\r\n\tAbout 25 percent of all foods produced globally are lost due to microbial growth. L. monocytogenes is a microorganism ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals and humans. L. monocytogenes can enter a factory and is able to survive in biofilms in the food processing environment. The use of adequate sanitation procedures is a prerequisite in risk prevention. Moreover, effective control measures for L. monocytogenes are very important to food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tThe safety and shelf life maximizing of food products to meet the demand of retailers and consumers is a challenge and a concern of food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tTo obtain food systems more sustainable, several developments are ongoing to ensure safe food products with an extended shelf life and a reduction of food loss and waste. The problem of antimicrobial resistance is also a great issue that must be taken into consideration.
\r\n\r\n\tThe implementation of natural antimicrobials, using food cultures, ferments, or bacteriophages, is one approach to control L. monocytogenes in food products that meet the consumer preference for clean label solutions.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art about Listeria monocytogenes in terms of occurrence in humans, animals, and food-producing plants. Its control by more natural agents allows for more sustainable food systems and points future directions to transform challenges into opportunities.
Restoration of perfusion and reoxygenation of ischemic tissues restores aerobic metabolism and supports postischemic functional recovery but also generates significant damage related to the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) phenomenon. At the level of a blood vessel, lesions of I/R are mainly characterized by the perturbation of vasomotion and endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, despite the fact that ischemia occurs in a sterile environment, reperfusion induces a significant activation of innate and adaptive immune responses: massive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; activation of pattern-recognition receptors or toll-like receptors (TLRs); activation of complement, coagulation, cytokine and chemokine production; and inflammatory cell trafficking into the diseased organ.1 I/R activates different programs of cell death (necrosis, apoptosis or autophagy-associated cell death) and generates a systemic inflammatory response that lasts several days and that can lead, in some cases, to multi-organ failure and death. [2-4]
\nBlood vessels, and especially endothelium located at the blood-organ interface, are particularly susceptible to ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Endothelial stunning or the loss of endothelial functions during reperfusion contributes to IR injuries and compromises the postischemic recovery. [5-7]
\nThe basal vascular tone is a continual balance between vasoconstrictors and vasodilators acting on the blood vessel. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelium play pivotal roles in this control.
\nPosthypoxic vasoconstriction, in response to vasoconstrictors, and endothelium-independent vasodilation, induced by direct vasodilators (direct action on VSMCs), are slightly affected by I/R, demonstrating the relative resistance of VSMCs. [8]-[10] In contrast, endothelium-dependent dilatation is deeply affected. Despite the fact that endothelial cells seem relatively more resistant than other cells types (cardiomyocytes, neurons, renal tubular cell), I/R modifies their phenotype: diminution of their anticoagulant properties, increased vascular permeability, increased leukoadhesivity and establishment of a proinflammatory state in the endovascular milieu.
\nThe production of some bioactive agents decreases (e.g., prostacyclin, nitric oxide), while that of others increases during I/R (e.g., endothelin, thromboxane A2). [1],[11]-[16] These endothelial modifications are called endothelial dysfunction and are widely described in human and animals studies.[15],[17]-[21] IR-related endothelial dysfunction is mainly characterized by the loss of NO availability and seems to be related to the reperfusion more than to ischemia. [10] In normal situations, NO acts in numerous pathways: direct vasodilation, indirect vasodilation by inhibiting the influences of vasoconstrictors (e.g., inhibiting angiotensin II and sympathetic vasoconstriction), inhibiting platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium (anti-thrombotic effect), inhibiting leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium (anti-inflammatory effect), and inhibiting smooth muscle hyperplasia by scavenging superoxide anion (anti-proliferative effect). The diminution of NO concentration jeopardizes these functions.
\nMultiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain postischemic endothelial dysfunction: massive ROS production by mitochondria, activation of immune cells, activation of xanthine oxidase and NADPH2 oxidase by the ceramide/sphingosine kinase pathway, the depletion of dihydrobiopterin (an essential cofactor of nitric oxide synthase), increased arginine consumption in other intracellular pathways, the production of chemokines and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1, -6, and -8) or the activation of the complement system (C3a fraction, C5b-9 fraction). [21]-[31]
\nIn normoxic conditions, the endothelium permits only restricted diffusion. During hypoxia, the modifications of the cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, induced by hypoxia and low intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphate (cAMP) concentration, increase vascular permeability, leading to capillary leakage and perivascular interstitial edema.[1] Complement system activation, leukocyte endothelial adhesion and platelet-leukocyte aggregation increase after reperfusion.[1],[32] A clinical example is the acute respiratory failure with hypoxia and pulmonary edema observed in several surgeries. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is caused by heart failure but also by a disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier.[33]-[36]
\nIschemia-reperfusion induces a vigorous inflammatory reaction including activation of the complement system; activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems; increased ROS, cytokine, chemokine and other proinflammatory metabolite production; and activation of programmed cell death. If inflammation concerns mainly ischemic organs, its effects will extend to the whole body and, particularly, the organs with a high capillary density, such as lung, brain and kidney. [1],[12],[37],[38]
\nReperfusion injury is characterized by autoimmune responses, including natural antibodies recognizing neoantigens and subsequent activation of the complement system (auto-immunity). 1 Locally produced and activated, the complement system amplifies inflammation during ischemia and reperfusion through complement-mediated recognition of damaged cells and anaphylatoxin release. The anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a and C5a lead to the recruitment and stimulation of immune cells, which promotes cell-cell interactions by increasing the expression of adhesion molecules (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin) on the surface of the endothelial cells and neutrophils. [12],[39] Moreover, C5a is a chemotactic factor that directly stimulates leukocytes to synthesize and secrete cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and TNF-α. iC3b is implicated in neutrophil-endothelium interactions. C5b-9, known as the final cytolytic membrane attack complex complement, is a powerful chemotactic agent that causes direct lesions to the endothelial cells, stimulates the endothelial production of IL-8, MCP-1, and ROS and inhibits endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. [12],[39]
\nDuring reperfusion, neutrophils play a central part in the inflammatory response and in the genesis of the I/R injuries. Activated neutrophils produce high amounts of cytokines, chemokines, and ROS in the vascular lumen but also in the parenchyma that directly contacts cells. These neutrophils and endothelial cells activated by cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β) and other proinflammatory mediators (e.g., platelet-activating factor, ROS) promote a close interaction between these cell types that will result in a significant concentration of activated neutrophils in the interstitium. [1],[13],[15],[17],[32],[40]-[43] This complex process can be summarized in four steps: chemoattraction, weak neutrophil adhesion to the endothelium, followed by a stronger adhesion and, finally, neutrophil migration (Figure 1). Three families of sarcoplasmic adhesion molecules are implicated in the neutrophil-endothelium interaction: selectins, β2-integrins and immunoglobulins.
\nChemoattraction:
Upon reperfusion, the endothelium, parenchyma and resident immune cells (mainly macrophages and neutrophils) release cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α and chemokines, inducing the production of selectins by endothelial and immune cells. Circulating leukocytes are concentrated towards the site of injury by the concentration gradient of chemokines.
\nRolling adhesion
Endothelial L-selectin interacts with the P-selectin and the E-selectin-specific ligand-1 (ESL-1) expressed by neutrophils. [44],[45] The activation of TLR-2, ROS production, the complement system and thrombin and a high intracellular calcium concentration promotes the expression of endothelial P-selectin from the Weibel–Palade bodies. Its peak of expression occurs 10–20 min after the beginning of reperfusion.[40],[46] P-selectin interacts with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) expressed by neutrophils. These interactions are weak and reversible, providing transitory neutrophil adherence, slowing down leukocytes and allowing them to “roll” along the endothelial surface. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. This phase prepares the neutrophils and the endothelium for the following stage.
\nTight adhesion
At the same time, chemokines released by endothelial and immune cells activate the rolling neutrophils. Stimulated by ROS, platelet-activating factor (PAF), IL-1, TNF-α and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), neutrophils present CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18 and CD11c/CD18 from intracellular granules. These sarcoplasmic proteins interact with the iC3a fraction of the complement system and ICAM-1, an endothelial protein whose expression is reinforced by TNF-α and IL-1.[47],[48] This interaction switches from a low-affinity link to a high-affinity state and firmly attaches the neutrophil to the surface of the endothelial cell, despite the shear forces of the blood flow.
\nIschemia–reperfusion-induced neutrophils accumulation in the interstitium is a mechanism described in three phases implicating specific complementary proteins. CD11b/CD18, sarcoplasmic neutrophil integrin; CO2, carbon dioxide; ESL-1, E-selectin-specific ligand-1; I/R, ischemia– reperfusion; O2, oxygen; PECAM, platelet–endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1; PSGL-1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1; Rec IL-8, neutrophil IL-8 receptor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-a; WPB, Weibel–Palade body.
