The Green and Tull Computer Factor Dataset
\r\n\t
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His current position is the Head of Biopolymers & Nanobiotechnology Group at the Center of Excellence, National Research Center in Egypt. \nProf. Elnashar’s fields of interest are in the production of Nano to Macro Beads, Biopolymers Grafting, Immobilized Enzymes, Drug Delivery Systems, Nano Magnetic Particles, Diagnostic Kits (Immunology) and Water Purification.",institutionString:"Curtin University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Curtin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466998",firstName:"Dragan",lastName:"Miljak",middleName:"Anton",title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466998/images/21564_n.jpg",email:"dragan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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As the BSC is now in its second decade of use, there have been a number of articles suggesting that the BSC is in need of refocusing. Lusk, Halperin & Zhang (2006) and Van der Woerd, F. & Van den Brink (2004). This refocusing suggests two changes in the
Information Overload is particularly germane, because from the beginning of the Internet Era, management has succumbed to the irresistible temptation to collect too many financial performance variables due to the plethora of data sources offering simple downloads of hundreds of financial performance variables. For example, Standard &Poors™ and Bloomberg™, to mention a few, have data on thousands of organisations for hundreds of variables.
\n\t\t\tIn this study, we answer the call for refocusing the Financial Dimension of the BSC. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, as suggested by Lusk, Halperin& Zhang (2006) we addtwo market-oriented variables - the standard CAPM Market
This study is organized as follows:
\n\t\t\tFirst, we suggest a simple procedure for generating a “lean” i.e.,—parsimonious, variable characterisation of the firm’s financial profile and then use that lean or consolidated variable set as an input to a standard Delphi process.
Second, we present an empirical study to illustrate the lean BSC modelling system.
Lastly, we offer some concluding remarks as to use of our refined information set.
As an overview, as discussed above the BSC has been criticized as being “too endowed” with financial performance variables due to the convenience of downloading financial variables using the standard databases. Simply put, many of these financial variables are merely expressing the same firm process characterization but in a different variable voice. To deal with this “redundancy” issue, we are following the suggestion of Jones (2006) who recommends factor analysis, essentially based upon the standard Harmon (1960) Factor model [SHFM], as the best technique to develop non-overlapping categorizations of impact variables for risk assessment. His model forms the basis of the Information Risk Management module of the Certified Information Security Manager manual (2009, Ch 2).
\n\t\t\tThe essential idea is that factor analysis reduces the “over-endowed” variable space to its factor equivalent; this will achieve parsimony in the variable space and thus enable firm decision-makers to better understand their processes as characterisations of independent factors. This factor reduction thus addresses the issues of Variable Redundancy and Information Overload discussed above. Consider now how factor analysis and benchmarking can be used to develop the Lean BSC.
\n\t\t\tIn the process ofusing factor analysis to develop lean variable set characterizations, we suggest performing factor analyses in three variable contexts: (1) the The above lean modelling framework and benchmarking procedure was used by one of the authors as a member of the Busch Center of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, the consulting arm of the Department of Social Systems Science, as a way to focus decision-makers’ attention on differences between their organisation and (1) the related industry as well as (2) a selected firm in the industry used as a positive benchmark—that is, a best practices case that the study firm would like to emulate. Sometimes, a negative benchmark was also used—in this case an organisation from which the study firm wished to distance itself.
Because the principal information link in the Delphi Process is generated by factor analysis, the decision makers [DM] must have a practical understanding of the output of the factor model—i.e., a working familiarity with the output of the factor model is essential to the successful creation of a Lean BSC. Accordingly, we suggest the Delphi Process to be achieved in the following two stages.
\n\t\t\t\tThe goal of the
Computers n=15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBasic Processing | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Processing \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMinimum Storage | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaximum Non-swap Storage | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdd-Ons Non-buffer | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCycle Time | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.36 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.49 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.52 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.48 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3.51 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3.61 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.55 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.87 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3.74 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.39 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.34 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.55 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.53 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.59 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.55 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.83 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.26 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.38 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.46 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.88 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.43 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.38 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.55 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.52 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.48 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.26 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.37 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.55 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.52 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.59 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.70 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.68 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.60 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.61 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.92 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.47 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.39 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.37 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.52 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.48 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.77 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.49 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.39 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.71 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.39 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.32 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.47 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.51 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.39 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.36 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.70 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.51 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.39 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3.26 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.47 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.52 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.12 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.33 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
The Green and Tull Computer Factor Dataset
To start the Unfreezing process, we suggest presenting to the DM the following information processing task:
\n\t\t\t\t\tAssume that you do not know anything about Computers, and you wish to better understand the essential functioning of Computers. Unfortunately, as you are not gifted “technically, it is not possible for you to reverse-engineer a computer and tinker with it so as to understand its essential features. So, you are left with an “empirical” or analytic option. Therefore, with the aid of your tech-friends you collect six performance Variables on 15 different models of computers: (1)
As we continue with the Unfreezing stage, we distribute to all the DM a copy of the dataset in Table 1 for anchoring their processing of the variable reduction from this dataset. We, the group conducting the Unfreezing, enter the dataset into the Standard Harmon Factor Model [SHFM] statistical program; the results produced are presented in Table 2. We recommend that Table 2 be displayed either: (1) on the computers of the DM, (2) on a projection screen for all to see or (3) distributed to the DM as printed copies. They need to be able to see and discuss the information in Table 1and the factor results as presented in Table 2.
\n\t\t\t\t\tVariables | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFactor A | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFactor B | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.25 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Two Factor Rotation of the Six Variables of the Computer Dataset
Using the above information and the usual Factor Definition Rule that: We do not discuss with the DM the (0.5 loading rule because this concept requires a relatively sophisticated understanding of the mathematical statistics of factor models. Rather we use the simple loading rule that if a Variable had a weight of 0.71 or greater then that variable is a meaningful descriptor of that Factor. In our experience, this level of detail is sufficient for the DM to use the results of the Factor Model. This does assume, of course, that there will be someone in the firm with sufficient training in statistical modeling to actually use the factor software that is to be used in the Delphi process. This is usually the case.
In summary, to wind-down the Unfreezing stage, we emphasize that the initial set of six variables was by definition “over-weight” or redundant and so the six variables were consolidation by the SHFM to form only two dimensions: Speed and Storage in the lean-version characterization of the dataset.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThis simple computer example is critical to the understanding of the use offactor analysis to reduce variable redundancy and so deals with “over-weight” variable characterizations. We find that this simple and intuitive example unfreezes the DM in the sense that they knew that computers were fast storage computation devices and this is exactly what the factor analysis shows; this reinforcing their belief that the Factor Analysis can be “trusted” to replicate the reality of the associated variable space with fewer variables.
\n\t\t\t\tFollowing the first or Unfreezing Stage, the next stage is where we engage the Delphi process. We recommend that the Delphi process be used in its EDI-mode (See Jung-Erceg, Pandza, Armbruster & Dreher (2007)) where the DM discuss, in a Chat-Loop-Context, the various information sets until they are satisfied with their insights and then they propose the Action Plan for the firm derived from the Lean-BSC.
