The basic geometrical parameters of the drill string with and cavitation generator and the results of the drill string dynamic tests at the pump discharge pressure of
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9873",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The world is currently experiencing increased environmental contamination with solid waste, which is one of the greatest environmental threats today. Although solid waste is harmful, proper management and profitable recycling can make it beneficial to the environment. In this regard, estimation of the true quantities of solid wastes generated annually in developed and developing countries is important for evaluating suitable strategies for economic and sustainable procedures of waste management. This book presents an interesting review of the economics of solid waste management in various developing and developed countries. It examines several economic applications of solid waste, such as innovative methods to generate bioelectricity from organic waste using microbial fuel cells and using solid waste as an alternative fuel in cement kilns.",isbn:"978-1-83962-560-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-559-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-561-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87682",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",numberOfPages:170,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"59b5ceeeedaf7449a30629923569388c",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",publishedDate:"April 21st 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6782,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:43,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 12th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 3rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 1st 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 20th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 19th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144691/images/system/144691.png",biography:"Hosam M. Saleh is a Professor of Radioactive Waste Management in the Radioisotope Department, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt. He obtained an MSc and Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Cairo University, Egypt. He has more than 25 years of experience in hazardous waste management with an emphasis on treatment and developing new matrixes for the immobilization of these wastes. He is also interested in studying innovative economic and environmentally friendly techniques for the management of hazardous and radioactive wastes. He has authored many peer-reviewed scientific papers and chapters and served as an editor of several books. He was selected among the top 2% of scientists in the world according to the Stanford University report for 2020 and 2021.",institutionString:"Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"15",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"14",institution:{name:"Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"891",title:"Solid Waste",slug:"solid-waste"}],chapters:[{id:"74478",title:"Introductory Chapter: Solid Waste",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95327",slug:"introductory-chapter-solid-waste",totalDownloads:361,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74478",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74478",authors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"},{id:"218811",title:"Prof.",name:"Amal I.",surname:"Hassan",slug:"amal-i.-hassan",fullName:"Amal I. Hassan"}],corrections:null},{id:"73477",title:"Reflections on the Influence of Family Demographics on Food Waste Generation among the City of Tshwane Households, Republic of South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93755",slug:"reflections-on-the-influence-of-family-demographics-on-food-waste-generation-among-the-city-of-tshwa",totalDownloads:340,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the influence of households’ demographics on food waste generation. A mixed method research approach consisting of meta-analysis, survey (structured interviews), and experimental were used to collect opinions and weigh the amount of waste generated in each household. Although not all demographic variables were investigated, the influence of: (1) family size, (2) household monthly income, (3) employment status, (4) educational level, and (5) age of respondents on food waste generation were analyzed. The results of the study confirmed that age and family size are positive factors that influence the amount of food waste generated in households of the City of Tshwane, as opposed to the level of education, employment status, and monthly income levels. It should be noted, however, that this study does not conclusively exclude the other factors as not having an influence in food waste generations. However, their influence in the current food waste generation quantities was not conclusive. Further studies with larger sample size are thus recommended.",signatures:"Machate Machate",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73477",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73477",authors:[{id:"326045",title:"Prof.",name:"Machate",surname:"Machate",slug:"machate-machate",fullName:"Machate Machate"}],corrections:null},{id:"74039",title:"Sustainable Pathway for Closing Solid Waste Data Gaps: Implications for Modernization Strategies and Resilient Cities in Developing Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94384",slug:"sustainable-pathway-for-closing-solid-waste-data-gaps-implications-for-modernization-strategies-and-",totalDownloads:412,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter addresses three peculiar challenges in the solid waste management system of developing countries, namely: the chronic lack of reliable data for planning purposes, the absence of participatory engagement strategies in data gathering for wider ownership and usage, and the lack of monitoring of the climate change