Pathophysiology of the clinical manifestations of acute leukemias
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"511",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Different Views of Anxiety Disorders",title:"Different Views of Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Anxiety, whether an illness or emotion, is a term with historical roots even in the Bible, but it was not popular until the modern age. Today, we can group, diagnose and treat several anxiety disorders to an extent, but the assessment of symptoms and severity, dealing with resistant conditions, new treatment modalities and specific patient population, such as children, are still the challenging aspects of anxiety disorders. This book intends to present anxiety disorders from a different view and discuss a wide variety of topics in anxiety from a multidimensional approach. This Open Access book addresses not only psychiatrists but also a broad range of specialists, including psychologists, neuroscientists and other mental health professionals.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-560-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6477-7",doi:"10.5772/1022",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"different-views-of-anxiety-disorders",numberOfPages:382,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"67c7072e43934bc5f7424204e0b70aa1",bookSignature:"Salih Selek",publishedDate:"September 12th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/511.jpg",numberOfDownloads:97981,numberOfWosCitations:44,numberOfCrossrefCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:63,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:131,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 25th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 22nd 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 29th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 28th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 27th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"33081",title:"Dr.",name:"Salih",middleName:null,surname:"Selek",slug:"salih-selek",fullName:"Salih Selek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33081/images/1776_n.png",biography:"Dr. Salih Selek is an associate professor of psychiatry at the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Texas. His main interest is the biological basis of psychiatric disorders. He has written more than 70 papers most of which are published internationally. He participates as editor, associate editor, editorial board member and reviewer in several SCI-E/ Pubmed indexed international journals. He received 10 national and international awards.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1061",title:"Psychiatry",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system-psychiatry"}],chapters:[{id:"19995",title:"Anxiety and Its Nosographic and Psychopathologic Place in German Psychiatry: A Historical Perspective",doi:"10.5772/18727",slug:"anxiety-and-its-nosographic-and-psychopathologic-place-in-german-psychiatry-a-historical-perspective",totalDownloads:1883,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marc Géraud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19995",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19995",authors:[{id:"32382",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",surname:"Geraud",slug:"marc-geraud",fullName:"Marc Geraud"}],corrections:null},{id:"19358",title:"Social Anxiety Disorder",doi:"10.5772/19367",slug:"social-anxiety-disorder",totalDownloads:4097,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nesrin Dilbaz, Aslı Enez and Serçin Yalçın Çavus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19358",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19358",authors:[{id:"34715",title:"Prof.",name:"Nesrin",surname:"Dilbaz",slug:"nesrin-dilbaz",fullName:"Nesrin Dilbaz"},{id:"34728",title:"Dr.",name:"Aslı",surname:"Enez Darcin",slug:"asli-enez-darcin",fullName:"Aslı Enez Darcin"},{id:"34729",title:"Dr.",name:"Serçin",surname:"Yalcın Cavus",slug:"sercin-yalcin-cavus",fullName:"Serçin Yalcın Cavus"}],corrections:null},{id:"19359",title:"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders or Not: Differential Diagnosis of Repetitive Behaviors Among Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disorders",doi:"10.5772/19109",slug:"obsessive-compulsive-disorders-or-not-differential-diagnosis-of-repetitive-behaviors-among-individua",totalDownloads:4560,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jarrett Barnhill",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19359",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19359",authors:[{id:"33657",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarrett",surname:"Barnhill",slug:"jarrett-barnhill",fullName:"Jarrett Barnhill"}],corrections:null},{id:"19996",title:"Reasoning in Anxiety, OCD and Related Disorders: Can Formal Reasoning Theories Inform Us About Psychopathology?",doi:"10.5772/21359",slug:"reasoning-in-anxiety-ocd-and-related-disorders-can-formal-reasoning-theories-inform-us-about-psychop",totalDownloads:3920,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kieron P. O’Connor and Marie-Claude Pélissier",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19996",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19996",authors:[{id:"42819",title:"Prof.",name:"Kieron",surname:"O'Connor",slug:"kieron-o'connor",fullName:"Kieron O'Connor"},{id:"136335",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie-Claude",surname:"Pélissier",slug:"marie-claude-pelissier",fullName:"Marie-Claude Pélissier"}],corrections:null},{id:"19361",title:"Animal Models of Anxiety Vulnerability - The Wistar Kyoto Rat",doi:"10.5772/18462",slug:"animal-models-of-anxiety-vulnerability-the-wistar-kyoto-rat",totalDownloads:3133,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"X. Jiao, K.D. Beck, K.C.H. Pang and R.J. Servatius",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19361",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19361",authors:[{id:"31564",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",surname:"Servatius",slug:"richard-servatius",fullName:"Richard Servatius"},{id:"54063",title:"Dr.",name:"Xilu",surname:"Jiao",slug:"xilu-jiao",fullName:"Xilu Jiao"},{id:"71254",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",surname:"Beck",slug:"kevin-beck",fullName:"Kevin Beck"},{id:"91794",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",surname:"Pang",slug:"kevin-pang",fullName:"Kevin Pang"}],corrections:null},{id:"19362",title:"Influence of Trait-Anxiety on Inhibition Function: Evidence from ERP Studies",doi:"10.5772/21734",slug:"influence-of-trait-anxiety-on-inhibition-function-evidence-from-erp-studies",totalDownloads:1941,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yue-jia Luo, Ruolei Gu and Yu-xia Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19362",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19362",authors:[{id:"44535",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuejia",surname:"Luo",slug:"yuejia-luo",fullName:"Yuejia Luo"},{id:"45344",title:"Mr.",name:"Ruolei",surname:"Gu",slug:"ruolei-gu",fullName:"Ruolei Gu"}],corrections:null},{id:"19363",title:"Zebrafish, a Potential Novel Research Tool for the Analysis and Modeling of Anxiety",doi:"10.5772/24100",slug:"zebrafish-a-potential-novel-research-tool-for-the-analysis-and-modeling-of-anxiety",totalDownloads:2327,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Robert Gerlai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19363",authors:[{id:"55503",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Gerlai",slug:"robert-gerlai",fullName:"Robert Gerlai"}],corrections:null},{id:"19364",title:"Acute Stress in Patients with Panic Disorder Produces Effects on Salivary Amylase and Cortisol",doi:"10.5772/18556",slug:"acute-stress-in-patients-with-panic-disorder-produces-effects-on-salivary-amylase-and-cortisol",totalDownloads:2555,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jotaro Akiyoshi,Yoshihiro Tanaka, Koichi Isogawa, Yoshinobu Ishitobi, JusenTsuru, Tomoko Ando, Aimi Kawano, Shizuko Okamoto, Masayuki Kanehisa, Yoshihiro Maruyama, Haruka Higuma, Taiga Ninomiya, Hiroaki Hanada and Kensuke Kodama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19364",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19364",authors:[{id:"31841",title:"Dr.",name:"Jotaro",surname:"Akiyoshi",slug:"jotaro-akiyoshi",fullName:"Jotaro Akiyoshi"}],corrections:null},{id:"19365",title:"Measuring States of Anxiety with Clinician-Rated and Patient-Rated Scales",doi:"10.5772/21246",slug:"measuring-states-of-anxiety-with-clinician-rated-and-patient-rated-scales",totalDownloads:6033,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Per Bech",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19365",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19365",authors:[{id:"42422",title:"Prof.",name:"Per",surname:"Bech",slug:"per-bech",fullName:"Per Bech"}],corrections:null},{id:"19366",title:"Social Anxiety Disorder, Fear of Public Speaking, and the use of Assessment Instruments",doi:"10.5772/18629",slug:"social-anxiety-disorder-fear-of-public-speaking-and-the-use-of-assessment-instruments",totalDownloads:5607,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Flávia de Lima Osório, José Alexandre S Crippa, Jaime Eduardo C. Hallak and Sonia R. Loureiro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19366",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19366",authors:[{id:"32060",title:"Dr.",name:"Flávia",surname:"L. Osório",slug:"flavia-l.-osorio",fullName:"Flávia L. Osório"},{id:"35756",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"A. S. Crippa",slug:"jose-a.-s.-crippa",fullName:"José A. S. Crippa"},{id:"35757",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"E.C. Hallak",slug:"jaime-e.c.-hallak",fullName:"Jaime E.C. Hallak"},{id:"35758",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"R. Loureiro",slug:"sonia-r.-loureiro",fullName:"Sonia R. Loureiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"19367",title:"The Measurement of Health-Related Quality of Life in a Population with Generalized Anxiety Disorder – Findings from the QUEST Study",doi:"10.5772/19801",slug:"the-measurement-of-health-related-quality-of-life-in-a-population-with-generalized-anxiety-disorder-",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Neesha Harnam, Kathleen W. Wyrwich, Dennis Revicki, Julie C. Locklear and Jean Endicott",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19367",authors:[{id:"36246",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathleen",surname:"Wyrwich",slug:"kathleen-wyrwich",fullName:"Kathleen Wyrwich"},{id:"49472",title:"Ms.",name:"Neesha",surname:"Harnam",slug:"neesha-harnam",fullName:"Neesha Harnam"},{id:"49473",title:"Prof.",name:"Dennis",surname:"Revicki",slug:"dennis-revicki",fullName:"Dennis Revicki"},{id:"49474",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",surname:"Locklear",slug:"julie-locklear",fullName:"Julie Locklear"},{id:"49475",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",surname:"Endicott",slug:"jean-endicott",fullName:"Jean Endicott"}],corrections:null},{id:"19368",title:"Treatment Resistant Generalized Anxiety Disorder",doi:"10.5772/23255",slug:"treatment-resistant-generalized-anxiety-disorder",totalDownloads:5890,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nesrin Dilbaz, Serçin Yalcın Cavus and Aslı Enez Darcin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19368",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19368",authors:[{id:"34715",title:"Prof.",name:"Nesrin",surname:"Dilbaz",slug:"nesrin-dilbaz",fullName:"Nesrin Dilbaz"},{id:"34728",title:"Dr.",name:"Aslı",surname:"Enez Darcin",slug:"asli-enez-darcin",fullName:"Aslı Enez Darcin"},{id:"34729",title:"Dr.",name:"Serçin",surname:"Yalcın Cavus",slug:"sercin-yalcin-cavus",fullName:"Serçin Yalcın Cavus"}],corrections:null},{id:"19369",title:"The Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and the Approaches to Treatment Resistance",doi:"10.5772/21517",slug:"the-treatment-of-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-and-the-approaches-to-treatment-resistance",totalDownloads:3416,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Stefano Pallanti, Giacomo Grassi and Andrea Cantisani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19369",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19369",authors:[{id:"43480",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",surname:"Pallanti",slug:"stefano-pallanti",fullName:"Stefano Pallanti"},{id:"50147",title:"Prof.",name:"Giacomo",surname:"Grassi",slug:"giacomo-grassi",fullName:"Giacomo Grassi"},{id:"61332",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Cantisani",slug:"andrea-cantisani",fullName:"Andrea Cantisani"}],corrections:null},{id:"19370",title:"A Review of Interventions for Treatment-Resistant Posttraumatic Stress Disorder",doi:"10.5772/23234",slug:"a-review-of-interventions-for-treatment-resistant-posttraumatic-stress-disorder",totalDownloads:4633,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Cara Katz, Murray Stein, J. Don Richardson, Soraya Seedat and Jitender Sareen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19370",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19370",authors:[{id:"51217",title:"Dr.",name:"Jitender",surname:"Sareen",slug:"jitender-sareen",fullName:"Jitender Sareen"},{id:"70673",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Don",surname:"Richardson",slug:"j.