bookSignature:"Pipat Chooto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9949.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197984",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pipat",middleName:null,surname:"Chooto",slug:"pipat-chooto",fullName:"Pipat Chooto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9190",title:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3f07c532e478beb8fcd2fe53b8c9bcfd",slug:"stability-and-applications-of-coordination-compounds",bookSignature:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9190.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"293623",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay Nanda",middleName:"Nanda",surname:"Srivastva",slug:"abhay-nanda-srivastva",fullName:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7787",title:"Rare Earth Elements and Their Minerals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba4060b0830f7a68f00557da8ed8a39",slug:"rare-earth-elements-and-their-minerals",bookSignature:"Michael Aide and Takahito Nakajima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7787.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7722",title:"Recent Advancements in the Metallurgical Engineering and Electrodeposition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d7ff67bd6f4c13830658bc6f9a75851",slug:"recent-advancements-in-the-metallurgical-engineering-and-electrodeposition",bookSignature:"Uday Basheer Al-Naib, Dhanasekaran Vikraman and K. Karuppasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7722.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182041",title:null,name:"Uday",middleName:"M.",surname:"Basheer Al-Naib",slug:"uday-basheer-al-naib",fullName:"Uday Basheer Al-Naib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7775",title:"Metallic Glasses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"665fb007e1e410d119fc09d709c41cc3",slug:"metallic-glasses",bookSignature:"Dragica Minić and Milica Vasić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7775.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30470",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragica",middleName:"M",surname:"Minić",slug:"dragica-minic",fullName:"Dragica Minić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8653",title:"Electromagnetic Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cc0489a203ae888b1105719a4e70ecd",slug:"electromagnetic-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Man-Gui Han",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8653.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"250649",title:"Prof.",name:"Man-Gui",middleName:null,surname:"Han",slug:"man-gui-han",fullName:"Man-Gui Han"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8886",title:"Cobalt Compounds and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0241f740fc6e17cd9dc69362ef388d04",slug:"cobalt-compounds-and-applications",bookSignature:"Yasemin Yıldız and Aynur Manzak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8886.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"208129",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Yıldız",slug:"yasemin-yildiz",fullName:"Yasemin Yıldız"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8408",title:"Titanium Alloys",subtitle:"Novel Aspects of Their Manufacturing and Processing",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5533136b732dc4ada818553023d4d55",slug:"titanium-alloys-novel-aspects-of-their-manufacturing-and-processing",bookSignature:"Maciej Motyka, Waldemar Ziaja and Jan Sieniawsk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101690",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Motyka",slug:"maciej-motyka",fullName:"Maciej Motyka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:113,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37067",doi:"10.5772/35482",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Natural Fibres",slug:"fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy-for-natural-fibres",totalDownloads:8290,totalCrossrefCites:119,totalDimensionsCites:285,book:{slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",title:"Fourier Transform",fullTitle:"Fourier Transform - Materials Analysis"},signatures:"Mizi Fan, Dasong Dai and Biao Huang",authors:[{id:"104647",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizi",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",slug:"mizi-fan",fullName:"Mizi Fan"}]},{id:"60680",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76082",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:12266,totalCrossrefCites:65,totalDimensionsCites:115,book:{slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]},{id:"46243",doi:"10.5772/57255",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors – Principles, Mechanisms and Applications",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors-principles-mechanisms-and-applications",totalDownloads:13e3,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:104,book:{slug:"developments-in-corrosion-protection",title:"Developments in Corrosion Protection",fullTitle:"Developments in Corrosion Protection"},signatures:"Camila G. Dariva and Alexandre F. Galio",authors:[{id:"169261",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:"G.",surname:"Dariva",slug:"camila-dariva",fullName:"Camila Dariva"},{id:"170138",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Galio",slug:"alexandre-galio",fullName:"Alexandre Galio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60680",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:12290,totalCrossrefCites:66,totalDimensionsCites:115,book:{slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]},{id:"59905",title:"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles",slug:"synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:5054,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Remziye Güzel and Gülbahar Erdal",authors:[{id:"226613",title:"Dr.",name:"Remziye",middleName:null,surname:"Güzel",slug:"remziye-guzel",fullName:"Remziye Güzel"},{id:"240772",title:"MSc.",name:"Gülbahar",middleName:null,surname:"Erdal",slug:"gulbahar-erdal",fullName:"Gülbahar Erdal"}]},{id:"59857",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introducing Heavy