burden of existing waste disposal practices. A team of researchers has collaborated with system managers and a responsible philanthropic organization to engage key stakeholders to address these gaps in a sustainable manner. The strategy deployed has been to work in a participatory and evidenced-based frame to solicit support, enhance capacities, empower each other to understand the problems and find for ourselves the practical routes by which solid waste data gaps can be closed in the greater Accra region of Ghana. Stakeholders have participated in a comprehensive waste audit and landfill emission monitoring exercise to develop a baseline, and have used local resources and ideas to recommend steps to sustain reliable data flows and the development of a climate action plan for purposes of modernization. The methodological processes and research outcomes suggest that structural collaboration between researchers and system stakeholders is necessary to break the vicious circle of chronic data gaps and substitute virtuous circles of reliable data for planning purposes.",signatures:"Kwaku Oduro-Appiah and Abraham Afful",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74039",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74039",authors:[{id:"324899",title:"Dr.",name:"Kwaku",surname:"Oduro-Appiah",slug:"kwaku-oduro-appiah",fullName:"Kwaku Oduro-Appiah"},{id:"330032",title:"Mr.",name:"Abraham",surname:"Afful",slug:"abraham-afful",fullName:"Abraham Afful"}],corrections:null},{id:"73972",title:"Guide for Organising a Community Clean-up Campaign",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94515",slug:"guide-for-organising-a-community-clean-up-campaign",totalDownloads:895,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"While it is the government’s and municipality’s mandate to ensure that its citizens stay in a clean and safe environment, it is of concern that waste management remains a big challenge in urban areas especially in developing countries. Increased economic development, rapid population growth and improvement of living standards are among the factors attributed to increased quantity and complexity of solid waste being generated. On the other hand, while people generate wastes, they continue to be looked at as passive recipients of municipality services. Ultimately, citizens fail to recognise their role in waste management and become unwilling to either pay for service delivery or participate in clean-up campaigns. Waste dumps are prime breeding sites for communicable disease vectors such as rodents, mosquitoes and houseflies, which can exacerbate the prevalence of water, food and waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid. This chapter thus describes the methodology of successfully conducting a community-led cleanup campaign. It is based on experience gained during implementation of an urban water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) project. Ward level clean-up campaigns were organised and conducted by community members and local leaders. Besides clearing illegal dumpsites, the activity was also used to raise awareness on the consequence of waste dumping. The experience showed that organising a clean-up campaign only requires careful timeous planning. Overall, it was concluded that not only does the activity serve the practical purpose of cleaning, but it also creates a greater sense of unity and friendship among community members. Additionally, the power of beautification in a clean-up campaign wold naturally motivate residents to believe that their problems could be solved, resulting in a shared responsibility for sustainable management of waste and commons at local level.",signatures:"Innocent Rangeti and Bloodless Dzwairo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73972",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73972",authors:[{id:"171647",title:"Mr.",name:"Innocent",surname:"Rangeti",slug:"innocent-rangeti",fullName:"Innocent Rangeti"},{id:"327929",title:"Dr.",name:"Bloodless",surname:"Dzwairo",slug:"bloodless-dzwairo",fullName:"Bloodless Dzwairo"}],corrections:null},{id:"74647",title:"Economics of Solid Waste Management: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95343",slug:"economics-of-solid-waste-management-a-review",totalDownloads:837,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Solid Waste Management is one of the importance environmental issues at many developing countries. There is a lack of studies on economic analysis of solid waste management in the many cities at the national and international level. Most of the Municipal Corporation or city management is the major responsibility for better waste management. However, the local governments has been allocated budget for solid waste management without analysing cost and benefit of solid waste. Although, waste management budget is focusing on collected waste but, uncollected waste has been creating a number of socio, economic and health issues. Therefore, this chapter has presents a details review on economics of solid waste management at the various developing and developed countries. The main policy implication of the paper is to emphasis on better understanding of economic importance of solid waste management to the local policy makers.",signatures:"Muniyandi Balasubramanian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74647",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74647",authors:[{id:"275432",title:"Dr.",name:"Muniyandi",surname:"Balasubramanian",slug:"muniyandi-balasubramanian",fullName:"Muniyandi Balasubramanian"}],corrections:null},{id:"73967",title:"Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Morocco: Co-Incineration of RDF as an Alternative Fuel in Cement Kilns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93936",slug:"sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternative-fuel-in-cemen",totalDownloads:347,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major obstacle for the majority of municipalities in developing countries because of