\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7998",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Cotton Research",title:"Advances in Cotton Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Advances in Cotton Research is an interdisciplinary book dealing with diverse topics related to recent developments in cotton improvement. It discusses the latest research in the field of Bt cotton, abiotic stress, strategies to combat various abiotic stresses, the potential use of cotton biomass for bioenergy production as well as factors influencing cotton spinning. This book provides advanced knowledge for cotton breeders, researchers in related fields, students, life science researchers, and interested readers.",isbn:"978-1-78984-354-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-353-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-311-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77828",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"advances-in-cotton-research",numberOfPages:84,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1314df548efed081946065c425eb56b7",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7998.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3950,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:22,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 15th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 31st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 18th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185476/images/system/185476.jpg",biography:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Molecular Biology at the Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, GC University – Faisalabad, Pakistan. He received his BSc (Hons) in Plant Breeding and Genetics from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, in 2003. He obtained an MPhil and Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from the National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Lahore, Pakistan, in 2006 and 2011, respectively. He has published more than eighty papers in international peer-reviewed journals in the fields of molecular biology, biotechnology, and bioinformatics. He has also published more than fifteen book chapters and edited four books. His research interest is to understand the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance in plants. He has been involved in the genetic modification of rice and cotton, their greenhouse and field testing, as well as biosafety studies. He is a member of various national and international professional societies.",institutionString:"Government College University, Faisalabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"68654",title:"Introductory Chapter: Recent Trends in “Cotton Research”",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88776",slug:"introductory-chapter-recent-trends-in-cotton-research-",totalDownloads:681,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Parwasha Zaib, Muhammad Iqbal, Roshina Shahzadi, Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad, Bilal Rasool, Shahbaz Ali Khan and Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68654",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68654",authors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"},{id:"252872",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Iqbal",slug:"muhammad-iqbal",fullName:"Muhammad Iqbal"},{id:"291187",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Hafiz",surname:"Muhammad Ahmad",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-ahmad",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad"},{id:"306496",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",surname:"Rasool",slug:"bilal-rasool",fullName:"Bilal Rasool"},{id:"309845",title:"Dr.",name:"Parwsha",surname:"Zaib",slug:"parwsha-zaib",fullName:"Parwsha Zaib"},{id:"309846",title:"Dr.",name:"Roshina",surname:"Shahzadi",slug:"roshina-shahzadi",fullName:"Roshina Shahzadi"},{id:"309847",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",surname:"Rasool",slug:"bilal-rasool",fullName:"Bilal Rasool"}],corrections:null},{id:"67955",title:"Tritrophic Association between Bt Cotton, Arthropod Pest and Natural Enemies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85214",slug:"tritrophic-association-between-bt-cotton-arthropod-pest-and-natural-enemies",totalDownloads:715,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Benefits and harmful effects of Bt adoption technology are mainly related with cotton production where lot of insecticides are needed for management of arthropod herbivory and possible negative impact of crystalline Bt protein on parasitoids and predators is real. Therefore, current review information was focused that Bt should be selective for natural enemies and information was collected from different sources especially CAB abstracts as well as citations from many review articles and books. Usefulness of integrated pest management was highlighted with updated literature to cover the contents.",signatures:"Muhammad Rafiq Shahid, Muhammad Shakeel, Muhammad Farooq, Saghir Ahmad and Abid Mahmood",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67955",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67955",authors:[{id:"250521",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Farooq",slug:"muhammad-farooq",fullName:"Muhammad Farooq"},{id:"281663",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Rafiq",surname:"Shahid",slug:"muhammad-rafiq-shahid",fullName:"Muhammad Rafiq Shahid"},{id:"281741",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Shakeel",slug:"muhammad-shakeel",fullName:"Muhammad Shakeel"},{id:"281743",title:"Dr.",name:"Saghir",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"saghir-ahmad",fullName:"Saghir Ahmad"},{id:"281744",title:"Dr.",name:"Abid",surname:"Mahmood",slug:"abid-mahmood",fullName:"Abid Mahmood"}],corrections:null},{id:"70454",title:"Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cotton",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89622",slug:"abiotic-stress-tolerance-in-cotton",totalDownloads:894,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a vital fiber crop that is being cultivated under diverse climatic conditions across the globe. The demand for cotton and its by-products is increasing day by day due to more consumption of this fiber in the textile industry and the utilization of cotton seed as a source of edible oil. However, the average seed cotton yield in the world is below that of the potential yield of cultivars. The factors responsible for low yield includes shortage of approved seed, pest and disease attack, weed infestation, unwise use of nutrients, and the incidence of abiotic stresses (including drought, heat, and salinity). Among these, the abiotic stresses are a single major factor, which is responsible for reducing the yield now and will affect the productivity of cotton in future. In this scenario, it is necessary to adopt ways to improve the tolerance of cotton against abiotic stresses. The strategies for improving tolerance against abiotic stresses may include the wise use of macro- and micronutrients, the use of osmoprotectants, the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and the plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria.",signatures:"Aamir Hassan, Muhammad Ijaz, Abdul Sattar, Ahmad Sher, Sami-Ullah, Iqra Rasheed, Muhammad Zain Saleem and Ijaz Hussain",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70454",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70454",authors:[{id:"293772",title:"Mr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Hassan",slug:"aamir-hassan",fullName:"Aamir Hassan"},{id:"315028",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"68053",title:"Bioenergy Recovery from Cotton Stalk",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88005",slug:"bioenergy-recovery-from-cotton-stalk",totalDownloads:1140,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cotton stalk (CS) plant residue left in the field following harvest must be buried or burned to prevent it from serving as an overwintering site for insects such as the pink bollworm (PBW). This pest incurs economic costs and detrimental environmental effects. However, CS contains lignin and carbohydrates, like cellulose and hemicelluloses, which can be converted into a variety of usable forms of energy. Thermochemical or biochemical processes are considered technologically advantageous solutions. This chapter reviews potential energy generation from cotton stalks through combustion, hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion technologies, focusing on the most relevant technologies and on the properties of the different products. The chapter is concluded with some comments on the future potential of these processes.",signatures:"Rafat Al Afif, Christoph Pfeifer and Tobias Pröll",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68053",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68053",authors:[{id:"291898",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rafat",surname:"Al Afif",slug:"rafat-al-afif",fullName:"Rafat Al Afif"},{id:"291903",title:"Prof.",name:"Christoph",surname:"Pfeifer",slug:"christoph-pfeifer",fullName:"Christoph Pfeifer"},{id:"291904",title:"Prof.",name:"Tobias",surname:"Pröll",slug:"tobias-proll",fullName:"Tobias Pröll"}],corrections:null},{id:"71002",title:"Analyzing Chemical and Physical Variations in Selected Cotton Wires at Ambient Temperatures and Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86012",slug:"analyzing-chemical-and-physical-variations-in-selected-cotton-wires-at-ambient-temperatures-and-cond",totalDownloads:520,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cotton, a hydrophilic textile fiber, has unstable characteristics and, for this reason, it varies its properties according to the environmental changes. Moisture and temperature are the two most important factors that lead a cotton spinning sector and influence its quality. Those two properties can change the entire spinning process. Understanding this, moisture and temperature must be kept under control during the spinning process; once the environment is hot and dry, the cotton yarns absorb moisture and lose the minimal consistency. According to this information, this chapter was developed testing four types of cotton yarns, one kind of cotton from Brazil and the others from Egypt. The yarns were exposed to different temperatures and moisture in five different tests, and in each test, six samples were examined through physical and mechanical tests: resistance, strength, tenacity, yarn’s hairiness, yarn’s evenness, and yarn’s twisting. All the analyses were accomplished at Laboratório de Mecânica dos Fluidos and at COATS Corrente S.A., where it was possible to use the equipment which were fundamental to development of this chapter, such as the STATIMAT ME, which measures strength, tenacity; Zweigler G566, which measure hairiness in the yarn; a skein machine; and a twisting machine. The analyses revealed alterations in the yarn’s characteristics in a direct way; for example, as moisture and temperature were increased, the yarn’s strength, tenacity, and hairiness were increased as well. Having the results of all analyses, it is possible to say that with a relatively low temperature and high humidity, cotton yarns have the best performance.",signatures:"Clara Silvestre de Souza and José U.L. Mendes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71002",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71002",authors:[{id:"287757",title:"Dr.",name:"Clara",surname:"Silvestre",slug:"clara-silvestre",fullName:"Clara Silvestre"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6635",title:"Protein-Protein Interaction Assays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1bed553d74f0565c89758a7159647634",slug:"protein-protein-interaction-assays",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6635.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6277",title:"Physical Methods for Stimulation of Plant and Mushroom Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33dff71e3489403e273057ae36bd0dbd",slug:"physical-methods-for-stimulation-of-plant-and-mushroom-development",bookSignature:"Mohamed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6277.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. 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In this context, IIoT network, which is characterized by the unified network physical layer, the QoS constraints, the autonomous connection requirements, is considered one of the key issues. The rapid increase in data amounts with diverse QoS requirements [2] brings several challenges in order to meet the complex requirements, as well as resource and QoS requirements with high data rate and low latency. In fact, the advanced 5G technology has a significant potential to provide IIoT QoS satisfactory [3]. With their architectural approaches which are founded on a unified physical layer, addressing the diverging performance requirements in terms scalability and availability still a hot challenges topic. Today’s drastic digital transformations empowered by emerging technology like Edge Computing, Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), and LoRaWAN can bring smart services for network candidates [4]. Network slicing (NS) is the key solution that provides smart service’s connectivity with diverse QoS requirements. Using deep RL at each LoRa agent in the environment. Each agent considered to be a Deep Q-learning (DQL) brain interacts with the environment to find the best action on their parameters that brings the best reward. In addition, it introduces the FL approach to provide better RL based action on each agent, to maximize QoS, and hence throughput revenue. However, NS provides the network availability as a service following the slice instances exploiting NFV and SDN [5]. In this context, a Mini Batch GD and GMM framework is proposed in [7] to provides radio resources for the virtual slice member. In addition, a LoRa network slicing technique based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation proposed, in [6], to allocate network resources in inter and intra mode. Meanwhile, recently supervised learning approach-based resource allocation is also proposed to manage network resources, but due to the training data unavailability or the high computational training process, are not appropriate for large-scale network and cannot satisfy dynamic slices requirements.