\n\t\t\t\t\tSpecifically we recommend that the firm, given its understanding of the Mission, Goals and Objectives, engages the Delphi Process to generate the Lean-BSC using the following steps:
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe firm will identify the set of DM who intend to navigate their firm using the BSC.
This group of DM will select the longitudinal panel consisting of (i) a sample of firms from their industry,
Then the DM will select a Comprehensive Variable Set [CVS] that they believe are the firm performance variables that can be used to best profile their firm. In our experience the best profiling variables may include those financial performance variables that (i) are simple to measure, (ii) have operational measures that are sensitive indicators of change, and (iii) are themselves considered as direct measures of effects relative to the Mission, Goals and Objectives of the firm. This will be important in constructing the necessary reward linkages which is one of the principal reasons to use the BSC. The CVS, itself, is very likely to be a variable set that the firm has been using in the past and so may be characterized as the “over-weight” variable set. This is not a problem as the intention at this stage is to incorporate all the variables that theDM feel to be important. We expect that the CVS will be formidably large.
The “Overweight” CVS will be inputted to the SHFM so as to consolidate the variable set to the factors—i.e., the lean variable set. This process will be repeated for the Industry and the Firm-benchmark respectively (i.e., the other two contexts of factor analysis).
And finally, these three lean-variable sets, one for:
To enrich understanding of how these five steps will be used for a particular firm, we will now present a detailed and comprehensive example of all the steps that are needed to create the Lean BSC.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
(ADAM). [http://www.adam.com] The principal activity of A.D.A.M.,Inc is to provide health information services and technology solutions to healthcare organizations, group insurance brokers, employers, consumers, and educational institutions. The products of the Group are used for learning about health, wellness, disease, treatments, alternative medicine, anatomy, nutrition and general medical reference in both the healthcare and education markets. The products contain physician-reviewed text, in-house developed medical graphics and multimedia to create health information that offers visual learning experience. The Group provides information on annual licensing agreements to healthcare organizations, Internet websites and educational institutions. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
(DOX). [http://www.amdocs.com/Site/AmdocsCom.htm] Amdocs,Inc is a leading provider of customer care, billing and order management systems for communications and Internet services. Amdocs has an unparalleled success record in project delivery of its mission-critical products. With human resources of over 5,900 information systems professionals, Amdocs has an installed base of successful projects with more than 75 service providers throughout the world. In April 2000, Amdocs completed the acquisition of Solect Technology Group Inc., a leading provider of customer care and billing systems for IP providers. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Brief Profiles of the Study Firm and its Benchmark
We next present an illustrative example of the BSC Delphi Factor Procedure [Delphi BSC] using an actualfirm: A.D.A.M. Inc. in the SIC 7372. It is not our intention to suggest that this selected dataset speaks to actual recommendations drawn from the BSC analysis as this is clearly the domain of the DM of the firm using the Delphi BSC. We offer this example as a detailed illustration of the guidance through the process. To this end we, the authors, have assumed the role of the DM for A.D.A.M. Inc. and will (1) discuss our reaction to the information that we have generated using the Delphi BSC and (2) how this may be used to develop the BSC navigation information for the sample firm. Our assuming the roles of decision makers is only to illustrate the possible functioning of the Delphi BSC—i.e., our Lean-BSC navigation recommendations for the actual firm that we have selected are not normative in nature.
\n\t\t\tWe assume the role of DM for A.D.A.M. Inc. (Ticker: ADAM; NASDAQ) which is in the software and related devices industry in the SIC: 7372. The principal activity of our company, A.D.A.M. Inc., is to provide health information services and technology solutions to healthcare organizations, group insurance brokers, employers, consumers, and educational institutions. Our positive benchmark is Amdocs (Ticker: DOX; NYSE), a leading provider of customer care, billing and order management systems for communications and Internet services (See Table 3 above for a brief description of these firms and their URL-links). Our Industry Benchmark includes all 7372 SIC Firms that had data reported in COMPUSTAT from 2003 to and including 2006. We selected this time period as it was after Sarbanes-Oxley: 2002, and before the lead-up to the sub-prime debacle in 2008, which we view as event partitions of reported firm data. This accrual yielded 411 firms and netted a variable-panel of 1,161 observations.
\n\t\t\tWe, the DM for A.D.A.M. Inc., began the Delphi BSC process by selecting from the extensive COMPUSTAT™ menu 15 variables which we believe are useful in portraying the financial profile of market traded organizations. Further, we have used these variables in characterizing our operating profile in that, over time, these variables have been instrumental change variables for us, and have been used in the evaluation of our firm.These DM-selected variables are presented in Table 4.The seven (7) variables that were not downloaded from COMPUSTAT™, but rather calculated from COMPUSTAT™ variables are noted in
Cash & Short-Term Investments | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNet Sales | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDiluted EPS before extraordinary items | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Receivables Total | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarket Value: Fiscal Year End | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNet Income (Loss) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cash | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNumber of Common Shares outstanding | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCash from Operations | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Assets | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNet PPE | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDepreciation & Amortization | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Liabilities | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBeta | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total Assets | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCost of Goods Sold | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
The 23 Judgmental Variables Selected by the Decision-makers of A.D.A.M. Inc.
Effectively we are saying that these 23 variables would be important in profiling our organization as we play the role of DM for A.D.A.M. Inc.; other DM as well as other firms may, and probably will, select other variables. This is a positive feature of the Delphi BSC in that it provides the needed idiosyncratic flexibility in selecting the variables that will be inputted into the Factor Analysis, and so constitutes the judgmental factor set critical in the analysis.