the impacts related to the landfilling of waste. Garbage is an energy-rich material. As a result, energy recovery is considered to be a sustainable waste management method. In Morocco, 7.4 million tons are produced annually; most of the waste is landfilled without any recovery despite the impacts related to this method of disposal. The objective of this chapter is to characterize combustible fractions (RDF) from household waste in Morocco and to study the economic and environmental benefits of their use as alternative fuels in cement kilns. The results of this research show that the combustible fractions contained in household waste in Morocco constitute a potential sustainable energy source with a high lower calorific value (4454 kcal/kg). The study of the advantages of co-incineration shows that the substitution of pet coke by 15% RDF reduces the pollution linked to gaseous emissions. In addition, the cement plant can make financial savings 389 USD/h by minimizing the use of fossil fuels.",signatures:"Aziz Hasib, Abdellah Ouigmane, Otmane Boudouch, Reda Elkacmi, Mustapha Bouzaid and Mohamed Berkani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73967",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73967",authors:[{id:"166445",title:"Prof.",name:"Aziz",surname:"Hasib",slug:"aziz-hasib",fullName:"Aziz Hasib"},{id:"237725",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",surname:"Elkacmi",slug:"reda-elkacmi",fullName:"Reda Elkacmi"},{id:"325462",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdellah",surname:"Ouigmane",slug:"abdellah-ouigmane",fullName:"Abdellah Ouigmane"},{id:"325463",title:"Prof.",name:"Otmane",surname:"Boudouch",slug:"otmane-boudouch",fullName:"Otmane Boudouch"},{id:"325528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustapha",surname:"Bouzaid",slug:"mustapha-bouzaid",fullName:"Mustapha Bouzaid"},{id:"325529",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Berkani",slug:"mohammed-berkani",fullName:"Mohammed Berkani"}],corrections:[{id:"74392",title:"Corrigendum to: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Morocco: Co-Incineration of RDF as an Alternative Fuel in Cement Kilns",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-to-sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternativ",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"74238",title:"Effectiveness of Anaerobic Technologies in the Treatment of Landfill Leachate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94741",slug:"effectiveness-of-anaerobic-technologies-in-the-treatment-of-landfill-leachate",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Improper Solid Waste Management leads to the generation of landfill leachate at the landfills. To reduce the negative impacts of highly toxic and recalcitrant leachate on the environment, several techniques have been used. A lot of research is conducted to find suitable methods for the treatment of landfill leachate such as biological processes, chemical oxidation processes, coagulation, flocculation, chemical precipitation, and membrane procedures. The biological process is still being used widely for the treatment of leachate. The current system of leachate treatment consists of various unit processes which require larger area, energy and cost. In addition, the current aerobic treatment is not able to treat entirely the pollutants which require further treatment of the leachate. Anaerobic wastewater treatment has gained considerable attention among researchers and sanitary engineers primarily due to its economic advantages over conventional aerobic methods. The major advantages of anaerobic wastewater treatment in comparison to aerobic methods are: (a) the lack of aeration, which decreases costs and energy requirements; and (b) simple maintenance and control, which eliminates the need for skilled operators and manufacturers. Several anaerobic processes have been used for leachate treatment such as up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, anaerobic filter, hybrid bed reactor, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor and Anaerobic baffled reactor. The following chapter provides an insight to the solid waste management at the landfills, generation of leachate and details of some of the highly efficient anaerobic treatment systems that are used for the overall treatment of landfill leachate.",signatures:"Imran Ahmad, Norhayati Abdullah, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Ali Yuzir, Iwamoto Koji, Anas Al-Dailami and Thilagavathi Arumugham",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74238",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74238",authors:[{id:"237449",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreeshivadasan",surname:"Chelliapan",slug:"shreeshivadasan-chelliapan",fullName:"Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan"},{id:"324168",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Imran",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"imran-ahmad",fullName:"Imran Ahmad"},{id:"332462",title:"Dr.",name:"Norhayati",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"norhayati-abdullah",fullName:"Norhayati Abdullah"},{id:"338893",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Yuzur",slug:"ali-yuzur",fullName:"Ali Yuzur"},{id:"338894",title:"Dr.",name:"Iwamoto",surname:"Koji",slug:"iwamoto-koji",fullName:"Iwamoto Koji"},{id:"338895",title:"Dr.",name:"Anas",surname:"Al-Dailami",slug:"anas-al-dailami",fullName:"Anas Al-Dailami"},{id:"343758",title:"Dr.",name:"Thilagavathi",surname:"Arumugham",slug:"thilagavathi-arumugham",fullName:"Thilagavathi Arumugham"}],corrections:null},{id:"74004",title:"Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Gold from Mining Wastes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94597",slug:"hydrometallurgical-recovery-of-gold-from-mining-wastes",totalDownloads:747,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Gold is a highly required material for a wide range of personal and industrial applications. The high demand