Sacrificial H2 production over Pt/TiO2 using alcohols (
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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As a result of these rapid changes, the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book, organized into ten chapters, presents interesting novel solutions in the exploitation of the near- and far-field techniques of wireless power transfer that will be used in the near future, as well as a bird's eye view of some aspects related to an emerging technological area that will change our lives and will change the paradigm of how we use electrical equipment. The book covers the theory and also the practical aspects of technology implementation in a way that is suitable for undergraduate and graduate-level students, as well as researchers and professional engineers.",isbn:"978-1-83880-222-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-221-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-829-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83291",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-wireless-power-transfer-technologies",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"17db119d75352de60e6bbb7215dbabe8",bookSignature:"Pedro Pinho",publishedDate:"March 4th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9289.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10054,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:35,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 2nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 19th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 18th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 6th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 6th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"122497",title:null,name:"Pedro",middleName:"Renato Tavares",surname:"Pinho",slug:"pedro-pinho",fullName:"Pedro Pinho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/122497/images/system/122497.jpeg",biography:"Pedro Pinho was born in Vale de Cambra, Portugal in 1974. He received the Licenciado and Master's degrees in Electrical and Telecommunications Engineering, and the Ph. D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 1997, 2000, and 2004 respectively. He is currently an Assistant Professor in Electronics, Telecommunications and Computers Engineering Department with Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL/IPL) and a Senior Member of the research staff with Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Aveiro, Portugal. Dr. Pinho is also a senior member of the IEEE and associate editor of the IET Microwaves Antennas and Propagation Journal. He has edited in Optical Communication Technology (Intech, 2017) and Antennas and Wave Propagation (Intech, 2018) and coauthored Guided Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves (LTC Editora, 2015). He is the co-inventor of one patent. Dr. Pinho serves the Technical Program Committee in different conferences and reviewer of several IEEE journals. He has authored or co-authored more than 200 papers for conferences and international journals. His main research interests include antenna design, wireless power transmission, and electromagnetic propagation.",institutionString:"Instituto de Telecomunicações",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"762",title:"Wireless Communication System",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-wireless-communication-system"}],chapters:[{id:"69452",title:"An Overview on Synthesis Techniques for Near-Field Focused Antennas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89600",slug:"an-overview-on-synthesis-techniques-for-near-field-focused-antennas",totalDownloads:815,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Microwave and millimeter-wave antennas focused in their radiative near-field (NF) region, which are usually named as near-field focused (NFF) antennas, are becoming increasingly popular. Indeed, when compared to conventional far-field focused antennas, they can guarantee performance improvement at a relatively limited implementation cost, in short-range communication systems, wireless power transfer arrangements, remote nondestructive sensing setups, and radio-frequency identification apparatus, among many others. In this chapter, application fields and metrics for NFF antennas will be briefly summarized. Most of the chapter is then devoted to the description, classification, and critical review of the many synthesis techniques that go beyond the simple, yet effective and with a clear physical insight, conjugate-phase approach.",signatures:"Marcos R. Pino, Rafael G. Ayestarán, Paolo Nepa and Giuliano Manara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69452",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69452",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69175",title:"NFC Sensors Based on Energy Harvesting for IoT Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89283",slug:"nfc-sensors-based-on-energy-harvesting-for-iot-applications",totalDownloads:1261,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The availability of low-cost near-field communication (NFC) devices, the incorporation of NFC readers into most current mobile phones, and the inclusion of energy-harvesting (EH) capabilities in NFC chips make NFC a key technology for the development of green Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In this chapter, an overview of recent advances in the field of battery-less NFC sensors at 13.56 MHz is provided, and a comparison to other short-range RFID technologies is given. After reviewing power transfer in NFC, recommendations for the practical design of NFC-based sensor tags and NFC readers are made. A list of commercial NFC integrated circuits with energy-harvesting capabilities is also provided. A survey of recent battery-less NFC sensors developed by the group including soil moisture, water content, pH, color, and implanted NFC sensors is done.",signatures:"Antonio Lazaro, Marti Boada, Ramon Villarino and David Girbau",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69175",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69175",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69137",title:"Dual-Band Resonator Designs for Near-Field Wireless Energy Transfer Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89218",slug:"dual-band-resonator-designs-for-near-field-wireless-energy-transfer-applications",totalDownloads:776,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dual-band near-field wireless energy transfer (WET) designs outweigh single-band system with regard to either concurrent energy and data transfer or multiple wireless charging standard functionalities. There are two major approaches in resonator designs, namely, multi-coil and single-coil. This chapter presents a review on design constraints for each design approach and rectification techniques available in counteracting impediments of dual-band near-field WET systems. Challenges pertinent to link design are discussed primarily followed by methods implemented to mitigate detrimental impact on performance metrics. Front-end dual-band resonator design methods are accentuated in this chapter in lieu of end-to-end WET system. This is envisioned to offer insights for designers contemplating on design modes or developing ways to facilitate a boost in rectification options currently available.",signatures:"Lai Ly Pon, Mohamed Himdi, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim and Chee Yen Leow",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69137",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69137",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69348",title:"Wireless