Migration into the interstitium or diapedesis
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and platelet-endothelium adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) are sarcoplasmic adhesion molecules belonging to the superfamily of the immunoglobulins. They are implicated in the transfer of neutrophils towards the interstitium, termed diapedesis. Leukocytes extravasation comprises many stages, which are not fully understood. Nevertheless, it seems that PECAM-1, found on neutrophil and endothelial cell membranes, is necessary for diapedesis. [1],[49] It interacts with several sarcoplasmic proteins of neutrophils. The cytoskeleton of the neutrophil is reorganized to allow the projection of pseudopodia between endothelial cells. This transfer is facilitated by inflammatory mediators, the CD11/CD18–ICAM-1 interaction and ROS, which combine to decrease the expression of cadherin and induce the phosphorylation vascular endothelial-cadherin and catenin, components of the intercellular junctions. [50]-[53] There is controversy concerning the mechanisms underlying this transfer through the basal membrane of the endothelium. Once into the interstitium, the neutrophil migrates along a chemotactic gradient towards the site of injury, where it causes considerable damage.
\nThe neutrophil-related injuries in the interstitium are mainly related to the massive ROS production, proteases from the intracellular neutrophilic granules and the metabolites of arachidonic acid (PAF and LTB4). PAF and LTB4 are powerful chemoattractants that stimulate neutrophil degranulation. The neutrophil granules contain proteases, collagenases, elastases, lipoxygenases, phospholipases and myeloperoxidases that digest the protein network of the extracellular matrix. For example, elastase digests substrates such as collagen types III and IV, immunoglobulins, fibronectin and proteoglycans. Several cells, such as cardiomyocytes, stimulated by IL-6, express ICAM-1. The neutrophil binds to its receptor and empties its granules directly near the cell. [54],[55]
\nThe role of platelets in ischemia-reperfusion injuries is unclear. However, it seems that they participate directly and indirectly in posthypoxic endothelial injury. [32],[56] Platelets affect neutrophil activation by releasing thromboxane A2, platelet-derived growth factor, serotonin, lipoxygenase products, proteases and adenosine. During reperfusion, approximately 25% of the fixed platelets are directly bound to the endothelium and the remaining 75% to neutrophils linked to the endothelium. [32],[57] This platelet-neutrophil interaction potentiates the neutrophils’ capacity to produce superoxide and platelet-activating factor. [58],[59] Moreover, the neutrophil-platelet aggregates contribute to the no-reflow phenomenon and jeopardize the quality of the microcirculation. 60
\nReactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anion (O2\n\n −•), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH−), are highly reactive and able to oxide all cellular constituents, including proteins, DNA, phospholipids and other biological structures. During reperfusion, PAF, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, complement fraction C5a and the ROS themselves stimulate endothelial and neutrophil ROS production. [49],[61],[62] On the other hand, ROS activate nuclear factor-κB, promote cytokine production (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, PAF), and induce the synthesis and expression of endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecules. [15],[41],[63]
\nIn the reperfused tissue, the principal sources of ROS are neutrophil NADPH-oxidase, xanthine oxidase, mitochondria and the arachidonic acid pathways. [64]-[66] The massive ROS production quickly exceeds the capacity of cellular defense systems (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and vitamins C and E). ROS directly cause much structural damage, increase the susceptibility to the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, activate immune and endothelial cells and induce apoptosis. [67]
\nROS can also be produced by monoamine oxidase (MAO) of the outer mitochondrial membrane. MAO transfers electrons from amine compounds with oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide. [68] p66Shc, a cytosolic adaptor protein for tyrosine kinase receptors that has been implicated in signal transduction, translocates to the mitochondrial matrix during reperfusion and oxidizes the reduced cytochrome
Reperfusion is vital for the functional recovery of an ischemic organ but also initiates the apoptosis pathways. [70],[71] Apoptosis is an active mechanism of cellular death, is genetically programmed, consumes energy, requires the expression or activation of specific enzymes, and can be induced by the oxidative stress of reperfusion. Reperfusion-induced apoptosis occurs in many organs, including heart, brain, kidney and liver. The reperfusion of an organ can induce apoptosis in other, distant organs. For example, reperfusion of a lower limb or the small bowel can induce apoptosis of cardiomyocytes or lung cells, respectively. [72],[73] The TNF-α production by the reperfused organ seems to play a crucial part in the induction of apoptosis. [70],[74]-[76] TNF-α initiates a receptor-dependent death pathway by activating downstream caspases. [70],[76],[77] Other causes of reperfusion-induced apoptosis are also important: mitochondrial depolarization, high intracellular calcium, mPTP opening and the release of some mitochondrial proteins into the cytoplasm, such as cytochrome
Endothelial cell apoptosis precedes and influences the apoptosis of the subjacent parenchymal cells. For example, a reduction in endothelial apoptosis decreases the apoptosis of subjacent cardiomyocytes. This suggests that signals emanating from the endothelium during apoptosis can induce or reinforce that of the cardiomyocytes.