for gold, together with the shortage of natural resources and high pollution potential of wastes generated during mining and ore processing activities led to search for alternative sources of gold. A possible source is represented by mine wastes resulting from the processing of polymetallic or sulfidic ores. The reprocessing of wastes and old tailings with moderate to low content of gold offers not only a business opportunity, but also enhances the quality of the surrounding environment, changes the land use and offers a wide range of socio-economic benefits. Cyanidation, the most widespread Au leaching option, is progressively abandoned due to the high risk associated with its use and to the low public acceptance. Therefore, alternative methods such as thiocyanate, thiourea, thiosulphate and halide leaching gained more and more interest. This chapter presents the most important features of some Au leaching methods, emphasizing their advantages, limitations and potential applications.",signatures:"Emilia Neag, Eniko Kovacs, Zamfira Dinca, Anamaria Iulia Török, Cerasel Varaticeanu and Erika Andrea Levei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74004",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74004",authors:[{id:"324453",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika Andrea",surname:"Levei",slug:"erika-andrea-levei",fullName:"Erika Andrea Levei"},{id:"335075",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilia",surname:"Neag",slug:"emilia-neag",fullName:"Emilia Neag"},{id:"335077",title:"MSc.",name:"Eniko",surname:"Kovacs",slug:"eniko-kovacs",fullName:"Eniko Kovacs"},{id:"335078",title:"Dr.",name:"Zamfira",surname:"Dinca",slug:"zamfira-dinca",fullName:"Zamfira Dinca"},{id:"335080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anamaria Iulia",surname:"Török",slug:"anamaria-iulia-torok",fullName:"Anamaria Iulia Török"},{id:"335081",title:"BSc.",name:"Cerasel",surname:"Varaticeanu",slug:"cerasel-varaticeanu",fullName:"Cerasel Varaticeanu"}],corrections:null},{id:"74827",title:"Bioelectricity from Organic Solid Waste",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95297",slug:"bioelectricity-from-organic-solid-waste",totalDownloads:468,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Resource recovery and recycling of organic waste is a great challenge in the world. The unmanaged organic waste causes a great damage to the environment and the public health both in the developing countries and industrial parts of the world. In this research, an innovative method was adopted to generate bioelectricity from the organic waste by using the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). Various types of organic wastes such as livestock waste, food waste, fruit waste were used as the substrates of the microbial fuel cell. All the experiments were carried out in the same sized one chamber microbial fuel cell and the similar electrode materials. It was observed that all the organic wastes can be used to generate bioelectricity through microbial fuel cell. The generated electricity can be used in several environmental monitoring sensors and can be used as an alternate power source in the developing countries. The by-products of the bioelectricity generation can be used as soil conditioner in the organic depleted soil and agricultural fields.",signatures:"M. Azizul Moqsud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74827",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74827",authors:[{id:"7199",title:"Dr.",name:"Md.Azizul",surname:"Moqsud",slug:"md.azizul-moqsud",fullName:"Md.Azizul Moqsud"}],corrections:null},{id:"73517",title:"Agricultural Solid Wastes: Causes, Effects, and Effective Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93601",slug:"agricultural-solid-wastes-causes-effects-and-effective-management",totalDownloads:1778,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The role of the agricultural sector in human development and economic development cannot be overemphasized. Awareness for increased agricultural production is on the increase, arising from the need to feed the ever-increasing human population. Interestingly, almost all agricultural activities generate wastes, which are generated in large quantities in many countries. However, these wastes may constitute a serious threat to human health through environmental pollution and handling them may result in huge economic loss. Unfortunately, in many developing countries where large quantities of these wastes are generated, they are not properly managed because little is known about their potential risks and benefits if properly managed. There are studies that address some of the challenges of agricultural solid wastes as well as suggestions on how they can be properly managed. In this chapter, we intend to explore the major sources of agricultural solid wastes, their potential risks, and how they can be properly managed.",signatures:"Isaac Oluseun Adejumo and Olufemi Adebukola Adebiyi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73517",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73517",authors:[{id:"276527",title:"Dr.",name:"Isaac Oluseun",surname:"Adejumo",slug:"isaac-oluseun-adejumo",fullName:"Isaac Oluseun Adejumo"},{id:"328699",title:"Dr.",name:"O.A.",surname:"Adebiyi",slug:"o.a.-adebiyi",fullName:"O.A. Adebiyi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8580",title:"Municipal Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3554c02569fe3ac8afa79cb02daae97",slug:"municipal-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8580.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6534",title:"Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7573426a162c18f39acc575c1e69f67",slug:"heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. Saleh and Refaat F. 