-don-richardson",fullName:"J. Don Richardson"},{id:"73759",title:"Dr.",name:"Murray",surname:"Stein",slug:"murray-stein",fullName:"Murray Stein"},{id:"95962",title:"BSc.",name:"Cara",surname:"Katz",slug:"cara-katz",fullName:"Cara Katz"},{id:"95967",title:"Dr.",name:"Soraya",surname:"Seedat",slug:"soraya-seedat",fullName:"Soraya Seedat"}],corrections:null},{id:"19371",title:"Herbal Remedies to Treat Anxiety Disorders",doi:"10.5772/23511",slug:"herbal-remedies-to-treat-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:18604,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Bhagya Venkanna Rao, Bettadapura N. Srikumar and Byrathnahalli S. Shankaranarayana Rao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19371",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19371",authors:[{id:"52282",title:"Prof.",name:"Byrathnahalli S.",surname:"Shankaranarayana Rao",slug:"byrathnahalli-s.-shankaranarayana-rao",fullName:"Byrathnahalli S. Shankaranarayana Rao"}],corrections:null},{id:"19372",title:"A Context-Aware System for Anxiety Disorders",doi:"10.5772/20534",slug:"a-context-aware-system-for-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:2133,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Theodor Panagiotakopoulos, Maria-Anna Fengou, Panagiotis Malliaris and Dimitrios Lymberopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19372",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19372",authors:[{id:"39383",title:"Mr.",name:"Theodor",surname:"Panagiotakopoulos",slug:"theodor-panagiotakopoulos",fullName:"Theodor Panagiotakopoulos"},{id:"87832",title:"Mr.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Malliaris",slug:"panagiotis-malliaris",fullName:"Panagiotis Malliaris"},{id:"87833",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria-Anna",surname:"Fengou",slug:"maria-anna-fengou",fullName:"Maria-Anna Fengou"},{id:"87834",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Lymberopoulos",slug:"dimitrios-lymberopoulos",fullName:"Dimitrios Lymberopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"19373",title:"Separation Anxiety in Children and Adolescents",doi:"10.5772/22672",slug:"separation-anxiety-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:12037,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Malgorzata Dabkowska, Aleksander Araszkiewicz, Agnieszka Dabkowska and Monika Wilkosc",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19373",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19373",authors:[{id:"48667",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",surname:"Dabkowska",slug:"malgorzata-dabkowska",fullName:"Malgorzata Dabkowska"},{id:"58055",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Dabkowska-Mika",slug:"agnieszka-dabkowska-mika",fullName:"Agnieszka Dabkowska-Mika"},{id:"58056",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksander",surname:"Araszkiewicz",slug:"aleksander-araszkiewicz",fullName:"Aleksander Araszkiewicz"},{id:"58057",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",surname:"Wilkosc",slug:"monika-wilkosc",fullName:"Monika Wilkosc"}],corrections:null},{id:"19374",title:"Using Stories to Prevent Anxiety Disorders in a School Context: Dominique’s Handy Tricks Program",doi:"10.5772/20863",slug:"using-stories-to-prevent-anxiety-disorders-in-a-school-context-dominique-s-handy-tricks-program",totalDownloads:2076,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jean Gervais, Stéphane Bouchard and Nadia Gagnier",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19374",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19374",authors:[{id:"13561",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephane",surname:"Bouchard",slug:"stephane-bouchard",fullName:"Stephane Bouchard"},{id:"40801",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean",surname:"Gervais",slug:"jean-gervais",fullName:"Jean Gervais"}],corrections:null},{id:"19375",title:"Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions for Children with Anxiety Disorders: A Group Counseling Curriculum",doi:"10.5772/20406",slug:"rational-emotive-and-cognitive-behavioral-interventions-for-children-with-anxiety-disorders-a-group-",totalDownloads:8584,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jerry Wilde",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19375",authors:[{id:"38805",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerry",surname:"Wilde",slug:"jerry-wilde",fullName:"Jerry Wilde"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"510",title:"Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"183445801a9be3bfbce31fe9752ad3db",slug:"anxiety-disorders",bookSignature:"Vladimir Kalinin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/510.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"223",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorders",subtitle:"From Genes to Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0f16213bb2d326764042954eb334d26",slug:"autism-spectrum-disorders-from-genes-to-environment",bookSignature:"Tim Williams",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/223.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41876",title:"Prof.",name:"Tim",surname:"Williams",slug:"tim-williams",fullName:"Tim Williams"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4651",title:"A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8f18ff3698fbd7584a3da8a3e4916fba",slug:"a-fresh-look-at-anxiety-disorders",bookSignature:"Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4651.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3515",title:"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25e76e7e9ad2a9da50530c3c68292feb",slug:"attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-and-adolescents",bookSignature:"Somnath Banerjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73771",title:"Dr.",name:"Somnath",surname:"Banerjee",slug:"somnath-banerjee",fullName:"Somnath Banerjee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"236",title:"Anxiety and Related Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8803638bd81a7c2d3788846bdf14df5b",slug:"anxiety-and-related-disorders",bookSignature:"Ágnes Szirmai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/236.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52939",title:"Dr.",name:"Ágnes",surname:"Szirmai",slug:"agnes-szirmai",fullName:"Ágnes Szirmai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"282",title:"New Insights into the Prevention and Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3544d2f89235668f1ee9883bb6c9dd66",slug:"new-insights-into-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-bulimia-nervosa",bookSignature:"Phillipa Hay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/282.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34283",title:"Prof.",name:"Phillipa",surname:"Hay",slug:"phillipa-hay",fullName:"Phillipa Hay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7117",title:"Psychosis",subtitle:"Biopsychosocial and Relational Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3cfc852c7ecc10618bca94b1a559c9cd",slug:"psychosis-biopsychosocial-and-relational-perspectives",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6493",title:"Psychotic Disorders",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10c61c9adb13a7f0780176f556353b2e",slug:"psychotic-disorders-an-update",bookSignature:"Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6493.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8781",title:"Weight Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"865bbf7988bae3fdb09bf58d6e6a6cd5",slug:"weight-management",bookSignature:"Hubertus Himmerich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8781.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231568",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubertus",surname:"Himmerich",slug:"hubertus-himmerich",fullName:"Hubertus Himmerich"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"463",title:"A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"a-comprehensive-book-on-autism-spectrum-disorders",bookSignature:"Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"mohammad-reza-mohammadi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-the-interaction-between-redox-and-hypoxic-signalling-pathways-in-the-dynamic-oxygen-envi",title:"Corrigendum: The Interaction Between Redox and Hypoxic Signalling Pathways in the Dynamic Oxygen Environment of Cancer Cells",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76750.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76750",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76750",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76750",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76750",chapter:{id:"42132",slug:"the-interaction-between-redox-and-hypoxic-signalling-pathways-in-the-dynamic-oxygen-environment-of-c",signatures:"Maneet Bhatia, Therese C. Karlenius,\nGiovanna Di Trapani and Kathryn F. Tonissen",dateSubmitted:"December 1st 2011",dateReviewed:"November 22nd 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 23rd 2013",book:{id:"2610",title:"Carcinogenesis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Carcinogenesis",slug:"carcinogenesis",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2013",bookSignature:"Kathryn Tonissen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2610.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145170",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathryn",middleName:null,surname:"Tonissen",slug:"kathryn-tonissen",fullName:"Kathryn Tonissen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"145170",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathryn",middleName:null,surname:"Tonissen",fullName:"Kathryn Tonissen",slug:"kathryn-tonissen",email:"k.tonissen@griffith.edu.au",position:null,institution:{name:"Griffith University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"147950",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Maneet",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatia",fullName:"Maneet Bhatia",slug:"maneet-bhatia",email:"Maneet.Bhatia@griffithuni.edu.au",position:null,institution:{name:"Griffith University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"147952",title:"Dr.",name:"Therese",middleName:null,surname:"Karlenius",fullName:"Therese Karlenius",slug:"therese-karlenius",email:"therese.karlenius@griffithuni.edu.au",position:null,institution:{name:"Griffith University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"150307",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Di Trapani",fullName:"Giovanna Di Trapani",slug:"giovanna-di-trapani",email:"g.ditrapani@griffith.edu.au",position:null,institution:{name:"Griffith University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"42132",slug:"the-interaction-between-redox-and-hypoxic-signalling-pathways-in-the-dynamic-oxygen-environment-of-c",signatures:"Maneet Bhatia, Therese C. Karlenius,\nGiovanna Di Trapani and Kathryn F. Tonissen",dateSubmitted:"December 1st 2011",dateReviewed:"November 22nd 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 23rd 2013",book:{id:"2610",title:"Carcinogenesis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Carcinogenesis",slug:"carcinogenesis",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2013",bookSignature:"Kathryn Tonissen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2610.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145170",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathryn",middleName:null,surname:"Tonissen",slug:"kathryn-tonissen",fullName:"Kathryn Tonissen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"145170",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathryn",middleName:null,surname:"Tonissen",fullName:"Kathryn Tonissen",slug:"kathryn-tonissen",email:"k.tonissen@griffith.edu.au",position:null,institution:{name:"Griffith University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"147950",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Maneet",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatia",fullName:"Maneet Bhatia",slug:"maneet-bhatia",email:"Maneet.Bhatia@griffithuni.edu.au",position:null,institution:{name:"Griffith University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"147952",title:"Dr.",name:"Therese",middleName:null,surname:"Karlenius",fullName:"Therese Karlenius",slug:"therese-karlenius",email:"therese.karlenius@griffithuni.edu.au",position:null,institution:{name:"Griffith University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"150307",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Di Trapani",fullName:"Giovanna Di Trapani",slug:"giovanna-di-trapani",email:"g.ditrapani@griffith.edu.au",position:null,institution:{name:"Griffith University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},book:{id:"2610",title:"Carcinogenesis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Carcinogenesis",slug:"carcinogenesis",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2013",bookSignature:"Kathryn Tonissen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2610.