\nAccording to the level of the vascular system considered (small arteries, capillaries and postcapillary veins), the repercussions of I/R are identical, but the clinical pictures differ.
\nThe principal manifestation of I/R in arterioles is a loss of the vasodilatation-dependent endothelium and the appearance of spasms. [78] Widespread endothelial lesions decrease the production of nitric oxide and do not counterbalance the arterioles’ tendency toward vasoconstriction. This tendency is highlighted in several tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, lung and brain. [79]-[82] The combined effects of IR and inflammation on arteriolar vasomotricity are well documented. The increase in the contractile response of the pulmonary and mesenteric microcirculation after cardiac surgery predisposes the patient to the development of pulmonary shunt or mesenteric ischemia, particularly during the administration of vasopressive drugs in the postextracorporeal circulation. [83\n ],[84]\n
\nThe posthypoxic recovery of an organ depends on the quality of its microcirculation and the resultant nutrient delivery and gaseous exchange. However, the microcirculation is the site of a paradoxical phenomenon called “no reflow”, characterized by a major reduction in the capillary density. Despite the reestablishment of complete blood flow, an incomplete and heterogeneous perfusion of microcirculation persists. [85],[86] The capillaries are blocked by the parenchymatous and endothelial edema and the adhesion of the neutrophils and platelets to the surface of the endothelium, aided by the reduction in the production of nitric oxide. [15],[81],[85]-[87] Increased ROS and the depletion of ATP modify the cytoskeleton and the intercellular junctions, contributing to the loss of liquid from the vascular bed towards the interstitium. [88],[89] The phenomenon of no reflow persists several weeks after reperfusion. [85]
\nThe postcapillary veins are the sites of the inflammatory reaction. The margination and extravasation of the leukocytes are facilitated by the slower blood flow. Venous blood, arriving from the reperfused zones, is rich in proinflammatory mediators and activated neutrophils. These cause lesions both directly and indirectly through their interactions with platelets. [15],[90] Endothelial lesions prevent the intravascular oncotic pressure from recovering the excess liquid from the interstitium, thereby increasing the edema and contributing to the phenomenon of “no reflow”.
\nIn pulmonary transplantation surgery, I/R-induced lung injury is characterized by nonspecific alveolar damage, lung edema and hypoxemia. The most severe form may lead to primary graft failure and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation.[91] Pulmonary microvascular permeability appears to have a bimodal pattern, peaking at 30 min and 4 h after reperfusion. [92] Mechanical ventilation, cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery and lung resection can also induce apoptosis and I/R-induced lung injury. [93]-[96]
\nPerioperative acute renal failure is associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. According to the type of surgery, IR injuries in the kidney are direct or indirect. [97] For example, acute renal failure is the most important complication of remote tissue damage following abdominal aortic surgery. [98] I/R induces renal tubular injuries and contributes to the decrease of glomerular filtration. Recent data suggest that 13% of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) evolve to end-stage renal disease within 3 years. In the case of patients with preexisting renal disease, the progression to end-stage renal disease rises to 28% within the same period. [98] These results suggest that AKI predisposes to chronic renal complication. I/R reduces blood vessel density and promotes renal fibrosis. The mechanisms mediating vascular loss are not clear but may be related to the lack of effective vascular repair responses. [99]
\nIn cardiac surgery and in myocardial ischemia, cell death following I/R has features of apoptosis and necrosis. The loss of cardiomyocytes, which can hibernate in “no reflow” zones, and stunning, led by free radicals and calcium overload, explain the contractile posthypoxic dysfunction. The stunned cardiomyocytes can take several hours and days to recover. Intracellular ionic perturbation favors ventricular arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular extrasystole. [10\n\n ]0 During ischemia, cardiomyocytes express ICAM-1. Neutrophils bind to this receptor and empty the contents of their granules onto the cells. [54],[55]
\nThe mechanisms of I/R-induced brain injury have many similar aspects compared with those of I/R-induced myocardial injury. Many mediators and cytokines upregulated by I/R, such as bradykinin, purine nucleotides, nitric oxide and ROS, increase blood–brain barrier permeability and induce cerebral edema. [10\n ]1 Although leukocyte infiltration into the ischemic brain increases cerebral damage, leukocyte accumulation in the microcirculation reduces reperfusion and increases the “no reflow” phenomenon.