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The fundamental origin of ferroelectricity lies in the response of order parameter (electric dipole) with respect to the applied electric field. However, the field of ferroelectricity remained silent till 1940 [1]. One of the major turning points in ferroelectricity came into the picture around 1940 after the discovery of unusual behavior in dielectric properties of mixed oxides, which are crystallized to perovskite structure [1]. After that, ferroelectricity was intensively focused by the scientific community in all over the world. The perovskite compounds exhibit the ABX3 structure, where A and B are the cations having different charges and ionic radii. “X” refers to an anion that bonded with both cations. In general, X is often Oxygen (O2−) but also other ions such as sulfides, nitrides, and halides can be considered [2]. However, the perovskite compounds with the general formula ABO3 create a distinguish place in ferroelectricity compared to others [2]. Currently different groups of perovskite compounds available in the market such as A2BO4-layered perovskites (ex: Sr2RuO4, K2NiF4), A2BB’O6-double perovskites (ex: Ba2TiRuO6) and A2A’B2B’O9-triple perovskite (ex: La2SrCo2FeO9), etc. [2]. Hence, ferroelectrics are fascinating groups of materials, which have extensively attracted the fundamental understanding of its complex physical properties and emerging device applications (i.e., sensors, actuators, ferroelectric random access memories, etc.) [3]. The presence of spontaneous polarization (
Temperature-dependent dielectric constant and loss of a typical normal ferroelectric ceramic (PZT ceramic). It is adapted from Ref. [
As per the literature, PZT exhibits the normal ferroelectric in nature with the above-mentioned properties and, well understood experimentally as well as theoretically. However, the spatial substitution of a foreign element such as lanthanum (La3+) in PZT shows the intriguing behavior in terms of dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties with respect to frequency, temperature, and electric field, which are different from the normal ferroelectric [7, 8]. The extraordinary properties of modified PZT are related to a special group of ferroelectric materials, which is known as relaxor ferroelectric after the name by the scientist Cross in 1987 [9]. He proposed few characteristic properties for the material to be relaxor ferroelectric, as discussed in the later section. Currently, large numbers of materials with relaxor ferroelectric behavior are available in various forms of crystal structures such as perovskite, layer perovskite, tungsten bronze structure, etc. However, the exact origin of extraordinary properties of relaxor ferroelectrics is still a matter of investigation. A series of explanations have been reported to explain the origin of relaxor behavior by using various models such as diffuse phase transition model, dipolar glass model, random field model, super paraelectric model, and so on [10]. In contrast to normal ferroelectrics, the origin of relaxor ferroelectric has been correlated with the presence of compositional fluctuation induced polar nanoregions (PNRs) and tried to explain its properties up to a certain extend [10].
Due to its interesting physical properties, relaxor ferroelectrics can have possible applications in portable electronics, medical devices, pulse power devices, electric vehicles, advanced storage materials, and so on. Therefore, the different aspects from its origin to possible technological applications for future advancement have been discussed briefly in the present chapter.
From the earlier discussion (introduction section), the relaxor ferroelectrics show the abnormal behavior as compared to normal ferroelectric in terms of dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric properties and, subsequently, received much attention by the scientific community. To distinguish a relaxor ferroelectric, Cross assigned few basic properties as follows [9].
The temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity (
The depolarization (
The temperatures (
There is no macroscopic symmetry breaking (structural changes) near-maximum dielectric temperature (
The Curie–Weiss (C-W) law does not follow the temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity near
Exhibits slim/constricted ferroelectric hysteresis loop due to the presence of nanosize and randomly oriented polar islands known as polar nanoregions (PNRs).
Existence of polar nano regions at well above the dielectric maxima temperature ‘
The temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity of a typical relaxor ferroelectric has been shown in Figure 2 to visualize the different characteristic temperatures. As per the earlier reports, the interesting properties of relaxor ferroelectric are basically due to the presence of unique polar structure in nanometer size (polar nanoregions: PNRs) along with their response towards the external stimuli [11]. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the origin of PNRs and their effects on the physical properties, as discussed below.
Various characteristic temperatures are associated with a temperature-dependent dielectric constant of relaxor ferroelectric. Adapted from Ref. [
The concept of polar nanoregions in relaxor ferroelectric is quite impressive in terms of fundamental understanding of various peculiar physical properties. Also, it has been reported that the types as well as size of the ferroelectric domains greatly influence the external factors (i.e., electric field, temperature, stress, etc.) and, consequently, affect the different physical properties [12]. Initially, several models have been proposed to describe dielectric anomalies in relaxor ferroelectrics, which lead to formulate the concept of the origin of dynamic and formation of polar nanoregions (PNRs) [10]. The conclusions of various models have been described here to correlate the abnormal behavior of relaxor ferroelectric through the presence of nanosize polar domains. Smolenskii proposed the presence of compositional fluctuation in nanometer-scale within the crystal structure by considering a statistical distribution for the phase transition temperature [13].