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145170",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathryn",middleName:null,surname:"Tonissen",slug:"kathryn-tonissen",fullName:"Kathryn Tonissen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12157",leadTitle:null,title:"Rice Crops - Productivity, Quality and Sustainability",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe global population will be nearly 10 billion by 2050, which means there will be about 2 billion more mouths to feed than in 2021. Rice is one of the most important staple foods in the world, where more than half of the population relies on it for more than 20% of their daily caloric intake. It is projected that global rice production will need to increase by 70% by 2050 to meet the food demands of the world’s growing population. Satisfying future rice demands will mainly depend on our ability to improve rice productivity rather than on the area enlargement of rice paddies because of space limitations caused by urban expansion. At the same time, we also require efforts to improve the rice quality because the demand and consumption of high-quality rice will increase as living standards improve. In addition, we urgently need to develop new technologies and strategies to overcome the constraints (e.g., climate change, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss) confronting the sustainable development of rice production. This book will aim to collect original research and review articles focused on but not limited to, the topics of rice productivity, quality, and sustainability.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-102-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-101-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-103-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2a38bb2448f4516740db05ce746f08e3",bookSignature:"Dr. Min Huang, Dr. Jiana Chen, Dr. Xiaowu Pan and Dr. Haiming Tang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12157.jpg",keywords:"High-Yielding Cultivation, Intensive Cropping System, Yield Gap, Yield Potential, Grain Quality, Evaluation Methodology, Postharvest Technology, Rice Product, Climate Resilience, Environmental Impact, Resource Use Efficiency, Biodiversity",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 14th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 1st 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A researcher in rice and product ecophysiology, appointed professor at the Hunan Agricultural University, China. Member of The Crop Cultivation Professional Council of the Crop Science Society of China and The Council of the International Forum on Rice Development.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A researcher in rice physiology and ecology, appointed lecturer at the Hunan Agricultural University, China.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"A researcher in rice genetic resources was appointed the deputy director of the Key Laboratory of Indica Rice Genetics and Breeding of Hunan Province, China.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:"A researcher in farming ecology was appointed the director of the Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, China.",coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189829/images/system/189829.JPG",biography:"Dr. Min Huang received his bachelor’s degree in Biological Science from Zhejiang Normal University, China in 2005, and obtained his master’s degree and Ph.D. in Crop Cultivation and Farming System from Guangxi University (GXU) and Hunan Agricultural University (HNAU), China in 2008 and 2011, respectively. He successively held the positions of assistant and associate professor at the Department of Agronomy of GXU from 2012 to 2014. He joined the faculty in the Department of Agronomy of HNAU as an associate professor in 2015 and was promoted to the position of professor in 2017. He served as a visiting fellow at the International Programs-College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, USA in 2017 and 2018.",institutionString:"Hunan Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Hunan Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"460053",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiana",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jiana-chen",fullName:"Jiana Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/a043Y00000vBvpbQAC/Co3_Profile_Picture__c%202022-03-10%2009%3A05%3A51.219",biography:"Dr. Jiana Chen received her bachelor’s degree in Agronomy from Hunan Agricultural University (HNAU), China in 2012, and obtained her Ph.D. in Crop Cultivation and Farming System from HNAU in 2017. She worked as a postdoctor in Grass Science at HNAU from 2017 to 2020, and held the position of lecturer at HNAU in 2021.",institutionString:"Hunan Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Hunan Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"460052",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaowu",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"xiaowu-pan",fullName:"Xiaowu Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/a043Y00000vBvpbQAC/Co2_Profile_Picture__c%202022-03-10%2009%3A04%3A55.386",biography:"Dr. Xiaowu Pan received his bachelor’s degree in Biological Science from Hunan Normal University, China in 2007, got his master’s degree in Crop Genetics and Breeding from Central South University, China in 2010, and obtained his Ph.D. in Seed Science and Technology from Hunan Agricultural University, China in 2016. He held the positions of assistant and associate research professor at Hunan Rice Research Institute, China in 2013 and 2017, respectively.",institutionString:"Hunan Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Hunan Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"460045",title:"Dr.",name:"Haiming",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"haiming-tang",fullName:"Haiming Tang",profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/a043Y00000vBvpbQAC/Co1_Profile_Picture__c%202022-03-10%2009%3A05%3A37.552",biography:"Dr. Haiming Tang received his bachelor’s degree in Agronomy at Hunan Agricultural University (HNAU), China in 2002, got his master’s degree in Crop Genetics and Breeding from HNAU in 2005, and obtained his Ph.D. in Crop Science from HNAU in 2008. He held the positions of associate professor and professor at Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, China in 2011 and 2017, respectively.",institutionString:"Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466998",firstName:"Dragan",lastName:"Miljak",middleName:"Anton",title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466998/images/21564_n.jpg",email:"dragan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. A unique name with a unique work ethic right at your service."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10896",title:"Integrative Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"47659401ffe512c28313440110c0a903",slug:"integrative-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Min Huang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10896.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"44629",title:"Acute Leukemia Clinical Presentation",doi:"10.5772/53531",slug:"acute-leukemia-clinical-presentation",body:'Acute leukemias are highly malignant neoplasms and are responsible for a large number of haematopoietic cancer-related deaths (Jemal et al 2006). Although the survival rates have improved remarkably in the younger age group, the prognosis in older patients is still poor (Redaelli et al 2003).
The clinical presentation of acute leukemia results from infiltration of bone marrow or extramedullary sites by blasts. As a result, initial symptoms may be due to the presence of anemia, neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia. Patients generally present with nonspecific complaints including weakness, lethargy, fatigue, dyspnea, fever, weight loss, or bleeding. Blasts may also infiltrate organs or lymph nodes, resulting in hepatosplenomegaly or adenopathy. Bone marrow infiltration with blasts can result in bone pain. Mucosal bleeding, petechiae, ecchymosis, and fundal hemorrhages may occur as a result of thrombocytopenia.
Patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) characteristically present with coagulopathy and signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It should be noted, however, that rapid cell turnover can result in DIC in any form of acute leukemia.
In acute monocytic leukemia the common findings are weakness, bleeding and a diffuse erythematous skin rash. There is a high frequency of extramedulary infiltration of the lungs, colon, meninges, lymphnodes, bladder and larynx and gingival hyperplasia.
The clinical onset of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is most often acute, although a small percentage of cases may evolve insidiously over several months (Pui 2006). The presenting symptoms and signs correlate with the leukemic cell burden and the degree of bone marrow replacement, leading to cytopenias.
1. Marrow failure due to infiltration | \n\t\t|
– Fatigue, pallor, | \n\t\t\t– Anemia | \n\t\t
– spontaneous bruising | \n\t\t\t– Thrombocytopenia | \n\t\t
– Infections, sepsis | \n\t\t\t– Neutropenia | \n\t\t
2. | \n\t\t|
– liver, spleen, lymph nodes (particularly in ALL) | \n\t\t|
– Lymphadenopathy | \n\t\t|
– Hepatosplenomegaly | \n\t\t|
– Mediastinal masses (T-ALL) | \n\t\t|
– Gums | \n\t\t|
– Gum hypertrophy (monocytic subtype of acute myeloblastic leukemia) | \n\t\t|
– Bone pain, especially in children with ALL | \n\t\t|
– Skin -Leukemia cutis | \n\t\t|
– Soft tissue -Chloromas | \n\t\t|
– Testis | \n\t\t|
– Central nervous system (CNS) | \n\t\t|
– Solid organs | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n|
– CNS -Strokes | \n|
– Lungs -Pulmonary infiltrates, hypoxemia | \n|
\n\t\t | \n|
– Fevers, sweats are common | \n|
– Weight loss uncommon | \n|
\n\t\t | \n|
– Exposure of substances that can initiate coagulation can cause DIC | \n
Pathophysiology of the clinical manifestations of acute leukemias
Clinical manifestations of AML result either from the proliferation of leukaemic cells or from bone marrow failure that leads to decrease in normal cells. Leukaemic cells can infiltrate tissues, leading to hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, skin infiltrates and swollen gums. As an indirect effect of the leukaemic proliferation leading to high cell destruction, hyperuricaemia and occasionally renal failure may occur. The haematopoiesis suppression leads to clinical features of anaemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Signs and symptoms that signal the onset of AML include pallor, fatigue, weakness, palpitations, and dyspnea on exertion. They reflect the development of anemia; however, weakness, loss of sense of wellbeing, and fatigue on exertion may be disproportionate to the severity of anemia. (Gur et al 1999). Easy bruising, petechiae, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, conjunctival hemorrhages, and prolonged bleeding from skin injuries reflect thrombocytopenia and are frequent early manifestations of the disease. Very infrequently gastrointestinal, genitourinary, bronchopulmonary, or central nervous system bleeding can occur at the onset of the disease. Neutropenia translates into infectious manifestations. Pustules or other minor pyogenic infections of the skin and of minor cuts or wounds are most common. Major infections such as pneumonia, pyelonephritis, and meningitis are uncommon as presenting features of the disease, in part because absolute neutrophil counts under 500/μl (0.5 × 109/L) are uncommon until chemotherapy is begun. Anorexia and weight loss are frequent findings. Fever is present in many patients at the time of diagnosis. Myeloid (granulocyte) sarcoma (MS) is an extramedullary tumor that occurs in 2 to 14% of cases of AML (John et al 2004); and is composed of immature and mature granulocytes or monocytes (Brunning et al 2001). These neoplasms are known by a variety of names in the literature, including granulocytic sarcoma, monocytic sarcoma, extramedullary myeloid cell tumor, myelosarcoma, myeloblastoma, and chloroma (Carneiro et al. 1984, Valbuena et al 2005). Virtually any extramedullary site can be involved by MS. Most patients with MS have a history of a myeloid neoplasm, most often AML and less often a myelodysplastic or myeloproliferative disease (Brunning et al 2001). Alternatively, MS can be the initial manifestation of AML that subsequently involves blood and bone marrow (Schmitt-Graff et al 2002). Very rarely, MS can be the only site of disease. MS is relatively more common in patients who have leukemias with prominent monocytic differentiation, such as acute myelomonocytic or monocytic leukemia and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (Menasce et al 1999, Elenitoba et al 1996). MS manifesting as a testicular mass is uncommon and only rarely has occurred as an isolated mass. The tumors are usually localized ; they often involve bone, periostium, soft tissues, lymph nodes, or skin. Common sites of myeloid sarcoma are orbit and paranasal sinuses. However, it should be noted that according to the WHO classification the infiltrates of any site of the body by myeloid blasts in AML patients are not classified as myeloid sarcoma unless they present with tumor masses in which the tissue architecture is effaced (Pileri et al 2008).
Blasts may infiltrate organs or lymph nodes, resulting in adenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. Palpable splenomegaly and hepatomegaly occur in about one third of patients. Testicular infiltration is less common in AML than ALL, with an incidence of 1 to 8 % ( Wiernik et al 2001). Meningeal involvement has been reported in 5 to 20% of children and up to 16% of adults with AML (John et al 2004). Leukemic blast cells circulate and enter most tissues in small numbers. Occasionally biopsy or autopsy will uncover marked aggregates or infiltrates of leukemic cells, and less frequently collections of such cells may cause functional disturbances.
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is a distinctive sub-type of acute myeloid leukaemia that has distinct biologic and clinical features.