\nThe indirect repercussions of I/R on organs remote from the reperfused site are much more insidious. Neutrophils, complement activation, and massive production of cytokines and chemokines install a proinflammatory state that affects the functioning of other organs. During abdominal aortic surgery, I/R injuries are not only limited to the lower extremities but also cause damage to remote organs such as the lungs, kidneys, heart and bowel. [36],[97],[102-[104] Lung injuries following abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery are characterized by progressive hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, decreased lung compliance and nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema, consistent with adult respiratory distress syndrome. [36],[103] In comparison with surgery, endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair decreases I/R and I/R-induced-intestinal mucosal, renal and pulmonary dysfunction. [104]
\nIn the recent past, organic cultivation of vegetables is gaining increasing importance due to increased awareness among the growing population on the food safety and quality. This may be attributed to the fact that conventional agricultural practices wherein large quantities and unscrupulous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are no longer safer as it directly enter the food chain. There are innumerable health hazards posed by the conventionally grown crops due to the presence of higher pesticide residues, heavy metals and also genetically modified organisms. In cereals and pulses where the moisture level is maintained around eight per cent, the presence of pesticide residue is very minimum and has been found to disappear over a period of time due to storage, whereas in the case of vegetables and fruits the moisture level is more than 90 per cent and the availability of pesticide residue is maximum and the produce is to be consumed within a reasonable time because of the perishable nature. Organic cultivation besides protecting the environment, has a greater socio economic impact on a nation. However, the true impact lies necessarily on the sustainable food production which can go a long way on the environmental stability and economic vulnerability of a nation. The International Federation of Organic Agriculture and Movements (IFOAM) has suggested principles to enhance biological cycles in the farming system, enhance soil fertility, reduce pollution, evade the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, conserve genetic diversity, consider socio-economic impact of food production and produce high quality food in sufficient quantity [1]. The National Organic Programme implemented by USDA Organic Food Production Act (OFPA, 1990) has specified guidelines on cultivation of crops organically to be acceptable as organic.
Organically produced vegetables contribute more than 20% of the total share of vegetables in some of the European countries. On the contrary, the market share of organic vegetables is meager in tropical and subtropical countries and hence is exported. Due to increasing awareness of organically grown vegetables, countries like Brazil, Argentina and China have turned towards organic farming.
Vegetable crops when grown organically produce lesser yield. However due to its nutritive quality and storage attributes they are valued well than conventionally grown vegetables. Organoleptic studies have shown that vegetables like tomato and potato tastes better when grown organically. Likewise, the fruits had a better taste, flavor, texture and juicier when compared to conventionally grown ones. Similarly, organically grown okra and carrots were found to possess better quality attributes like taste, flavor and sugar content than those grown conventionally.
Excessive nitrate intake is posing a serious threat to human health. Leafy vegetables, in particular, accumulate more nitrates followed by root vegetables and potato. Studies have confirmed that organically produced vegetables like potato, carrot, cabbage beetroot, celery, leak, parsley and lettuce contain lesser levels of nitrates and higher levels of vitamin C content when compared to conventionally grown vegetable crops. Similarly, it has been found in studies that organically grown vegetables accumulate higher content of total sugars, minerals like phosphorous and magnesium and phenolic compounds in vegetables like carrot, potato, spinach, brinjal, lettuce and cabbage. Organically grown vegetables like sweet pepper and brinjal exhibited higher levels of phenolic compounds, peroxidase and capsidol activity offering resistance to diseases.
During the past few decades, there is increasing concern on the food safety which in turn is drawing attention of the farmers, researchers and policy makers on the alternate production systems like organic cultivation. Organic farming is estimated to be growing at a rate of 30% a year worldwide in response to the market needs [2]. The demand for certified organic produce, particularly vegetables is presently exceeding the supply, thus fetching premium market price. Globally, the agricultural production system is undergoing a rapid transformation since there is a rise in demand for healthier and environmentally safer food. A larger proportion of growers are now shifting to organic production practices to meet the increasing consumer demands.
Organic cultivation has a significant role to play in maintaining the soil fertility by boosting the microbial flora of the soil. This can substantially lead to increase in yield, plant composition as well as nutritional quality.
Organic treatments resulted in higher carrot root production compared to conventional treatments [3]. The yield of cabbage and tomato grown under organic practices yielded better than that grown under conventional system [4]. Similar results were obtained in cucumber [5]. Better results in terms of fruit yield in vegetables could be attributed to the fact that organic amendments of soil changed the soil dynamics as well as the plant composition and nutritional quality. Organic inputs can proportionately increase the microflora which in turn facilitates production of substances such as citrate and lactate which combine with soil minerals to increase the availability of mineral nutrition to the plant roots [6].
