Biomarkers identified by using integrated bioinformatics tools, associated with various types of cancer such as lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5233",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Robust Control - Theoretical Models and Case Studies",title:"Robust Control",subtitle:"Theoretical Models and Case Studies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The need to be tolerant to changes in the control systems or in the operational environment of systems subject to unknown disturbances has generated new control methods that are able to deal with the non-parametrized disturbances of systems, without adapting itself to the system uncertainty but rather providing stability in the presence of errors bound in a model. With this approach in mind and with the intention to exemplify robust control applications, this book includes selected chapters that describe models of H-infinity loop, robust stability and uncertainty, among others. Each robust control method and model discussed in this book is illustrated by a relevant example that serves as an overview of the theoretical and practical method in robust control.",isbn:"978-953-51-2424-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2423-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5070-1",doi:"10.5772/61622",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"robust-control-theoretical-models-and-case-studies",numberOfPages:174,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"95fde1b6a4d12e27d89b44c94bccc6b6",bookSignature:"Moises Rivas López and Wendy Flores-Fuentes",publishedDate:"July 6th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5233.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10789,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 27th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 17th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 21st 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 21st 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 20th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"178178",title:"Dr.",name:"Moises",middleName:null,surname:"Rivas-Lopez",slug:"moises-rivas-lopez",fullName:"Moises Rivas-Lopez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178178/images/4675_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rivas was born in 1960. He received the BS and MS degrees in Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexico, in 1985 and 1991, respectively, and the PhD degree in Science, Applied Physics, in the same University, in 2010.\nHe has written 5 book chapters and 35 Journal and Proceedings Conference papers in optoelectronics and control applications. Also, he has presented different works in several International Congresses of IEEE, ICROS, SICE, in America and Europe.\nDr. Rivas was Dean of Engineering Institute of Autonomous University Baja California (1997–2005) and Rector of Polytechnic University of Baja California (2006–2010). He is a member of National Researcher System and now is the head of Physics Engineering Department, of Engineering Institute of UABC, Mexico.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"154068",title:"MSc.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Flores F.",slug:"wendy-flores-f.",fullName:"Wendy Flores F.",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/154068/images/4929_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Flores-Fuentes was born in Baja California, Mexico on January, 1978. She received the bachelor\\'s degree in Electronic Engineering from the Autonomous University of Baja California in 2001, the master’s in Engineering degree from Technological Institute of Mexicali in 2006, and the PhD. degree in Science, Applied Physics, from Autonomous University of Baja California in June 2014. Until now she is the author of 4 journal articles, 2 book chapters, and 13 proceedings articles. Recently she organized and participated as Chair of Special Session on “Machine Vision, Control and Navigation” at IEEE ISIE 2015. She has been incorporated to CONACYT National Research System in 2016.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"965",title:"Control Engineering",slug:"applied-mathematics-control-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"50830",title:"Robust Observer-Based Output Feedback Control of a Nonlinear Time-Varying System",doi:"10.5772/62697",slug:"robust-observer-based-output-feedback-control-of-a-nonlinear-time-varying-system",totalDownloads:1864,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A class of time-varying systems can be quadratically stabilized with satisfactory performance by a modified time-invariant-based observer. The modified observer driven by the additional adaptation forces with static correction gains is used to estimate the time-varying system states. Under the frame of quadratic stability, the closed-loop systems satisfying induced norm bounded performance criterion are exponentially stabilized while the states are exponentially approaching by the modified observer. This paper deals with the time-varying systems that can be characterized as the multiplicative type of time-invariant and time-varying parts. The time-invariant part is then used to construct the modified observer with additional driving forces, which are ready to adjust time-varying effect coming from the measured outputs feeding into the modified observer. The determination of the adaptation forces can be derived from the minimization of the cost of error dynamics with modified least-squares algorithms. The synthesis of control and observer static correction gains are also demonstrated. The developed systems have been tested in a mass-spring-damper system to illustrate the effectiveness of the design.",signatures:"Chieh-Chuan Feng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50830",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50830",authors:[{id:"29268",title:"Dr.",name:"Chieh-Chuan",surname:"Feng",slug:"chieh-chuan-feng",fullName:"Chieh-Chuan Feng"}],corrections:null},{id:"50184",title:"New Stabilization of Complex Networks with Non-delayed and Delayed Couplings over Random Exchanges",doi:"10.5772/62504",slug:"new-stabilization-of-complex-networks-with-non-delayed-and-delayed-couplings-over-random-exchanges",totalDownloads:1338,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the stabilization problem of complex dynamical network with non-delayed and delayed couplings is realized by a new kind of stochastic pinning controller being partially delay dependent, where the topologies related to couplings may be exchanged. The designed pinning controller is different from the traditional ones, whose non-delay and delay state terms occur asynchronously with a certain probability, respectively. Sufficient conditions for the stabilization of complex dynamical network over topology exchange are derived by the robust method and are presented with liner matrix inequities (LMIs). The switching between the non-delayed and delayed couplings is modeled by the related coupling matrices containing uncertainties. It has shown that the bound of such uncertainties play very important roles in the controller design. Moreover, when the bound is inaccessible, a kind of adaptive partially delay-dependent controller is proposed to deal with this general case, where another adaptive control problem in terms of unknown probability is considered too. Finally, some numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of our theoretical analysis.",signatures:"Guoliang Wang and Tingting Yan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50184",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50184",authors:[{id:"180535",title:"Prof.",name:"Guoliang",surname:"Wang",slug:"guoliang-wang",fullName:"Guoliang Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"50689",title:"Event-Triggered Static Output Feedback Simultaneous H∞ Control for a Collection of Networked Control Systems",doi:"10.5772/63020",slug:"event-triggered-static-output-feedback-simultaneous-h-control-for-a-collection-of-networked-control-",totalDownloads:1542,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter considers the design of event-triggered static output feedback simultaneous H∞ controllers for a collection of networked control systems (NCSs). It is shown that conventional point-to-point wiring delayed static output feedback simultaneous H∞ controllers can be obtained by solving linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) with a linear matrix equality (LME) constraint. Based on an obtained simultaneous H∞ controller, an L2-gain event-triggered transmission policy is proposed for reducing the network usage. An illustrative example is presented to verify the obtained theoretical results.",signatures:"Sheng-Hsiung Yang and Jenq-Lang Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50689",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50689",authors:[{id:"2648",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenq-Lang",surname:"Wu",slug:"jenq-lang-wu",fullName:"Jenq-Lang Wu"},{id:"194140",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheng-Hsiung",surname:"Yang",slug:"sheng-hsiung-yang",fullName:"Sheng-Hsiung Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"51089",title:"Sliding Mode Speed and Position Control of Induction Motor Drive in Cascade Connection",doi:"10.5772/63407",slug:"sliding-mode-speed-and-position-control-of-induction-motor-drive-in-cascade-connection",totalDownloads:1992,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with sliding mode application in control of an induction motor (IM) torque, speed, and position. Classical, direct approaches to control mentioned variables are described. Their drawbacks are presented and analyzed. Direct control structures are then compared with the proposed cascade sliding mode control structures. These structures allow to control all of the IM variables effectively, simultaneously ensuring supervision of all remaining variables. All