Furthermore, Cross extended the Smolenskii theory to superparaelectric model, which is associated with the relaxor ferroelectric behavior with thermally activated superparaelectric clusters [9]. Viehland
In the normal unpoled ferroelectric, the large-size domains with specific dipole moments are randomly distributed throughout the material. However, the domains are switched and aligned in the field direction as far as possible with the application of the threshold electric field (coercive field). This process leads to the formation of macroscopic polarization. The polarization is further enhanced with the electric field and reached to the maximum polarization (
Furthermore, the temperature-dependent dielectric constant (
As per the literature, the formation of PNRs is related to compositional fluctuation at the lattice sites of the crystal structure. To understand the fundamentals behind the formation of PNRs in the relaxor ferroelectric, ABO3 type general perovskite compound with different charge states in A & B-site (i.e. A’xA”1-xB’yB″1-yO3) can be considered. The randomness of A (A’, A”) and B (B′, B”) sites depends upon the ionic sizes, a charge of cations, and distribution of cations in the sub-lattice. Depending upon the randomness, the distribution of domains is classified into two categories such as LRO (long-range order) and SRO (short-range order). SRO can be represented by the continuous with order distribution of cations on the neighboring sites, and the size of the order domains are extended in the range from 20 to 800 Å in diameter, whereas LRO is extended above 1000 Å diameter [23]. Hence, the diffuse phase transition behavior is the characteristic feature of a disordered system in which the random lattice disorder-induced the dipole impurities and defects at the crystal sites. The correlation length (
According to Landau-Devonshire theory of free energy (
Where
Confirmation of the presence of polar nanoregions at above the maximum dielectric temperature (
The relaxor ferroelectrics exhibit the broad diffuse maxima in the temperature dependence dielectric permittivity. For a typical RFE, strong dispersion behavior of dielectric permittivity
Here,
Volgel-Fulcher relation plot for BiAiO3-(x) BaTiO3 solid solutions with x = 0.05 & 0. Adapted from ref. [
Furthermore, the Curie–Weiss (C-W) law is well known to describe the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition for normal ferroelectric and, well fitted above the phase transition temperature (Curie temperature:
Here,
To visualize the above relations for the experimental observations, the fitted curve has been shown in Figure 5 [11]. The separation between maximum dielectric temperature and Burn temperature represents the characteristic of diffuse phase transition.
Variation of as a function of temperature, and the solid straight lines represent the C-W law at a particular frequency. TB is the burn temperature. Adapted from ref. [11] and reproduced with permission (self-citation © 2021 IOP).
Furthermore, Uchino and Nomura quantified the dielectric material’s relaxor behavior from the ferroelectric to the paraelectric phase transition. They have estimated the diffuse behavior by employing the modified Curie–Weiss (MCW) law. According to this law, the reciprocal of the permittivity can be expressed as; [33].
Here
According to Smolenskii’s work, the temperature dependence of dielectric permittivity above
Where
The temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity of (a) BZT25 (b) BZT30, (c) BZT35 and (d) PMN ceramic fitted with Lorentz relation (solid lines). Adapted from ref. [
Currently, there are several classes of relaxor ferroelectrics available based on different compositions. However, the existing relaxor ferroelectrics are further modified with suitable foreign elements to tune the physical properties. On the basis of material aspect, the relaxor ferroelectrics are classified into two categories as lead-based and lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics. In the present scenario, the lead-based RFEs are dominated extensively on the commercial market due to their superior dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. However, the restriction of lead-based compounds due to their environmental issue (toxic in nature) leads to an increase in the demand for lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics. Therefore, lead-based and lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics are briefly discussed [38, 39]. In addition, the concept of morphotropic phase boundary has been discussed to understand the formation of various solid solutions.
This term is very common in the field of complex ferroelectric solid solutions. Basically, the term ‘morphotropic’ referred to the crystal phase transition due to the change in the composition and which is different from the polymorphic phase boundary (PPB) [40]. PPB is generally referred to as a change in phase transition with respect to the temperature. Morphotropic phase boundary represents the phase transition between rhombohedral and tetragonal ferroelectric phases with respect to the variation of composition or pressure. In the vicinity of MPB, the materials exhibit maximum dielectric and piezoelectric properties due to the presence of structural inhomogeneity [41]. The most common and well-known ferroelectric material, i.e., Lead Zirconate Titanate [Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)TiO3/PZT] lies near morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), as shown in Figure 7. Basically, PZT solid solution is the competing of coexistence phases, i.e., PbZrO3 with rhombohedral symmetry (
Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) solid solution near morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition between PbZrO3 with rhombohedral symmetry (
The most widely used ferroelectric materials for the different applications are derived from the solid solution of (x) PbTiO3-(1-x) PbZrO3. The lead-based solid solutions exhibit different characteristics properties ranging from normal ferroelectric-relaxor- antiferroelectric. Therefore, the lead-based relaxor ferroelectrics are quite important for the modern device industries. To date, the PZT is considered a vastly used piezoelectric material. The relaxor properties in PZT have been successfully developed by incorporating foreign elements in A/B sites with isovalent and aliovalent dopants (donor and acceptor dopants). Some of the dopants which have been used in the PZT crystal system are as follows: Isovalent types (Ba2+, Sr2+ for Pb2+ site & Sn4+ for Zr4+ and Ti4+ sites), Donor types (La3+, Nd3+, Sb3+ for Pb2+ sites & Nb5+, Ta5+, Sb5+, W6+ for Zr4+ and Ti4+ sites) and acceptor types (K+, Na+ for Pb2+ & Fe3+, Al3+, Sc3+, In3+, Cr3+ for Zr4+ and Ti4+ sites). Other than PZT, the lead-based relaxor ferroelectrics are Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3(PMN) or Pb(Sc1/2Ta1/2)O3(PST), Pb1-
Although lead-based relaxor ferroelectrics are dominating in the electronic markets, lead-free ceramics have been focused intensively for last few years due to the restriction of hazardous substances such as lead, lead oxide and heavy metals. There is no equivalent alternative as compared to lead-based compounds, particularly PZT based relaxor ferroelectrics till now. However, certain lead-free relaxor ferroelectric groups with a perovskite crystal structure are impressed by the current researchers for their enhanced physical properties in terms of dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties. Those relaxor ferroelectrics are typical classified as follows: (a) barium titanate (BaTiO3/BTO) based-, (b) potassium sodium niobate (K0.5Na0.5NbO3/KNN) based-, (c) bismuth sodium titanate (Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3/BNT) based- and (d) bismuth layer structured ferroelectrics (BLSFs) [47].