Besides increasing the soil fertility status, the nutritional quality of organically grown vegetables has been found to be appreciable. Higher levels of iron and magnesium were recorded in vegetable crops like carrot, beetroot, lettuce, kale, leek, turnip, onion, celery and tomato when grown organically [7]. Vitamin C holds an important place in the daily recommended diet due to its higher antioxidant properties. Hence, the focus of many research experiments has been on the vitamin C content in organically grown vegetables.
Experiments on tomato, celery and kale have shown higher vitamin C content when they are grown under organic practices than when grown under traditional systems of cultivation [7]. On an average, the vitamin C content of organically grown vegetables is 27% more when compared to the conventionally grown vegetables [6]. Likewise, the vitamin C content in organically grown leafy vegetables was found to be higher compared to that grown with chemical inputs [8]. Plant system responds to chemical fertilizer by increasing the production of proteins rather than carbohydrates since chemical fertilizers are rich sources of nitrogen. However, vitamin C production is the outcome of carbohydrate production and hence more quantum of vitamin C is expected to be produced with increased quantities of organic manures which have lesser nitrogen content and thereby lesser protein production and more of carbohydrate production.
Organic farming implies application of composted plant residues and animal manures and growing legume crops as cover crop to meet the nutrient requirement of the crop. Soil fertility status is also enhanced by adopting practices like crop rotation, sequential cropping and also by minimizing the plowing activities. These techniques have a profound impact in maximizing the carbon sequestration in lands where organic practices are followed. On the contrary, in lands where conventional farming practices are adopted increased tillage operations lead to depletion in the organic matter accompanied by greater loss in mineral composition of the soil. The annual sequestration rate has been found to increase substantially by upto 3.2tons of CO2/ha/year by organic farming practices [9] which has a direct implication in reducing the green house gases.
With the unpredictable climatic condition in the present day, organic farming which can increase soil water retention capacity can go a long way in fighting the drought situation. Increased carbon retention in the soil helps in withstanding climatic challenges as well as soil erosion.
Organic farming requires 28–32% lesser energy compared to the traditional farming practices as this cuts down the cost on fertilizers, pesticides and machinery [10].
Organic agriculture can potentially lower the green house gas emission [11]. The estimated quantum of green house gas emission due application of chemical fertilizers is 1000 million tonnes annually. Organic farming can by and large reduce the Green House Gas emission by sequestering carbon into soil.
The global human population is projected to expand to 9.3 billion by 2050. Hence, sustainable production needs to be addressed to meet the increasing food requirements of the human population. Sustainable agriculture provides a potential solution to enable agricultural systems to feed a growing population within the changing environmental conditions. For successful organic farming maintaining soil health by addition of organic residues is imperative. However, it may not be feasible because of continuous sourcing of the crop residues/organic matter which has become scanty in recent times. Soil health is not only maintaining the carbon content in the soil but also maintaining a balance between carbon and nitrogen which is the most important factor that determines the nutrient availability besides the population dynamics of the microflora in the soil. Unlike conventional agriculture which involves usage of harmful chemical fertilizers and pesticides, organic farming sustains, maintains and enhances the quality of ecosystem. Though the plant absorbs nutrient in the simpler forms of nutrients similar to inorganic fertilizers, the source of nutrients is important factor to be considered in any organic farming practices. In the global market, vegetables grown organically fetch higher price because of its quality consideration and long term storability compared to inorganic green vegetables.
The body, CODEX Alimentarius of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations aims to protect the health of the consumers and ensure fair prices in the international market. Internationally, organic certification is underway to facilitate international trade between countries. One such body is International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM).
USDA organic certification confirms that the farm complies with USDA organic regulations. Farms are certified by State or Private entities which have been accredited by USDA. Any farm that produces over $5000 annually through organic sales needs to be certified.
Land utilized for organic vegetable production must not have used chemical fertilizers, pesticides, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) for atleast 3 years prior to growing for organic purpose. Whole farm or part of a farm can be certified as organic. It is particularly important for vegetable growers to document the last date of application of prohibited chemicals, particularly when crops like, Lettuce or Spinach is grown.
Organic farming in India is showing steady increase. Farmers involved in organic farming are of three categories
The National Programme on Organic Production (NPOP) offers regulatory mechanism to acts for domestic and export markets. NPOP under Foreign Trade Development and Regulation Act (FTDR) caters the export requirement and has been acclaimed by European Union, Sweden and USDA. Hence, any organic product certified by NPOP can be exported to Europe, Sweden and USA. Similarly, to meet the domestic demands, NPOP notified under Agriculture Produce Grading, Marketing and Certification Act (APGMC) comes to play lead role. Regulatory body of NPOP under FTDR is Agricultural and Processed Foods Export Development Authority (APEDA) under Ministry of Commerce and NPOP under APGMC Act is Agricultural Marketing Advisor (AMA) under Ministry of Agriculture. Accreditation of Certification and Inspection Agencies is being granted by a common National Accreditation Body (NAB) [12].