According to the older French-American-British (FAB) classification of AML, based solely on morphology as determined by the degree of differentiation along different cell lines and the extent of cell maturation (Cheson et al 1990), APL is sub-typed as AML-M3. The new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of AML incorporates and interrelates morphology, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and immunologic markers and is more universally applicable and prognostically valid (Brunning et al 2001). APL exists as 2 types, hypergranular or typical APL and microgranular (hypogranular) APL. APL comprises 5% to 8% of cases of AML and occurs predominately in adults in midlife (Büchner et al. 1999). Both typical and microgranular APL are commonly associated with DIC (Karp et al. 1987, Gollard et al 1996, Davey et al 1986, Tobelem et al 1980 ). The severe bleeding diathesis associated with APL has a specific sensitivity to treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which acts as a differentiating agent (Licht et al 1995). High complete remission rates in APL may be obtained by combining ATRA treatment with chemotherapy (Brunning et al 2001).
Acute myelomonocytic (M4) and monoblastic/monocytic leukemia (M5), are the morphologic subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia that are most commonly characterized by weakness, bleeding and a diffuse erythematous skin rash and frequently presents with extramedullary involvement, including liver, spleen, lymph nodes, gingiva, skin, eyes, larynx, lung, bladder, meninges and the central nervous system. Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is rare, the mouth, rectum and anal canal being the most affected sites (Lichtman et al 1995). By contrast, leukemic infiltration of the stomach has been very rarely described, and when it has, it has been mainly in children (Kasantikul et al 1989 ; Kontny et al. 1995; Domingo-Domenech et al 2000). Serum and urinary muramidase levels are often extremely high.
Neurological symptoms may occur such as, headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, cranial nerve palsies, pupil edema and/ or nuchal rigidity. These symptoms may result from leukostasis, but may also reveal meningeal invasion by myeloblasts or be the presenting symptoms of a "chloroma". These chloromas often have an orbital or periorbital localization, or may arise around the spinal cords causing paraparesis or " Cauda equine" syndrome. CNS leukemic infiltration occurs in 6-16% of AML (Abbott et al 2003), especially in AML-M4.
Renal insufficiency occurs seldom. It is caused by hyperuriccuria and / or hyperphosphaturia, leading to obstructing tubular deposits and oliguria/ anuria.
The clinical presentation of ALL may range from insidious nonspecific symptoms to severe acute life-threatening manifestations, reflecting the extent of bone marrow involvement and degree of extramedullary spread (Pui et al 2006) (Table 2). The symptoms at onset are primarily produced by the detrimental effects of the expanding cell population on bone marrow, and secondarily by the infiltration of other organs and by metabolic disturbances (Henderson et al 1990, Gur et al. 1999). In younger patients the anemia-induced fatigue may be the only presenting feature. Dyspnea, angina, dizziness, and lethargy may reflect the degree of anemia in older patients presenting with ALL. Approximately half of all patients may present with fever attributable to the pyrogenic cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF, released from the leukemic cells, infections, or both. Arthralgia and bone pain due to bone marrow expansion by the leukemic cells and occasionally necrosis can be observed, although less commonly in adults compared to children. Pallor, petechiae, and ecchymosis in the skin and mucous membranes due to thrombocytopenia, DIC, or a combination of the above may be observed. ALL may present with either leukopenia (~20%) or moderate (50%–5–25 × 109/L) and severe leukocytosis (10%–>100 ×109/L) with hyperleukocytosis (>100 x 109 /L ) present in approximately 15% of the pediatric patients (Pui et al 2006). Neutropenia (less than 500 granulocytes per mm3) is a common phenomenon and is associated with an increased risk of serious infection. Hypereosinophilia, generally reactive, may be present at diagnosis. The majority of patients present with platelet counts less than 100 × 109/L (75%), while 15% have platelet counts of less than 10 × 109/L. Decreased platelet counts (median, 50x109/L) are usually present at diagnosis and can be readily distinguished from immune thrombocytopenia, as isolated thrombocytopenia is rare in leukemia. Severe hemorrhage is uncommon, even when platelet counts are as low as 20x109/L, and infection and fever are absent. Coagulopathy, usually mild, can occur in T-cell ALL and is only rarely associated with severe bleeding. More than 75% of the patients presents with anemia, which is usually normochromic and normocytic and associated with a normal to low reticulocyte count. Anemia or thrombocytopenia is often mild (or even absent) in patients with T-cell ALL. Pancytopenia followed by a period of spontaneous hematopoietic recovery may precede the diagnosis of ALL in rare cases and must be differentiated from aplastic anemia.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Pallor, fatigue, exertional dyspnea, CHF | \n\t\t\tAnemia | \n\t\t
Fever (~50%), infection (<30% | \n\t\t\tNeutropenia | \n\t\t
Petechiae, ecchymosis, retinal hemorrhages | \n\t\t\tThrombocytopenia | \n\t\t
Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly (~50%), lymphadenopathy Bone pain and joint pain (5–20%) | \n\t\t\tLeukocytosis (10% of patients with WBC > 100,000) | \n
Leukemia cutis | \n\tLeukostasis | \n
Dyspnea, hypoxia, mental status changes, Cough, dyspnea, chest pain | \n\tMediastinal Mass (80% of patients with T-cell ALL) | \n
Headache, diplopia, cranial neuropathies, Particularly cranial nerves VI, VIII, papilledema, nausea, vomiting | \n\tCNS involvement (<10%) | \n
Painless testicular/scrotal enlargement | \n\tTesticular involvement (<1%) | \n
Intracranial bleeding, DIC | \n\tElevated prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), low fibrinogen | \n
Tumor lysis syndrome | \n\tAcute renal failure (uncommon), acidosis, hypekalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, elevated serum LDH and, uric acid level | \n
Clinical features of adult acute lymphocytic leukemias
Bone marrow is usually infiltrated with >90% blast cells. Infiltration with less than 50% blasts represents only 4% of cases. Though the distinction between lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoma is still arbitrary, for many treatment protocols 25% bone marrow blasts is used as threshold for defining leukaemia (Borowitz & Chan 2008). Normal trilineage haematopoiesis is consequently decreased. The classical triad of symptoms related to bone marrow failure are the following: (1) fatigue and increasing intolerance to physical exercise (caused by anaemia), (2) easy bruising and bleeding from mucosal surfaces and skin (caused by thrombocytopenia especially when platelets are
The incidence of CNS involvement in patients with AML is considerably less common than CNS involvement in both adults and children with ALL (Charles et al 2012). Early CNS leukemia occurs in 8% of patients at the time of the first diagnosis while the percentage of relapsing CNS leukemia is 10%. (Hardiono et al 2001).
Patients with CNS involvement may be asymptomatic or may have symptoms related to increased intracranial pressure (headache, nausea, vomiting, irritability). All patients newly diagnosed with ALL should have a lumbar puncture for cytologic analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid; for AML, however, this is performed only in patients with symptoms indicative of CNS involvement (Pavlovsky et al 1973). There is an association of central nervous system involvement and diabetes insipidus in AML with monosomy 7, abnormalities of chromosome 3 and inversion of chromosome 16. (Glass et al 1987; Lavabre-Bertrand et al. 2001; Harb et al 2009).
Central nervous system hemorrhage and infection are reported to cause 80% (Lazarus et al 2006 ) of all deaths in patients with leukemia. The intracerebral hemorrhages that are often related to intravascular leukostases and leukemic nodules, and associated with leukocyte counts more than 100x109/L in peripheral blood (Phair et al 1964).
CNS may be affected as a solid tumors consisting of myeloid leukemic blasts called granulocytic sarcomas or chloromas (Recht et al 2003, Teshima et al 1990). The term chloroma results from the greenish color of these tumors caused by the presence of myeloperoxidase. Chloromas usually have a dural attachment although parenchymal tumors have rarely been reported. These tumors are hypercellular and avidly enhance with either cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or cranial computed tomography (CT). Neurologic findings are dependent upon location. Chloromas most often occur in bone that may result in epidural spinal cord compression, the orbit that may result in proptosis and a restrictive ophthalmopathy, or dura, which may simulate a meningioma.
Hemorrhagic complications are common in patients with acute leukemia (approximately 20%) and constitute the second most common cause of death in such patients (20% of all leukemic deaths result from intracranial hemorrhage) (Kim et al 2004, Kawanami et al 2002). Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is the most common hemorrhagic complication in acute promyelocytic leukemia and is not infrequent in AML and ALL (ranging in occurrence from 2-18% of all patients with acute leukemia). ICH may occur at the time of diagnosis (early hemorrhage) or subsequent to diagnosis and following initial treatment (late hemorrhage) (Cortes et al 2001). DIC, disseminated aspergillosis or mucormycosis, leukemic cell infiltration, thrombocytopenia or L-asparaginase chemotherapy-related consequences, are the most common etiologies for ICH. Both DIC (especially common in the M3 subtype of AML) and thrombocytopenia typically result in a solitary often-massive ICH whereas disseminated fungal infection and ICH occurring during neutropenia and is a result of hemorrhagic infarction. Leukemic cell infiltration occurs with extreme leukocytosis (defined as >300x109 leukemic cells/L and increase the risk of multiple intracranial hemorrhages in acute leukaemia( Bunin et al 1985). L-asparaginase may induce hyperfibrinogenemia and result in cortical vein or sinus thrombosis complicated with venous infarction. Fungal-related mycotic aneurysms may also lead to ICH and would be a consideration in a patient with blood culture positive for fungus. Topographically the majority of ICH is intraparenchymal with cerebral hemorrhage more common than cerebellar. (Wolk et al 1974).
Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs in the context of ICH, either in isolation or more frequently as more diffuse hemorrhage secondary to DIC. Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage may occur in the context of DIC and acute promyelocytic leukemia and present primarily with back pain that migrates rostrocaudally.
Risk - factor analysis revealed that female gender, APL, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and prolonged PT were the risk factors for fatal intracranial hemorrhages, while other reports have suggested the significance of serum fibrinogen (Wide et al 1990).
Meningeal leukemia appears more often in patients with ALL than in those with AML (Lazarus et al 2006). The manner in which leukemia cells enter the CNS is a subject of controversy, but the likely source include hematogenous spread or direct spread from adjacent infiltrated bone marrow.
Meningitis in leukemia may result from leptomeningeal infiltration of tumor (LM), subarachnoid hemorrhage, chemical (treatment-related following intra-CSF instillation of chemotherapy) or infection (bacterial or fungal) (Cash et al 1987, Dekker et al 1985). The presence or absence of LM always needs to be ascertained as if diagnosed, prognosis is profoundly affected. Chemical meningitis (typically due to intra-CSF cytarabine or methotrexate and most often given intraventricularly) is temporally related to intra-CSF chemotherapy. Chemical meningitis begins one to two days after intra-CSF chemotherapy administration, It is transient typically lasting less than five days and demonstrates no evidence of infection by CSF culture. Like other meningitis syndromes, patients complain of headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, photophobia and meningismus. Notwithstanding an inflammatory CSF, chemical meningitis rapidly abates and is mitigated by oral steroids. Infectious meningitis occurs in leukemia due to immunosuppression both as a result of the underlying disease and its treatment.