Power Transfer for Miniature Implantable Biomedical Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89120",slug:"wireless-power-transfer-for-miniature-implantable-biomedical-devices",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Miniature implantable electronic devices play increasing roles in modern medicine. In order to implement these devices successfully, the wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is often utilized because it provides an alternative to the battery as the energy source; reduces the size of implant substantially; allows the implant to be placed in a restricted space within the body; reduces both medical cost and chances of complications; and eliminates repeated surgeries for battery replacements. In this work, we present our recent studies on WPT for miniature implants. First, a new implantable coil with a double helix winding is developed which adapts to tubularly shaped organs within the human body, such as blood vessels and nerves. This coil can be made in the planar form and then wrapped around the tubular organ, greatly simplifying the surgical procedure for device implantation. Second, in order to support a variety of experiments (e.g., drug evaluation) using a rodent animal model, we present a special WPT transceiver system with a relatively large power transmitter and a miniature implantable power receiver. We present a multi-coil design that allows steady power transfer from the floor of an animal cage to the bodies of a group of free-moving laboratory rodents.",signatures:"Qi Xu, Tianfeng Wang, Shitong Mao, Wenyan Jia, Zhi-Hong Mao and Mingui Sun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69348",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69348",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68985",title:"Long-Distance Wireless Power Transfer Based on Time Reversal Technique",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89078",slug:"long-distance-wireless-power-transfer-based-on-time-reversal-technique",totalDownloads:908,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wireless power transfer (WPT) using microwave irradiation can set human free from the annoying wires. However, WPT has low energy efficiency due to electromagnetic wave diffraction in the case of indoor non-line-of-sight (NLOS) and causes electromagnetic radiation pollution around the room in the case of indoor line-of-sight (LOS). Time reversal (TR) technique is an inverse operation of time-domain signals and makes full use of the multipath effect. TR technique can improve the efficiency and reduce the pollution due to its unique temporal–spatial focusing effect. We will detail the principles of TR with the finite TR arrays. What’s more, we propose a sequential convex programming (SCP) algorithm based on diode circuit to obtain the optimal frequency point amplitude to further improve energy efficiency. The simulation result shows that the TR-SCP-WPT system model will get the significant energy gain.",signatures:"Bin-Jie Hu, Zhi-Wu Lin and Peng Liao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68985",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68985",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69174",title:"Performance Analysis for NOMA Relaying System in Next-Generation Networks with RF Energy Harvesting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89253",slug:"performance-analysis-for-noma-relaying-system-in-next-generation-networks-with-rf-energy-harvesting",totalDownloads:636,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we investigate the performance of the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) relaying network with radio-frequency (RF) power transfer. Specifically, this considered system consists of one RF power supply station, one source, one energy-constrained relay, and multiple energy-constrained NOMA users. The better user and relay can help the source to forward the message to worse user by using the energy harvested from the power station. The triple-phase harvest-transmit-forward transmission protocol is proposed for this considered system. The exact closed-form expressions of outage probability and throughput for each link and whole system are derived by using the statistical characteristics of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of transmission links. In order to understand more detail about the behavior of this considered system, the numerical results are provided according to the system key parameters, such as the transmit power, number of users, time switching ratio, and power allocation coefficients. The simulation results are also provided to confirm the correctness of our analysis.",signatures:"Dac-Binh Ha and Jai P. Agrawal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69174",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69174",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69629",title:"Transceiver Design for Wireless Power Transfer for Multiuser MIMO Communication Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89676",slug:"transceiver-design-for-wireless-power-transfer-for-multiuser-mimo-communication-systems",totalDownloads:891,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes transceiver design methods for simultaneous wireless power transmission (WPT) and information transmission in two typical multiuser MIMO networks, that is, the MIMO broadcasting channel (BC) and interference channel (IC) networks. The design problems are formulated to minimize the transmit power consumption at the transmitter(s) while satisfying the quality of service (QoS) requirements of both the information decoding (ID) and WPT of all users. The mean-square error (MSE) and the signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR) criteria are adopted to characterize the ID performance of the BC network and the IC network, respectively. The designs are cast as nonconvex optimization problems due to the coupling of multiple variables with respect to transmit precoders, ID receivers, and power splitting factors, which are difficult to solve directly. The feasibility conditions of these deign problems are discussed, and effective solving algorithms are developed through alternative optimization (AO) framework and semidefinite programming relaxation (SDR) techniques. Low-complexity algorithms are also developed to alleviate the computation burden in solving the semidefinite programming (SDP) problems. Finally, simulation results validating those proposed algorithms are included.",signatures:"Anming Dong and Haixia Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69629",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69629",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69576",title:"Rectenna Systems for RF Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89674",slug:"rectenna-systems-for-rf-energy-harvesting-and-wireless-power-transfer",totalDownloads:2089,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the rapid development of the wireless systems and demands of low-power integrated electronic circuits, various research trends have tended to study the feasibility of powering these circuits by harvesting free energy from ambient electromagnetic space or by using dedicated RF source. Wireless power transmission (WPT) technology was first pursued by Tesla over a century ago. However, it faced several challenges for deployment in real applications. Recently, energy harvesting and WPT technologies have received much attention as a clean and renewable power source. Rectenna (rectifying antenna) system can be