\n\t\t\tAll of the results of the factor study reported in Tables 6, 7 and 8 were created using the SHFM; the standard Varimax rotation on the Pearson correlation matrix, as programmed in JMP of the SAS Institute, version 6.0 (see Sall, Lehman & Creighton, 2005). The number of factors selected was the number of factors in the un-rotated factor space—i.e., the correlation matrix—for which the eigenvalue was greater than 1.0. Finally, variable loadings greater than √0.5 were used in the description of the factors. For ease of reading, the variable loadings are presented only to the second decimal, and those loading greater than √0.5 are
Tobin’s q | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t=(A25xA199+A130+A9)/A6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Current Ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t=A4/A5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Quick Ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t=(A1+A2)/A5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
ROA | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t=(A172-A19)/A6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
EPS Growth | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t=((A57t-A57t-1)/|A57t-1| | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Gross Margin | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t=A12-A41 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Accounts Receivable Turnover | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t=A12/((A2t+A2t-1)/2) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Where: | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t||
A1- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCash and short term investments | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A2- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReceivables | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A4- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCurrent Assets | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A5- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCurrent liabilities | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A6- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTotal assets | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A9- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTotal long-term liabilities | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A12- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNet sales | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A19- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPreferred Dividends | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A25- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCommon shares outstanding | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A41- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCost of goods sold | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A57- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDiluted earnings per share excluding extraordinary items | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A130- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPreferred stock-carrying value | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A172- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNet income (loss) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
A199- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCommon Stock Price: Fiscal year end | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Computation of Ratios Based on COMPUSTAT Data
We, in the role of DM for A.D.A.M. Inc. were guided by the factor loading results and also by those variablesthatdidnotloadacrossthefinalfactors. These latter variables are interesting in that they are independent, in the strong scene, as they did not achieve association in the rotated space greater than √0.5. We will note these non-associative variables in the Tables 6, 7 and 8 using
The
Beta | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Tobin\'s Q | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Quick Ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ROA | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Gross Margin | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
A/R Turnover | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.12 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
EPS Growth | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.17 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.12 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cash | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cash & Short-term Investment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.17 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cash from operations | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Receivables Total | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Assets | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Liabilities | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total Assets | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
PPE Net | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Net Sales | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.09 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Depreciation & Amortization | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Common Shares Outstanding | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
COGS | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.09 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Net Income(Loss) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.18 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Diluted EPS | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.10 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.48 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.29 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.34 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Market Value- Fiscal Year end | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Industry Factor Analysis: Mid-Range Year Randomly Selected 2004
provided by the fact that EPS Growth and Market Value are independent variables with respect to the other factor defined variables. For this reason, we note:
We will now concentrate on the relative analysis of the study firm and
Beta | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.55 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.20 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Tobin\'s Q | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.59 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.30 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.52 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.24 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Quick Ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.49 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ROA | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.42 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Gross Margin | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
A/R Turnover | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.43 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
EPS Growth | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.47 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cash | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.40 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.26 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cash & Short-term Investment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.42 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cash from Operations | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Receivables Total | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.38 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Assets | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.65 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Liabilities | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.12 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total Assets | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.20 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
PPE Net | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.10 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Net Sales | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Depreciation & Amortization | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.54 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.10 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Common Shares Outstanding | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.40 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
COGS | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Net Income(Loss) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.09 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Diluted EPS | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Market Value-Fiscal Year End | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.09 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Factor Analysis: A.D.A.M., Inc. [ADAM]
As part of the Delhi process as it relates to the interchange of information among the DM so as to create the BCS navigation we, the authors, using the information in Tables 6, 7 and 8 exchanged our ideas as to the interpretation of the information generated by the factor analyses as presented in Tables 6, 7 and 8 by email and also in face-to-face meetings. This was done over a two week period; after that time we felt that we had closure and developed the following two Observations: One using the information in Table 7 above for A.D.A.M and One using the information in Table 8 following for Amdocs. Finally from these two observations we developed the Navigation information for A.D.A.M. Inc. Consider these Observations and the related Navigation Imperatives next.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
For our organization,A.D.A.M. Inc., in the first column of Table 7 (i.e., Factor 1) we note that Beta is inversely associated with the direct—i.e., not computed—balance sheet variables representing the resource configuration of the firm such as: Total Assets, Net PPE, and Total Receivables. This suggests that more resources are associated with lower market volatility. Further, we observe a positive association between Gross Margin (i.e., Net Sales less COGS) and certain balance sheet variables such as Total Assets and Liabilities, but we do not observe any relationship between Reported Net Income [RNI] and these balance sheet variables, implying that although our resource configuration effort is influencing the gross margin it is not aligned with our bottom line RNI improvement. It is also interesting to note that Factor 1 and Beta are not associated with Factor 2 which seems to be best characterized as the growth dimension of A.D.A.M. Inc. For the second factor, our RNI movement is consistent with our cash management (Cash & Short-term Investments) and assets management (ROA) as well as our potential to grow as measured by Tobin’s q.
\n\t\t\t\t\tBeta | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.25 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Tobin\'s Q | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.09 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Quick Ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.20 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.10 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ROA | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.24 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Gross Margin | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.17 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
A/R Turnover | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.30 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.09 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
EPS Growth | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.67 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.09 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.48 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.69 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.54 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cash & Short-term Investment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cash from Operations | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.70 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Receivables Total | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.24 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Assets | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.34 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.32 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Current Liabilities | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.09 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total Assets | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.34 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
PPE Net | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.37 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.45 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Net Sales | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Depreciation & Amortization | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.62 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.30 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Common Shares Outstanding | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.48 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.17 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
COGS | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Net Income(Loss) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.20 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Diluted EPS | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Market Value-Fiscal Year End | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.21 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Factor Analysis: Amdocs,Inc. [DOX]
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
In comparison, Table 8 presents a very different profile of Amdocs, Inc., our positive benchmark. The first factor of Table 8 has many of the same resource configuration aspects except that both Beta and Tobin\'s q are featured in Factor 1 as well as is RNI! This strongly indicates that the resource configuration is aligned linearly with the income producing potential. In this way, Amdocs, our positive benchmark, seems to have worked out the asset employment relation to RNI that is not found for our firm, A.D.A.M. Inc. Further, Beta is inversely associated with the “income machine” as reflected by Tobin\'s q, RNI and Net Sales for Amdocs meaning that the more assets the more they are converted linearly to Reported Net Income and this has a dampening effect on Market volatility. This certainly is a positive/desirable profile and is probably why Tobin\'s q is positively associated with this profile; we do not see this for A.D.A.M. Inc. as Tobin’s q is only associated with growth and is invariant to Beta and the resources employed as discussed above.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
The benchmarking with Amdocs, Inc. suggests that if we, A.D.A.M. Inc., value the performance configuration as profiled in Table 8 of Amdocs Inc., then we should endeavour to align our resource employment with Reported Net Income (RNI) generation. Based on the benchmarking results, we seem to be successful in utilizing resources to improve Gross Margin but fail to make our resource configuration deliver with respect to the bottom line: Reported Net Income [RNI] as we observed for Amdocs Inc. our positive benchmark.
\n\t\t\t\t\tTo align our resource employment with Net Income, we need to examine our policies as they relate to project acceptance and management to make sure that we effectively manage our resources to achieve a higher net income, leading to a higher return on assets (ROA). Accordingly, the principal Financial Profiling action we need to take is to:
For example, consider an example taken from the A.D.A.M. Inc. Website
“The A.D.A.M. Symptom Navigator for the iPhone that is an innovative web application designed and developed specifically for the iPhone, and runs using Apple’s Safari browser. This unique tool allows consumers to quickly and easily find important information about health symptoms, all with just a few taps on their iPhone. With a home screen icon branded specifically to your organization, the application also allows your facility to be seen as a leading provider of health information and services among today’s growing market of mobile users.”
\n\t\t\t\t\tLet us assume that there were two projects which have equal expectation on profitability—i.e., RNI. However, the iPhone Symptom Navigator has double the ROA compared to, let us assume, a PDA-Telemetry Download System—i.e., Project B. In this case, given the Delphi BSC navigation information generated, the DM would prefer the iPhone project on the basis of ROA.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Our Tobin’s q, which acts as a proxy of growth potential perceived by the market participants, is aligned with the ROA and RNI but cannot line up with our resource configuration variables such as total assets, receivables and net sales. In other words, if we cannot use our resources in a way to boost our RNI and ROA, we will fail to improve our growth profile as well in the eyes of the market participants.Accordingly, this missing connection between our resource configuration variables (e.g., our assets) and our Tobin’s q (i.e., our growth potential) indicates that the principal Market Profiling action we need to take is to:
To continue with the simple two project example, if two projects are the same in terms of profitability (e.g., ROA), we should consider the project that will offer richer strategic opportunities. Also, if these two projects permit various asset contracting possibilities such as Operating Leases, Capital Leasing, or Purchasing and there are relatively wide ranges for: Useful Economic Life, Resale Market Valuation as well as the methods of depreciating the asset, then we should consider the project that will have the more favorable impact on our recorded book value given the same performance in profitability.