The cerebrospinal fluid findings in leukemic patients must be carefully evaluated since bacterial meningitis, abscess formation or fungal disease occur with increased frequency. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, chemical abnormalities (elevated protein and low sugar) and elevated pressure may be present in these potential complications of the disease or its therapy. Appropriate cultures and stains, are often helpful in diagnosis. Abscesses can often be detected by brain scans, electroencephalograms and arteriography.
Patients who have nontraumatic diagnostic lumbar punctures at diagnosis may be placed into 3 categories according to white blood cells (WBCs) per microliter and the presence or absence of blasts on the cytospin: central nervous system 1 (CNS1) refers to CSF with <5 WBCs per microliter with cytospin negative for blasts; Cxlink refers to CSF with <5 WBCs per microliter with cytospin positive for blasts; CNS3 refers to CSF with >5 WBCs per microliter with cytospin positive for blasts. Children with ALL who presents with CNS disease at diagnosis (CNS3) are at high risk for treatment failure compared with patients not meeting the criteria of the CNS disease at diagnosis. Patients with Cxlink may be at an increased risk of CNS relapse, although this may not apply to all treatment regimens and can be overcome by more intensive intrathecal treatment (Burger et al 2003).
Involvement of the testis - one of the most common sites of relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia usually presents with painless enlargement of one or both testis. Testicular involvement occurs in 10% to 23% of boys during the course of the disease at a median time of 13 months from diagnosis. Occult testicular involvement is recognized in 10% to 33% of boys undergoing bilateral wedge biopsies performed during the first 3 years of treatment or at any time after cessation of the therapy (Lanzkowsky et al. 1985). In a study in which biopsies were done in boys with newly diagnosed ALL, microscopic testicular involvement was reported to be 21% (Neimeyer et al 1993). Testicular involvement of the endothelial side of the interstitium of one or both testis, leads to increased testicular size and firmness [Kay et al 1983 ]. Hydrocele resulting from lymphatic obstruction may also present with painless scrotal enlargement and is readily identified by ultrasonography. Overt testicular involvement may occur in any form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, most commonly in common C-ALL, but also in T-ALL and B-ALL. Rarely it is present when ALL is first diagnosed, but most often it is a late complication and, as with meningeal leukemia, the higher the initial blood blast count is, the earlier the discovery of testicular disease is likely ( Nesbit et al 1980).
Superior vena cava syndrome comprises the signs and symptoms associated with compression or obstruction to the superior vena cava. Patients with ALL (particularly T-ALL), may present with symptoms of cough, dyspnea, stridor, or dysphagia from tracheal and esophageal compression by a mediastinal mass (15% of patients). Compression of the great vessels by a bulky mediastinal mass also may lead to the life threatening superior vena cava syndrome (Marwaha et al 2011). A child with leukemia may experience anxiety, confusion, drowsiness and sometimes unconsciousness (Salsali et al 1969). There is facial edema, plethora, cyanotic faces. Venous engorgement of neck, chest and arm with collateral vessel and some sign of pleural effusion and pericardial effusion may be present (Rice et al 2006).
Various cutaneous lesions can be observed in patients with acute leukemias. These include specific cutaneous lesions resulting from infiltration of the skin by the leukemic cells, characteristic diseases such as pyoderma gangrenosum and Sweet syndrome, cutaneous signs of infection or hemorrhage resulting from the bone marrow dysfunction induced by the malignant process or chemotherapy.
Skin involvement may be of three types: nonspecific lesions, leukemia cutis, or granulocytic sarcoma of skin and subcutis. Nonspecific lesions include macules, papules, vesicles, pyoderma gangrenosum, or vasculitis (Bourantas et al. 1994, Nambiar Veettil et al 2009), neutrophilic dermatitis (Sweet\'s syndrome) (Cho K-H et al 1997, Philip R Cohen 2007), cutis vertices gyrata, or erythema multiforme or nodosum (Byrd et al 1995). Leukemia cutis lesions usually appear at the time of diagnosis of systemic disease or thereafter, but occasionally can occur before peripheral blood or bone marrow involvement (aleukemic leukemia cutis). (Christos Tziotzios et al 2011, Márcia Ferreira et al 2006). T-cell ALL may show epidermotropism and monocytic leukemia often involves the entire dermis and the superficial panniculus (Yalcin et al 2004).
Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of leukemia occur in up to 25% of patients at autopsy, generally during relapse. Its presence varies with the type of leukemia and has been decreasing over time due to improved chemotherapy. Gross leukemic lesions are most common in the stomach, ileum, and proximal colon. Leukemia in the esophagus and stomach includes hemorrhagic lesions from petechiae to ulcers, leukemic infiltrates, pseudomembranous esophagitis, and fungal esophagitis. (Dewar et al. 1981) The mouth, colon, and anal canal are sites of involvement that most commonly lead to symptoms. Oral manifestations may bring the patient to the dentist; gingival or periodontal infiltration and dental abscesses may lead to an extraction followed by prolonged bleeding or an infected tooth socket. (Dean et al. 2003). The gingival hyperplasia is most commonly seen with the AML subtypes acute monocytic leukemia M5 (67%), acute myelomonocytic leukemia M4 (18.5%) and acute myelocytic leukemia M1-M2 (3.7%) (Cooper et al 2000). Enterocolitis, a necrotizing inflammatory lesion involving the terminal ileum, cecum, and ascending colon, can be a presenting syndrome or can occur during treatment. Fever, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, or ileus may be present and occasionally mimic appendicitis. Intestinal perforation, an inflammatory mass, and associated infection with enteric gram-negative bacilli or clostridial species are often associated with a fatal outcome. Isolated involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is rare.(Tim et al 1984).. Neutropenic enterocolitis (NE), which is a fulminant necrotizing process is a well-recognized complication of neutropenia in patients dying from hematologic malignancies especially acute leukemia as indicated by various autopsy series ( Steinberg et al 1973). Proctitis, especially common in the monocytic variant of AML, can be a presenting sign or a vexing problem during periods of severe granulocytopenia and diarrhea.(Christos Tziotzios et al. 2011)
Infectious and noninfectious pulmonary complications represent a critical problem for patients with leukemia, which itself can be the direct cause of pulmonary leukostasis, pulmonary leukemic infiltration (PLI), and leukemic cell lysis pneumopathy. These disorders are usually more frequent in patients with hyperleukocytic leukemia. Pulmonary leukostasis is characterized by occlusion of the pulmonary capillaries and arterioles by leukemic cells. Leukemic infiltration may lead to laryngeal obstruction, parenchymal infiltrates, alveolar septal infiltration, or pleural seeding. Each of these events can result in severe symptoms and radiologic findings (Potenza et al 2003, Wu et al 2008).
Pulmonary disease in leukaemia is frequent and often lethal. Lung involvement in leukaemia is primarily due to (a) leukostasis of vessels and (b) true leukaemic infiltration of interstitium and alveoli. (Majhail et al 2004, Porcu et al 2000) Clinically, leukostasis in leukaemia should be suspected in patients with unexplained fever and cardiopulmonary or cerebral dysfunction. Pulmonary leukostasis was found in about40% of autopsy series. (Mark et al 1987). Maile et al 1983 noted parenchymal opacities on 90% of chest radiographs obtained shortly before death in adult patients with leukaemia. These radiologic opacities on autopsy were attributed to infections, haemorrhages, leukaemic infiltrations and edema. In addition, drug induced pulmonary infiltrates and leukoagglutinin transfusion reactions were also reported (Mark et al 1987). In spite of the above data, pulmonary leukostasis in leukaemia has been mentioned only incidentally as a cause of abnormalities on chest radiography.
Cardiac complications of the patients with acute leukemia are common. Most of the cardiac complications may be due to chemotherapeutics such as antracyclins, besides anemia, infections, or direct leukemic infiltrations of the heart. Symptomatic pericardial infiltrates, transmural ventricular infiltrates with hemorrhage, and endocardial foci with associated intracavitary thrombi can, on occasion, cause heart failure, arrhythmia, and death. Infiltration of the conducting system or valve leaflets or myocardial infarction may occur. (Ashutosh et al 2002, Fernando et al 2004). Cardiac and other tissue damage as a consequence of release of eosinophil granule contents can occur in patients with leukemia, associated with eosinophilia (Kocharian et al 2006). Cardiac damage is a major determinant of the overall prognosis.
The urogenital organs can also be affected. The kidneys are infiltrated with leukemic cells in a high proportion of cases, but functional abnormalities are rare. Hemorrhages in the pelvis or the collecting system are frequent, however, cases of vulvar, bladder neck, prostatic, or testicular involvement have been described.. (Quien et al 1996).
Musculoskeletal manifestations are the presenting complaint in up to 20% of patients with pediatric leukemia,(Andreas et al 2007). The main clinical osteoarticular manifestations in early leukemia include limb pain, nighttime pain, arthralgia, and arthritis. Skeletal manifestations of acute leukaemia (bone or back pain, arthritis or radiographical abnormalities of skeleton) are well described in children (Barbosa et al 2002). Arthritis can occur at any time during the course of acute leukaemia. It may lead to delay in diagnosis and therapy and any delay in therapy is associated with poor prognosis (Sandeep et al 2006). The most common clinical presentation of leukaemic arthritis is additive or migratory asymmetrical oligoarticular large joint arthritis and in some cases juvenile idiopathic arthritis. (Evans et al. 1994, Mirian et al. 2011). The joints most commonly involved are the knee, followed by the ankle, wrist, elbow, shoulder and hip. Onset of arthritis may be sudden or insidious, and parallel the course of acute leukaemia (Sandeep et al. 2006).
Arthritis as the first manifestation of acute leukaemia is however extremely uncommon in adults.
Leukostasis is a syndrome, caused by clumping of leukocytes in the vasculature of the lungs and brain, often resulting in hypoxia, dyspnea, confusion, and coma, and may be fatal.
Leukapheresis is indicated in the initial management of leukostasis in patients with hyperleukocytosis in acute leukemias, particularly myeloid leukemias, or in patients who are at high risk of developing such a complication.
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a distinct form of ALL that presents with progressive lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and hypercalcemia. It involves the skin, lungs, bone marrow, intestinal tract, and CNS. This disease is associated with HTLV-1 and is endemic in the Caribbean, southeastern United States, Africa, and Japan. Circulating tumor cells have a characteristic “cloverleaf”-shaped nucleus.