of the analyzed structures are illustrated with block diagrams, as well as with simulation and experimental test results.",signatures:"Grzegorz Tarchała and Teresa Orłowska-Kowalska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51089",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51089",authors:[{id:"182057",title:"Dr.",name:"Grzegorz",surname:"Tarchała",slug:"grzegorz-tarchala",fullName:"Grzegorz Tarchała"},{id:"185730",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Orłowska-Kowalska",slug:"teresa-orlowska-kowalska",fullName:"Teresa Orłowska-Kowalska"}],corrections:null},{id:"50489",title:"Robust Adaptive Repetitive and Iterative Learning Control for Rotary Systems Subject to Spatially Periodic Uncertainties",doi:"10.5772/63082",slug:"robust-adaptive-repetitive-and-iterative-learning-control-for-rotary-systems-subject-to-spatially-pe",totalDownloads:1233,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This book chapter reviews and summarizes the recent progress in the design of spatial‐based robust adaptive repetitive and iterative learning control. In particular, the collection of methods aims at rotary systems that are subject to spatially periodic uncertainties and based on nonlinear control paradigm, e.g., adaptive feedback linearization and adaptive backstepping. We will elaborate on the design procedure (applicable to generic nth‐order systems) of each method and the corresponding stability and convergence theorems.",signatures:"Cheng‐Lun Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50489",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50489",authors:[{id:"26775",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheng-Lun",surname:"Chen",slug:"cheng-lun-chen",fullName:"Cheng-Lun Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"50526",title:"Sequential Optimization Model for Marine Oil Spill Control",doi:"10.5772/63050",slug:"sequential-optimization-model-for-marine-oil-spill-control",totalDownloads:1375,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter gives credence to the introduction of optimal control theory into oil spill modeling and develops an optimization process that will aid in the effective decision-making in marine oil spill management. The purpose of the optimal control theory is to determine the control policy that will optimize (maximize or minimize) a specific performance criterion, subject to the constraints imposed by the physical nature of the problem. A fundamental theorem of the calculus of variations is applied to problems with unconstrained states and controls, whereas a consideration of the effect of control constraints leads to the application of Markovian decision processes. The optimization objectives are expressed as value function or reward to be optimized, whereas the optimization models are formulated to adequately describe the marine oil spill control, starting from the transportation process. These models consist of conservation relations needed to specify the dynamic state of the process given by the chemical compositions and movements of crude oil in water.",signatures:"Kufre Bassey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50526",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50526",authors:[{id:"180936",title:"Dr.",name:"Kufre",surname:"Bassey",slug:"kufre-bassey",fullName:"Kufre Bassey"}],corrections:null},{id:"51002",title:"Graphical Method for Robust Stability Analysis for Time Delay Systems: A Case of Study",doi:"10.5772/63158",slug:"graphical-method-for-robust-stability-analysis-for-time-delay-systems-a-case-of-study",totalDownloads:1445,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a tool for analysis of robust stability, consisting of a graphical method based on the construction of the value set of the characteristic equation of an interval plant that is obtained when the transfer function of the mathematical model is connected with a feedback controller. The main contribution presented here is the inclusion of the time delay in the mathematical model. The robust stability margin of the closed-loop system is calculated using the zero exclusion principle. This methodology converts the original analytic robust stability problem into a simplified problem consisting on a graphic examination; it is only necessary to observe if the value-set graph on the complex plane does not include the zero. 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Hereditary mutations, toxin exposure, radiation exposure, alcohol usage, smoking, and radical lifestyle changes are all known to cause cancer. Early detection of cancer results in good therapy. The traditional diagnostic procedures of X-ray, CT-scan, and tissue biopsy are unable to detect it at an early stage, resulting in a delay in treatment that has resulted in the death of several people globally due to cancer [1, 2]. Substantial advances in cancer biology have resulted in the discovery of various biomolecules that are especially linked to cancer progression and development, and therefore referred to as “biomarkers.” Biomarkers are basically alterations which are cellular, biochemical, and molecular changes that can be used to identify or monitor a normal, abnormal, or just a biological process. They are utilized to test and evaluate pathogenic processes, normal biological processes, and the pharmacological response to a treatment intervention objectively. Biomarkers could be classified based on their chemical nature and functionality that can be identified using transcriptomics, metabolomics, genomics and proteomics (Figure 1) [3, 4].
Analysis of potential biomarkers using different integrated bioinformatics analysis assay platforms such as DNA based from FISH assay platform, RNA based biomarkers from micro arrays, protein based biomarkers from proteomic profiles and metabolites based on biomarkers from metabolomics profiles which led to screening of various kinds of cancer resulting in identification of potential candidate genes for prognostic therapeutic approach.
Usually, living cells have a finite life span, and their genome deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) transcribes into ribonucleic acid (RNA), which upon translation results in the creation of proteins that participate in numerous physiological and metabolic processes required by the body. Any change in these mechanisms, such as a mutation in DNA, causes disruption which leads to a dreadful disease namely, Cancer. The detection of mutations in DNA can be used to predict Cancer risk [5]. Consequently, measurement of RNA, protein, and metabolite expression levels can provide important information about illness progression and profiling. There are more than 200 types of cancer reported, however in this chapter, we gathered and presented information about various biomarkers associated with top 5 types of cancer in the world, which can be exploited in designing of sensitive and effective diagnostic technology for early detection of cancer. Basically, various types of biomarkers associated with different types of cancer and their identification using integrated bioinformatic analysis will be discussed. Besides, a brief insight on integrated bioinformatics analysis tools and databases have also been discussed.
Biomarkers have been generally known to play crucial role in the association with different cancer resulting in therapeutic aspects. These could be constructed with the help of advanced integrated bioinformatics analysis tools which could provide an ease to identify biomarkers which could be treated as potential candidates to treat diversities of Cancer. We have listed biomarkers associated with various types of cancer using integrated bioinformatics approaches in Table 1. The mechanistic insight regarding how the databases can be utilized to extract and identify various biomarkers associated with respective cancers have been depicted in Figure 2.
S. No. | Type of cancer | Biomarkers identified | Investigators | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lung Cancer | TOP2A, CCNB1, CCNA2, UBE2C, KIF20A, and IL-6 | Ni et al., 2018 | [6] |
2 | CDC20, ECT2, KIF20A, MKI67, TPX2, and TYMS | Dai et al., 2020 | [7] | |
3 | DDX5, DDX11, DDX55 and DDX56 | Cui et al., 2021 | [8] | |
4 | NDC80, BUB1B, PLK1, CDC20, and MAD2L1 | Liao et al., 2019 | [9] | |
5 | UBE2T, UNF2, CDKN3, ANLN, CCNB2, and CKAP2L | Tu et al., 2019 | [10] | |
6 | UBE2C, AURKA, CCNA2, CDC20, CCNB1, TOP2A, ASPM, MAD2L1, and KIF11 | Liu et al., 2020 | [11] | |
7 | Gastric Cancer | CST2, AADAC, SERPINE1, COL8A1, SMPD3, ASPN, ITGBL1, MAP7D2, and PLEKHS1 | Liu et al., 2018 | [12] |
8 | FN1, COL1A1, INHBA, and CST1 | Wang et al., 2020 | [13] | |
9 | COL1A2 | Rong et al., 2018 | [14] | |
10 | LINC01018, LOC553137, MIR4435-2HG, and TTTY14 | Miao et al., 2017 | [15] | |
11 | UCA1, HOTTIP, and HMGA1P4 | Zang et al., 2019 | [16] | |
12 | Liver Cancer | PBK, ASPM, NDC80, AURKA, TPX2, KIF2C, and centromere protein F | Ji et al., 2020 | [17] |
13 | miR1055p, miR7675p, miR12665p, miR47465p, miR500a3p, miR11803p, and miR1395p | Shen et al., 2020 | [18] | |
14 | BUB1, CCNB2, CDC20, CDK1, KIF20A, KIF2C, RACGAP1 and CEP55 | Li et al., 2017 | [19] | |
15 | Breast Cancer | TXN, ANXA2, TPM4, LOXL2, TPRN, ADCY6, TUBA1C, and CMIP | Wang et al., 2019 | [20] |
16 | ADH1A, IGSF10, and the 14 microRNAs | Wu et al., 2021 | [21] | |
17 | TPX2, KIF2C, CDCA8, BUB1B, and CCNA2 | Cai et al., 2019 | [22] | |
18 | CDC45, PLK1, BUB1B, CDC20, AURKA and MAD2L1 | Wu et al., 2020 | [23] | |
19 | Colorectal Cancer | SLC4A4, NFE2L3, GLDN, PCOLCE2, TIMP1, CCL28, SCGB2A1, AXIN2, and MMP1 | Chen et al., 2019 | [24] |
20 | BLACAT1 | Dai et al., 2017 | [25] | |
21 | HMMR, PAICS, ETFDH, and SCG2 | Sun et al., 2021 | [26] | |
22 | hsa-miR-183-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-195-5p and hsa-miR-497-5p | Falzone et al., 2018 | [27] |
Biomarkers identified by using integrated bioinformatics tools, associated with various types of cancer such as lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer.