Certification ensures quality produce. “Certified Organic” serves as a product assurance to consumers. Certification necessarily aims to regulate and facilitate the sale of organic vegetables to consumers.
In order to ensure certification by any agency, the producer has to satisfy the following criteria:
Adherence of the organic standards as prescribed by the certification authority.
The production practices and farm facilities have to comply with the norms and standards.
Detailed documentation of the entire farming procedures adopted and farm facilities is required.
Periodical inspection by the authorities concerned.
Organic legislation defines three levels of organic labelling in many countries. Products are given a “100% organic” label when the products are made entirely with certified organic ingredients. Products with the label “Organic” indicate 95% organic ingredients being used. The third label “made with organic ingredients” shows that a minimum of 70% of organic ingredients has been used.
There is immense scope for organic production of vegetable crops in India since the agricultural sector has enormous organic resources like crop residues, livestock and other bio-products from agro industries. Organic farming is growing at a rapid pace among Indian farmers and entrepreneurs, particularly in rainfed and hilly areas where fertilizer consumption is less than 25 kg/ha/year [13].
Market development, particularly domestic sector continues to be one of the biggest challenges in organic farming. Lack of infrastructural facilities for post production practices also poses a challenge as it sets a constraint in meeting the organic standards. Similarly the cost involved in certification process and the extensive documentation procedure is a major setback.
Organic agriculture is growing in many countries where there is self sufficiency in vegetable production. On the contrary in economically backward and developing world, feeding the population with adequate growing of vegetable assumes first priority.
The impediment to adopting organic cultivation practices in vegetable crops is the higher input cost. However, considering the environmental concerns and long-term sustainability of organic farming, the worthiness of the added costs has to be educated among the producers and entrepreneurs.
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\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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In addition, biostimulants applied to plants enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and/or plant quality traits, regardless of its nutrient contents. Several researches have been developed in order to evaluate the biostimulants in improving plant development subjected to stresses, saline environment, and development of seedlings, among others. Furthermore, various raw materials have been used in biostimulant compositions, such as humic acids, hormones, algae extracts, and plant growth-promoting bacteria. In this sense, this chapter aims to approach the use of biostimulants in plant growth according to the raw material used in their compositions as well as their effects on plants subjected to abiotic stresses.",book:{id:"8954",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Ana Carolina Feitosa de Vasconcelos and Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves",authors:null},{id:"32894",doi:"10.5772/27308",title:"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Some Plant Extracts",slug:"antimicrobial-and-antioxidant-activities-of-some-plant-extracts",totalDownloads:7076,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"1958",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Elita Scio, Renata F. 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In small concentrations, these substances are efficient, favoring the good performance of the plant’s vital processes, and allowing high yields and good quality products. In addition, biostimulants applied to plants enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and/or plant quality traits, regardless of its nutrient contents. Several researches have been developed in order to evaluate the biostimulants in improving plant development subjected to stresses, saline environment, and development of seedlings, among others. Furthermore, various raw materials have been used in biostimulant compositions, such as humic acids, hormones, algae extracts, and plant growth-promoting bacteria. In this sense, this chapter aims to approach the use of biostimulants in plant growth according to the raw material used in their compositions as well as their effects on plants subjected to abiotic stresses.",book:{id:"8954",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Ana Carolina Feitosa de Vasconcelos and Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves",authors:null},{id:"69577",title:"Role of Fungi in Agriculture",slug:"role-of-fungi-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:1635,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Fungi are a group of eukaryotic organisms and source of food, organic acids, alcohol, antibiotics, growth-promoting substances, enzymes, and amino acids. They include microorganisms like molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. They live on dead or living plants or animals’ tissue. Fungi are very different from other living organisms; they are the primary decomposers of substances in the ecological system. Fungi are tremendous decomposer of organic waste material and most readily attack cellulose, lignins, gums, and other organic complex substances. Fungi can act also under a wide range of soil reaction from acidic to alkaline soil reactions. Fungi conjointly play a basic role in different physiological processes as well as mineral and water uptake, chemical change, stomatal movement, and biosynthesis of compounds termed biostimulants, auxins, lignan, and