The risk factors for leukostasis are acute the leukaemia itself, younger age (most common in infants), certain types of leukaemia like acute promyelocytic (microgranular variants), acute myelomonocytic, acute monocytic leukaemia and T cell type of ALL. Cytogenetic abnormalities – 11q23 translocations and presence of Philadelphia chromosome are also associated with leukostasis (Porcu et al 2000). The pathogenesis of leukostasis is determined by: - 1) sluggish flow with stasis, 2) aggregation of leukaemic cells, 3) formation of microthrombi, 4) release of toxic granules, 5) endothelial damage, 6) oxygen consumption by leukocytes, 7) tissue invasion (Litchman et al 1987). Leukostasis is usually associated with counts of >100 x 109 but acute monocytic leukaemia may present with leukostasis with counts of 50 x 109/L. 5-13% of patients of AML and 10-30% of patients of ALL will manifest with hyperleukocytosis. Earlier leukostasis was thought to be due to the presence of critical leukocrit (fractional leukocyte volume) and increased viscosity. Although hyperleukocytosis is also common presenting feature in patients with ALL, particularly with T-cell phenotype, 11q23, and t(9;22) chromosomal rearrangements, symptomatic leukostasis is exceedingly rare [Porcu et al 2000]. While WBC count is a major factor contributing to microvessel occlusion seen with leukostasis, other features, such as activation of adhesion cell surface markers and mechanical properties of the leukemic blasts, are likely to be important. For example, the stiffness of myeloid blasts, as measured by atomic force microscopy, is 18 times that of lymphoid blasts [Rosenbluth et al 2006]. This difference in deformability of the cells may at least partially explain the increased frequency of leukostasis in AML compared to than in ALL. Presence of symptoms suggestive of leukostasis, such as headache, blurred vision, dyspnea, hypoxia, constitute a medical emergency and efforts should be made to lower the WBC rapidly. However, the role of leukapheresis to reduce tumor burden in patients with ALL and leukocytosis remains controversial.
Hyperuricemia and hyperphosphatemia with secondary hypocalcemia are frequently encountered at diagnosis, even before chemotherapy is initiated, especially in patients with B-cell or T-cell ALL with high leukemic cell burden. Severe metabolic abnormalities may accompany the initial diagnosis of ALL and AML (Haralampos et al 1999). Patients with high leukemic burden are at risk of developing acute tumor lysis syndrome (ATLS). Such metabolic changes may lead to the development of oliguric renal failure due to the tubular precipitation of urate and calcium phosphate crystals, fatal cardiac arrhythmias, hypocalcemic tetany, and seizures ( Jeha 2001).
Lactic acidosis (LA), as the presenting manifestation of acute leukemia, is rare, but potentially fatal complication of acute leukemia (Grossman et al 1983), characterized by low arterial pH due to the accumulation of blood lactate. It has been suggested that LA occurring in the setting of hematological malignancy is associated with an extremely poor prognosis [Sillos et al 2001]. Lactate, the end product of anaerobic glycolysis, is metabolized to glucose by the liver and kidneys. Because leukemic cells have a high rate of glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen and produce a large quantity of lactate, LA may result from an imbalance between lactate production and hepatic lactate utilization [Sillos et al 2001]. Several factors may contribute to the high rate of glycolysis. Overexpression or aberrant expression of glycolytic enzymes, such as hexokinase, the first rate-limiting enzyme in the glycolytic pathway [Mazurek et al 1997] allows leukemic blasts to proliferate rapidly and survive for prolonged periods [Mathupala et al 1997]. Although insulin normally regulates the expression of this enzyme, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) that are overexpressed by malignant leukemic cells, can mimic insulin activity [Werner 1996,]. LA is frequently associated with acute tumor lysis syndrome (ATLS) and its extent is correlated with the severity of ATLS.
Typically, the patient with lactic acidosis presents with weakness, tachycardia, nausea, mental status changes, hyperventilation, and hypotension, which may progress to frank shock as acidosis worsens. Laboratory studies show a decreased blood pH (<7.37), a widened anion gap (>18), and a low serum bicarbonates.
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t
1 | \n\t\tAtrial fibrillation or flutter, sick sinus syndrome, or ventricular arrhythmias | \n\t\tArrhythmia | \n\t
1 | \n\t\tCoronary artery disease - one or more vessel-coronary artery stenosis requiring medical treatment, stent, or bypass graft, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, or EF ≤ 50% | \n\t\tCardiac | \n\t
1 | \n\t\tCrohn disease or ulcerative colitis | \n\t\tInflammatory bowel disease | \n\t
1 | \n\t\tRequiring treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemics but not diet alone | \n\t\tDiabetes | \n\t
1 | \n\t\tTransient ischemic attack or cerebrovascular accident | \n\t\tCerebrovascular disease | \n\t
1 | \n\t\tDepression or anxiety requiring psychiatric consult or treatment | \n\t\tPsychiatric disturbance | \n\t
1 | \n\t\tChronic hepatitis, bilirubin > ULN to 1.5 × ULN, or AST/ALT > ULN to 2.5 × ULN | \nHepatic, mild | \n
1 | \n\tPatients with a body mass index > 35 kg/m2 | \nObesity | \n
1 | \n\tRequiring continuation of antimicrobial treatment after day 0 | \n\tInfection | \n
2 | \n\tSLE, RA, polymyositis, mixed CTD, or polymyalgia rheumatica | \n\tRheumatologic | \n
2 | \n\tRequiring treatment | \n\tPeptic ulcer | \n
2 | \n\tSerum creatinine > 2 mg/dL, on dialysis, or prior renal transplantation | \nModerate/severe rena | \n
2 | \n\tDLco and/or FEV1 66%-80% or dyspnea on slight activity | \n\tModerate pulmonary | \n
3 | \n\tTreated at any time point in the patient\'s past history, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer | \n\tPrior solid tumo | \n
3 | \n\tExcept mitral valve prolapse | \n\tHeart valve disease | \n
3 | \n\tDLco and/or FEV1 ≤ 65% or dyspnea at rest or requiring oxygen | \n\tSevere pulmonary | \n
3 | \n\tLiver cirrhosis, bilirubin > 1.5 × ULN, or AST/ALT > 2.5 × ULN | \nModerate/severe hepatic | \n
Definitions of comorbidities and HCT-CI scores included in the HCT-CI
Many factors have been studied to predict outcome and allocate treatment in acute leukemia. The best established prognostic factors are karyotype and age. However, comorbidity may play an important role in the outcome.
A comprehensive assessment including performance status, evaluation of comorbidities and abilities to perform activities of daily living, geriatric depression scale in elderly patients has been proven to be useful in detecting treatment-related changes in older cancer patients and has been recommended to be incorporated into clinical outcome analysis. An index developed specifically for patients with hematologic malignancies has been developed: the Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) presented in Table 3 (Sorror ML et al 2005). This index captures comorbidities that predict non-relapse mortality in patients considered for allogeneic transplant and also proved to be a helpful tool for defining comorbid conditions in elderly untreated AML patients. (Novotny J et al 2009; Sorror ML et al 2007). Modifications such as modified EBMT risk score have been developed and evaluated for ALL patients (Terwey T et al, 2010).
Comorbidity scoring is currently still under the investigation in many cooperative groups. It is important to bear in mind that when translating the results from clinical trials into treatment decision-making for the individual patient, many patients with e.g. „unacceptable“ renal, cardial or hepatic abnormalities are generally not included into clinical trials. By such approach at least 20-30% of younger patients and more than 50% of elderly patients with AML are excluded and have not been reported in any results. Because of that it would be important to propose comorbidity score for all leukemia patients and to evaluate how many of the patients are able to receive standard therapy and stem cell transplantation, how many of them are candidate for low-intensity treatment and supportive care.
While acute leukemia patients depend on the expert recommendations from their physicians, knowledge of clinical presentation and patient\'s related prognostic factors can help to improve treatment decision and to identify patients who would benefit most from either intensive or low-intensive treatment or even best supportive care alone.
The increase in the human population around the world has pushed farmers to produce more food. This pressure forced some farmers to use more chemicals in their operations, which led to concerns raised by environmentalists and health officials as some chemicals were damaging the environment and people’s health. This has raised a necessity of exploring alternative methods to improve fertilization, and manage pests and diseases.
Biofertilizer became an option as it is friendlier to the environment as well as on human health.
Phytohormones on the other hand are compounds that are responsible for the growth and development of the plant. Some are responsible for plant elongation, shoot and root developments, others are involved in plant pests and disease control [4].
Biofungicides also became an alternative to chemical or synthetic fungicides to minimize the damage caused by chemical fungicides to the environment, animals and human beings.
The objective of this book chapter is to prove that
It produces plant growth hormones and volatile compounds;
It contributes to solubilizing phosphates that are unavailable to the crop
It also takes part in promoting the uptake of macro and micro nutrients needed by the crop
Plant growth hormones are also called phytohormones. They are involved in many processes in the plant including communication, biotic and abiotic stress management, and many more processes. They have been reported for many years to play a vital role in the growth and development of a crop. Root and shoot elongation needs phyto-hormones to happen properly at the correct speed that supports high productivity. It has been reported that the presence of
Intended use | Target crop | Mode of application | Benefits/comments | Ref. (s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growth promotion and inhibition of phytopathogen development | Lettuce | Expose plants to | Increased chlorophyll content, and carotenoids. Decreased the severity of white mold by up to 78.83% | [16] | |
Growth promotion | Tomato | Seed treatment | Phytohormone homeostasis, antioxidant activity, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism | [17] | |
Biofertilizer | Chinese cabbage | Through irrigation | Increased yield by 37%; Increased enzyme activity in the soils (urease by 25.1%, phosphatase by 13.1%, and catalase by 14.0%, Providing more inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil | [18] | |
Soil conditioner | Maize | On soil as granules | Increased yields | [19] | |
Biofertilizer | Tomato | Seedling drenching | Produces indole-3 acetic acid and | [15] |
Production of plant growth hormones and volatile compounds by
Phosphorus is one of the critical nutrients that plants need for their growth and development. It is found in the soil but due to depletion farmers have to apply fertilizers. However, the availability of phosphorus to the crop depends on the form it is in. Acidic soils bind phosphorus and make it unavailable to the crop, which is an undesired outcome [20]. Due to this, the accuracy of the amount required by the crop may not be achieved resulting in challenges associated with lack or insufficient phosphorus in the soil [3]. Some microorganisms mediate this process by solubilizing phosphates, converting them back to be in the available form for crop utilization.
Intended use | Target crop | Mode of application | Benefits/comments | Ref. (s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biofertilizer | Chinese cabbage | Through irrigation | Increased yield by 37%; Increased enzyme activity in the soils (urease by 25.1%, phosphatase by 13.1%, and catalase by 14.0%, Providing more inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil | [18] | |
Biofertilizer | Tomato | Seed treatment | Increase Phosphorus uptake | [23] | |
Biofertilizer | Tomato | Seedling drenching | Phosphorus solubilization | [15] |
Solubilization of phosphates by
It has been reported that plant nutrient uptake can be improved resulting in plant growth promotion. Microorganisms play a major role in accelerating nutrient uptake.