\n\t\t\t\tTo “close-the-loop” we wish to note that the FinancialDimension information developed from the Delphi BSC or Lean Modeling approach will be included in the BSC along with information on the other three dimensions of the BSC: Customers, Internal Processes, and Learning and Growth. These BSC dimensional encodings are the input to the firm DSS needed to develop priority information for the various projects that the firm may be considering—i.e., project prioritization is the fundamental reason that firms use the BSC or budgeting models. This is to say that the BSC information is “intermediate” information in that this BSC information will be used to characterize the projects that are the planned future of the firm. The final task in the Delphi BSC process then is selecting from the BSC-encoded projects the actual projects to be funded by the firm.
\n\t\t\tIn this regard, to conclude our research report, we wish to note a simple way that one may “prioritize” the navigation information from all four dimensions of the BSC as they are encoded in the projects. For example, in our simple illustrative example where we have focused on the FinancialDimension, we have proposed that there were two projects and the iPhone Project dominated on both of the criteria variables:
There are many such preference or priority processing methods. Based upon our consulting work, we prefer the Expert Choice Model™ [
We wish to thank the following individuals for their detailed and constructive comments on previous versions of the paper: The participants in Technical Session 9 of the 2010 Global Accounting and Organizational Change conference at Babson College, Babson Park, MA USA, in particular Professor Ruzita Jusoh, University of Malaya, Malaysia; the participants at the 2009 National Meeting of the Decision Science Institute, New Orleans LA, USA in particular Professor Sorensen, University of Denver, and additionally Professor Neuhauser of the Department of Finance, Lamar University, Beaumont Texas, USA and Professor Razvan Pascalau of the Department of Finance and Economics, SUNY; Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA.
\n\t\tGreen supply chain management (GSCM) has acquired integrating importance for managing the organizational practices with environmental concerns. Some organization’s supply chain managers still need to understand that reducing the environmentally harmful attributes will not only be beneficial for the society but will also improve their logistic operations [1]. The most important reason behind adopting the greening strategy in supply chain management is to reduce the burden of polluted environment caused by the wastage of industries. Undoubtedly, logistic operations have greatly contributed in raising the level of air pollution which affects both the environment and also the economy.
GSCM has been defined differently by various researchers, for instance, Sarkis [2] defined GSCM as the process where all the organizational operations and innovations related to supply chain management are deliberated in accordance with the environment, whereas, for Dwivedi [1], GSCM includes the fundamental industrial activities such as material recycling, reusing, and substituting. Similarly, Shan and Wang [3] defined GSCM as a set of processes involving the activities of customer’s and manufacturer’s course of orders, product designs, procurement activities, distributions, and logistics while corresponding to the principles of eco-friendly environmental management [3]. Sharma et al. [4] explain the concept of GSCM as an integration of safe environment in designing products, sourcing and selection of material, production process, and final product delivery to the customers as well as disposal of wasted products.
According to Weeratunge and Herath [5], GSCM is the component which reflects the relationship of natural environment and supply chain operations. It further involves all the external or internal factors which influences the management operations of logistics and measures the performance of the supply chain process according to environmental aspects. Due to the extensive customer demands, organizations are shrinking to the core of Red Ocean and seek to establish new businesses or techniques to attract customers. In recent years, companies have shown an immense interest toward adapting the strategies of environmentally friendly methods by producing goods and services that meet the criteria of safe environment [5]. By shifting toward ecological systems, organizations can enhance the efficiency of production, achieving the competitive advantage and reducing the impact of harmful factors of the environment [4, 6].
According to Intravaia and Viana [7], environmental pollution issue has emanated exponentially since the 1960s. The reason behind this alarming situation was the absence of law specifically designed to manage environmental risks and damages, such as ISO 14000 which aims to manage and monitor the impact of environments. The concept of GSCM was contemplated in 1996 by the US Department of Manufacturing Research Consortium in the University of Michigan States. The main approach behind this concept was to regulate the environmental effects and resource allocation in the supply chain process [8]. The revolution of GSCM measures enhances the quality of services and makes the supply chain process cost efficient by implementing precautionary steps with respect to environmental safety [9].
In 2007, Turk institutions of economics and World Bank proposed the index containing the performance of logistic operations which evaluated the level of performance and development of different countries. This performance index was complied with various components such as customer’s efficiency and management control, quality of transportation and infrastructure, logistic services, time frequency for shipment and delivery, tracing and tracking facility of the consignment, and ability to manage cost-efficient shipments [10].
The early concept to adopt the GSCM is to provide humans with the standard lifestyle by reducing the health risking hazards resulting in increased consumer trust [5]. According to Gandhi and Vasudevan [11], green management is considered as one of the significant practices to save the energy consumed during the supply chain processes. The revolution of GSCM resulted in spreading awareness about the environmental security, following which several industries are now implementing the waste-free and emission-free concept of energy. This implementation will help them to ensure the management of green environment for their customers who pay high concern toward global warming and climatic changes. Onurlubas [12] asserted that the evolution of green management has optimized organizations to pay more attention toward adopting the green practices to enhance the efficiency of environment. The reason behind this excessive concern is that consumers have begun to question their practices with respect to their impact on climatic and environmental changes, thus, socially responsible and conscious organizations are revolutionizing their manufacturing processes by introducing and implementing green production strategies [3].
GSCM practices help in the reduction of elements which negatively impact the supply chain process. These practices bring along various financial or social benefits as well as environmental advantages [13]. Consumers have shown high interest toward the products of companies who work on ecologically friendly production and marketing activities.
Along with the integration of GSCM, organizations are highly focused on synthesizing the green transportation in their logistic operations. Transportation is currently the most prominent cause of increased global warming, health haphazard, and emission of gases. These problems have pressurized government to devise their policies for environmental safety in order to reduce the damage caused by the emission of greenhouse gases [14]. The broader concept behind the implementation of the green practices in supply chain management is to eliminate excessive use of material and production of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas and abolish the use of recycled goods [6]. GSCM practices have also included many diverse dimensions such as the corporate engagements with the customers and suppliers which are helpful in integrating the green practices, green transportation, and reverse logistics [15].
Successful GSM practices are based on some important principles that revolve around useful practices resulting in high quality assurance and cost-effectiveness. These practices include as follows.
Globally, the demand for green transportation has been increasing rapidly. The purpose for initiating green transportation is the high emission of CO2 gas since the 1990s, which is consequently risking the environment through freight transportation. It has increased with the percentage of 71% in 2016 and is anticipated to increase 50% more till the year 2050 [16].
Green logistics and green transportation have been the striking topics in today’s manufacturing market. However, the acquisition of preventive measures among various countries included different strategies [10]. For example, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Ireland have been working on the reduction of fuel and oil consumption to reduce environmental pollution [10]. The practices of green transportation and logistical reverse activities are the opportunities for organizations to boost their growth and reduce overall production costs. The efficiency of logistics can be further achieved by promoting the efficiency of transportation system, i.e., through green transportation [17].