The schematic representation of extraction of datasets from the GEO database then the identification of DEGs followed by its functional analysis and subsequent qPCR validation leading to identification of small molecule known as biomarker for treating Cancer.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer-related death around the globe. Despite great attempts to enhance treatment approaches in previous decades, the clinical outcome of traditional therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy remains poor when compared to other major forms of cancer such as colon, prostate, and breast cancers. The challenges in making an early-stage diagnosis of lung cancer and the high recurrence rate after curative treatments are the main reasons for the lack of improvement in prognosis [28]. To improve the clinical result of lung cancer treatments, it is critical to identify and validate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Therefore, here in this section of chapter we have reviewed studies led by certain researchers for identification of the lung cancer biomarkers using integrated bioinformatics analysis. There are mainly 2 types of the lung cancer. In 80–85% cases, the type of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The main subtypes of which are adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. These subtypes generally begin from different types of the lung cells that are grouped together as NSCLC and their treatment and prognoses are almost similar. The other type is small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and around 10–15% of all lung cancers are SCLC and it is sometimes called oat cell cancer. SCLC grows and spread faster than NSCLC.
In a study by Ni et al., four GEO datasets GSE18842, GSE19804, GSE43458, and GSE62113, were extracted form Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database into which the limma package was used to assess differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NSCLC and normal samples, and the RobustRankAggreg (RRA) programme was used to undertake gene integration. Furthermore, they established the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of these DEGs using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database (STRING), Cytoscape, and Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE). Funrich (http://www.funrich.org)and OmicShare (https://www.omicshare.com/tools/)were also conducted to ensure functional enrichment and pathway enrichment analysis for DEGs. Besides this, they used the gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and Kaplan Meier-plotter (KM) online datasets to analyze the expressions and prognostic values of top genes. Hence, it led to the identification of a total of 249 DEGs including 113 upregulated and 136 downregulated after gene integration. Followed by this, they established a PPI network with 166 nodes and 1784 protein pairings resulting in TOP2A, CCNB1, CCNA2, UBE2C, KIF20A, and IL-6 to be considered as possible important genes, whereas they further added, the mitotic cell cycle pathway to play a crucial role in NSCLC advancement resulting in its employment as a novel biomarker for NSCLC diagnosis and to guide synthesis medication [6].
In another study by Dai et al., 6 key biomarkers associated with non- small cell lung cancer in which GEO2R were analyzed to examine three microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus collection along with the enrichment analysis which was performed using Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Further, the String database, Cytoscape, and the MCODE plug-in were then used to build a PPI network and screen hub genes using the String database, Cytoscape, and the MCODE plug-in. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to examine overall and disease-free survival of hub genes, as well as the association between target gene expression patterns and tumor grades. To verify enrichment pathways and diagnostic effectiveness of hub genes, researchers performed gene set enrichment analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves. A total of 293 differentially expressed genes were discovered, with cell cycle, ECM–receptor interaction, and malaria being the most prevalent. The PPI network identified 36 hub genes, six of which were reported to have important roles in NSCLC (non- small cell lung cancer) carcinogenesis: CDC20, ECT2, KIF20A, MKI67, TPX2, and TYMS. The target genes discovered can be employed as potential biomarkers to identify and diagnose non- small cell lung cancer as per their investigations [7].
Similarly, in another study by Cui et al., they used integrated bioinformatic analysis of multivariate large-scale databases to assess the potential of DEAD/H box helicases as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets in lung cancer. They were able to discover four biomarkers with the most significant changes after analyzing the survival and differential expression of these helicases. The unfavorable prognostic factors DDX11, DDX55, and DDX56, as well as the good prognosis factor DDX5, were discovered. MYC signaling is adversely linked with DDX5 gene expression, but favorably associated with DDX11, DDX55, and DDX56 gene expression, according to pathway enrichment analysis led by them. Low mutation levels of TP53 and MUC16, the two most frequently mutated genes in lung cancer, are related with high expression levels of the DDX5 gene. High levels of DDX11, DDX55, and DDX56 gene expression, on the other hand, were linked to high levels of TP53 and MUC16 mutation. The levels of DDX5 gene expression in tumor-infiltrated CD8 + T and B cells are positively correlated, but the other three DEAD box helicases are negatively correlated. Furthermore, while each DDX has a unique miRNA signature, the DDX5-associated miRNA profile is distinct from the miRNA profiles of DDX11, DDX55, and DDX56. The discovery of these four DDX helicases as biomarkers could be considered useful for lung cancer prognostication and targeted treatment development [8].
In another study by Liao et al., they have identified candidate genes associated with the pathogenesis of small cell lung cancer analyzed using integrated bioinformatics tools. GSE60052, GSE43346, GSE15240, and GSE6044 were the four datasets that they downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus. R software was used to examine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the SCLC and normal samples. For each dataset, the limma software was utilized. The DEGs from the four datasets were combined using the RobustRankAggreg package. FunRich software and R software were used to conduct functional and route enrichment analyses using the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, accordingly. The DEGs’ protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was also built using the STRING database and the Cytoscape software. Molecular Complex Detection in Cytoscape software was used to find hub genes and important modules. Ultimately, the Oncomine online database was used to assess the expression values of hub genes. Following the integration of the four datasets, 412 DEGs were discovered, comprising 146 upregulated genes and 266 downregulated genes. The increased DEGs were mostly involved in cell division, cell cycle, and microtubule binding. The complement and coagulation cascades, the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, and protein binding were all heavily represented among the downregulated DEGs. Based on a subset of the PPI network, eight hub genes and one major module connected to the cell cycle pathway were discovered. Eventually, in comparison to normal tissue, five hub genes were shown to be substantially expressed in SCLC tissue. The cell cycle route may be the one that is most closely linked to SCLC pathophysiology. As a result, follow-up studies in the diagnosis and therapy of SCLC should focus on NDC80, BUB1B, PLK1, CDC20, and MAD2L1 [9].
In another similar study by Tu et al., GEO2R was used to search the mRNA microarray datasets GSE19188, GSE33532, and GSE44077 for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DEGs were analyzed for functional and pathway enrichment using the DAVID database. STRING was used to create a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, which was then displayed in Cytoscape. MCODE was used to analyze the PPI network’s modules. The Kaplan Meier-plotter was used to analyze the overall survival (OS) of genes from MCODE. Total of 221 DEGs were found, with words linked to cell division, cell proliferation, and signal transduction being the most abundant. A PPI network with 221 nodes and 739 edges was created. The PPI network revealed a substantial module containing 27 genes. UBE2T, UNF2, CDKN3, ANLN, CCNB2, and CKAP2L all have high expression levels and have been linked to a poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Protein binding, ATP binding, cell cycle, and the p53 signaling pathway were among the enriched functions and pathways. DEGs in non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have the potential to be useful targets for diagnosing and treating the disease [10].
In another study by Liu et al., in this prospective investigation, which included 46 tumors and 45 controls, the gene expression profile GSE18842 was acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. They used functional enrichment analysis and KEGG analysis using upregulated differentially expressed genes (uDEGs) and downregulated differentially expressed genes (dDEGs), respectively, after screening differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The STRING database was used to create protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks between DEGs and their corresponding coding protein complexes, which were then examined using Cytoscape. The Kaplan–Meier approach was used to confirm the survival of hub genes. In the TCGA database, the gene expression level heat map of hub genes between NSCLC and neighboring lung tissues was plotted using the GEPIA webserver. After gene integration, they found 368 DEGs (168 uDEGs and 200 dDEGs) in NSCLC samples compared to control samples. They built a PPI network for the DEGs with 249 nodes and 1472 protein pairings on the edges. Survival study confirmed that ten undefined hub genes with the highest connectivity degree (CDK1, UBE2C, AURKA, CCNA2, CDC20, CCNB1, TOP2A, ASPM, MAD2L1, and KIF11) were related with lower overall survival in NSCLC. The GEPIA web tool was used to verify the expression dependability of hub genes. The findings suggested that UBE2C, AURKA, CCNA2, CDC20, CCNB1, TOP2A, ASPM, MAD2L1, and KIF11 are inherent critical biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, and that the mitotic cell cycle pathway is a likely signaling pathway contributing to NSCLC progression, according to KEGG analysis. Such genes could be useful diagnostic biomarkers, as well as a new strategy to designing targeted NSCLC treatments [11].