At room temperature, BTO exhibits stable electrical properties (dielectric and ferroelectric), good electrochemical coupling (
The KNN system is one of the most promising lead-free alternatives due to its high
BNT is one of the promising lead-free materials to compete with PZT for actuator applications. It exhibits relaxor ferroelectric properties with relatively large remanent polarizations (
Recently, BLSFs are considered as lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics due to its excellent fatigue properties. The general formula of BLSFs is (Bi2O3)2+ (Am-1BmO3m + 1)2− with A-site occupy by mono-, di- or trivalent ions, B-site occupies by tetra-, penta- or hexavalent ions with appropriate size [47]. The possible A-site elements could be K+, Na+, Ca+, Sr.+, Pb2+, Ba2+, La3+, Bi3+, Ce3+, etc. and B-site could be Ti4+, Nb5+, Ta5+, W6+, Mo6+, etc. The number “m” (=1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) is the number of BO6 octahedra in the (Am-1BmO3m + 1)2− perovskite blocks. BLSFs exhibit high
The relaxor ferroelectrics can have wide range of technological applications due to its intriguing physical properties in terms of dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric. As per the earlier discussion, the fundamental origin of unusual behavior in RFEs is mainly due to the presence of polar nanoregions (PNRs). In this section, few important applications of RFEs in modern technologies based on the specific physical property have been briefly discussed for the scientific community. In addition, the systematic approaches have been formulated for individual properties.
Typical polarization versus electric field with energy storage capacity and energy loss of different dielectric materials (a) linear, (b) ferroelectric, (c) relaxor ferroelectric, and (d) antiferroelectric. Adapted from ref. [
Currently, the electrical energy storage systems (EESSs) with high energy density and power density are the essential components for the various types of electronics. Out of several EESSs, dielectric capacitors (DCs) are widely used for delivering energy due to its high power density (PD). Power density (
Where,
Where
Where
Out of the different dielectric materials, antiferroelectrics exhibit the highest energy storage density. However, there are certain limitations of antiferroelectric which hindrance for its technological applications, such as; few availability (mostly lead-based) and less life cycles (i.e., degradation of antiferroelectric behavior with time). Hence, relaxor ferroelectrics become important for the dielectric capacitor with high energy storage density along with power density due to its slim/constricted ferroelectric hysteresis loop.
Nowadays, refrigerators are widely used as an essential requirement in various sectors starting from household to industrial applications. Basically, the refrigerator is the process to keep cooling a space or substance at below room temperature. The most popular refrigerator process is based on the vapor-compression of the refrigerant [55]. The most common refrigerant used for cooling purposes is chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), which is toxic in nature and cause the Ozone layer depletion. Therefore, several alternative methods have been developed for the cooling system. Out of that, electrocaloric effect based refrigerator becomes one of the emerging cooling technologies that evolved recently. The Electrocaloric (EC) effect observes in the materials having dipolar entities (electric dipoles) and depends upon the interaction between an electric field with the order parameter (dipole moments), which leads to varying the randomness (entropy) of the dipoles in the system [55]. The change in entropy of the material leads to heating or cooling of the respective system under adiabatic conditions. One can refer to the details on electrocaloric effect, including theory, measurement, and application, as reported by Z. Kutnjak
There are different ways to estimate the entropy change in the materials and subsequently quantified the electrocaloric effect for technological applications. Among them, the indirect method has been widely employed for different systems by the scientific community to calculate the entropy
Here,
Recently, the electric field-induced strain (electromechanical property) in ferroelectric ceramics has focused intensively due to their wide range of applications in sensors, actuators, MEMS, medical ultrasonic imaging, and so on. In a nutshell, the degree of induced strain in a material can be represented by the parameter
Some of the reported relaxor ferroelectrics are BNT-BKT-Bi(Ni2/3Nb1/3)O3 solid solution (Suni ~ 0.51% at 65 kV/cm,
Due the multifunctionality of ferroelectrics, it has wide range of applications in modern technologies. Out of that, voltage control dielectric permittivity behavior of ferroelectric is widely used for microwave devices such as resonators, phase shifters, filters and so on [68]. For these applications, the material’s tunability (change in capacitance with applied DC bias) should be high with a minimum loss factor. For normal ferroelectrics, tunability attends maximum value near transition temperature i.e. Curie’s temperature and hence, different materials can be used for different applications [69]. For example, SrTiO3 like materials are useful at cryogenic temperature, whereas BaTiO3 and PZT are most suitable for room temperature. As per the fundamental aspect, the tunability of a material directly depends on how fast the dipoles respond to the external electric field. The following relations can be used to estimate the tunability quantitatively [69].