Green procurement refers to the purchasing of products and services that are less harmful for the environment. The selection of the procurement is based on the quest of quality products and services that supports positive environmental and health concerns in competitive prices. In the early years of 2000, regulatory authorities amended their procurement standards by taking in environmental concerns into account while purchasing goods and services. Most of the bureaux or departments were advised to refrain from using disposable items that are not eco-friendly and were motivated to purchase products that are developed through highly recycled content and maximum durability. Green procurement further includes products that are comparatively low in emitting toxic and poisonous substances [18]. It is a crucial step for any organizations to ensure that the purchasing of all their raw materials should be in accordance with the environmental objectives. The management of procurement and green purchasing are assigned to audit and inspect whether their supply chain department is implementing green practices in purchasing the raw materials and other purchase-related activities [15]. Generally, activities of green purchasing are complied with approaches including purchasing the goods or services that are environmentally friendly, evaluating products with internal and external auditors prior to their purchasing, or assisting the suppliers to enhance their functions in compliance with ecological goods and services [19].
Logistics on the other hand is considered as the most crucial factor in supply chain processes since it has acquired the most significant dimension for environmental impact. In logistics, the concept of green is applied to various elements such as raw material acquisition and transportation facility of outbound and inbound logistics [13]. The objective of green logistic is to eliminate the environmental effects in the logistical operations in order to achieve sustainable environmental, cultural, economic, and social advantages [10]. According to Franchetti et al. [19], there has been much debate on operations of green logistics, but industries of transportation have narrowed its definition. Its definition is compiled as the activities which involve the reduction of transportation cost and efficient utilization of assets, vehicles, distribution, and terminal centers.
A number of green warehousing facilities are increasing promptly and shifting their operations to green practices which has also increased the cost and time allocation of the firms. The practices of managing the warehouses and inventories are the most crucial element of the logistic operations. This is simply defined as keeping the adequate amount of stock on the shelves and in the inventory, to prevent the wastage of material resulting in reduced transportation expenses and negative environmental impacts. The good inventory planning is referred to as reducing the wastage and efficiencies and decreasing the costs of tangible and intangible goods [13].
Many companies have realized the benefits of green warehousing and are keen to implement them in their supply chain process. Certain manufacturing industries have allocated these practices to minimize carbon consumption, environmental pollutions, and production cost, as well as to achieve the target of socially responsible organization [20].
Ecological or green designs are the set of activities which include the use of goods that are according to environmental discipline. An ecological design aims to establish a secure and clean factory with respect to reduced cost of disposal, health safety and minimum environmental risk factors [13], leading toward enhanced quality of services and products, cost-efficient production and while promoting a strong public image of brand and company. According to Ren et al. [21] by implementing eco-friendly practices, green design supply chain management can control about 80% of environmental impact, as Rostamzadeh et al. [20] asserted that it is associated with the overall flow of supply chain process.
Ecological production or green manufacturing is defined as the efficient production system which causes little to no pollution or wastage. The efficiency of any production facility could be measured by its ability to manufacture goods with minimal defection, scrap, or reworking on the material and its ability to manage the production of goods [13]. The ecological production in the supply chain process helps to diminish the negative effects of production and brings in the environmental sustainability throughout the production life cycle. It can also improve the manufacturing operations and financial performances of the organization [17]. Integrating the green manufacturing practices will also be beneficial in reducing the cost of raw material and transportation, by the expansion of environmental safety leading toward profitable growth and large market share.
Other names of ecological marketing are green marketing, social marketing, environmental marketing, or sustainable marketing. The term green marketing in the context of GSCM is defined as the activities that are designed to satisfy the needs of consumers in accordance with causing minimum risk to the environment [12]. This also encourages organizations to survive in competing international or national markets [20].
There are various green marketing practices that help to ensure that natural resources and raw materials are utilized to achieve the sustainability of environment. These practices include green designing of products, green product promotional campaigns, pricing according to green practices, targeting the green markets, and green positioning of the products [22].
The concept of total quality management is based on achieving, maintaining, and ensuring the quality of the output. It is highly focused on continuous improvement of the business-related operations and prevents the chances of failure at each step of the production in order to successfully meet the needs and demands of consumers [23].
For the quality improvement processes, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was established in 1987 to ensure the contribution of organizations in environmental safety according to defined standards by the ISO. These standards included useful guidelines for the organizations to ensure the quality of their products and services according to its standards [24]. There are various in-house supply chain practices that are considered as an important discipline in GSCM. Among many internal practices, total quality management is notorious for managing the environmental security. These practices require upper management guidance as it is associated with the overall life cycle management [8]. The management of organizational total quality environment has broadened the GSCM concept to various operations including green designing of products as well as infrastructure, green procurements, ecological transportations (vehicles), eco-friendly logistics, and reverse logistics as well as recycling [15]. Diagrammatic Representations of the Working of Green Transportation in the Structure of Green Supply Chain Management (Figure 1). Figure 2 provides a brief overview of the cycle of green supply chain process and its relation with green transportation.
The Cycle of Green Supply Chain and Its Relation with Green Transportation.
The Functional Process of Green Transportation in GSCM.
The transportation in supply chain management was first developed through a railway transport in the nineteenth century. However, 1903 airway transports were introduced leading to the development of ocean/maritime transport in 1956, where cargo was delivered through containers via sea which gave a dramatic boom to water transportation.
Presently the concepts of supply chain management and transportation are broadly discussed and are referred to as operations that ensure the availability of goods and services when and where needed in adequate quantity [25]. In the international business world, transportation is the most dominating element in supply chain management as it influences the growth of business. Due to the intense demand of goods and services, delivering products to the end users or consumers has become the most crucial achievement for businesses.
It has been significantly noticed that, within the supply chain process, transportation plays the vital role in proving the efficiency and smooth flow of the operations. There are various services of transportation management delivering the goods to the places where it is needed in demanded quantity. These services include air freight, road freight, railway freight, sea freight, pipeline freight, and services to and from warehouses [26, 27]. The real challenges that businesses face in transportation are feasibility and availability of viable roads to deliver goods. The most important operation in this challenge for the manufacturing industries is to optimize and modify their inventory and supply of the material in accordance to deliver the final product with the just-in-time system. This system helps to reduce the overall cost of facilities in maintaining materials required for production. Thus, today’s supply chain process has become defying in meeting the long-distance consignments and ensuring the availability of supplies on time [28].
To reduce the cost of transportation and environmental risks, the quality of supply chain processes is enhanced through transportation modes such as intermodal and multimodal transportation. The intermodal transportation involves multiple modes to transport goods such as trucks, water, etc. Many organizations have shown a keen interest toward adopting the intermodal transportation in which products are transported through different medium of transportation. This mode of transportation in supply chain management has combined as one to provide the benefits such as efficiency in rail transport and flexibility in road freighting. The objectives of intermodal transportation are to reduce the emission of carbon and overall transport cost and to modify road congestion [29]. The intermodal transportation has minimized 57% of carbon emission as compared to other modes of transportation [30].
Multimodal transportation is quite similar to intermodal transport as it connects various transportation modes in a single process which ensures the cost efficiency in door-to-door goods movement under a single service provider [31]. The only difference in both modes is the number of units loaded for shipping [32]. There are further types of intermodal and multimodal transportations, which include as follows.