Despite a substantial drop in incidence and death in North America and most Western European countries in recent decades, gastric cancer (GC) remains the fifth most prevalent malignancy worldwide and poses a serious medical burden, particularly in Eastern Asia [29, 30]. The fact that most patients are discovered at an advanced stage, even with metastatic illnesses, and thus miss out on the potential for a curative resection, accounts for the poor 5-year survival in GC [31, 32]. Substantial progress has been made in comprehending the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular mechanisms of GC, as well as in implementing new therapy alternatives like as targeted and immune-based therapies, not all patients react to molecularly targeted medications developed for specific biomarkers [32, 33]. Hence, due to molecular complexity, poor prognosis, and significant reoccurrence of GC, new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed [34, 35]. Microarray and high-throughput sequencing technologies have advanced in recent years, allowing researchers to decipher important genetic or epigenetic changes in carcinogenesis and discover promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis [36]. Nevertheless, integrated bioinformatics methods have been used in cancer research to overcome limited or inconsistent results due to the use of different technology platforms or a small sample size, and a large range of valuable biological information has been revealed [37, 38, 39].
Hence, here we have reviewed a few studies to ensure the role of biomarker identification associated to gastric cancer using integrated bioinformatics analysis tools. In a study by Liu et al., they have considered TOP2A, COL1A1, COL1A2, NDC80, COL3A1, CDKN3, CEP55, TPX2, and TIMP1 which are nine hub genes that may be linked to the etiology of GC. Hence, CST2, AADAC, SERPINE1, COL8A1, SMPD3, ASPN, ITGBL1, MAP7D2, and PLEKHS1 were used to construct a prognostic gene signature that performed well in predicting overall survival. An integrated analysis of several gene expression profile datasets was used by them to find differentially expressed genes between GC and normal gastric tissue samples. Furthermore, protein–protein interaction network and Cox proportional hazards model studies were used to identify key genes related to the pathophysiology and prognosis of GC resulting in their constructed gene signature to be considered as a potential candidate for the biomarker to facilitate the molecular targeting therapy of GC [12].
In a study by Wang et al., they discovered promising biomarkers that could be used to diagnose GC patients. Four Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets were obtained and examined for differentially expressed genes to look for possible treatment targets for GC (DEGs). The function and pathway enrichment of the discovered DEGs were then investigated using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. A network of protein–protein interactions (PPI) was created. The degree of connection of proteins in the PPI network was calculated using the CytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape, and the two genes with the highest degree of connectivity were chosen for further investigation. The two DEGs with the highest and lowest log Fold Change values were also chosen. Oncomine and the KaplanMeier plotter platform were used to investigate these six important genes further. A total of 99 genes that were upregulated and 172 genes that were downregulated across all four GEO datasets were examined. The Biological Process phrases ‘extracellular matrix organization,’ ‘collagen catabolic process,’ and ‘cell adhesion’ were primarily enriched in the DEGs. The categories ‘ECMreceptor interaction,’ ‘protein digestion and absorption,’ and ‘focal adhesion’ were considerably enriched in these three KEGG pathways. According to Oncomine, ATP4A and ATP4B expression were downregulated in GC, while all other genes were increased. Upregulated expression of the identified important genes was substantially associated with worse overall survival of GC patients, according to the KaplanMeier plotter platform. The current findings imply that FN1, COL1A1, INHBA, and CST1 could be used as gastric cancer biomarkers and treatment targets. Additional research is needed to determine the role of ATP4A and ATP4B in the treatment of gastric cancer [13].
In another study by Rong et al., their research outlines an integrated bioinformatics approach to identifying molecular biomarkers for stomach cancer in cancer tissues of patients. In large gastric cancer cohorts, they reported distinct expression genes from Gene Expression Ominus (GEO). Their findings found that 433 genes in human stomach cancer have significantly distinct expression patterns. Bioinformatic studies and co-expression network design were used to confirm the different gene expression profiles in gastric cancer. They identified collagen type I alpha 2 (COL1A2), which encodes the pro-alpha2 chain of type I collagen whose triple helix comprises two alpha1 chains and one alpha2 chain, as the key gene in a 37-gene network that modulates cell motility by interacting with the cytoskeleton, based on the co-expression network and top-ranked genes. Immunohistochemistry on human gastric cancer tissue was also used to investigate the predictive function of COL1A2. When compared to normal gastric tissues, COL1A2 was substantially expressed in human gastric cancer. The level of COL1A2 expression was found to be substantially related to histological type and lymph node status after statistical analysis. There were no links found between COL1A2 expression and age, lymph node count, tumor size, or clinical stage. Finally, the unique bioinformatics used in this study led to the discovery of improved diagnostic biomarkers for human stomach cancer, which could aid future research into the crucial change that occurs during the disease’s course [14].
In another study, the goal of their research is to find an lncRNA-related signature that can be used to assess the overall survival of 379 GC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the correlations between survival outcome and the expression of lncRNAs. Overall survival was found to be substantially linked with four lncRNAs (LINC01018, LOC553137, MIR4435-2HG, and TTTY14). These four lncRNAs were combined to form a prognostic signature. There was a strong favorable link between overall survival and GC patients with low-risk scores (P = 0.001). Subsequent research found that the predictive usefulness of this four-lncRNA pattern was unaffected by clinical characteristics. These four lncRNAs were linked to many tumor molecular pathways, according to gene set enrichment analysis. Based on bioinformatics analysis, their research suggests that this unique lncRNA expression pattern could be a helpful diagnostic of prognosis for GC patients [15].
The researchers wanted to see if there were any long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that were linked to the pathophysiology and prognosis of GC. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to retrieve raw noncoding RNA microarray data (GSE53137, GSE70880, and GSE99417). After gene reannotation and batch normalization, an integrated analysis of various gene expression profiles was used to screen for differentially expressed genes between GC and neighboring normal stomach tissue samples. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database validated the presence of differentially expressed genes. To identify hub lncRNAs and explore possible biomarkers related to GC diagnosis and prognosis, researchers used a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, Gene Ontology term, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, as well as survival analysis. After intersections of differential genes between the GEO and TCGA databases, a total of 246 integrated differential genes were identified, including 15 lncRNAs and 241 messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Three lncRNAs (UCA1, HOTTIP, and HMGA1P4), 26 microRNAs (miRNAs), and 72 mRNAs make up the ceRNA network. Three lncRNAs controlled the cell cycle and cellular senescence, according to functional analyses. The survival rate of HMGA1P4 was statistically connected to the total survival rate, according to a survival analysis. They discovered that HMGA1P4, a miR-301b/miR-508 target, regulates CCNA2 in the GC and is implicated in cell cycle and senescence. Ultimately, three lncRNAs’ expression levels were shown to be elevated in GC tissues. As a result, three lncRNAs, UCA1, HOTTIP, and HMGA1P4, may play a role in GC development, and their possible functions may be linked to GC prognosis [16].
Liver cancer is among the most frequent malignancies in the world, and it is the second largest cause of cancer death [40, 41]. Due to advances in detection and therapy, people with liver cancer still have a terrible prognosis. Most patients are already in severe stages of symptoms and miss the opportunity to undertake radical resection due to the lack of distinct clinical signs in the early stages. As a result, understanding the pathophysiology of liver cancer aids in early detection, treatment selection, scheduling of follow-up appointments, and prognosis evaluation, all of which can help patients with liver cancer live longer [42]. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are improperly expressed in a range of tumors and are linked to the pathogenesis of cancers, including liver cancer, according to growing evidence. As tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, miRNAs play a role in the development of liver cancer. As a result, more research into miRNA expression patterns and consequences could lead to the discovery of new diagnostic or therapeutic targets for liver cancer. Hence, here in this subsection of this chapter we have reviewed certain researches which provide a potential aspect toward identification of biomarkers associated with cancer in relevance to liver utilizing integrated bioinformatics analysis.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has long been known as a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for at least half of all HCC cases worldwide. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanism of HBV-associated HCC is still unknown. Hence, in an investigation led by Ji et al., they retrieved three microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) collection, including 170 tumoral samples and 181 adjacent normal tissues from the liver of patients with HBV-related HCC which were subjected to integrated analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Following that, the protein–protein interaction network (PPI) and function and pathway enrichment analyses were carried out. The expression profiles and survival analyses of the ten hub genes selected from the PPI network were carried out. Overall, 329 DEGs were discovered in which 67 were upregulated and 262 were downregulated. PDZ-binding kinase (PBK), abnormal spindle microtubule assembly (ASPM), nuclear division cycle 80 (NDC80), aurora kinase A (AURKA), targeting protein for xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2), kinesin family member 2C (KIF2C), and centromere protein F were among the ten DEGs with the highest degree of connectivity (CENPF). Overexpression levels of KIF2C and TPX2 were linked to both poor overall survival and relapse-free survival in a Kaplan–Meier study. Therefore, the hub genes identified in this investigation could be useful in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of HBV-related HCC. Furthermore, their research identifies a number of important biological components (e.g., extracellular exosomes) and signaling pathways that are involved in the progression of HCC caused by HBV, providing a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying HBV-related HCC [17].