used for remotely charging batteries in several sensor networks at internet of things (IoT) applications as commonly used in smart buildings, implanted medical devices and automotive applications. Rectenna, which is used to convert from RF energy to usable DC electrical energy, is mainly a combination between a receiving antenna and a rectifier circuit. This chapter will present several designs for single and multiband rectennas with different characteristics for energy harvesting applications. Single and multiband antennas as well as rectifier circuits with matching networks are introduced for complete successful rectenna circuit models. At the end of the chapter, a dual-band rectenna example is introduced with a detailed description for each section of the rectenna.",signatures:"Mohamed Aboualalaa and Hala Elsadek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69576",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69146",title:"Solar Rectennas: Analysis and Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89216",slug:"solar-rectennas-analysis-and-design",totalDownloads:924,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There is a growing interest in recent years on developing solar cells and increasing their conversion efficiency. This interest was motivated by the demand on producing clean and inexpensive energy, where the current solar cell technology failed to fulfill the market demand due to its low efficiency obtained. Thus, an efficient alternative is highly required to overcome the drawbacks of current photovoltaic technologies. In this chapter, the concept and operation of solar rectennas will be introduced as an efficient energy-harvesting technology and as a better alternative to conventional solar cells. Nanoantennas are used for receiving solar radiation at both visible and infrared regions as AC electromagnetic signals. The received power is then passed to a nanodiode that acts as a rectifier to convert the power from AC to DC form. Nanoarrays are utilized often to increase the captured energy and decrease the number of rectifiers of the entire system. The biggest challenge is how to design an efficient nanoantenna integrated efficiently into a nanodiode in order to maximize the overall efficiency. State-of-the-art designs for nanoantennas and nanodiodes will be highlighted in this chapter mentioning the figure of merits used to compare between one design and another.",signatures:"Ahmed M.A. Sabaawi and Oras Ahmed Al-Ani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69146",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69146",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69177",title:"Voltage-Doubler RF-to-DC Rectifiers for Ambient RF Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89271",slug:"voltage-doubler-rf-to-dc-rectifiers-for-ambient-rf-energy-harvesting-and-wireless-power-transfer-sys",totalDownloads:678,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is promoted as a key enabling technology (KET) for the widespread use of batteryless Internet of Things (IoT) devices and for 5G wireless networks. RF-to-DC rectifiers are essential components for the exploitation of either ambient RF power or wireless transmitted power from a dedicated source. There are several alternative rectifier topologies which can be selected depending on the desired wireless charging scenario and may include one or more diodes. For full rectification, a minimum of two diodes are needed. The current chapter discusses various implementations of voltage-doubler designs, which revolve around the basic topology of two diodes and two capacitors. Schottky diodes are usually used, in combination with lumped capacitors. Off-the-shelf diodes include both separate diodes and integrated voltage-doubler topologies in a single package. Rectifiers are inherently narrowband, non-linear devices, and the RF-to-DC efficiency, which is usually the figure of merit, depends non-linearly on both the termination load and the received RF power. The bandwidth of the rectifier depends on the preceding matching network.",signatures:"Abdul Quddious, Marco A. Antoniades, Photos Vryonides and Symeon Nikolaou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69177",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69177",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6037",title:"Optical Communication Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1506e953afabffb08cf8bd9c3db35654",slug:"optical-communication-technology",bookSignature:"Pedro Pinho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6037.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122497",title:null,name:"Pedro",surname:"Pinho",slug:"pedro-pinho",fullName:"Pedro Pinho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6531",title:"Antennas and Wave 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The major issue in the current world is an urgent need to stop the increase of CO2 levels. A large amount of consumption of fossil resources causes serious environmental problems such as global warming and air pollution. Therefore, biofuels such as bioethanol, bio-hydrogen, and biodiesel (BDF) have gained much attention as renewable and sustainable energy alternative to petroleum-based fuels [1]. However, the problems to be solved for practical uses still remain in each biofuel. In bioethanol, the ethanol concentrations are still too low to isolate pure ethanol by distillation at a low energy cost [2, 3]. Bio-hydrogen is isolated spontaneously from reaction mixtures without operations to separate. However, it is needed to construct newly a supply system to vehicles.
\nBDF is produced by transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fats with methanol along with the co-production of glycerol [Eq. (1)] [4]. Although methyl alkanoate (BDF) is easily isolated by phase separation, a mixture of glycerol and unreacted methanol remains in aqueous solution as waste. New utilization of these wastes is required. Reforming of glycerol has been extensively investigated through pyrolysis [5, 6], steam gasification [7, 8], and biological reforming [9, 10]. We have focused on photocatalytic reforming over titanium dioxide (TiO2) [11]:
\nTiO2 has a semiconductor structure with 3.2 eV of bandgap, which corresponds to 385 nm of light wavelength [12]. Therefore, the TiO2 can be excited by 366 nm emitted from a high-pressure mercury lamp. Irradiation of the TiO2 induces charge separation into electrons and holes (Figure 1). Electron excited to the conduction band serves to reduce water to H2. Evolution of H2 is usually accelerated by deposition of noble metals (Pt, Pd, and Au) onto the TiO2. The positive charge (hole) oxidizes hydroxide absorbed on the surface of TiO2 to generate hydroxyl radicals, which is eventually transformed to O2 [13]. However, spontaneous conversion of hydroxyl radical into O2 is inefficient. Moreover, water splitting into O2 and H2 is a large uphill reaction, resulting in rapid reverse reaction.
\nPhotocatalytic water splitting over TiO2.
On the other hand, the hydroxyl radicals can be effectively consumed by the use of electron-donating sacrificial agents (hole scavengers), thus accelerating the H2 production (Figure 1) [14]. This method is named “sacrificial H2 production.” The sacrificial H2 production is an uphill process, but the energy change is small. Therefore, the sacrificial H2 production proceeds more smoothly compared with water splitting without sacrificial agents, thus providing a convenient method to generate H2 [15]. When one equivalent of hydroxyl radical is consumed, one equivalent of electron is generated to produce 0.5H2.