RL technique can improve efficient resource management by interacting with the environment, in which Q-learning is the widely used. The RL agent learns the association between taken action and the received feedback in terms of reward. It follows a policy, which is updated according to the maximized revenue via several action series. Therefore, high-quality policies building in a centralized network architecture faces a major challenge, especially when the space of state features is restricted. To deal with these issues, Federated Learning (FL) has been suggested as a decentralized tool for machine learning, which is designed to be a global learning system. In this context, the aim of this work is to propose a deep federated reinforcement learning (DFRL), to equip the slice member with the required channel resources, by tuning LoRa TP and SF parameters [8].
The leftover of this chapter is organized in six sections. Section 2 presents the related work of this chapter. In Section 3, we give a brief overview on the Industrial IoT, the federated learning, and the network slicing. We highlight, in Section 5, the proposed slicing architecture and the system model. After that, in Section 6, the relation between wireless sensor network (WSN) and the IIoT is well highlighted. Next, the proposed slicing resource reservation-based DFRL framework is presented in Section 6. Section 7 evaluates the simulation results. Finally, Section 8 concludes the chapter.
Recently, several articles have investigated the many challenges typical of the network slicing approach. In particular, in [9] the authors propose an online auction algorithm to realize a resource allocation framework, capable of guaranteeing the diversity of services to users and high levels of social welfare. Differently, the work in [10] deals with a new resource allocation framework to automatically and automatically size the capacity and size of network slices. In this chapter, resource partitioning is done based on both available network bandwidth and LoRa configurations parameters resulting in an optimal trade-off between traffic and network aspects. The authors of [11] focus on the design and implementation of a dynamic slicing sharing system to ensure minimum user throughput requirements. Therefore, it addresses three sub-issues: admission control, resource allocation, and user abandonment issues. The contextualization of the placement of VNFs to the network slicing problem is presented in [12], where, in particular, the topological information of the network is exploited to provide an appropriate deployment of functions, with regard to different service classes. Moreover, the placement problem of VNFs has also been addressed in [13], which considers the function decomposition and the sub-functions sharing, a profitable heuristic algorithm is proposed based on Linear integer programming formulation of the VNF placement problem. Further, in the work [14], a formulation of mixed integer linear program is exploited to process the number identification of VNFs to use, which aims to meet specific service requirements. To solve the placing VNFs problem in a federated cloud, the coalition formation game is proposed in [14]. Alternatively, a Pareto analysis of the VNF placement problem is the subject of [15]. In [16], a network partitioning policy is developed to take into account the social well-being and the supplier profit of the network. Finally, special cases for the VNF placement problem are discussed and analyzed in [17].
The problem of bandwidth slicing in software-defined networks is studied in [18], where price spikes are exploited to indicate the presence of traffic spikes and network congestion. This work provides a time-based price analysis combined with a Stackelberg game, in which the gain of SP Internet is the gain of income. In a different way, the work cited in [19] studies the correlation between the network slices size and the resource pricing strategy. In addition, an algorithm to vary the prices is proposed by the authors in [19], with the aim of maximizing both the customer profit and the SP. Although FL has not been used in the field of network slicing research, FL has recently reached attention and several papers have presented its use, the methods cited in [20, 21] being prime examples of’such a branch of literature. In [20], a new aggregation data scheme for wireless computation is proposed. The strategy exploits the signal overlay property of the wireless channels. Differently, articles [22, 20] focus on maximizing the number of devices involved in the aggregation process, also taking into account the minimization of aggregation error. Thus, it contextualize the FL in an MEC system and apply the distributed gradient descent method to identify the best compromise between local updates and global aggregations, aiming to minimize the loss function, in taking into account certain resource constraints. Likewise, the article in [21] analyzes the MEC environment and presents the application of hybrid filtering on stacked encoders to predict fluctuation in file popularity in the content caching problem. Moreover, the article cited [23] modifies the proposed, federated averaging algorithm with the stochastic gradient descent algorithm, to train the data in a distributed way, thus reducing communication costs. The multitasking learning problem is studied in the work cited in [24], authors proposed a new Mocha contextual optimization approach that used in combination with the FL system. The work cited in [25] analyzed the End-to-end delay in a blockchain framework, in which an FL blockchain structure is developed to perform a distributed consensus strategy. In order to improve the transmission and computational costs in a hybrid IoT-MEC network, authors in [26] proposed to use the FL powered by the multiple deep reinforcement learning agents. In addition, ultra-dense scenarios are also considered in [27], where an approach based on the technique of deep learning of short-term long-term memory is applied to forecast local network traffic in order to avoid congestion.
This chapter aims to address the problem of network slicing using deep federated RL at each LoRa agent in the environment. Each agent considered to be a Deep Q-learning (DQL) brain interacts with the environment to find the best action on their parameters that brings the best reward. In addition, it introduces the FL approach to provide better RL-based action on each agent, to maximize QoS, and hence throughput revenue.