Air transport is certainly the most expensive but the speediest freighting service among all other transportation types. It reduces the time of goods delivered to the doorsteps and is often preferred to transport the most valuable goods to the market. Bag mails, packages weighing 30 kg, and any document that could be carried through individual person are categorized as the smallest way of transportation. Globally air cargo is gaining an increasing role in international supply chain and logistics [31]. Due to the high cost of air cargo, most organizations use this mode as supplementary transportation service for the shipment of critical and urgently needed goods.
Road transportation is relatively the most used type of transportation to deliver the goods via trucks, lorries, and trawlers. This is the most flexible mode, but it cannot be operated outside the roads. Road freighting is used by organizations where rapid distribution of light-weighted goods needs shipment in concise batches. The road transportation has become challenging as it has high maintenance costs of both carrier infrastructure and other repairing costs [31] and further affects environmental stability.
Railway transportation is relatively the cheapest and the least environmentally harmful mode of shipping the goods at distancing places. Globally, China is recognized as among the best railway service providers. The railway system of China contributes 100% of transportation efficiency to the online marketing and product delivery [27]. Railway transportation offers skilled alternatives to road freight since its operations are partially lower cost and electrified which is economically and ecologically beneficial [29]. According to Romanow [28], railway freight, despite of its cost-efficient service, still lacks timely consignment deliveries. Thus, it is observed that without the adequate and necessary improvement in railway systems, pursuing consumers would be challenging.
Since 1990, international trade occurs via ocean freight; this mode of shipment has risen to 65% which has driven the logistic managers with significant challenges in the selection of carrier to transport goods [33]. According to Dettmer et al. [29], the rates of transportations with the category of containerized products have been decreased exponentially since the last decade, making ocean freight as the cheapest mode of transporting products. Researchers such as Waller, Meixell, and Norbis [33] asserted that about 0% of the freights are transported via ocean as 25% of heavy products are delivered to international destinations. The most common ocean cargos include container ships, cargo vessels, oil tanks, bulk carriers, and general cargo ships. In a global logistics ocean, cargo vessels move ports to ports and are specialized for swift loading and unloading of the goods.
One of the important modes of transportation which has not been provided enough attention is the use of pipeline, which accounts for approximately $53 billion costs in the year 2018, specifically in the United States. The increased production of oil and gas has increased the usage of pipeline in the transmission of natural gas and oil. This has further increased the need of investments in the given area. The analysis indicated that the use of pipeline as the mode of transportation is limited and is still recognized as the small market in comparison to the overall size of the given mode of transportation [34].
Transportation modes such as e-bikes and e-scooters that are widely being used in the cities like New York and California are regarded as the eco-friendly transportation methods and are generally termed as micromobility. It is further recognized as the cheapest mode of transportation, when traveling approximately 5 miles or less, and is known to be the fastest and easy mode of transportation which does not require any license. One of the most significant characteristics of this mode of transportation is its eco-friendliness, as it does not operate through the burning of fuel [35].
Another similar mode of transportation is the use of cable cars that are used in most of the mountainous regions. They serve as the effective mode of transportation which has met the limitations of time and cost. Hilly areas that are connected to the urban regions promote the use of cable cars as they provide them the socioeconomic benefit by reducing the barriers such as road traffic. Since they are environmentally friendly, the use of cable cars is highly promoted in various regions [36].
Another similar mode of transportation is the use of drone. The recent research conducted by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) [37] provided that the drone-based delivery is effective in reducing the emission of greenhouse gas and energy use in the transportation sector. The study further indicated that certain factors are considered in the successful use of drone. These factors include the size of the drone, the weight of the package, and the types of power plant deployed on the regional electricity grid. The use of drones is highly favorable in areas with relatively clean electricity like California [38].
The widespread usage of green transportation has an additional scope in the distribution of goods, as it affects the quality of air, leading to additional noise generation. It further increases the chances of severe car accidents followed by its significant contribution to the global warming. According to Stern [38], in 2000, the transportation’s share in the emission of global greenhouse gas was 14% which continued to grow in the succeeding years. However, following the advancement in e-commerce and the customer demands, a significant growth in the goods transportation has been observed. This has given rise to the strategic distribution of activities which offers smart solutions for the reduced carbon footprint of companies that have apparently developed a negative impact on the total costs as well as on individual life [39].
According to Ho et al. [40], the characteristics associated with the transportation are generally influenced by different factors such as shape, size, and materials. These factors are further important as they create a significant impact on the distribution process. However, better and strategically developed location patterns along with better packaging may serve as a prompt solution to overcome this impact, resulting in the decrease in amount and increase in space. The concept of green distribution can be classified under two categories, i.e., green packaging and green logistics [40].
The concept of sustainability is negatively affected by the increase in solid waste. Green packaging serves as the optimal solution to cater this challenge, as it is associated with the overall process of packaging life cycle [41]. Ninlawan et al. [42] provided additional information according to which green packaging can be further practiced by increasing the use of green packaging materials, promoting the reuse and recycling programs, or developing standardize methods of packaging. However, the control and management of the packaging system are held through the system evaluator indicators [43].
According to Jiange [41], green logistics is defined as the production and distribution of goods that are held in a sustainable manner by the inclusion of activities such as evaluation of the environmental influence of distribution methods used and reduction of the waste and its effective management along with the strategic planning of logistic activities. For Zhang and Liu [43], the development of the green logistics serves as an interconnected system and requires the cooperation of different parties including the common public, government officials, and corporate leaders. They added that the concept of green logistics is not a separate system; perhaps it is associated with the exchange of energy and information with the external world. The system is integrated through transportation and traffic, supervision and management, and storage and delivery, along with the flow of information [41]. Green logistics majorly focuses on the direct delivery of goods to the user site, along with the bulk distribution of products rather than in small sets [42].
DHL is an international logistic organization operating worldwide business within 220 countries. DHL focuses on sustainability and CSR activities since 2009 and many campaigns for environmentally green initiative.
IKEA is one of the leading furniture manufacturers that have been working on maintaining sustainability in their overall logistic operations and committed to carry their operations with environment-friendly practices. IKEA has set vision for providing better lifestyle at home by promising high quality standards, low price, and environmental safety by not wasting natural resources. The founder of IKEA used to claim that furniture designers can design any desk within the cost of $1000 but designing a sustainable, functional, and beautiful for just $50 is marveling [32].
IKEA practices on green transportation by designing travel plans for their workers and logistic operations. The employees of IKEA are encouraged to travel through bicycles, walking, public busses, or sharing cars with their co-workers in order to support the company to achieve their vision [45]. From the transportation perspective, IKEA believes that utilizing loading shelves for transporting, the units will eliminate the space required for wooden pallets, which will reduce the overall cost of transportation. According to the sustainability report of 2019, gas emission through transportation is recorded to be 19.4% [46]. To reduce this, IKEA has set future goals to reduce 30% of greenhouse gases from their transportation services in 2020 [47] and further aims to eliminate the emission of carbon gases to 70% by 2030 [46].