\nDuring our investigations on sacrificial H2 production over a Pt-loaded TiO2 (Pt/TiO2) [15], it was found that sacrificial agents with all of the carbon attached oxygen atoms such as saccharides, polyalcohols (e.g., arabitol, glycerol, 1,2-ethandiol), and methanol continued to serve as an electron source until their sacrificial ability was exhausted. Glycerol (
Generally, biomass reforming is started by the production of water-soluble materials from biomass through biological treatment as well as chemical reaction [17, 18]. The resulting water-soluble materials (saccharides, amino acids) are converted to biofuels such as ethanol, methane, and hydrogen through various catalytic reactions in aqueous solution. Our biomass reforming is performed in aqueous solution through sacrificial H2 production over Pt/TiO2 using water-soluble materials derived from lignocelluloses [19, 20, 21] and chlorella [22] (Figure 2).
\nOutline of conversion of glycerol to hydrogen.
In this chapter, we will show H2 production through sacrificial H2 production over Pt/TiO2 using
NMR spectra were taken on a Bruker AV 400M spectrometer for CDCl3 solution. LC-MS analysis were performed on a Waters Alliance 2695 under conditions (ESI ionization, capillary voltage 3.5 kV, source temperature 120°C and desolvation temperature 350°C) using column (Waters, SunFire C18, 2.1 mmΦ × 150 mm) and 1% formic acid in MeOH-H2O (6:4) as an eluent solution. GLC analysis of solution was performed on a Shimadzu 14A gas liquid chromatograph with FID detector at a temperature raised from 50 to 250°C using a capillary column (J & W CP-Sil 5CB, 0.32 mmΦ × 50 m).
\nReaction vessel was a cylindrical flask with 30 cm of height and 7.5 cm of diameter, which had three necks on the top. A high-pressure mercury lamp (100 W, UVL-100HA, Riko, Japan), which emitted mainly a light at 313 and 366 nm, was inserted into the large central neck of the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel was connected to a measuring cylinder with a gas-impermeable rubber tube to collect the evolved gas. The reaction vessel was set in a water bath to keep it at 20°C. The stirring of the solution was performed by magnetic stirrer.
\nAlmost all research has used TiO2 in anatase form such as P25 (Degussa Co. Ltd., Germany) and ST01 (Ishihara Sangyo Co. Ltd., Japan) for photocatalytic H2 production. A Pt-loaded TiO2 catalyst (Pt/TiO2) was prepared by photo-deposition method according to the previous literature [23]. An aqueous solution (400 mL) containing TiO2 (4.0 g, ST01), K2PtCl6 (40–400 mg), and 2-propanol (3.06 mL) was introduced reaction vessel, which was large scale of cylindrical flask with 35 cm of height and 9.0 cm of diameter. After the oxygen was purged by N2 gas bubbling for 20 min, the solution was irradiated by stirring. After irradiation for 24 h, the water was entirely removed from the reaction mixture by an evaporator. The resulting black precipitate was washed with water on a filter and then dried under reduced pressure to produce Pt/TiO2 [14]. The Pt content on TiO2 was optimized to be 2.0 wt% by the comparison of the H2 amounts evolved from photocatalytic reaction using
Pt/TiO2 (100 mg) and the given amounts of aqueous solution of sacrificial agent were introduced to reaction vessel. The volume of the reaction solution was adjusted to 150 mL with water. Oxygen was purged from reaction vessel by N2 gas for 20 min. TiO2 was suspended in aqueous solution by vigorous stirring during the irradiation. Total volume of the evolved gas was measured by a measuring cylinder. Irradiation was performed until the gas evolution ceased. The evolved gas (0.5 mL) was taken through rubber tube using syringe and was subjected to the quantitative analysis of H2, N2, CH4, and CO2. Gas analysis was performed on a Shimadzu GC-8A equipped with TCD detector at temperature raised from 40 to 180°C using a stainless column (3 mmΦ, 6 m) packed with a SHINCARBON ST (Shimadzu).