In another study by Shen et al., they created nine co-expression modules and discovered that in liver cancer, miR1055p, miR7675p, miR12665p, miR47465p, miR500a3p, miR11803p, and miR1395p were differentially expressed. These miRNAs were found to have a strong link to the prognosis of patients with liver cancer. MiR1055p and miR1395p may be considered separate prognostic variables among them. As a result, seven miRNAs could be used as predictive indicators in the case of liver cancer [18].
In another study by Li et al., The GSE19665, GSE33006, and GSE41804 microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found and function enrichment analyses were carried out. STRING and Cytoscape were used to create the protein–protein interaction network (PPI) and perform module analysis. There were a total of 273 DEGs found, with 189 downregulated genes and 84 upregulated genes. Protein activation, complement activation, carbohydrate binding, complement and coagulation cascades, mitotic cell cycle, and oocyte meiosis are among the DEGs’ enhanced activities and pathways. A biological process study found that these genes were primarily abundant in cell division, cell cycle, and nuclear division. BUB1, CDC20, KIF20A, RACGAP1 and CEP55 were found to be involved in the carcinogenesis, invasion, and recurrence of HCC in a survival analysis. Finally, the DEGs and hub genes discovered in this work contribute to our understanding of the molecular pathways underlying HCC carcinogenesis and development, as well as providing candidate targets for HCC diagnosis and treatment [19].
Breast cancer is becoming more common over the world, and it is now considered a serious disease among women. Asia has recently emerged as a high-risk location for breast cancer, ranking first among female malignant tumors [43, 44]. Breast cancer therapy has improved recently as a result of constant efforts and advances in contemporary medicine, and the death rate of breast cancer has decreased dramatically. Recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer, on the other hand, have remained unaddressed and have become the most difficult clinical difficulties [43, 45]. To better understand the functions of tumor-related genes and the roles of tumor cell signaling pathways, researchers are turning to genetic studies. Together bioinformatics and system biology are strong multidisciplinary topics that combine biological information collecting, storage, processing, and distribution, summarize life sciences and computer science, and collect and analyze genetic data [46, 47]. Hence, here in this chapter we have reviewed a few studies led by researchers to identify most prevalent biomarkers associated with breast cancer utilizing integrated bioinformatics approaches.
In an investigation by Wang et al. they have analyzed gene expression profiles of GSE48213 using Gene Expression Omnibus database. Further, validation was done using RNA-seq data and clinical information on breast cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas. In their study, they identified the gene co- expression network which revealed four modules, one of which was found to be strongly linked with patient survival time. They found that the black module which was found to be basal, was made up of 28 genes; the dark red module which was found to be claudin-low, was made up of 18 genes; the brown module which was found to be luminal, was made up of nine genes; and the midnight blue module was made up of seven genes which was investigated to be nonmalignant. Due to a considerable difference in survival time between the two groups, these modules were clustered into two groups. Hence, TXN and ANXA2 in the nonmalignant module, TPM4 and LOXL2 in the luminal module, TPRN and ADCY6 in the claudin-low module, and TUBA1C and CMIP in the basal module were identified by them as the genes with the highest betweenness, implying that they play a central role in information transfer in the network. Therefore, TXN, ANXA2, TPM4, LOXL2, TPRN, ADCY6, TUBA1C, and CMIP are eight hub genes that have been identified and validated by them as being linked to breast cancer progression and poor prognosis to be considered [20].
In another study by Wu et al., Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in breast cancer were discovered using three data sets from the GEO database. The functional roles of the DEGs were determined using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway studies. They also used the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), Oncomine, Human Protein Atlas, and Kaplan Meier plotter tool databases to look at the translational and protein expression levels, as well as survival statistics, of DEGs in patients with breast cancer. Using miRWalk and TargetScan, the corresponding change in the expression level of microRNAs in DEGs was predicted, and the expression profiles were evaluated using OncomiR. Finally, RT-qPCR was used to confirm the expression of new DEGs in Chinese breast cancer tissues. ADH1A, IGSF10, and the 14 microRNAs have all been identified as promising new biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis [21].
In another study by Cai et al., the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to obtain GSE102484 gene expression profiles. The most potent gene modules related with the metastatic risk of breast cancer were found using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which yielded a total of 12 modules. 21 network hub genes (MM > 0.90) were kept for further analysis in the most significant module (R2 = 0.68). The biomarkers with the greatest interactions in gene modules were then investigated further using protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. Five hub genes (TPX2, KIF2C, CDCA8, BUB1B, and CCNA2) were identified as important genes associated with breast cancer progression by the PPI networks. Furthermore, using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Kaplan–Meier (KM) Plotter, the predictive value and differential expression of these genes were confirmed. The mRNA expression levels of these five hub genes have excellent diagnostic value for breast cancer and surrounding tissues, according to a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve study. Furthermore, KM Plotter revealed that these five hub genes were substantially related with lower distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in the patient group. Five hub genes (TPX2, KIF2C, CDCA8, BUB1B, and CCNA2) linked to the likelihood of distant metastasis were extracted for future study and could be employed as biomarkers to predict breast cancer distant metastasis [22].
In another study by Wu et al., there were a total of 215 DEGs found, with 105 upregulated genes and 110 downregulated genes. The enriched keywords and pathways were primarily linked to cell cycle, proliferation, drug metabolism, and oncogenesis, according to GO and KEGG analyses. Cell Division Cycle 45 (CDC45), Polo Like Kinase 1 (PLK1), BUB1 Mitotic Checkpoint Serine/Threonine Kinase B (BUB1B), Cell Division Cycle 20 (CDC20), Aurora Kinase A (AURKA), and Mitotic Arrest Deficient 2 Like 1 were identified as hub genes from the PPI network (MAD2L1). These hub genes’ resilience was confirmed by survival analysis and expression validation tests [23].
CRC (colorectal cancer) is one of the top causes of death among cancer patients around the world. Older age, male sex, lifestyle, inflammatory bowel illness, and a previous personal history of CRC are all risk factors for the disease. A positive family history is also substantially linked to a higher lifetime relative risk of CRC diagnosis. CRC, on the other hand, is an indolent disease in its early stages, becoming symptomatic only when it evolves to more advanced stages. Numerous attempts have been made to develop adequate screening technologies, but they remain intrusive even now, resulting in reduced attainment rates among large community [48]. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings and cellular mechanisms of CRC have resulted in the widespread use of particular molecular diagnostics in clinical practice. The patient’s risk is stratified and therapy is decided based on the test results. Conversely, current research into biomarkers associated with colorectal cancer could usher in a new age in diagnosis, risk prediction, and treatment selection. Here, we have reviewed a few investigations led to ensure its attainment using integrated bioinformatics analysis [49].
In an investigation led by Chen et al., they analyzed 207 common DEGs in colorectal cancer using the integrated GEO and TCGA databases into which they constructed a PPI network consists of 70 nodes and 170 edges and identified 10 top hub genes. A prognostic gene signature which includes SLC4A4, NFE2L3, GLDN, PCOLCE2, TIMP1, CCL28, SCGB2A1, AXIN2, and MMP1 was constructed by them which revealed overall survival in patients suffering from CRC. Hence, it could be considered as a good potential candidate for further treatments [24].
In a study by Dai et al., they discovered nine differentially expressed lncRNAs and their putative mRNA targets using integrated data mining. They evaluated key pathways and GO words that are associated to the up-regulated and down-regulated transcripts, respectively, after a series of bioinformatics investigations. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR was used to validate the nine lncRNAs in 30 matched tissues and cell lines, and the results were largely compatible with the microarray data. They also looked for nine lncRNAs in the blood of 30 CRC patients with tissue matching, 30 non-cancer patients, and 30 healthy people. Finally, they discovered that BLACAT1 was important for CRC diagnosis. Between CRC patients and healthy controls, the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were 0.858 (95% CI: 0.765–0.951), 83.3%, and 76.7%, respectively. Furthermore, BLACAT1 exhibited a particular utility in distinguishing CRC from non-cancer disorders. The findings suggest that significantly elevated lncRNAs as well as associated potential target transcripts could be used as therapeutic targets in CRC patients. Conversely, the lncRNA BLACAT1 could be a new supplemental biomarker for CRC detection [25].