The practices of green transport have been on an exponential importance in green logistics. It has been identified that promoting green management and transportation has significant benefits toward economy, environmental well-being, as well as improving the organization’s growth [10]. Green logistics and green transportation are important in reducing the consumption of fuel and energy as their target is to regenerate and renew the fuel instead of consuming fossil fuel.
The implementation of green practices in transportation gives cost reduction benefits for the movement of shipments, efficient vehicle allocation and planning opportunities, and natural and human resource advantages. Moreover, it further reinforces the image of the products. Green transportation further gives customer retention advantage as customer’s interest has been shifted toward green products; therefore, companies have an opportunity to implement environment-friendly transportation to grab mass market [48].
Among many barriers there are two features that are considered as the main problem, which include the renewing system for electrical energy and generating fuel for vehicle that produces less emission. The historical activity of road transportation and consumption of energy has been growing rapidly which has apparently increased the challenges for the adoption of green transportation [16].
Previous studies outlined several challenges in implementing green GSCM and green transportation. Some of these barriers include unwillingness to shift logistic operations to green management, fear of investing capital for adoption of GSCM, and threats of not getting the desired return after implementation [11]. Many logistic managers only provide the training of green practices but fail to carry out their practical implementations which consequently, reduces the environment-friendly performance. To overcome these challenges, Table 1 shows the following measures.
Connectivity access | Change or shift | Enhancement | Supportive tools | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Measures | Sound green practices can reduce trade barriers | Public transportation, supply chain process, rail freight, fuel and energy consumption | Efficiency in fuel consumption, alternative strategies for fuel generation, cleaner fuel | Awareness, timely monitoring, develop institutions, training |
Useful instruments | Changes in policies for green transportation | Action plans to encourage more organizations, awards, recognition, and expert guide | Road maps for growth, green fuel consumption, schemes of green freight labeling | Development in curricula for undergraduate future employees, awareness campaigns, knowledge centers |
Benefits | Social and economic growth, customer retention | Sustainable environment, safe living standards | R&D policies, trade and economic growth, security of energy consumption, single market | ISO, certifications for CSR activities |
Operators | Governmental organizations dealing with laws for safety and sustainability of environment | Urban development, corporation of technical authorities, local governmental bodies | Transport ministries, economic centers, civil societies, environmental security centers, ports, and trading sectors | Societies: academic, civil, local Transportation ministries |
Drivers for green transportation.
In Europe it is observed that for the suitability of cargo transportation, communication channels play a pivotal role [10]. In logistic industries, governmental bodies and shipment service providers regulate the environmental management and shipment of units to the end users. Both of these parties work to ensure the safety for the friendly environment. The concept of green transportation is derived from generating the green fuel which is less harmful for the society. The term less harmful refers to the reduction and control over the emission of carbon gases and fuel consumption to enhance the credibility of goods transportation.
Green fuel generation is a basic element to attain the benchmark of green transportation. It is observed that biomass is the best alternative against fossil fuel. It allows combining all biomass chemicals to generate an eco-friendly fuel for vehicles, which will further help in promoting green transportation. According to Douvartzides et al. [49], green diesel has proved to be an excellent alternative for the combustion of energy with rousting properties of low emission.
To differentiate the performance of supply chain operations, it is necessary to consider factors that depend on the sustainability of overall cycle of logistics, i.e., green transportation [10]. The term sustainability of transportation refers to “a set of continuous, dynamic, and integrated guidelines and policies embraces economic, social and environmental goals that are fairly distributed and used effectively to meet the needs of transport community and generations have to be summarized only in the sustainability of the nature of transportation systems” [50].
The study conducted by Heiko and Darkow [51] claimed that transportation consumes about 20% of global energy. Since it has become a challenge for logistic industries to attain sustainability in green transportation, therefore they are more focused on getting insights into the requirements and needs of their customers and instruments to support their green practices [48]. To achieve sustainability in green logistics and transportation, it has become crucial to eliminate elements such as methods that affect the autonomy of vehicles.
Sustainability in transportation can be achieved by enhancing the quality of air by reducing the emission of gases from the road transport and implementing a limit to the emission of harmful gases for all the vehicles. The following are the measures that manufacturing industries can take in their logistic and green transportation to achieve sustainability:
Modify the transportation system to affordable, easy, and reliable mode, which could be easy to assess by all users.
Implement diverse medium such as bicycles, walking, and electric vehicles (EV) and recharging stations which is implemented by IKEA stores in many countries.
By using hybrid and alternative fuels, vehicles could be limit in emission of carbon, which is a key element of sustainability in green transport [52].
The demand for green transportation has been increasing rapidly in the global world. The purpose for initiating green transportation is the emission of CO2 gas which has been growing intensely since 1990 and consequently risking the environment through freight transportation. It has increased with the percentage of 71% in 2016 and anticipated to increase 50% more till the year 2050 [16].
Recently international markets are focused on environmental safety and sustainability by eliminating gas emission rather than promoting the implementation and practices of clean green technologies and energies in transportation [10]. The United Nations has established an agency to protect the marine cargo and shipment known as the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The responsibilities and roles of IMO are to prevent the pollution of marine that is generated during the shipment of consignments, enhance the performance of shipment, and ensure the safety and security of international transportation. For the initiative of environmental safety, the IMO has designed four ways to limit and control the emission of polluted gases. These methods include energy efficiency design (EED), energy efficiency operational indicator (EEOI), ship energy efficiency management plan (SEEMP), and market-based measures (MBM). The role of EED is to measure the reduction of emission through technical tools, whereas EEOI and SEEMP both measure the operations that should be carried forward for the purpose of mitigating the greenhouse carbon. MBM has the responsibilities to operationally and technically measure the carbon markets such as the trading system emission [53].
The demands of public for the import goods are changing dramatically. This change in demands has also shifted many manufacturing and transport industries by adopting the green technologies and seeking new ways to make their operations flexible for environmental concerns. It has been observed that reduction in fuel consumption from the large ships can significantly limit the emission of carbon. Figure 3 provides a brief overview regarding the drivers and outcomes of green innovations. Furthermore, there are various ways to reduce the emission of carbon, which will be discussed below.
Drivers and Outcomes of Green Innovations. Source: Qudrat-Ullah [
It is defined as a practice where the sails are moved slower than their designed speed. According to a study of the IMO, the emission reduction of carbon was decreased by 796 million tons in 2012 from 885 million in year 2007 worldwide. The main factor behind this reduction was the slow steaming of the cargo ships and vessels that consumes relatively low fuel which emits less carbon [55]. Different factors encouraged the adoption of slow steaming. These factors did not only focus on providing considerations toward the sustainability requirements to maintain the global supply chains but were further centered toward other important factors which include:
Management of the global financial crisis which ultimately caused the downturn in the global economy.
Another considering factor includes the high fuel costs.
Increasing operating cost rates.
Falling freight rates.
These factors resulted in the reduction of speed and minimal consumption of fuel which, in broader perspective, results in the reduced emission of greenhouse gases.
The massive use of voyage optimizer generated the need for the development of freight model. This process enhances the management and efficiencies of the ships by modifying the routes and speed of the shipping which consequently bring the ecological and economic advantages.