\nIn order to determine the quantum yield (
Sacrificial H2 production was applied to
(A) The gas volume evolved from the sacrificial H2 production using glycerol (
The intercept of the plot equaled the limiting amount of H2 (
Sacrificial agents | \nFormula | \nProducts/mol mol−1 | \nYield/% b | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohols | \n|||||||
Glycerol ( | \nC3H8O3 | \n7 | \n7.2 | \n3.1 | \n\n | 103 | \n0.078 | \n
Methanol ( | \nCH4O | \n3 | \n3.0 | \n1.0 | \n\n | 100 | \n0.057 | \n
1-Hydroxy-2-propanone ( | \nC3H6O2 | \n7 | \n4.9 | \n2.5 | \n0.30 | \n87 | \n0.045 | \n
1,2-Propanediol ( | \nC3H8O2 | \n8 | \n4.8 | \n1.0 | \nTrace | \n60 | \n\n |
1,3-Propanediol ( | \nC3H8O2 | \n8 | \n4.2 | \n0.5 | \n\n | 53 | \n\n |
1-Propanol ( | \nC3H8O | \n9 | \n4.1 | \n1.0 | \n\n | 46 | \n0.069 | \n
2-Propanol ( | \nC3H8O | \n9 | \n1.3 | \n0.0 | \n\n | 14 | \n\n |
Carboxylic acids | \n|||||||
Glycolic acid ( | \nC2H4O3 | \n3 | \n2.8 | \n1.8 | \n\n | 93 | \n\n |
Oxalic acid ( | \nC2H2O4 | \n1 | \n1.0 | \n2.0 | \n\n | 100 | \n\n |
Formic acid ( | \nCH2O2 | \n1 | \n1.0 | \n1.0 | \n\n | 100 | \n\n |
Acetic acid ( | \nC2H4O2 | \n4 | \n2.9 | \n1.7 | \n0.27 | \n100 | \n\n |
Pyruvic acid ( | \nC3H4O3 | \n5 | \n3.9 | \n2.7 | \n0.30 | \n102 | \n\n |
Lactic acid ( | \nC3H6O3 | \n6 | \n4.1 | \n2.3 | \n0.30 | \n88 | \n\n |
Malonic acid ( | \nC3H4O4 | \n4 | \n2.6 | \n2.7 | \n0.31 | \n96 | \n\n |
Propanoic acid ( | \nC3H6O2 | \n7 | \n2.3 | \n1.0 | \n\n | 33 | \n\n |
Sacrificial H2 production over Pt/TiO2 using alcohols (
Theoretical amount of hydrogen was calculated using Eq. (4).
Total chemical yield of H2 and CH4 = 100 (
Limiting quantum yield (
Generally, hydroxyl radical can abstract hydrogen atom more efficiently from the hydroxylated carbon rather than the non-hydroxylated carbon. Therefore, degradation of alcoholic sacrificial agents proceeds through hydrogen-atom abstraction by hydroxyl radical from the hydroxylated alkyl group [Eq. (5)] [15]. Hydroxyl radical reacts with the secondary alcohols to produce ketones, which does not undergo further degradation. The primary alcohols reacted with hydroxyl radical to produce aldehyde, which undergoes further oxidation to carboxylic acid [Eq. (6)]. Furthermore, H abstraction from carboxylic acid by hydroxyl radical induces decarboxylation from carboxylic acids through the formation of carboxyl radical (RCO2·) [Eq. (7)]. When hydroxyl group was substituted on α-position of carboxylic acid [X = OH in Eq. (7)], the decarboxylation took place more smoothly. Many researchers proposed that the decomposition of carboxylic acids is initiated by hole transfer to the carboxylic group rather than H abstraction by hydroxyl radicals [26, 27, 28, 29]. Thus, the degradation of alcohols proceeds through the formation of carboxylic acids:
\nIn 2009, Kondarides et al. reported sacrificial H2 production from
We thought that degradation of
According to Eqs. (5)–(7), a possible degradation mechanism of
Degradation pathways of glycerol (
In order to elucidate the relationship between molecular structure of sacrificial agents and degradation yield, sacrificial H2 production was performed using propane-based alcohols such as 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (
Propane-based alcohols (1c–1g) as sacrificial agents for the photocatalytic H2 production.
Sacrificial H2 evolution using
It was thought that pyruvic acid (
The next sacrificial H2 production was examined using
In sacrificial H2 production using
Moreover, sacrificial H2 production was applied to
Based on these results, the degradation pathways of
Degradation pathway of sacrificial agents by hydroxyl radical in the sacrificial H2 production over Pt/TiO2 using propane-based alcohols: 1-hydroxyl-2-propanone (
Vegetable oil was mainly composed of the oleic acid (C17H33CO2H) triglyceride whose average molecular weight was thought to be 884 g/mol. At first, since carboxylic acid was included in used oil as impurity, the amounts of NaOH (
Vegetable oil (150 mL, 136.5 g, 0.154 mol) was set in a reaction vessel. Since usual optimal amount for transesterification of neutral lipid is known to be 3.55 g/kg [11], the amount of NaOH necessary to the transesterification was determined to be 0.485 g (=0 + 0.485 g) by the sum of
Follow-up operation is shown in Figure 7. After cooling, the reaction mixture was separated into a lower layer and an upper layer. The lower layer (solution A) contained
Mass balance for BDF preparation and the sacrificial H2 production using residual
GLC analysis showed that solution A contained
The photocatalytic reforming of
Determination of
\n | Residues of BDF synthesisa | \nPhotocatalytic reformingb | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | H2/mol (yield/%)e | \n||||
Solution Af | \n0.113 | \n0.214 | \n12.67 | \n12.52 | \n1.41 (98.8) | \n
Solution B | \n\n | 0.137 | \n3.00 | \n1.08 | \n0.15 (36.0) | \n
Total | \n0.113 | \n0.351 | \n\n | \n | 1.56 | \n
[ | \n[187] | \n[255] | \n\n | \n | [445] (100.7)h | \n
Photocatalytic reforming of residues of BDF synthesis.
Transesterification was performed by the reaction of lipid (136.5 g, 0.154 mol) with
Photocatalytic reforming was performed by irradiation of Pt/TiO2 in aqueous solution of
The values were the theoretical amounts (
The limiting amount of H2 (
The values in parenthesis were the yield of H2 = 100
The molar ratio (
The combustion energy (Δ
The energy recovery yield was calculated to be 100.7% by Eq. (14).