In another study by Sun et al., The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) mRNA microarray datasets GSE113513, GSE21510, GSE44076, and GSE32323 were collected and processed with bioinformatics to discover hub genes in CRC development. The GEO2R tool was used to look for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DAVID database was used to conduct gene ontology (GO) and KEGG studies. To build a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and identify essential modules and hub genes, researchers employed the STRING database and Cytoscape software. The DEGs’ survival studies were done using the GEPIA database. Potential medications were screened using the Connectivity Map database. There were a total of 865 DEGs found, with 374 upregulated and 491 downregulated genes. These DEGs were mostly linked to metabolic pathways, cancer pathways, cell cycle pathways, and so on. With 863 nodes and 5817 edges, the PPI network was discovered. HMMR, PAICS, ETFDH, and SCG2 were found to be strongly linked with overall survival of CRC patients in a survival analysis. Blebbistatin and sulconazole have also been discovered as potential treatments [26].
Falzone et al. used the mirDIP gene target analysis in a sample of 19 differentially expressed miRNAs to determine the interaction between miRNAs and the most changed genes in CRC. DIANA-mirPath prediction analysis was used to identify miRNAs that can activate or inhibit genes and pathways involved in colorectal cancer development. As a whole, these studies found that the up-regulated hsa-miR-183-5p and hsa-miR-21-5p, as well as the down-regulated hsa-miR-195-5p and hsa-miR-497-5p, were linked to colorectal cancer development via interactions with the Mismatch Repair pathway and the Wnt, RAS, MAPK, PI3K, TGF-, and p53 signaling pathways [27].
Various integrated bioinformatics databases have been utilized for the identification of prognostic biomarkers in the treatment of various kinds of cancer. Some of which have been enlisted in Table 2 along with database links. The biomarkers associated with different types of Cancers identified with the help of integrated bioinformatics tools depicted in Figure 3.
S. No. | Name of database | Link/URL |
---|---|---|
1 | Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ |
2 | GEO2R | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/geo2r/ |
3 | DAVID | http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/ |
4 | STRING | http://www.bork.embl-heidelberg.de/STRING/ |
5 | Cytoscape | http://www.cytoscape.org/ |
6 | GEPIA | http://gepia2021.cancer-pku.cn/ |
7 | TGCA | https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/ |
8 | Kaplan–Meier (KM) Plotter | http://kmplot.com/analysis/ |
9 | DIANA-mirPath | http://www.microrna.gr/miRPathv3 |
10 | mirDIP | http://ophid.utoronto.ca/mirDIP |
11 | GOplot | http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/GOplot |
12 | clueGO | http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/cluego |
13 | MCODE | http://baderlab.org/Software/MCODE |
14 | GTEx | https://gtexportal.org |
15 | Oncomine | http://www.oncomine.org/resource/login.html |
16 | Human Protein Atlas | www.proteinatlas.org |
17 | miRWalk | http://mirwalk.uni-hd.de/ |
18 | TargetScan | www.targetscan.org |
19 | OncomiR | http://www.oncomir.org/oncomir/search_target_miR.html |
List of databases used for data mining.
Mechanistic insight of extraction, construction and identification of biomarkers associated with different kinds of cancers with the help of integrated bioinformatics tools.
The microarray data collection is done using the GEO database which refers to Gene Expression Omnibus. It could be easily accessed via online medium using http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/link. The GEO database is basically being used to obtain high-throughput gene expression profiles of PTC (Papillary thyroid carcinoma) and normal thyroid tissues. Independent datasets are chosen, and they are all based on the specified platforms, including the relevant tissues. As per our review of various studies which are aforementioned in this chapter, various microarray datasets have been collected using the GEO database and then processed with bioinformatics to discover hub genes. Several new technologies have emerged for the analysis of gene expression and for the identification of cancer biomarkers. One such technology is RNASeq technology which is nowadays considered to be the most up to date technology to analyze gene expression. Into this technology, with the use of NGS (Next generation genome sequencer) the gene expression profile analysis carried out. The first stage in the process is to convert the population of RNA to be sequenced into complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments which is present in biological sample (a cDNA library). This is accomplished using reverse transcription, allowing the RNA to be used in an NGS procedure. After that, the cDNA is fragmented, and adapters are attached to each fragment’s end. The functional elements present on adopters which allowed sequencing. The cDNA library is evaluated by NGS after amplification, size selection, clean-up, and quality verification, yielding short sequences that correspond to all or part of the fragment from which it was formed. The extent to which the library is sequenced is determined by the intended use of the output data. Sequencing can be done in one of two ways: single-end or paired-end. Single-read sequencing is a less expensive and faster method of sequencing cDNA fragments from only one end (approximately 1% of the cost of Sanger sequencing). While paired-end approaches are more expensive since they sequence from both ends, but they provide advantages in post-sequencing data reconstruction. After completing the RNA sequencing technology workflow, the data can be matched to a reference genome if one is available, or built from scratch to provide an RNA sequence map that encompasses the transcriptome. A bioinformatics workflow is developed to discover various alternative biomarkers via LC- MS/MS technique (liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry). Further, open Mass spectrometry Search Algorithm is used against the customized alternative splicing database along with the preferred cancer plasma proteome for the identification of respective biomarker [50, 51].
The GEO2R program which could be easily accessed via http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/geo2r/link, is used for the detection of these differentially expressed genes which are known as DEGs. Further, R package Limma is been utilized to screen out these DEGs.
Followed by the screening of DEGs, the enrichment analysis using GO and KEGG pathway is performed using the database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, commonly known as DAVID database (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/). This process includes biological processes, cellular components, molecular function and KEGG pathway analysis. Further, the GOplot package of R could be used to display the results of analysis and the pathway analysis results can also be analyzed using the clueGO plug-ins of cytoscape software 3.7.2. [52].
After the enrichment analysis, the PPI network is being built upon using the STRING (http://www.bork.embl-heidelberg.de/STRING/) database which refers to Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins, to uncover DEG associations based on minimum prescribed interaction scores. Followed by this, using the Cytoscape (http://www.cytoscape.org/) database, the PPI network is then analyzed and visualized. Additionally, MCODE is also one such bioinformatics tool utilized to screen the PPI network’s main module.
At last. The Cancer Genome Atlas (https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/), was utilized to examine the association between important gene expression and survival of patients with PTC (Papillary thyroid carcinoma). RNA expression data from hundreds of samples from the TCGA and GTEx projects was analyzed using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis tool (GEPIA) (http://gepia2021.cancer-pku.cn/). Additionally Oncomine, Human Protein Atlas, and Kaplan Meier plotter tool databases could also be used to look at the translational and protein expression levels, as well as survival statistics, of DEGs. Apart from this, miRWalk and TargetScan, were used to predict the corresponding change in the expression level of microRNAs in DEGs and the expression profiles were evaluated using OncomiR. Finally, RT-qPCR has been used to confirm the expression of new DEGs. Hence, the constructed biomarkers could be treated as potential candidates for various kinds of Cancers.
The development of biomarkers for early detection cancer screening and therapy monitoring has biological as well as financial hurdles. The majority of existing cancer detection tools only detect late stage or fully grown cancer, not premalignant or early abnormalities that can be resected and treated. Despite the fact that a screening test may detect cancer just at preclinical stage, it is not suitable for follow-up, and hence may miss micro metastases, limiting the benefits of early identification and treatment [53]. Additional barrier to the development of cancer biomarkers is the fact that cancer is a diverse illness, with several biologically distinct phenotypes that respond differently to treatments. Between cells of a single macroscopic tumor, the nature of its heterogeneity can be found. Biomarker development may be hampered by this variability. As a result, developing biomarkers using genomic and proteomic methods could help to solve the variability challenges [3]. An even more issue is that pre-neoplastic lesions are far more common than aggressive malignancies in several organs, such as the prostate and colon [54]. This addresses the possibility of whether any screening strategy should focus solely on early lesions or should additionally consider the tumor’s behavior. In the last two decades, detailed and comprehensive knowledge of cancer at the cellular and molecular levels has increased dramatically and exponentially, resulting in significant improvements in the characterization of human tumors, which has catalyzed a shift toward the development of targeted therapies, the foundation of molecular diagnostics [55, 56]. Omics technology may serve as the foundation for the development of novel cancer biomarker and/or panels that have significant advantages over currently utilized biomarkers. Omics has enhanced the number of potential biomarkers such as DNA, RNA, and other protein biomolecules that may be studied. The previous idea of single biomarker discovery has lately been supplanted by multi-biomarker discovery of a panel of genes or proteins, raising the question of whether heterogeneous and complex cancers can have a single fingerprint.