It is asserted that for mitigating the risking impacts of port management, manufacturing and transportation industries need to switch their decision to environmental sustainability from financial sustainability. It is also observed that by transportation layout, change is necessary to reduce the carbon emission such as shifting to rail tracks from road transport.
Suppliers, customers, and their need of the transportation possess an important role to broaden the concept of logistics. Many companies have integrated advancement in vehicle technologies to enhance the performance of the environment and transportation of freight as well as transportation services for public. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is observed to be an efficient method to evaluate the performance and efficiency of green practices in logistics and transportation. The DEA model helps to measure the efficiency of the green supply chain process in terms of cost, human resource, energy, output, and carbon emission. The logistic managers need to enhance their transport system and let it lose free that will boost company growth, and vice versa it will positively influence economic growth which will result in building a healthy and strong nation [30].
Green transportation in supply chain management is further connected to the development of sustainability and green economy which can be achieved by the implementation of sustainability principles in countries. The importance of sustainability in green economy can be understood under two folds. The first includes the role of carrier in providing huge environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, while the later includes the reduction of air and noise pollutants along with the fuel management for sustainable development. It is important to emphasize that the use of resources is more important than the resources in developing a strong infrastructure.
Another important consideration must be provided to the transport infrastructure of the city which is defined through the scale of access to public transportation and the quality of roads, followed by the access point within them. These access points lead to a metropolitan area while providing important considerations toward travel time, distance, and the overall travel cost. It is noteworthy that a smooth infrastructure in transportation networks results in providing a direct effect on the scale of various local markets [50].
Other important concerns regarding the development of green transportation must be provided to the issues associated with the remaining available resources of fossils that are highly usable and can be infused in the internal combustion engines (ICE). In addition to that, the preservation and sustainable use of available reserves of lithium and other metals is highly favorable for the rapid development of green transportation since these metals are used in batteries and motors of electrical vehicles.
This transition of polluted cars to EV is characterized through the convergence of energy and mobility which may ultimately bring significant benefits to green transportation. Presently, the implementation of the propelled electric vehicles can be held through two different technologies that include fuel cells and batteries. These technologies are effective in developing the future by working on the strengths initiated through specific segments.
Battery electric vehicle (BEV) serves as the optimal solution for the short city routes, whereas fuel cell vehicle (FCV) is favorable for longer routes of huge tracks and other passenger busses. Both FCV and BEV technologies are favorable and are considered as “green” for environment since they lack the ability to produce greenhouse-related gases and other air pollutants. This is due to the fact that these technologies shift the challenge of green transportation centered for millions of individual vehicles to a central energy production place. Currently, BEV is one of the leading technologies; however, the new government policies are providing a significant interest toward the increased investments in research and development (R&D) that are expected to deliver better performance and maximum efficiency of FCV followed by their efficient recharging and better infrastructure. In the light of this, to develop green transportation for green supply chain management, it is important to develop future synergy of the abovementioned technologies which may ultimately result in best features.
Another important driver for green innovation is to provide important care to supplier’s role. For the achievement of the green supply chain and green environmental targets, the right selection of supplier plays a critical role for the successful adoption and implementation of the green innovation in business firms. For the right selection of supply manager, it is important to provide firm consideration toward factors such as green purchasing abilities, green competencies, environmental management initiatives, environmental investments, and environmental regulatory compliance followed by the end economic benefits. This is due to the fact that in supply chain management, supply-related factors play a critical role in managing the environmental processes effectively. It further supports the intervention of innovation and creativity in business process. The study of Burki [56] emphasized the selection of effective suppliers, as they play a key role in increasing firm’s ability to adopt and accomplish the environmentally friendly work processes that are useful for environmental management and green innovation system.
It is further essential to prioritize the activities in the process related to green logistics and green transportation by elevating the transportation sectors. This modification will reduce the waiting time in supply chain cycle of product and simultaneously improve the efficiency of energy consumption. There are some important future implications in green supply chain management which is subsequently associated with green transportation:
Practices of reusing and recycling the material throughout the production cycle which will reduce the consumption of energy to minimum.
Seeking for the ways to minimize the wastage by utilizing minimum materials for the packaging.
Designing the product design that is easy to deliver. This could include the example of IKEA, who designed their packaging that require less space in shipment.
Purchasing the raw material that has absolute minimum or no negative impact on the environment.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10475",title:"Smart Biofeedback",subtitle:"Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d2bd9997707c905959eaa41e55ba8f1",slug:"smart-biofeedback-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Edward Da-Yin Liao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3875",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward Da-Yin",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"edward-da-yin-liao",fullName:"Edward Da-Yin Liao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8059",title:"Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic 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by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8751",title:"Somatosensory and Motor Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86191c18f06e524e0f97a5534fdb2b4c",slug:"somatosensory-and-motor-research",bookSignature:"Toshiaki Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70872",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"toshiaki-suzuki",fullName:"Toshiaki Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9347",title:"Neuroimaging",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Multimodal and Network Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3479e76c6ac538aac76409c9efb7e41",slug:"neuroimaging-neurobiology-multimodal-and-network-applications",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8938",title:"Inhibitory Control Training",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd82354f3bba4af5421337cd42052f86",slug:"inhibitory-control-training-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Massimo Bartoli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6998",title:"Synucleins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Role in Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b4b802fec508928ce8ab9deebd1375f",slug:"synucleins-biochemistry-and-role-in-diseases",bookSignature:"Andrei Surguchov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"266540",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Surguchov",slug:"andrei-surguchov",fullName:"Andrei Surguchov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:65,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46296",doi:"10.5772/57398",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5886,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"3846",slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"58070",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72427",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81998",title:"Understanding the Neuropathophysiology of Psychiatry Disorder Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation",slug:"understanding-the-neuropathophysiology-of-psychiatry-disorder-using-transcranial-magnetic-stimulatio",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103748",abstract:"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe and non-invasive tool that allows researchers to probe and modulate intracortical circuits. The most important aspect of TMS is its ability to directly stimulate the cortical neurons, generating action potentials, without much effect on intervening tissue. This property can be leveraged to provide insight into the pathophysiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Using multiple patterns of stimulations (single, paired, or repetitive), different neurophysiological parameters can be elicited. Various TMS protocol helps in understanding the neurobiological basis of disorder and specific behaviors by allowing direct probing of the cortical areas and their interconnected networks. While single-pulse TMS can provide insight into the excitability and integrity of the corticospinal tract, paired-pulse TMS (ppTMS) can provide further insight into cortico-cortical connections and repetitive TMS (rTMS) into cortical mapping and modulating plasticity.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Jitender Jakhar, Manish Sarkar and Nand Kumar"},{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"20",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Nutrition",keywords:"Sustainable Animal Diets, Carbon Footprint, Meta Analyses",scope:"An essential part of animal production is nutrition. Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. One of the new challenges we are now faced with is sustainable animal diets (STAND) that involve the 3 P’s (People, Planet, and Profitability). We must develop animal feed that does not compete with human food, use antibiotics, and explore new growth promoters options, such as plant extracts or compounds that promote feed efficiency (e.g., monensin, oils, enzymes, probiotics). These new feed options must also be environmentally friendly, reducing the Carbon footprint, CH4, N, and P emissions to the environment, with an adequate formulation of nutrients.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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