Intended use | Target crop | Mode of application | Benefits/comments | Ref. (s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growth promotion and inhibition of phytopathogen development | Lettuce | Expose plants to | Increased the content of chlorophyll, and carotenoids. Decreased the severity of white mold by up to 78.83% | [16] | |
Biofertilizer and biofungicide | Rice | Seed treatment | Improved germination rate and enhanced vigor. Increased yields | [27] | |
Biofertilizer | Tomato | Seed treatment | Improved soil fertility, nutrient uptake, increased yields, antioxidants and minerals | [28] | |
Biofertilizer | Chinese cabbage | Through irrigation | Increased yield by 37%; Increased enzyme activity in the soils (urease by 25.1%, phosphatase by 13.1%, and catalase by 4.0%, Providing more inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil | [18] | |
Biofertilizer | Tomato | Seed treatment | Improves nutrient uptake (enhance nitrogen utilization efficiency, increase Phosphorus uptake | [23] | |
BioF/compost | Tomato | Soil amendment compost | Provided 12.9% yield increase compared to recommended fertilization | [29] | |
Soil conditioner | Maize | On soil as granules | Increased yields | [19] | |
Biofertilizer | Sugar cane | Powder broadcasted with fertilizer | Improve nutrient uptake NPK | [25] | |
Biofertilizer -micronutrient | Cucumber | Seedling drenching | Enhance Fe and Cu uptake by plants | [30] | |
Compost | Most crops | Compost | Improves the rate of Residue decomposition resulting in greater availability of soil nutrients | [31] | |
Biofertilizer | Bell pepper | Seedling drenching | Bell pepper yield increase up to 67%. Enhance tolerance to abiotic stresses | [32] | |
Biofertilizer | Tomato | Seedling drenching | Improve nutrient uptake | [15] | |
Biofertilizer BioF/compost | Tomato | Seed treatment | Improved soil fertility, nutrient uptake, increased yields, antioxidants and minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) | [28, 29] | |
Biofertilizer -micronutrient | Cucumber | Seedling drenching | Enhance Fe and Cu uptake by plants | [30] | |
Compost | Most crops | Compost | Improves the rate of Residue decomposition resulting in greater availability of soil nutrients | [31] | |
Plant growth promoter | Chickpea | Seed treatment | mineral mobilization and their uptake | [33] |
Agriculture is an indispensable part of any country to feed the millions of people. However, production is hampered by various plant diseases posing serious yield reductions threatening global food security. Disease management employs mainly synthetic fungicides. However, with the mounting concern for human health and environmental risks, and the loss of pesticides to resistance, the search for non-chemical alternatives has been a focus of much research for more than three decades. Biocontrol agents have emerged as an important component of plant disease management, and may provide an alternative to synthetic fungicides.
They are successful antagonists having biocontrol abilities against a broad range of economically important phytopathogenic fungi such as
Competition for nutrient and ecological niche, mycoparasitism and antibiosis are the major biological mechanisms involved in their direct antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic fungi [43, 44, 45]. They can also achieve an indirect effect of antagonism on the target pathogen by interacting with the host tissue, inducing host resistance which protects against the pathogen, promoting plant and root growth as well as improving plant stress tolerance. Many successful biocontrol agents use a combination of different modes of action to produce a higher level of antagonism [38, 46].
Antibiosis involves the production of various antimicrobial compounds by
Mycoparasitism, direct contact of an antagonist with a fungal pathogen, involves sequential events, including pathogen recognition, attack and subsequent penetration of the host cell and death [10]. In this process,
Starvation is the most common cause of death for microorganisms, so the limited availability of and competition for micro- and macro nutrients results in the biological control of fungal phytopathogens [59].
During plant–pathogen interactions, plants have evolved a wide range of defense mechanisms to cope with the constant attack by invading pathogens. However, plant defense can also be triggered by biocontrol agents [2, 54]. The rhizocompetent nature of
Disease | Mode of action | Ref. (s) | |
---|---|---|---|
Antibiosis metacaspase-independent Apoptotic cell death. | [74, 75] | ||
Endo-chitinase, chitobiosidase | [63, 76, 77] | ||
Colonization and antibiosis | [10, 48, 78] | ||
Mycoparasitism | [14] | ||
Competition for space | [45] | ||
Induced resistance | [69] |
Examples of
Authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Kwasi Sackey Yobo, Bongi Kubheka, Nolitha Skenjana and Sinegugu Shude for their support during the writing of this chapter. We would also like to acknowledge our families for moral support and understanding.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nPlease check out our job board for open positions.
',metaTitle:"Careers at IntechOpen",metaDescription:"Employee quote to be added",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/careers-at-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\\n\\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\n\n\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11456",title:"Autonomous Mobile Mapping Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11459",title:"Soft Robotics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06e947238d5d4ea1162509a5d66de887",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11459.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:489},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1329",title:"Media",slug:"media",parent:{id:"274",title:"Social Communication",slug:"social-communication"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:62,numberOfWosCitations:30,numberOfCrossrefCitations:40,numberOfDimensionsCitations:59,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1329",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9967",title:"Fake News Is Bad News",subtitle:"Hoaxes, Half-truths and the Nature of Today's Journalism",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"53785e62b7a141417d938cde8cf72ae9",slug:"fake-news-is-bad-news-hoaxes-half-truths-and-the-nature-of-today-s-journalism",bookSignature:"Ján Višňovský and Jana Radošinská",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9967.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196996",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ján",middleName:null,surname:"Višňovský",slug:"jan-visnovsky",fullName:"Ján Višňovský"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7823",title:"Off and Online Journalism and Corruption",subtitle:"International Comparative Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a9255404676105c3160a4b0bd63e4b36",slug:"off-and-online-journalism-and-corruption-international-comparative-analysis",bookSignature:"Basyouni Ibrahim Hamada and Saodah Wok",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7823.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245157",title:"Prof.",name:"Basyouni",middleName:null,surname:"Hamada",slug:"basyouni-hamada",fullName:"Basyouni Hamada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9357",title:"Narrative Transmedia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a807a1b8bf5959b85ffc4a4e67269186",slug:"narrative-transmedia",bookSignature:"Beatriz Peña-Acuña",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194887",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Peña-Acuña",slug:"beatriz-pena-acuna",fullName:"Beatriz Peña-Acuña"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6822",title:"Social Media and Journalism",subtitle:"Trends, Connections, Implications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed115310930feb53a3cfe0596c5be21e",slug:"social-media-and-journalism-trends-connections-implications",bookSignature:"Ján Višňovský and Jana Radošinská",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6822.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196996",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ján",middleName:null,surname:"Višňovský",slug:"jan-visnovsky",fullName:"Ján Višňovský"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5736",title:"The Evolution of Media Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91d4565f6cae93b6e6bce537c2cf7616",slug:"the-evolution-of-media-communication",bookSignature:"Beatriz Peña Acuña",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5736.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194887",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Peña-Acuña",slug:"beatriz-pena-acuna",fullName:"Beatriz Peña-Acuña"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62438",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79041",title:"Evolving Networks and Social Network Analysis Methods and Techniques",slug:"evolving-networks-and-social-network-analysis-methods-and-techniques",totalDownloads:2182,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Evolving networks by definition are networks that change as a function of time. They are a natural extension of network science since almost all real-world networks evolve over time, either by adding or by removing nodes or links over time: elementary actor-level network measures like network centrality change as a function of time, popularity and influence of individuals grow or fade depending on processes, and events occur in networks during time intervals. Other problems such as network-level statistics computation, link prediction, community detection, and visualization gain additional research importance when applied to dynamic online social networks (OSNs). Due to their temporal dimension, rapid growth of users, velocity of changes in networks, and amount of data that these OSNs generate, effective and efficient methods and techniques for small static networks are now required to scale and deal with the temporal dimension in case of streaming settings. This chapter reviews the state of the art in selected aspects of evolving social networks presenting open research challenges related to OSNs. The challenges suggest that significant further research is required in evolving social networks, i.e., existent methods, techniques, and algorithms must be rethought and designed toward incremental and dynamic versions that allow the efficient analysis of evolving networks.",book:{id:"6822",slug:"social-media-and-journalism-trends-connections-implications",title:"Social Media and Journalism",fullTitle:"Social Media and Journalism - Trends, Connections, Implications"},signatures:"Mário Cordeiro, Rui P. Sarmento, Pavel Brazdil and João Gama",authors:[{id:"241823",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mário",middleName:"Miguel",surname:"Cordeiro",slug:"mario-cordeiro",fullName:"Mário Cordeiro"},{id:"242100",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Gama",slug:"joao-gama",fullName:"João Gama"},{id:"242101",title:"MSc.",name:"Rui Portocarrero",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmento",slug:"rui-portocarrero-sarmento",fullName:"Rui Portocarrero Sarmento"}]},{id:"55225",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68848",title:"Internet and Social Media in Malaysia: Development, Challenges and Potentials",slug:"internet-and-social-media-in-malaysia-development-challenges-and-potentials",totalDownloads:4846,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The penetration of the Internet and social media has helped Malaysia abreast with the other developed countries. Nonetheless, being a multicultural country, Malaysia has to ensure her multiracial population lives in harmony and peace. This happens with the integrated help of media control and regulations exercise in Malaysia: the Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA), Film Censorship Act, Broadcasting Act, Communication and Multimedia Act (CMA), and media ownership control. Many researches have been conducted pertaining to the Internet and social media that have been published locally in line with the development of the Internet and social media in Malaysia. Similarly, new media is also subjected to being controlled through methods such as controlling the Internet, blocking and filtering, and content removal. The chapter also looks into the impact of the Internet and social media on civil society, thus creating a momentum to promote toward giving suggestions for future research involving not only theories but also models using more sophisticated analyses. More research can be done and the future of research is bright. Other areas that can be looked at are the impacts of the Internet and social media on the young populace of the nation.",book:{id:"5736",slug:"the-evolution-of-media-communication",title:"The Evolution of Media Communication",fullTitle:"The Evolution of Media Communication"},signatures:"Saodah Wok and Shafizan Mohamed",authors:[{id:"201019",title:"Dr.",name:"Saodah",middleName:null,surname:"Wok",slug:"saodah-wok",fullName:"Saodah Wok"}]},{id:"54896",doi:"10.5772/68086",title:"Online Journalism: Current Trends and Challenges",slug:"online-journalism-current-trends-and-challenges",totalDownloads:4282,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In the past 25 years, the journalistic sphere has gone through radical changes and transformations, progressively adapting to the contemporary global trends in news‐making. Traditional understanding of journalism as a profession has changed significantly, mostly due to the fact that digital media environment has brought new opportunities but also challenges related to the journalistic practice. The text aims to offer a theoretical reflection on the issue of online journalism. At the same time, the chapter discusses specific forms of Internet‐delivered journalistic production and professional requirements placed on journalists who specialise in online news‐making, taking into consideration the current development tendencies of digital communication forms. The authors work with a basic assumption that many aspects related to form and content of online news need to be discussed in the light of much needed terminological and paradigmatic revisions related to both the general theory of journalism and our practical understanding of journalism as a continual, creative and highly professional, publicly performed activity.",book:{id:"5736",slug:"the-evolution-of-media-communication",title:"The Evolution of Media Communication",fullTitle:"The Evolution