Next, photocatalytic reforming was performed with solution B containing
Total amount of H2 from solutions A and B was calculated to be 1.56 mol by Eq. (13) using 0.113 mol of
Sacrificial H2 production can produce H2 in aqueous solutions. Gaseous H2 can be spontaneously isolated from reaction mixture without being separated. Therefore, sacrificial H2 production will provide a promising approach in the utilization of
Recent trends are shifting to the development of solar light-responsive photocatalysts. For example, nanotube-type Pt-N/TiO2 (1 wt% Pt) was applied to sacrificial H2 production with
BDF market has significantly increased to adhere to energy and climate policies [45]. If H2 is produced by a photocatalytic process using solar energy and biomass-derived sacrificial agents, it will be the most promising process to construct clean BDF synthesis.
\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. Abiotic stresses potentially affect seed germination and seedling establishment through various factors, such as a reduction in water availability, changes in the mobilization of stored reserves, hormonal balance alteration and affecting the structural organization of proteins. Recent strategies for improving seed quality involved classical genetic, molecular biology and invigoration treatments known as priming treatments. H2O2 accumulation and associated oxidative damages together with a decline in antioxidant mechanisms can be regarded as a source of stress that may suppress germination. Seed priming was aimed primarily to control seed hydration by lowering external water potential, or shortening the hydration period.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Awatif S. Ali and Alaaeldin A. Elozeiri",authors:[{id:"207241",title:"Dr.",name:"Awatif",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"awatif-ali",fullName:"Awatif Ali"}]},{id:"62738",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79550",title:"The Role of UV-Visible Spectroscopy for Phenolic Compounds Quantification in Winemaking",slug:"the-role-of-uv-visible-spectroscopy-for-phenolic-compounds-quantification-in-winemaking",totalDownloads:2709,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are bioactive substances present in a large number of food products including wine. The importance of these compounds in wine is due to their large effect on the organoleptic attributes of wine. Phenolic compounds play a crucial role in the colour as well as mouthfeel properties of wines. UV-visible spectroscopy appears as a suitable technique for the evaluation of phenolic compounds’ properties and content. The ability of the phenolic ring to absorb UV light and the fact that some of the phenolic substances are coloured compounds, i.e. show absorption features in the visible region, make UV-visible spectroscopy a suitable technique to investigate and quantify grape and wine phenolic compounds. A number of analytical techniques are currently used for phenolic quantification. These include both simpler approaches (spectrophotometric determinations) as well as more complex methodologies such liquid chromatography analysis. Moreover, a number of spectroscopy applications have also been recently reported and are becoming popular within the wine industry. This chapter reviews information on the UV-visible spectral properties of phenolic compounds, changes occurring during wine ageing and also discusses the current UV-visible based analytical techniques used for the quantification of phenolic compounds in grapes and wine.",book:{id:"6878",slug:"frontiers-and-new-trends-in-the-science-of-fermented-food-and-beverages",title:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",fullTitle:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages"},signatures:"Jose Luis Aleixandre-Tudo and Wessel du Toit",authors:[{id:"250919",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Aleixandre-Tudo",slug:"jose-luis-aleixandre-tudo",fullName:"Jose Luis Aleixandre-Tudo"},{id:"261223",title:"Prof.",name:"Wessel",middleName:null,surname:"Du Toit",slug:"wessel-du-toit",fullName:"Wessel Du Toit"}]},{id:"38354",doi:"10.5772/48453",title:"Oxygen Scavengers: An Approach on Food Preservation",slug:"oxygen-scavengers-an-approach-on-food-preservation",totalDownloads:16134,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:44,abstract:null,book:{id:"1128",slug:"structure-and-function-of-food-engineering",title:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering",fullTitle:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering"},signatures:"Renato Souza Cruz, Geany Peruch Camilloto and Ana Clarissa dos Santos Pires",authors:[{id:"144206",title:"Dr.",name:"Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"renato-cruz",fullName:"Renato Cruz"},{id:"144215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Clarissa",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"ana-clarissa-pires",fullName:"Ana Clarissa Pires"},{id:"144219",title:"MSc.",name:"Geany",middleName:null,surname:"Camilloto",slug:"geany-camilloto",fullName:"Geany Camilloto"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"38363",title:"Pulsed Electric Fields for Food Processing Technology",slug:"pulsed-electric-fields-for-food-processing-technology",totalDownloads:29422,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:72,abstract:null,book:{id:"1128",slug:"structure-and-function-of-food-engineering",title:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering",fullTitle:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering"},signatures:"Maged E.A. Mohamed and Ayman H. Amer Eissa",authors:[{id:"147638",title:"Dr.",name:"Maged",middleName:"E. A.",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"maged-mohammed",fullName:"Maged Mohammed"}]},{id:"66671",title:"Extraction and Purification of Pectin from Agro-Industrial Wastes",slug:"extraction-and-purification-of-pectin-from-agro-industrial-wastes",totalDownloads:2711,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"With the advent of science and technology, agro-industrial wastes are converted into various value-added products to meet the demands of increasing population. In recent years, natural polymers have evoked tremendous interest due to easy conversion into value-added products. Apart from various natural polymers, pectin occupied a prominent place due to diverse pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Excess utilisation of pectin, the gap between production and demand is widening. To fulfil this gap various techniques are adopted for obtaining high yield pectin from various agro-industrial wastes. This chapter will be focusing on extraction and purification of pectin from various agro-industrial wastes, considered as main environmental pollutants.",book:{id:"8504",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",title:"Pectins",fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Erumalla Venkatanagaraju, N. Bharathi, Rachiraju Hema Sindhuja, Rajshree Roy Chowdhury and Yarram Sreelekha",authors:null},{id:"69396",title:"Soybean Amino Acids in Health, Genetics, and Evaluation",slug:"soybean-amino-acids-in-health-genetics-and-evaluation",totalDownloads:1374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Soybean is an important source