Biomarkers in association with cancer are used in oncology and clinical practice for risk assessment, screening, and diagnosis in combination with other diagnostic methods, and most importantly for determining prognosis and treatment response and/or recurrence. Cancer biomarkers can also help with cancer diagnosis at the molecular level. Clinicians and researchers must have a thorough understanding of the molecular aspects, clinical utility, and reliability of biomarkers in order to determine whether or not a biomarker is clinically useful for patient care and whether or not additional evaluation is required before integration into routine care. Biomarkers, through simplifying the integration of therapies and diagnostics, have the potential to play a key role in the development of customized medicine.
Research in the field of cancer-specific biomarkers have provided a promising source of novel diagnostic tools. Various groups have reported that altered cancer-associated biomarkers can be exploited to diagnose and monitor various cancers with greater sensitivity and specificity. Assessment of genomic and transcriptomic biomarkers found to be potentially very sensitive approaches for discriminating between cancerous non-cancerous (benign) conditions. Besides, this one could detect cancers at a much earlier stage by quantitative analysis of potential biomarker associated with specific cancer. Given the possible diagnostic power of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic biomarkers, these are currently one of the most promising areas of research in the field of development of cancer prognostic and diagnostics devices.
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Water is needed in farms to grow crops, firms and manufacturing industry to produce products and services. This chapter examines water resources availability and management in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in climate change perspective using vector auto-regression (VAR) time series analysis. Water is known to be unevenly distributed among countries and continents around the world, particularly in Sub-Sahara Africa; the water availability varies between member countries and regions in the individual country, water supply systems experience enormous pressure to make water accessible to people in both rural and urban communities. Water security remains to be an integral part of the SSA’s effort to achieve food security and supply, halve poverty and eradicate hunger. This chapter more importantly aims to investigate impact of rainfall and temperature issues––that are climate change proxy variables––on water security and people movement in three Sub-Saharan African countries that are Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Niger. This article assesses some possible causes of migration from rural to urban area using VAR and granger causality tests; this process involves four variables namely Rural Migration ‘MR’, Urban Migration ‘MU’, Rainfall ‘Rain’ and Temperature ‘Temp’. The model predicts rainfall and temperature across 10 years and examines how these changes impact water availability and people movement in relevant countries. This study finds that some countries are experiencing water security challenges upon which large numbers migrate to urban areas. The study reveals that variations in rainfall and temperature have compounded people movements from rural areas. It is noted that the agricultural production in SSA have not improved over time and in fact, it has further decreased due to the move away from rural areas by many farmers.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Omar Moalin Hassan and Gurudeo Anand Tularam",authors:[{id:"148090",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurudeo",middleName:null,surname:"Tularam",slug:"gurudeo-tularam",fullName:"Gurudeo Tularam"},{id:"208956",title:"Mr.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Moalin Hassan",slug:"omar-moalin-hassan",fullName:"Omar Moalin Hassan"}]},{id:"60177",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74914",title:"Application of a Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model for Inland Surface Water Systems",slug:"application-of-a-hydrodynamic-and-water-quality-model-for-inland-surface-water-systems",totalDownloads:1731,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter introduces basic concepts, properties, and principles of different processes in inland surface water and analytical methodologies. The fundamentals of surface water hydrodynamics, including water properties, hydrodynamic processes, Cartesian coordinate-based governing equations, and boundary and initial conditions were reviewed. The fate and transport of contaminants in surface water were introduced. Based on aforementioned theory and principles, two hydrodynamic-water quality models were developed for studying a lake and a river, respectively. A stratified 3D model was used to investigate the circulation and E. coli transport in the nearshore region of Lake Michigan. The modeling results show that stratified phenomenon exists in the near region, and a 3D model is necessary even though a previous 2D model works well for the shallow water environment. A 2D depth-averaged water quality model was developed to estimate the fate and transport of four contaminants in the San Joaquin River of California. The modeling results indicate that it took 20 days for these contaminants to transport from the upstream to the downstream in the research domain. These models can be effectively used for inland surface water restoration and management.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Lubo Liu",authors:[{id:"169118",title:"Dr.",name:"Lubo",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"lubo-liu",fullName:"Lubo Liu"}]},{id:"59309",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73274",title:"Assessing the Hydrodynamic Pattern in Different Lakes of Malaysia",slug:"assessing-the-hydrodynamic-pattern-in-different-lakes-of-malaysia",totalDownloads:940,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Hydrodynamic simulations using three-dimensional numerical model were carried out in three different shallow tropical lakes to understand the characteristics of water movement in the respective water bodies. The models were based on meteorological data from the nearest stations and calibrated with current measurement, temperature, or water-level data. The results show good agreement between measured and simulated velocities and/or temperature at certain depth. This study found that the major driving forces of the hydrodynamic pattern were different in the three lakes. Hydrodynamic simulations showed that Bukit Merah and Durian Tunggal reservoirs were more sensitive to wind-driven motion. Floodplain lakes, such as Bera Lake, are more sensitive to flood inflow by the main river during the monsoon season. Convective motion driven by water temperature gradient was important for Bukit Merah and Bera Lake.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Zati Sharip, Shahirwan Aman Shah, Aminuddin Jamin and Juhaimi\nJusoh",authors:[{id:"186369",title:"Dr.",name:"Zati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharip",slug:"zati-sharip",fullName:"Zati Sharip"},{id:"220302",title:"Mr.",name:"Shahirwan",middleName:null,surname:"Aman Shah",slug:"shahirwan-aman-shah",fullName:"Shahirwan Aman Shah"},{id:"220303",title:"Mr.",name:"Aminuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Jamin",slug:"aminuddin-jamin",fullName:"Aminuddin Jamin"},{id:"220304",title:"Mr.",name:"Juhaimi",middleName:null,surname:"Jusoh",slug:"juhaimi-jusoh",fullName:"Juhaimi Jusoh"}]},{id:"71359",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90652",title:"Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources, Indices, and Related Activities in Colombia",slug:"effects-of-climate-change-on-water-resources-indices-and-related-activities-in-colombia",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In Colombia, a country with great climatic diversity, the water balance is affected in one way or another by climate change depending on the region. Thus, there may be increases and decreases in precipitation and, in all cases, a huge increase in temperature. This document presents some studies carried out in different areas of the country regarding the effects of climate change on water resources, including its influence on hydroelectric power generation, some changes in the water balance in arid areas, and the opportunity to ensemble climate change scenarios. Likewise, it outlines a possible future water supply-demand relationship, where supply is associated with a change in the water balance and demand with some crops, activities, and sectors that need water to survive. This allows to estimate some future status indices to see the overall picture of climate change in connection with the country’s water resources.",book:{id:"8098",slug:"resources-of-water",title:"Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Resources of Water"},signatures:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa, Carlos Gay-García and Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña",authors:[{id:"311362",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina-Noreña",slug:"jesus-efren-ospina-norena",fullName:"Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña"},{id:"311363",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gay-García",slug:"carlos-gay-garcia",fullName:"Carlos Gay-García"},{id:"311364",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nathaly",middleName:null,surname:"Güiza-Villa",slug:"nathaly-guiza-villa",fullName:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa"}]},{id:"65487",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82825",title:"Sustainable and Resilient Water and Energy Futures: From New Ethics and Choices to Urban Nexus Strategies",slug:"sustainable-and-resilient-water-and-energy-futures-from-new-ethics-and-choices-to-urban-nexus-strate",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A safe, secure and affordable water future—for life, health, economy—are foundational outcomes from a new form of ethics for water stewardship and energy management. Current business as usual in water and energy systems have not led to sustainable, healthy nor resilient pathways for urban and rural communities alike. Today, an estimated 400 million people live in cities with significant water shortages. This is while 25% of water is currently lost before even used in urban areas (up to 60% in some cities) due to aging infrastructure. In addition, on average, only 10% of wastewater is treated before returning to water bodies in developing countries. By 2040, more than 66% of the world’s populations could suffer from severe water shortages; and by 2050, an 80% increase in urban water demand (over current levels) may result in one billion city dwellers and 36% (one in three) of cities expected to face water crises. A crisis is often a catalyst for innovation and this chapter is a call to cities to enable strategic responses—moving away from legacy ‘siloed’ infrastructures, over-allocated water resources and