of Media Communication"},signatures:"Ján Višňovský and Jana Radošinská",authors:[{id:"196996",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ján",middleName:null,surname:"Višňovský",slug:"jan-visnovsky",fullName:"Ján Višňovský"},{id:"197484",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Radošinská",slug:"jana-radosinska",fullName:"Jana Radošinská"}]},{id:"63049",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80255",title:"Social Media: A Turning Point into Global Journalism Identity and Ethics",slug:"social-media-a-turning-point-into-global-journalism-identity-and-ethics",totalDownloads:2086,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Social media are growing drastically representing a further step in the ongoing deterioration of journalism profession and ethics. The lines between professional journalists and amateurs have been blurred; consequently, the structure of news media has substantially changed affecting the core traits of the profession and its ethics. This phenomenon has challenged the already disputed concepts of journalism as profession and journalists as professionals. While this challenge is tremendous, research on its implications to journalism identity and ethics is scant. The existing literature focuses on new or digital media usage, newsgathering, production, dissemination, and consumption, with little emphasis on journalism ethics or the profession itself. This chapter seeks to examine how social media contribute to the ethical dilemmas off and online journalism encounter and how this transformation puts the profession at risk.",book:{id:"6822",slug:"social-media-and-journalism-trends-connections-implications",title:"Social Media and Journalism",fullTitle:"Social Media and Journalism - Trends, Connections, Implications"},signatures:"Basyouni Ibrahim Hamada",authors:[{id:"245157",title:"Prof.",name:"Basyouni",middleName:null,surname:"Hamada",slug:"basyouni-hamada",fullName:"Basyouni Hamada"}]},{id:"54943",doi:"10.5772/68085",title:"Mindfulness Based on the Perceptive Consciousness as Pedagogical Link Between Technology and Education",slug:"mindfulness-based-on-the-perceptive-consciousness-as-pedagogical-link-between-technology-and-educati",totalDownloads:1449,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Our research is focused on the effects of an experimental study that examines in depth the discovery of a new methodological paradigm of teaching and esthetic-visual deconstruction, called Mindfulness Composition in Cervantes. Our research line is based, on the one hand, on the esthetic processes of contemporary art by Cervantes of persuasive graphic and visual communication. On the other hand, it is based on Mindfulness as a sophisticated method that allows us to find a way to calm and rescue the potential and maximize the value and effects of communicative and artistic compositions. Innovative analytical method of the communicative process of visual artistic communication establishes, and raises, in our chapter, a connection with sophisticated concepts of Mindfulness applied to visual and graphic composition, efficient, and its application to contemporary art in the theme of Cervantes.",book:{id:"5736",slug:"the-evolution-of-media-communication",title:"The Evolution of Media Communication",fullTitle:"The Evolution of Media Communication"},signatures:"José Jesús Vargas Delgado",authors:[{id:"204406",title:"Dr.",name:"José Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Vargas Delgado",slug:"jose-jesus-vargas-delgado",fullName:"José Jesús Vargas Delgado"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"61780",title:"Journalism and Social Media Frame Social Movements: The Transition to Media Matrix",slug:"journalism-and-social-media-frame-social-movements-the-transition-to-media-matrix",totalDownloads:1920,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Audiences all over the globe are experiencing an unprecedented communication challenge. The intensity of the transnational media platforms and the rapid media distribution information implies a huge adaptation and interaction to diverse media technologies. These have created a transition in the culture of citizens’ acts, creating the era of “Media Matrix.” The printed press and the television still today cover the social movements’ demonstrations playing an important role in which these are revealed to the public. The importance of the news framing and Internet, as well as social media, depends upon one other crucial component for the social movements’ visibility. The present study aims to offer a theoretical reflection on this issue describing a three-stage analyses, which the media coverage underwent. The study describes the different stages in the coverage and “news-making” of social movements, which brings us to today’s matrix era. Furthermore, it also deliberates the impact this phenomenon has had in the civil society.",book:{id:"6822",slug:"social-media-and-journalism-trends-connections-implications",title:"Social Media and Journalism",fullTitle:"Social Media and Journalism - Trends, Connections, Implications"},signatures:"Alonit Berenson",authors:[{id:"243980",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alonit",middleName:null,surname:"Berenson",slug:"alonit-berenson",fullName:"Alonit Berenson"}]},{id:"54896",title:"Online Journalism: Current Trends and Challenges",slug:"online-journalism-current-trends-and-challenges",totalDownloads:4278,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In the past 25 years, the journalistic sphere has gone through radical changes and transformations, progressively adapting to the contemporary global trends in news‐making. Traditional understanding of journalism as a profession has changed significantly, mostly due to the fact that digital media environment has brought new opportunities but also challenges related to the journalistic practice. The text aims to offer a theoretical reflection on the issue of online journalism. At the same time, the chapter discusses specific forms of Internet‐delivered journalistic production and professional requirements placed on journalists who specialise in online news‐making, taking into consideration the current development tendencies of digital communication forms. The authors work with a basic assumption that many aspects related to form and content of online news need to be discussed in the light of much needed terminological and paradigmatic revisions related to both the general theory of journalism and our practical understanding of journalism as a continual, creative and highly professional, publicly performed activity.",book:{id:"5736",slug:"the-evolution-of-media-communication",title:"The Evolution of Media Communication",fullTitle:"The Evolution of Media Communication"},signatures:"Ján Višňovský and Jana Radošinská",authors:[{id:"196996",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ján",middleName:null,surname:"Višňovský",slug:"jan-visnovsky",fullName:"Ján Višňovský"},{id:"197484",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Radošinská",slug:"jana-radosinska",fullName:"Jana Radošinská"}]},{id:"63049",title:"Social Media: A Turning Point into Global Journalism Identity and Ethics",slug:"social-media-a-turning-point-into-global-journalism-identity-and-ethics",totalDownloads:2083,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Social media are growing drastically representing a further step in the ongoing deterioration of journalism profession and ethics. The lines between professional journalists and amateurs have been blurred; consequently, the structure of news media has substantially changed affecting the core traits of the profession and its ethics. This phenomenon has challenged the already disputed concepts of journalism as profession and journalists as professionals. While this challenge is tremendous, research on its implications to journalism identity and ethics is scant. The existing literature focuses on new or digital media usage, newsgathering, production, dissemination, and consumption, with little emphasis on journalism ethics or the profession itself. This chapter seeks to examine how social media contribute to the ethical dilemmas off and online journalism encounter and how this transformation puts the profession at risk.",book:{id:"6822",slug:"social-media-and-journalism-trends-connections-implications",title:"Social Media and Journalism",fullTitle:"Social Media and Journalism - Trends, Connections, Implications"},signatures:"Basyouni Ibrahim Hamada",authors:[{id:"245157",title:"Prof.",name:"Basyouni",middleName:null,surname:"Hamada",slug:"basyouni-hamada",fullName:"Basyouni Hamada"}]},{id:"55225",title:"Internet and Social Media in Malaysia: Development, Challenges and Potentials",slug:"internet-and-social-media-in-malaysia-development-challenges-and-potentials",totalDownloads:4846,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The penetration of the Internet and social media has helped Malaysia abreast with the other developed countries. Nonetheless, being a multicultural country, Malaysia has to ensure her multiracial population lives in harmony and peace. This happens with the integrated help of media control and regulations exercise in Malaysia: the Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA), Film Censorship Act, Broadcasting Act, Communication and Multimedia Act (CMA), and media ownership control. Many researches have been conducted pertaining to the Internet and social media that have been published locally in line with the development of the Internet and social media in Malaysia. Similarly, new media is also subjected to being controlled through methods such as controlling the Internet, blocking and filtering, and content removal. The chapter also looks into the impact of the Internet and social media on civil society, thus creating a momentum to promote toward giving suggestions for future research involving not only theories but also models using more sophisticated analyses. More research can be done and the future of research is bright. Other areas that can be looked at are the impacts of the Internet and social media on the young populace of the nation.",book:{id:"5736",slug:"the-evolution-of-media-communication",title:"The Evolution of Media Communication",fullTitle:"The Evolution of Media Communication"},signatures:"Saodah Wok and Shafizan Mohamed",authors:[{id:"201019",title:"Dr.",name:"Saodah",middleName:null,surname:"Wok",slug:"saodah-wok",fullName:"Saodah Wok"}]},{id:"62438",title:"Evolving Networks and Social Network Analysis Methods and Techniques",slug:"evolving-networks-and-social-network-analysis-methods-and-techniques",totalDownloads:2177,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Evolving networks by definition are networks that change as a function of time. They are a natural extension of network science since almost all real-world networks evolve over time, either by adding or by removing nodes or links over time: elementary actor-level network measures like network centrality change as a function of time, popularity and influence of individuals grow or fade depending on processes, and events occur in networks during time intervals. Other problems such as network-level statistics computation, link prediction, community detection, and visualization gain additional research importance when applied to dynamic online social networks (OSNs). Due to their temporal dimension, rapid growth of users, velocity of changes in networks, and amount of data that these OSNs generate, effective and efficient methods and techniques for small static networks are now required to scale and deal with the temporal dimension in case of streaming settings. This chapter reviews the state of the art in selected aspects of evolving social networks presenting open research challenges related to OSNs. The challenges suggest that significant further research is required in evolving social networks, i.e., existent methods, techniques, and algorithms must be rethought and designed toward incremental and dynamic versions that allow the efficient analysis of evolving networks.",book:{id:"6822",slug:"social-media-and-journalism-trends-connections-implications",title:"Social Media and Journalism",fullTitle:"Social Media and Journalism - Trends, Connections, Implications"},signatures:"Mário Cordeiro, Rui P. Sarmento, Pavel Brazdil and João Gama",authors:[{id:"241823",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mário",middleName:"Miguel",surname:"Cordeiro",slug:"mario-cordeiro",fullName:"Mário Cordeiro"},{id:"242100",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Gama",slug:"joao-gama",fullName:"João Gama"},{id:"242101",title:"MSc.",name:"Rui Portocarrero",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmento",slug:"rui-portocarrero-sarmento",fullName:"Rui Portocarrero Sarmento"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1329",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Multi-Agent Systems",value:27,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81226",title:"Computational Methods for the Study of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103178",signatures:"Naomi van Wijk and Michal Linial",slug:"computational-methods-for-the-study-of-peroxisomes-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"80326",title:"Anti-Senescence Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101585",signatures:"Raghad Alshadidi",slug:"anti-senescence-therapy",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79828",title:"Cellular Senescence in Bone",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101803",signatures:"Danielle Wang and Haitao Wang",slug:"cellular-senescence-in-bone",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79668",title:"Identification of RNA Species That Bind to the hnRNP A1 in Normal and Senescent Human Fibroblasts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101525",signatures:"Heriberto Moran, Shanaz A. Ghandhi, Naoko Shimada and Karen Hubbard",slug:"identification-of-rna-species-that-bind-to-the-hnrnp-a1-in-normal-and-senescent-human-fibroblasts",totalDownloads:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79295",title:"Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on Cutaneous Cellular Senescence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101152",signatures:"Tapash Jay Sarkar, Maiko Hermsmeier, Jessica L. Ross and G. Scott Herron",slug:"genetic-and-epigenetic-influences-on-cutaneous-cellular-senescence",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/159530",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"159530"},fullPath:"/profiles/159530",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()