Metals",slug:"introductory-chapter-introducing-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:4331,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Martin Koller and Hosam M. Saleh",authors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}]},{id:"60518",title:"Synthetic Methods for Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Review",slug:"synthetic-methods-for-titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles-a-review",totalDownloads:3286,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"titanium-dioxide-material-for-a-sustainable-environment",title:"Titanium Dioxide",fullTitle:"Titanium Dioxide - Material for a Sustainable Environment"},signatures:"Pardon Nyamukamba, Omobola Okoh, Henry Mungondori,\nRaymond Taziwa and Simcelile Zinya",authors:[{id:"196100",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond",middleName:null,surname:"Taziwa",slug:"raymond-taziwa",fullName:"Raymond Taziwa"},{id:"219920",title:"Prof.",name:"Omobola",middleName:null,surname:"Okoh",slug:"omobola-okoh",fullName:"Omobola Okoh"},{id:"226567",title:"Dr.",name:"Pardon",middleName:null,surname:"Nyamukamba",slug:"pardon-nyamukamba",fullName:"Pardon Nyamukamba"},{id:"239758",title:"Mr.",name:"Simcelile",middleName:null,surname:"Zinya",slug:"simcelile-zinya",fullName:"Simcelile Zinya"}]},{id:"58868",title:"Iron Ore Pelletizing Process: An Overview",slug:"iron-ore-pelletizing-process-an-overview",totalDownloads:3186,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"iron-ores-and-iron-oxide-materials",title:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials",fullTitle:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials"},signatures:"Sandra Lúcia de Moraes, José Renato Baptista de Lima and Tiago\nRamos Ribeiro",authors:[{id:"216788",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:"Lúcia",surname:"De Moraes",slug:"sandra-de-moraes",fullName:"Sandra De Moraes"},{id:"233466",title:"Prof.",name:"José Renato Baptista",middleName:null,surname:"De Lima",slug:"jose-renato-baptista-de-lima",fullName:"José Renato Baptista De Lima"},{id:"233467",title:"MSc.",name:"Tiago Ramos",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"tiago-ramos-ribeiro",fullName:"Tiago Ramos Ribeiro"}]},{id:"58797",title:"Green Corrosion Inhibitors, Past, Present, and Future",slug:"green-corrosion-inhibitors-past-present-and-future",totalDownloads:2788,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"corrosion-inhibitors-principles-and-recent-applications",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors, Principles and Recent Applications",fullTitle:"Corrosion Inhibitors, Principles and Recent Applications"},signatures:"Omnia S. Shehata, Lobna A. Korshed and Adel Attia",authors:[{id:"220734",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Omnia",middleName:null,surname:"Shehata",slug:"omnia-shehata",fullName:"Omnia Shehata"},{id:"227918",title:"Prof.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"Attia",slug:"adel-attia",fullName:"Adel Attia"},{id:"227919",title:"Dr.",name:"Lobna",middleName:null,surname:"Korshed",slug:"lobna-korshed",fullName:"Lobna Korshed"}]},{id:"51497",title:"The Review of Some Commonly Used Methods and Techniques to Measure the Thermal Conductivity of Insulation Materials",slug:"the-review-of-some-commonly-used-methods-and-techniques-to-measure-the-thermal-conductivity-of-insul",totalDownloads:4196,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:28,book:{slug:"insulation-materials-in-context-of-sustainability",title:"Insulation Materials in Context of Sustainability",fullTitle:"Insulation Materials in Context of Sustainability"},signatures:"Numan Yüksel",authors:[{id:"178245",title:"Dr.",name:"Numan",middleName:null,surname:"Yüksel",slug:"numan-yuksel",fullName:"Numan Yüksel"}]},{id:"70661",title:"Bioremediation Techniques for Polluted Environment: Concept, Advantages, Limitations, and Prospects",slug:"bioremediation-techniques-for-polluted-environment-concept-advantages-limitations-and-prospects",totalDownloads:195,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",fullTitle:"Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Indu Sharma",authors:[{id:"301262",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"indu-sharma",fullName:"Indu Sharma"}]},{id:"47427",title:"Corrosion and Surface Treatment of Magnesium Alloys",slug:"corrosion-and-surface-treatment-of-magnesium-alloys",totalDownloads:3470,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:24,book:{slug:"magnesium-alloys-properties-in-solid-and-liquid-states",title:"Magnesium Alloys",fullTitle:"Magnesium Alloys - Properties in Solid and Liquid States"},signatures:"Henry Hu, Xueyuan Nie and Yueyu Ma",authors:[{id:"170745",title:"Prof.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"henry-hu",fullName:"Henry Hu"}]},{id:"58695",title:"Organic Corrosion Inhibitors",slug:"organic-corrosion-inhibitors",totalDownloads:3133,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"corrosion-inhibitors-principles-and-recent-applications",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors, Principles and Recent Applications",fullTitle:"Corrosion Inhibitors, Principles and Recent Applications"},signatures:"Bogumił Eugeniusz Brycki, Iwona H. Kowalczyk, Adrianna Szulc,\nOlga Kaczerewska and Marta Pakiet",authors:[{id:"197271",title:"Prof.",name:"Bogumil E.",middleName:null,surname:"Brycki",slug:"bogumil-e.-brycki",fullName:"Bogumil E. Brycki"},{id:"207547",title:"Dr.",name:"Iwona",middleName:null,surname:"Kowalczyk",slug:"iwona-kowalczyk",fullName:"Iwona Kowalczyk"},{id:"207548",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrianna",middleName:null,surname:"Szulc",slug:"adrianna-szulc",fullName:"Adrianna Szulc"},{id:"207549",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Kaczerewska",slug:"olga-kaczerewska",fullName:"Olga Kaczerewska"},{id:"220728",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Pakiet",slug:"marta-pakiet",fullName:"Marta Pakiet"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"metals-and-nonmetals",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/16379/grigore-stamatescu",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"16379",slug:"grigore-stamatescu"},fullPath:"/profiles/16379/grigore-stamatescu",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()