of protein and amino acids for humans and livestock because of its well-balanced amino acid profile. This chapter outlines the strengths and weaknesses of soybean as a complete amino acid source as well as the relative importance of individual amino acids. Special attention is paid to the sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine. Breeding and genetic engineering efforts are summarized to highlight previous accomplishments in amino acid improvement and potential avenues for future research. Agronomic properties and processing methods that affect amino acid levels in soybean food and feed are also explained. A brief introduction into current amino acid evaluation techniques is provided. By understanding the complexities of amino acids in soybean, protein quality for humans and livestock can be maximized.",book:{id:"6972",slug:"soybean-for-human-consumption-and-animal-feed",title:"Soybean for Human Consumption and Animal Feed",fullTitle:"Soybean for Human Consumption and Animal Feed"},signatures:"William Monte Singer, Bo Zhang, M.A. Rouf Mian and Haibo Huang",authors:[{id:"308970",title:"Mr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Singer",slug:"william-singer",fullName:"William Singer"},{id:"309005",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"bo-zhang",fullName:"Bo Zhang"},{id:"310776",title:"Dr.",name:"M.A. Rouf",middleName:null,surname:"Mian",slug:"m.a.-rouf-mian",fullName:"M.A. Rouf Mian"},{id:"310777",title:"Dr.",name:"Haibo",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"haibo-huang",fullName:"Haibo Huang"}]},{id:"56975",title:"Metabolic Processes During Seed Germination",slug:"metabolic-processes-during-seed-germination",totalDownloads:6156,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:61,abstract:"Seed germination is crucial stage in plant development and can be considered as a determinant for plant productivity. Physiological and biochemical changes followed by morphological changes during germination are strongly related to seedling survival rate and vegetative growth which consequently affect yield and quality. This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. Abiotic stresses potentially affect seed germination and seedling establishment through various factors, such as a reduction in water availability, changes in the mobilization of stored reserves, hormonal balance alteration and affecting the structural organization of proteins. Recent strategies for improving seed quality involved classical genetic, molecular biology and invigoration treatments known as priming treatments. H2O2 accumulation and associated oxidative damages together with a decline in antioxidant mechanisms can be regarded as a source of stress that may suppress germination. Seed priming was aimed primarily to control seed hydration by lowering external water potential, or shortening the hydration period.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Awatif S. Ali and Alaaeldin A. Elozeiri",authors:[{id:"207241",title:"Dr.",name:"Awatif",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"awatif-ali",fullName:"Awatif Ali"}]},{id:"51587",title:"Casein Proteins: Structural and Functional Aspects",slug:"casein-proteins-structural-and-functional-aspects",totalDownloads:4811,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"Mammalian milk is a complex fluid mixture of various proteins, minerals, and lipids, which play an important role in providing nutrition and immunity to the newborn. Casein proteins, which form about 80% of the bovine milk proteins, form large colloidal particles with calcium phosphate to form casein micelles, which for many years have been an important subject of interest. Casein micelles are composed of four main types of proteins: αS1‐casein, αS2‐casein, β‐casein, and k‐casein. These constituent casein proteins lack well‐defined secondary and tertiary structure due to large amount of propyl residues. These micelles are being extensively studied because of their importance in functional behavior of milk and various milk products. However, the exact structure and nature of these casein micelles are still under debate. These different casein proteins possess different functional properties due to their primary amino acid sequence.",book:{id:"5060",slug:"milk-proteins-from-structure-to-biological-properties-and-health-aspects",title:"Milk Proteins",fullTitle:"Milk Proteins - From Structure to Biological Properties and Health Aspects"},signatures:"Mohd Younus Bhat, Tanveer Ali Dar and Laishram Rajendrakumar\nSingh",authors:[{id:"178323",title:"Dr.",name:"Laishram R",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"laishram-r-singh",fullName:"Laishram R Singh"},{id:"183444",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Younus",middleName:null,surname:"Bhat",slug:"md.-younus-bhat",fullName:"Md. Younus Bhat"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"36",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",abstract:"The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in the number of poor people around the world and led to the risk of food insecurity on a global scale. Even in Thailand, a country where food production exceeds domestic demand, the COVID-19 pandemic affects food security. The increased unemployment and the consequent loss of income resulting from the pandemics undermine food accessibility and affordability for many people. This chapter addresses the problem of food insecurity in Thailand during and after the COVID-19 crisis. It provides an analysis of the current status of food insecurity and food system resilience in Thailand and suggests solutions. It also proposes the adoption of a “Food Self-Sustained Community (FSSC)” model, which refers to the concept of building food security in a community. By planning and designing in advance, a community can switch its normal form of production seamlessly to a self-sufficiency model that prepares it for future crises, so that the community can produce enough food for all members without relying on sources outside the community.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak"},{id:"81297",title:"Legumes Cropping and Nitrogen Fixation under Mediterranean Climate",slug:"legumes-cropping-and-nitrogen-fixation-under-mediterranean-climate",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104473",abstract:"Climate change contributes to the environmental pressures that the Montado/Dehesa systems are experiencing, leading to an impoverishment of the floristic composition of the understorey. The strongly acidic soils of these systems are associated with nutrient deficiencies, nutritional disorders and the toxicity of metals, especially Mn and Al; these problems are discussed with emphasis on the antagonism between Fe and Mn and the relationship between K concentration and Mg uptake and concentration. The potential for the use of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis to increase biological nitrogen fixation and avenues for research are discussed. The co-colonization of the roots of legumes with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the effects on P and Mn uptake are discussed. A better understanding of the relationships between soil pH, organic matter content (SOM), microbial community, soil P content and the plant strategies to mobilize it, as well as plant effects on the soil solution concentrations of Mn, is important for the management of these systems. The increase of biological nitrogen fixation in these systems, through the breeding of tolerant cultivars to acidic soils and a stepwise legumes enrichment, alongside soil fertility management, may contribute to increasing biomass production, SOM content and overall ecological plasticity.