ethylene to enhance the flexibility of plants to ascertain and cope environmental stresses like drought, salinity, heat, cold, and significant metals.",book:{id:"8954",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj and Murugaragavan Ramasamy",authors:[{id:"280193",title:"Dr.",name:"Muthuraman",middleName:null,surname:"Yuvaraj",slug:"muthuraman-yuvaraj",fullName:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj"},{id:"289410",title:"Dr.",name:"Murugaragavan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"murugaragavan-ramasamy",fullName:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy"}]},{id:"62653",title:"Phytochemical Composition: Antioxidant Potential and Biological Activities of Corn",slug:"phytochemical-composition-antioxidant-potential-and-biological-activities-of-corn",totalDownloads:2206,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Corn seeds are used as a nutritional source for humans, and the stem and leaves are utilized as fodder for cattle throughout the world. Corn silk and corn cob are usually discarded as waste. This chapter highlights the nutritional as well as medicinal importance of various parts of corn plant. All parts of corn plant are good source of a variety of bioactive phytochemical compounds which possess antioxidant potential. The principal phytochemicals present in corn seed and corn silk include polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, glycosides, carotenoids, and polysaccharides of biological importance, reducing compounds and some water-soluble vitamins. The presence of these phytochemicals makes corn a medicinal plant which shows various biological activities particularly the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antiproliferative, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and renal-protective activities. On the account of its high antioxidant potential, all parts of corn plant can be used for the management of oxidative stress and the treatment of various diseases.",book:{id:"7206",slug:"corn-production-and-human-health-in-changing-climate",title:"Corn",fullTitle:"Corn - Production and Human Health in Changing Climate"},signatures:"Haq Nawaz, Saima Muzaffar, Momna Aslam and Shakeel Ahmad",authors:[{id:"230900",title:"Mr.",name:"Haq",middleName:null,surname:"Nawaz",slug:"haq-nawaz",fullName:"Haq Nawaz"},{id:"244066",title:"Prof.",name:"Saima",middleName:null,surname:"Muzaffar",slug:"saima-muzaffar",fullName:"Saima Muzaffar"},{id:"263041",title:"Ms.",name:"Momna",middleName:null,surname:"Aslam",slug:"momna-aslam",fullName:"Momna Aslam"},{id:"263042",title:"Dr.",name:"Shakeel",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"shakeel-ahmad",fullName:"Shakeel Ahmad"}]},{id:"70950",title:"Role of Biofertilizers in Plant Growth and Soil Health",slug:"role-of-biofertilizers-in-plant-growth-and-soil-health",totalDownloads:1434,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Biofertilizers nowadays have been realised for shifting fortunes in agriculture. It has been proven successful technology in many developed countries while in developing countries exploitation of bioinoculants is hampered by several factors. Scientific knowledge on bioinoculants and its usage will pave way for its effective usage. At the same time overlooking the significance of ensuring and maintaining a high quality standard of the product will have negative impact. Hence a proper knowledge of bioinoculants and its functioning will pave way to tape the resources in a better way. Thus the chapter provide overview knowledge about different bacterial, fungal and algal biofertilizers, its associations with plants and transformations of nutrients in soil. Adopting a rational approach to the use and management of microbial fertilizers in sustainable agriculture thrive vast potential for the future.",book:{id:"8004",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation"},signatures:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy, T. Geetha and M. Yuvaraj",authors:[{id:"289410",title:"Dr.",name:"Murugaragavan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"murugaragavan-ramasamy",fullName:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy"}]},{id:"67454",title:"Nitrogen Fertilization I: Impact on Crop, Soil, and Environment",slug:"nitrogen-fertilization-i-impact-on-crop-soil-and-environment",totalDownloads:1613,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Nitrogen (N) is a major limiting nutrient to sustain crop yields and quality. As a result, N fertilizer is usually applied in large quantity to increase crop production throughout the world. Application of N fertilizers has increased crop yields and resulted in achievement of self-sufficiency in food production in many developing countries. Excessive application of N fertilizers beyond crops’ demand, however, has resulted in undesirable consequences of degradation in soil, water, and air quality. These include soil acidification, N leaching in groundwater, and emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Long-term application of ammonia-based N fertilizers, such as urea, has increased soil acidity which rendered to soil infertility where crops fail to respond with further application of N fertilizers. Another problem is the groundwater contamination of nitrate-N (NO3-N) which can be a health hazard to human and livestock if its concentration goes above 10 mg L−1 in drinking water. The third problem is emissions of N2O gas which is 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide in terms of global warming potential. This chapter examines the effect of N fertilization on soil and environmental quality and crop yields.",book:{id:"8004",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation"},signatures:"Upendra M. Sainju, Rajan Ghimire and Gautam P. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 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