The development and evolution of modern information and communication technologies lead us to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, in which the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is supposed to be one of the key aspects to realize the industry 4.0. With an unprecedented increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and emerging applications, a large amount of traffic is created every day. Such an increase represents a heavy load on the Internet network and also requires significant investments for the upgrade of the infrastructure. However, with the development of big data analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML), the data collected can be effectively exploited for many purposes. From a communication point of view, the last few years have seen the emergence of AI applications in various fields. For example, ML is used to study efficient antenna selection in multi-antenna wireless systems [28], DL is used to handle the computational offload problem in IoT systems with edge computing [29], and Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is used to optimize resource allocation issues at the edge of the network, such as traffic classification, edge caching, network security, and data offload [30]. However, conventional AI models generally require central processing of the data collected from all users on the network, i.e. users have to upload their own data to a central server to train the learning model. However, a key concern with central learning is data privacy, i.e., some users want to keep track of their local data and do not want to transmit their local data to the central server. Training the learning model centrally requires a central cloud with extremely powerful compute and storage capabilities. Meanwhile, recent advancements in computer hardware and the proliferation of smart devices in our daily lives have shown that every IoT device can be equipped with reasonable levels of compute and storage, which is closely comparable to a desktop computer there was. is 10 years old [31]. Therefore, the standard ML model is not easily applicable to large scale IoT networks and cannot exploit the availability of distributed computing. This requires a new learning model that leaves training data distributed across individual IoT devices instead of being centralized.
Motivated by this problem, Google invented the concept of federated learning (FL) for on-device learning and data privacy preservation [32]. Using the FL approach, each IoT device can train its model based on locally collected data. Local data from IoT devices does not need to be sent to the centralized cloud. The centralized cloud only needs to collect the updated local training model from individual users. Due to its characteristics, FL has been adopted in many applications, for example FL for improving Google keyboard suggestions [33], FL for healthcare [34], and FL for smart city detection [35]. To illustrate the concept of FL, an overview of FL in IoT systems is shown in Figure 1. In general, each IoT device has its own set of data and the aggregation server can either be located at the edge of the network or in a virtual cloud in the remote cloud computing system [36]. Each FL model has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending on various factors. For example, FL with the server at the edge of the network is suitable for applications requiring low latency, location awareness and contextual information on the network while cloud-based FL is suitable for applications with IoT devices massive over multiple regions and computing power requirements/storage capacities.
An overview of FL in IoT systems.
Recently, the integration of DL models with IoT and edge devices has become more popular, which provides real-time analytics with limited resources [60]. Thus, Federated DL (FDL) allows Industry 4.0 companies to integrate DL into IoT devices and provides a secure framework using FL, as shown in Figure 2. DL is computationally expensive, which requires resources and an expensive framework. Thus, the decentralization of DL models is a multidimensional problem that requires a framework of new technologies to integrate DL with advanced computing and the IIoT. The main goal of FDL is to provide the IIoT with advanced capabilities using optimized DL that would turn Industry 4.0 factories into smart factories. Some of the parameters required to create the FDL model in IIoT are the FDL model, FDL networking, FDL security, and FDL optimization.
Federated DL in IIoT.
An FDL model can be implemented on both client side and server side. On the client side, private networks are defined, the DL model of which is tuned and optimized from the general model present in the cloud. Optimized and fitted models are then deployed on the client side, where the model is trained with data generated locally from the end device. Finally, the final device contains a highly quantized and compressed FDL model. On the server side, the model in the cloud is continuously updated by differentially integrating the gradients of each private network. Each local DL network in turn is responsible for continuously uploading and uploading the currently updated gradients to the cloud model. Thus, a distributed selective stochastic gradient descent approach is presented in [37] which can be applied in the cloud model to frequently update the local private model. The first decentralized model called”Model chain” uses blockchain technology [38, 39] to allow the preservation of confidentiality in the transfer of data. In addition to this, asynchronous stochastic gradient descent can also be used when a single model can be trained in parallel among all devices, aggregated and processed.
Regarding FDL communication and networking, is that the main benefit of using FDL is to run DL models in IoT devices and involve the model in the decision making process. This type of decentralized DL process improves the robustness, operational efficiency and reliability of IoT devices. FDL provides two types of communication, namely intra-communication channel and inter-communication channel. Train transmits data between all levels of the framework. FDL communicates between the IoT and the cloud tier where the cloud-optimized model is deployed on the end device. However, security and confidentiality must be maintained in the FDL during communication. In inter communication channels, the components of each layer communicate with each other in three different ways, such as cloud, edge, and end device. The main objective of FDL is to minimize intra-communication and to maximize inter-communication, which would greatly reduce the cost of communication. By the way, to maintain privacy and security, FDL builds DL models that do not expose information about the data to the cloud. Security issue on the server side includes sharing of DL models on the cloud that leads to confidentiality and security risk. Security issue on the client side is done by encrypting the data during the training process before sending it to the cloud server. Some mechanisms and homomorphic encryption technique controls the amount of data to be shared on the cloud. Since peripherals have limited memory and computational requirements, DL models must be optimized so that they can be deployed to IoT or peripherals efficiently. In terms of hardware optimization, the GPU provides low-power computation that reduces computation time. The FPGA and Google’s Tensor Processing Unit [40] are other DL devices that enhance DL network processing. In terms of memory optimization, algorithms such as shared memory allocation algorithms for DL models can be used. Dynamic scheduling [41] is one of the main processes used to improve performance on a cloud server.