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Fernando Teixeira"},{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:72,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",abstract:"Rusts are plant diseases caused by obligate fungi parasites. They are usually host-specific and cause greater losses of yields in crops, trees, and ornamental plants. Wheat is a staple food crop bearing losses specifically due to three species of rust fungi namely leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), stem rust (Puccinia graminis), and yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis). These diseases are usually inspected manually by a human being but at a large scale, this process is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to human errors. Therefore, there is a need for an effective and efficient system that helps in the identification and classification of these diseases at early stages. In the present study, a deep learning-based CNN (i.e., VGG16) transfer learning model has been utilized for wheat disease classification on the CGIAR image dataset, containing two classes of wheat rust disease (leaf rust and stem rust), and one class of healthy wheat images. The deep learning models produced the best results by tuning the various hyper-parameters such as batch size, number of epochs, and learning rate. The proposed model has reported the best classification accuracy rate of 99.54% on 80 epochs using an initial learning rate from 0.01 and decayed to 0.0001.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal"},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:63,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",abstract:"Our world is incredibly diverse and beautiful, everything we do has an impact on the environment, and our actions are intertwined. Recognizing how our actions affect the Earth on a global scale means, we need to change the way we do things. We must ensure that the value society derives from our actions comes at a low cost to the environment. A sustainable strategy to establish a resilient food system is to ensure that human demand for the Earth’s resources for food is kept within the supply of these resources. While more than 800 million people worldwide suffer from chronic malnutrition, our food systems emit roughly a third of all greenhouse emissions. Also, over 80% of our biodiversity gets lost. Hence, scaling up food system is simply not an option to feed nine to ten billion people by 2050 as we will need to produce more food in the next four decades than all of history’s farmers have harvested in the last eight thousand years. Therefore, rather than upscaling, the global food systems require transformation. Four critical aspects of this transformation include: “Boosting the small; Transforming the Big; Losing Less; and Eating Smarter.” Examining these four areas more deeply, it becomes evident that, while new technology will be critical to the transformation, government involvement, as well as better financial and behavioral change from residents and consumers, will be required. This chapter focuses on these four pillars that make up the global food system transformation for resilience.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu"},{id:"80749",title:"Analysis of the Nexus between Coping Strategies and Resilience to Food Insecurity Shocks: The Case of Rural Households in Boricha Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia",slug:"analysis-of-the-nexus-between-coping-strategies-and-resilience-to-food-insecurity-shocks-the-case-of",totalDownloads:55,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102613",abstract:"This chapter reports on the coping strategies employed by households in the event of food insecurity shocks and the nexus between the types of coping strategies and resilience to food insecurity in one of the food-stressed woreda from Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia. The households use various consumption-based coping strategies that run from compromising the quality of food-to-food rationing. Repeatedly occurring food shortage has also forced some households to employ resilience erosive coping mechanisms such as selling reproductive assets. Such coping strategies have an important implication on the household’s capacity to cope with the future food insecurity-related shocks, with a statistically significant relationship between the nature of coping strategies utilized in response to previous food insecurity-related shocks and the household’s resilience to upcoming shocks. Coordinating crises management based on humanitarian intervention with households’ livelihood assets protection and resilience strengthening is the major policy implication of this study.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Adane Atara Debessa, Degefa Tolossa and Berhanu Denu"},{id:"80753",title:"Toward Safe Food Systems: Analyses of Mycotoxin Contaminants in Food and Preventive Strategies Thereof for Their Formation and Toxicity",slug:"toward-safe-food-systems-analyses-of-mycotoxin-contaminants-in-food-and-preventive-strategies-thereo",totalDownloads:64,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101461",abstract:"Mycotoxin contaminants in food pose a threat to human and animal health. These lead to food wastage and threaten food security that is already a serious problem in Africa. In addition, these affect trading and especially affect incomes of rural farmers. The broad impacts of these contaminants require integrated solutions and strategies. It is thus critical to not only develop strategies for analysis of these toxins but also develop removal and preventive strategies of these contaminants to ensure consumer safety and compliance with regulatory standards. Further within the aim of promoting food safety, there is need for operational policy framework and strategy on the management of these contaminants to promote their mitigation. This chapter discusses integrated strategies for monitoring and control of mycotoxin contamination in food matrices to promote their mitigation and build resilient food systems in Africa and thus reinforce efforts to reach sustainable food security.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Dikabo Mogopodi, Mesha Mbisana, Samuel Raditloko, Inonge Chibua and Banyaladzi Paphane"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:10},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. 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He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. 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He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. 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A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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