emerging ethical dilemmas to integrated water- and energy-related urban nexus strategies.",book:{id:"6886",slug:"water-and-sustainability",title:"Water and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Water and Sustainability"},signatures:"Josh Sperling and Will Sarni",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58856",title:"The Effects of Climate Change on Rural-Urban Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)—The Cases of Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Niger",slug:"the-effects-of-climate-change-on-rural-urban-migration-in-sub-saharan-africa-ssa-the-cases-of-democr",totalDownloads:1867,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Water is essential for the existence of living organisms including humans. Water is needed in farms to grow crops, firms and manufacturing industry to produce products and services. This chapter examines water resources availability and management in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in climate change perspective using vector auto-regression (VAR) time series analysis. Water is known to be unevenly distributed among countries and continents around the world, particularly in Sub-Sahara Africa; the water availability varies between member countries and regions in the individual country, water supply systems experience enormous pressure to make water accessible to people in both rural and urban communities. Water security remains to be an integral part of the SSA’s effort to achieve food security and supply, halve poverty and eradicate hunger. This chapter more importantly aims to investigate impact of rainfall and temperature issues––that are climate change proxy variables––on water security and people movement in three Sub-Saharan African countries that are Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Niger. This article assesses some possible causes of migration from rural to urban area using VAR and granger causality tests; this process involves four variables namely Rural Migration ‘MR’, Urban Migration ‘MU’, Rainfall ‘Rain’ and Temperature ‘Temp’. The model predicts rainfall and temperature across 10 years and examines how these changes impact water availability and people movement in relevant countries. This study finds that some countries are experiencing water security challenges upon which large numbers migrate to urban areas. The study reveals that variations in rainfall and temperature have compounded people movements from rural areas. It is noted that the agricultural production in SSA have not improved over time and in fact, it has further decreased due to the move away from rural areas by many farmers.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Omar Moalin Hassan and Gurudeo Anand Tularam",authors:[{id:"148090",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurudeo",middleName:null,surname:"Tularam",slug:"gurudeo-tularam",fullName:"Gurudeo Tularam"},{id:"208956",title:"Mr.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Moalin Hassan",slug:"omar-moalin-hassan",fullName:"Omar Moalin Hassan"}]},{id:"73528",title:"Characteristics and Assessment of Groundwater",slug:"characteristics-and-assessment-of-groundwater",totalDownloads:785,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Groundwater system is very vital to humanity and the ecosystem. Aquifers are determined based on the absence or presence of water table positioning, that is, confined, unconfined, leaky aquifers and fractured aquifers. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the characteristic and assessment of groundwater within the scope of vertical distribution of GW, types of the aquifer system, types of SW-GW interface, and SW-GW interaction at both local and regional scales. The properties of the aquifer depend on the physical characteristics of the materials (porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific storage, and hydraulic conductivities) which are determined by techniques like resistivity surveys and pumping tests followed by remote sensing and geographic information system for better information on the groundwater system. Furthermore, understanding the SW-GW interactions through available methods (seepage meter, heat tracer, and environmental tracer) is useful in watershed management, that is, risk management and assessment of the aquifer system.",book:{id:"9981",slug:"groundwater-management-and-resources",title:"Groundwater Management and Resources",fullTitle:"Groundwater Management and Resources"},signatures:"Naseem Akhtar, Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir, Mohd Talha Anees, Abdul Qadir and Mohamad Shaiful Yusuff",authors:[{id:"201647",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Talha",middleName:null,surname:"Anees",slug:"mohd-talha-anees",fullName:"Mohd Talha Anees"},{id:"203218",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Izzuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Syakir Ishak",slug:"muhammad-izzuddin-syakir-ishak",fullName:"Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir Ishak"},{id:"324417",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Naseem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"naseem-akhtar",fullName:"Naseem Akhtar"},{id:"328134",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Shaiful",middleName:null,surname:"Yusuff",slug:"mohammad-shaiful-yusuff",fullName:"Mohammad Shaiful Yusuff"},{id:"328135",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Qadir",slug:"abdul-qadir",fullName:"Abdul Qadir"}]},{id:"73757",title:"Groundwater Recharges Technology for Water Resource Management: A Case Study",slug:"groundwater-recharges-technology-for-water-resource-management-a-case-study",totalDownloads:574,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The irregularity in monsoon has severely affected the water availability at surface and sub-surface systems. Diminishing surface and sub-surface availability has not only decreased the water availability, but it additionally affected the ecosystem and increased disastrous situations like floods and droughts, resulting problems of stress on groundwater recharge. Groundwater recharge is a technique by which infiltrated water passes through the unsaturated region of groundwater and joins the water table. It is based upon soil type, land use land cover, geomorphology, geophysical and climate (viz. rainfall, temperature, humidity etc.) characteristics of a region. Over the years, due to variations in weather pattern and overexploitation of aquifers groundwater recharge has decreased and groundwater level has reduced in the most parts of the country. This has led to severe water deficit problems in several parts of the country. This can be solved by different direct and indirect methods of groundwater recharge technology. This technology can reduce the wastage of water and enhance groundwater availability for uses in different sector like irrigation, domestic and industrial uses.",book:{id:"9981",slug:"groundwater-management-and-resources",title:"Groundwater Management and Resources",fullTitle:"Groundwater Management and Resources"},signatures:"Jatoth Veeranna and Pawan Jeet",authors:[{id:"325776",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawan",middleName:null,surname:"Jeet",slug:"pawan-jeet",fullName:"Pawan Jeet"},{id:"328200",title:"Mr.",name:"Jatoth",middleName:null,surname:"Veeranna",slug:"jatoth-veeranna",fullName:"Jatoth Veeranna"}]},{id:"62709",title:"Sustainability of Irrigation in Uzbekistan: Implications for Women Farmers",slug:"sustainability-of-irrigation-in-uzbekistan-implications-for-women-farmers",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter focuses on a discussion of how global efforts to align local irrigation management with the good governance principles affect the lives of the rural poor, specifically women. Drawing in empirical data collected in post-soviet Uzbekistan, I illuminate unexpected effects of an apparently well-intended irrigation project on those categories of farmers whose connections to state apparatus of agricultural commerce of cotton were weak. Using fieldwork data from a village largely affected by desiccation of Aral Sea, I describe the everyday struggles by these people, who are mostly women, engage to make their living and provide subsistence to their families in situation of economic trauma, environmental disaster, and massive outmigration of male population. This analysis puts forward the local voices of real people whose lives are being restructured by sustainability oriented actions. Such perspective is often missed in scholarly and professional literature. These findings are hoped to assist policy developers in formulating irrigation programs in ways that would embrace sustainability both in terms of environmental and social justice.",book:{id:"6886",slug:"water-and-sustainability",title:"Water and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Water and Sustainability"},signatures:"Elena Kim",authors:null},{id:"71359",title:"Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources, Indices, and Related Activities in Colombia",slug:"effects-of-climate-change-on-water-resources-indices-and-related-activities-in-colombia",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In Colombia, a country with great climatic diversity, the water balance is affected in one way or another by climate change depending on the region. Thus, there may be increases and decreases in precipitation and, in all cases, a huge increase in temperature. This document presents some studies carried out in different areas of the country regarding the effects of climate change on water resources, including its influence on hydroelectric power generation, some changes in the water balance in arid areas, and the opportunity to ensemble climate change scenarios. Likewise, it outlines a possible future water supply-demand relationship, where supply is associated with a change in the water balance and demand with some crops, activities, and sectors that need water to survive. This allows to estimate some future status indices to see the overall picture of climate change in connection with the country’s water resources.",book:{id:"8098",slug:"resources-of-water",title:"Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Resources of Water"},signatures:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa, Carlos Gay-García and Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña",authors:[{id:"311362",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina-Noreña",slug:"jesus-efren-ospina-norena",fullName:"Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña"},{id:"311363",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gay-García",slug:"carlos-gay-garcia",fullName:"Carlos Gay-García"},{id:"311364",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nathaly",middleName:null,surname:"Güiza-Villa",slug:"nathaly-guiza-villa",fullName:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"872",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. 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His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. 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