At the heart of the IIoT are the WSNs, that include of multi-functional nodes, low-cost, along with sensing, have both communication and processing capabilities. In order to communicate wirelessly over short distances, these little, inexpensive sensor nodes have built-in transceivers and processors. They are densely exploited in an area of interest to collect sensory data, by coordinating and collaboratively exchanging information by training ad hoc wireless networks. Due to the small size and the batteries use, Sensor nodes are limited in processing, communication, and power. A unique feature of WSNs is their network processing attribute, whereby sensor nodes do not send raw sense data directly to the gateway but merge it locally to make it more consistent and save significant communication costs. Their application field is multiple and they are now ubiquitous components of intelligent environments, due to their unique attributes. Their various area of application covers home, surveillance, military, smart city, patient health monitoring, automation, etc. WSNs are used in telehealth applications in patient healthcare monitoring scenarios. As example, to monitor patients with chronic diseases and regularly check their various parameters such as heart rate, blood sugar and send this information wirelessly to a doctor remotely for further diagnosis. In order to help the elderly and disabled in their daily tasks, the WSNs are also used.
Indeed, they have seen major deployments in a diversity of applications, including agriculture, industrial process automation and control, transportation, and supply chain management over the past decades. Due to their ubiquitous presence and considering the potential benefits of these networks, such as simple deployment, cheap installation cost, no cabling cost, less complexity and mobility, they are increasingly used. in IIoT applications, which gave rise to IWSNs. WSNs can be used in an IIoT environment such as automation and control, process monitoring, and safety and emergency applications. In automation and process control applications, several tasks may require active nodes named actuators, which have the capability to act autonomously on the physical environment based on the detected measurements. For example, in the automation and control of feedback-based chemical processes, sensors measure temperature; if the temperature crosses a certain threshold value, they inform the actuators to reduce the temperature to a desired value so that the process remains in a stable state. Such applications place strict constraints on low latency and reliability because the sensor measurements must reach the actuator in a timely and reliable manner in order for the valve control action to be performed on time [42].
Today’s sensor nodes have more processing power, longer battery life and memory, due to recent technological improvements compared to the first resource-constrained sensor nodes. This allowed them to be used in IIoT applications and resulted in IWSN. IWSN makes processes independent and autonomous, especially in difficult areas, to get actuation and control information, sensory. Sensor nodes in the WSN field detect process variables (e.g. temperature, pressure, etc.) and pass them to the well or gateway. The sink then passes it to the process controller whose job is to control the process variable under some required value. The receiver is responsible for the sensor network management and is controlled and managed by the host application management. The Network and Security Manager is responsible for entire network monitoring and ensuring security against attacks. Therefore, WSN has the potential to improve production processes and quality of products without compromising the IIoT QoS. Actuation and control, and sensing, are also imperative in majority industrial applications. In these applications, the sensors detect the data and the actuators act on the data based on certain control decisions made by the process controller.
To implement FL’s full potential in IIoT and IWSN, there are still several fundamental challenges that need to be addressed. In this section, we describe the challenges followed by very promising opportunities to meet those challenges.
Indeed, the FL deployment on IIoT and IWSN networks relies deeply on the computational resources and memory of edge devices. Consequently, people often focus only on the IoT devices capabilities to gather data while ignoring their limited memory and compute resources, which makes it hard for most IoT and sensor devices to finish local computation with massive data or sophisticated models. In order to address this challenge, lightweight AI techniques have been explored, which can be implemented in resource-constrained FL-IoT and WSN environments, such as improved resource management approaches to accelerate FL training on devices.
In the multi-device settings, participants under the FL framework have various system resources, such as compute and memory resources. As the trend in machine learning is for larger and deeper models, the hardware heterogeneity within the IIoT and IWSN systems pose several challenges for the FL structure. They could easily train large models as devices with powerful memory and computing resources while other devices with limited resources could only train smaller models. Reader speed will also vary across devices, even for the same model size, which can trigger the problem of asynchronous communication discussed above. Due to the availability of the resources, an FL framework for IIoT and IWSN should provide a graceful adaptation of data and compute load on diverse devices.
Communication overload is considered to be one of the main challenges in FL-based IIoT and IWSN environments. Currently, most IoT and WSN devices communicate using wireless networks that have a much lower bandwidth than the wired network bandwidth. As more and more devices join the system, the communication problem arises when the clients have different resource allocations. The limited network bandwidth not only makes the communication between clients and the server inefficient, but also triggers the presence of late clients, which fail to share their local update with the server during the communication cycle. To meet this challenge, some key ideas can be used, such as decentralized training, data compression and participant selection.
The IoT devices prevalence also poses an attractive target in the real-world deployment for adversaries seeking to launch attacks, such as identity theft, phishing, and distributed denial of service (DDoS). Many IoT and ISN devices do not have the compute resources to do so, although these attacks can be easily defended by installing security patches. It is critical for the IIoT andd IWSN systems to detect the malicious or broken IoT devices that will ruin the model training with limited resource. To address this challenge, one of the promising directions is to implement a lightweight security protocol in the IIoT andd IWSN systems for the detection of broken and malicious devices.
Undeniably, the IIoT and IWSN ecosystems continue to evolve at a breakneck pace, exceeding all growth expectations and ubiquity barriers. From sensor to cloud, this giant network keeps breaking technological bounds in several domains, and wireless sensor nodes are expected to be predominant as the number of IoT devices grows toward the trillions to connect the unconnected world and things. However, their future in the IIoT and IWSN ecosystems still seems foggy, where several challenges, such as device’s connectivity, artificial intelligence (AI) at the edge, security and privacy concerns, growing energy needs, the right technologies to be used and keep pulling in opposite directions. To address these issues, which are caused by the complexity and variability of the environment, advanced computing related technologies are widely applied. However, the edge computing is limited by cost, volume, power consumption, and other conditions, so the capacity of edge computing cannot be fully exploited. So that edge computing fully exploits its characteristics of flexible management, federated and collaborative execution and heterogeneous environment, the reconfigurable real-time computer system based on FPGA SoC is strongly recommended. The system, as depicted in Figure 3 can be built in real time as needed, by the characteristics of the FPGA SoC, including its reconfigurability, partial and total and precise clock control.
Reconfigurable edge computing system based on FPGA SoC.
A multi-threaded huge number, computing requirements, and parallel heterogeneous data processing are persistently proposed in many environments of manufacturing. However, depending on the multi-environment’s requirements with different multiple tasks and several scenes, a single algorithm can no longer face the requirements so that numerous complicated tasks require the algorithm to be reconfigured and replaced. Without a doubt, the FPGA employment gratifies this multitude of requirements. However, it can rebuild the logic of the chip by means of configuration and reconfiguration of the resources inside the chip to form hardware with different functions by means of software. Therefore, in addition to the programmability and flexibility of the software, the FPGA also exhibits high throughput, low power, and low latency characteristics. In addition, due to its rich In-Output, FPGA SoCs are also very relevant for use On-chip protocols applications and interface conversion. The main benefits from employing FPGA for the edge computing are as follows:
A constant throughput can be provided by the FPGA with a constant load size-based application, so that can integrate multiple service requests from several sensors in the IoT.
Large-scale temporal and spatial parallelism is provided by the FPGA with fine granularity, so that ensures a high concurrency and high dependency algorithm with high acceleration performance.
Compared with the processor, the FPGA has the lower power consumption and faster computing speed, which can provide the stability and lower task energy consumption.
The 5G network infrastructure design should focus on attentive consideration of software control, hardware infrastructure, and interconnection between them. In this context, we consider a network slicing architecture consisting of a set of IIoT slices
Deep federated RL-based network slicing architecture.
This slice set
where
however,
We assume that agents, by sharing its self models based on the Q-network experiences, collaborate to receive global rewards from the federated orchestrator. While the orchestrator collects these models to builds a global network model that provides an optimal actions, on LoRa parameters, that maximize QoS revenue [43, 44].
The considered network consists of two agents, called as agent
where
At this stage, the Mean Square Error (MSE), is defined for agents
while
Training and testing phases.
The proposed framework has been implemented in Python language using TensorFlow-gpu package on Intel Xeon E5-2620 v4 2x 8-Core with 64 GB RAM. Also, the NVIDIA GK110BGL [Tesla K40c] is used to improve speed during the training phase.
We provide, in this section, the mean percentage of Packet Loss Rate (PLR) for IIoT devices, as denoted in Figures 6–8, and compare it to the PLR within MBGD scheme [7].
PLR of UCLE.
PLR of HCLE.
PLR of LCLE.
However, by increasing the devices, PLR will increase subsequently. This return to the data rate, that when increase, the number of successful transmitted packet increase accordingly. While it is not the case when throughput is low. We remark also, in Figures 6–8, that UCLE and HCLE slices have a reduced PLR compared to LCLE. However, this due to the reliability and efficiency constraints dedicated for this slice which is not the case in LCLE slice that consider only the load. Compared with the slice results using the MBGD technique, we could obviously note the efficiency of the proposed federated scheme in supporting dynamic slicing strategy by reducing PLR over than 9
This prospective chapter presents a future outlook on low-end motes in the IIoT and IWSN eras. Following a detailed discussion of the trends and challenges posed by the IIoT and IWSN paradigm to low-end devices, it discusses how modern reconfigurable platforms are the perfect candidate to meet the ever-evolving industrial environments. Indeed, in this chapter, we proposed a federated network slicing based on deep reinforcement learning techniques for channels and bandwidth management based LoRa promising technology that meet IIoT and IWSN network service requirements based on the SDN, NFV, network slicing, and deep reinforcement learning techniques. Each LoRa GW plays an agent role, in the environment, and profits from the learning experience provided by the other coexist agents via the global federated model.
In the case of future studies, this chapter introduced comprehensive review and several research lines, especially one attractive future line is related to the integration of FPGA SoC at the edge to build a smart factory as well as IIoT and IWSN environments with environmentally friendly capabilities and functionalities. In addition, future research is needed to fully embrace cloud services and new ways of connectivity in order to get the full benefits of the new Edge FPGA SoC technology.
J=1…j | IIoT network slices set |
K=1…k | LoRa gateways (agents) set |
I=1…i | IIoT devices set associated to each slice |
B=1…b | channel bandwidth set |
C=1…c | LoRa-GW’s channels set |
αi∈01,∀i∈Ij,k | device’s admission and association index to slice |
∀i∈Ij,k | device i assigned to slice j on gateway k |
TP | transmission power |
SF | spreading factor |
ϕi,∀i∈Ij,k | throughput of device i |
di,∀i∈Ij,k | delay of device i |
uQoSj,k | quality of service metric for slice j on GW k |
pit,∀i∈Ij,k | the power allocated for each device i |
uEEj,k | energy efficiency metric for slice j on GW k |
pir | the received power |
uRELj,k | reliability metric for slice j on GW k |
Urmj,k,∀k∈K,∀j∈J | the global slice utility revenues metric |
SATℛ | state, action, transition function, reward |
α and β | agent α and agent β |
γ | discount factor |
θα,θβ | DQL network parameters (weights) |
θg | DNN network parameters (weights) |
Dα,Dβ | reply memories to store transitions |
IoT | internet of things |
IIoT | industrial IoT |
IWSN | industrial wireless sensor network |
AI | artificial intelligence |
ML | machine learning |
DL | deep learning |
QoS | quality of service |
RL | reinforcement learning |
DRL | deep reinforcement learning |
FL | federated learning |
DFL | deep federated learning |
DFRL | deep federated reinforcement learning |
CPIToS | cyber-physical internet of thing systems |
5G | fifth generation network |
SDN | software defined network |
NFV | network function virtualization |
NS | network slicing |
DQL | deep Q-learning |
GD | gradient descent |
GMM | gaussian mixture model |
SP | service provide |
MEC | mobile edge computing |
GPU | graphic processor unit |
FPGA | field programmable gate array |
UCLE | ultra critical of latency and efficiency |
HCLE | high critical of latency and efficiency |
LCLE | low critical of latency and efficiency |
GW | gateway |
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',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
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Therefore, greenhouse gas emissions and contaminated effluent are environmental problem. The most of the governments in the world warn all the industrial sectors containing textile manufacturing to be careful about environmental pollution. Increasing in public awareness of environment and competitive global market forces the textile industry to manufacture textile products environmentally. Environmental pollution in textile wet processes can be reduced by four main ways. They are process optimization (reducing in water, chemical energy consumption, and time loss), use of ecofriendly chemicals, reuse of water, and new technologies like ozone and plasma technologies, transfer printing, enzymatic processes, etc. This chapter is about the use of ozone in the textile industry.",book:{id:"7431",slug:"textile-industry-and-environment",title:"Textile Industry and Environment",fullTitle:"Textile Industry and Environment"},signatures:"Ayşegül Körlü",authors:[{id:"255885",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşegül",middleName:null,surname:"Körlü",slug:"aysegul-korlu",fullName:"Ayşegül Körlü"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66213",title:"Utilization of Cotton Spinning Mill Wastes in Yarn Production",slug:"utilization-of-cotton-spinning-mill-wastes-in-yarn-production",totalDownloads:1862,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Efficient use of natural resources and utilization of recoverable wastes are getting more and more important day by day since recovering wastes have both economic and environmental benefits. As the source material costs constitute the majority of the yarn production costs, decreasing raw material costs provide considerable advantages for spinners. From the point of textile manufacturing, various production wastes can be reused in textile industry. In each step, from ginning (for cotton fibers) to end product formation, recyclable/recoverable waste materials are generated. However, mainly polyester products are recycled (r-PET) and used again in textile industry by 100% or in blends with other man-made or natural fibers. Compared to research on r-PET, recovered cotton fibers inspired interest recently. The main objective of this study is to fill the gap in the literature via investigating the properties of the yarns produced with recovered cotton wastes, generated in different sources. For this purpose, spinning mill waste types were selected. In this experimental study, different waste types (card waste, blowroom waste, and fabric waste) and blending ratios were used. As a conclusion, the effect of waste type and blend ratio on the physical and mechanical properties of the yarns and the fabrics, produced with virgin and waste cotton fibers, were analyzed.",book:{id:"7431",slug:"textile-industry-and-environment",title:"Textile Industry and Environment",fullTitle:"Textile Industry and Environment"},signatures:"Tuba Bedez Ute, Pinar Celik and Memik Bunyamin Uzumcu",authors:[{id:"292303",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:null,surname:"Celik",slug:"pinar-celik",fullName:"Pinar Celik"},{id:"292576",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuba",middleName:null,surname:"Bedez Ute",slug:"tuba-bedez-ute",fullName:"Tuba Bedez Ute"},{id:"292577",title:"Dr.",name:"Memik Bunyamin",middleName:null,surname:"Uzumcu",slug:"memik-bunyamin-uzumcu",fullName:"Memik Bunyamin Uzumcu"}]},{id:"65473",title:"Sustainable Production Methods in Textile Industry",slug:"sustainable-production-methods-in-textile-industry",totalDownloads:1903,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The textile industry is part of the industries that continuously harm the environment because of the high water consumption and the presence of various pollutants in the wastewater. Wastewater treatment is lacking or includes only physical treatment in underdeveloped and developing countries due to installation and operating costs of a treatment plant. As a result, a broad spectrum of hazardous and toxic substances, such as (azo) dyes, heavy metals, acids, soda, and aromatic hydrocarbons, pollute precious sources of clean water, in which untreated water is discharged. The main solution to this problem is to reduce the treatment cost. For this purpose, the process should be optimized to reduce the amount of water and chemicals. In this chapter, first studies on the reference document (BAT) referred by the European Council are reviewed. Minimizing production costs, obtaining high-quality products, and reducing the amount and the pollutant content of wastewater are complex problems that cannot be solved by the conventional optimization methods. Therefore, nonconventional optimization methods applied on the textile processes are also reviewed from the latest studies in the literature.",book:{id:"7431",slug:"textile-industry-and-environment",title:"Textile Industry and Environment",fullTitle:"Textile Industry and Environment"},signatures:"Miray Emreol Gönlügür",authors:[{id:"288485",title:"Dr.",name:"Miray",middleName:"Emreol",surname:"Gönlügür",slug:"miray-gonlugur",fullName:"Miray Gönlügür"}]},{id:"64003",title:"Chemical and Tinctorial Aspects Related to the Reuse of Effluents Treated by Ozonation in Dyeing Processes",slug:"chemical-and-tinctorial-aspects-related-to-the-reuse-of-effluents-treated-by-ozonation-in-dyeing-pro",totalDownloads:789,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to study the interactions that are established between inorganic auxiliaries and the by-products of contaminants present in effluents coming from dyeing operations during oxidation treatment processes using ozone, and the influence of auxiliaries and by-products on the behavior of dyes in subsequent dyeing processes using the treated water. Carrying the treatment until the complete elimination of the contaminants present in it is a very expensive operation. Because of this, it is chosen to discolor and reuse the spent dyebaths treated as many times as possible to take advantage of the water and the inorganic salts contained therein. The variable composition of the dyebaths involves kinetic aspects during the treatment, which is important to take into account in the design of the process. Various by-products are already generated from the beginning of the treatment, which will have an influence on the following stages of the same treatment process, as well as on the kinetics of the dyeing processes carried out using the treated water and on the results obtained in such dyeing processes. All this will depend on the chemical and dyeing class to which the dyes used during the subsequent dyeing processes belong.",book:{id:"7431",slug:"textile-industry-and-environment",title:"Textile Industry and Environment",fullTitle:"Textile Industry and Environment"},signatures:"Pablo Colindres Bonilla",authors:[{id:"259209",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Colindres Bonilla",slug:"pablo-colindres-bonilla",fullName:"Pablo Colindres Bonilla"}]},{id:"66171",title:"Phase Change Materials for Textile Application",slug:"phase-change-materials-for-textile-application",totalDownloads:1683,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to determine which of the existing PCM families are more suitable for textile thermoregulation while proposing new solutions. Indeed, many of these materials are either limited by their overall enthalpy of phase change or by their thermal window. Thus, it focuses on the study of binary mixing allowing the widening of the temperature range of the phase change and the consolidation of the enthalpy balance by adding chemical species. PCM was microencapsulated to be applied onto textile substrate, before studying the thermal properties.",book:{id:"7431",slug:"textile-industry-and-environment",title:"Textile Industry and Environment",fullTitle:"Textile Industry and Environment"},signatures:"Fabien Salaün",authors:[{id:"27644",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabien",middleName:null,surname:"Salaün",slug:"fabien-salaun",fullName:"Fabien Salaün"}]},{id:"22395",title:"Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treatment",slug:"textile-dyeing-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:61263,totalCrossrefCites:57,totalDimensionsCites:140,abstract:null,book:{id:"528",slug:"advances-in-treating-textile-effluent",title:"Advances in Treating Textile Effluent",fullTitle:"Advances in Treating Textile Effluent"},signatures:"Zongping Wang, Miaomiao Xue, Kai Huang and Zizheng Liu",authors:[{id:"48655",title:"Dr.",name:"Zongping",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zongping-wang",fullName:"Zongping Wang"},{id:"137783",title:"Prof.",name:"Miaomiao",middleName:null,surname:"Xue",slug:"miaomiao-xue",fullName:"Miaomiao Xue"},{id:"137784",title:"Prof.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"kai-huang",fullName:"Kai Huang"},{id:"137785",title:"Prof.",name:"Zizheng",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"zizheng-liu",fullName:"Zizheng Liu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1377",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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