Where,
Interestingly, it has been observed that the tunability in relaxor ferroelectric exhibits a higher value as compared to normal ferroelectrics. It happens due to the presence of short-range ordering PNRs, which respond very quickly with the applied electric field compared to the long-range ordering of dipoles in normal ferroelectrics. Maiti
The above discussion provides the possible applications of relaxor ferroelectrics in modern technologies. Besides the mentioned applications, the RFEs can also use in the field of multiferroics, pyroelectric, photoferroelectric, and so on. Hence, the requirement of relaxor ferroelectrics in the current ceramic market will increase significantly in the near future. Therefore, it is essential to focus on the research and development of RFEs in both academic and industry to find novel materials.
The present chapter describes the fundamental understanding of normal ferroelectrics to relaxor ferroelectrics and its possible applications in the modern technologies. The intriguing properties of relaxor ferroelectrics originate due to the presence of polar nano regions as a result of compositional fluctuation at the crystal structure. Although there are several theories available to explain the origin and dynamic of PNRs with external stimulus, it needs to establish the proper structure-properties relation for relaxor ferroelectrics. As per the material aspect, lead-based materials are dominating in the current markets. Therefore, the design of new lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics with enhanced physical properties is required for future applications.
Ths work was supported by Indian Institute of Technology Patna (IIT Patna).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Morphotropic phase boundary Polar nanoregions Relaxor ferroelectrics Modified Curie–Weiss law BaTiO3 (Barium Titanate) Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (Bismuth Sodium Titanate) K0.5Na0.5TiO3 (Potassium Sodium Niobate) Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 (Bismuth Potassium Titanate) PbZr0.48Ti0.52O3 (Lead Zirconate Titanate)
Sonic drilling is an effective method for sampling soft soils without disturbance, which can also be used for rapid drilling of bedrocks using vibration shock technology with rotary drilling [1]. Hydraulic hammers are of a dynamic type, operate on the energy of the flushing mud. Their operation principle is based on the effect of a water hammer as a result of interrupting the flow of fluid [2]. The main disadvantages of submersible hydraulic hammers are still:
their low efficiency, not exceeding 10%;
increased flow rate of the working fluid, which in some cases contradicts the drilling conditions, for example, leads to erosion of the borehole walls in zones of weak rocks;
an acceptable operating mode at a liquid pressure drop of less than 6 MPa;
the presence in their design of rapidly wearing moving parts, springs and rubber cuffs, which significantly reduce the period between inspection and service life;
negative impact of pressure oscillations to the mud pump, causing increased wear of its parts and deteriorating drilling efficiency due to the unambiguous dependence of the bottomhole power on the pump characteristics [3].
At present, researchers from various countries continue to work on improving the characteristics of hydraulic hammers. For example, in the last decade in the Russian Federation, research has carried out on volumetric hydropercussion machines [3]. The foundations of the theory have been developed and original hydraulic shock and distribution devices have been created. Their peculiarity lies in the presence of a hydraulic accumulator, which complicates the design, especially for significant depth drilling.
Analysis of recent studies and publications indicates the trend of using hydrodynamic cavitation as a source of vibration loading on the drilling tool to increase the drilling speed in hard and super hard formations. Such studies are presented by authors from different countries at conferences on geomechanics and well drilling. So, for example, in the works [4, 5, 6] in the process of experimental studies it was found to improve the operational characteristics of the drill bit. This was achieved by intensifying the removal of crushed material from the contact zone between the surfaces of the bit cutters and the rock during drilling due to cavitation effects in the high-pressure flow of the drilling fluid in the bit nozzle. It was found that for drilling with a cavitation impulse tool more efficient cutting of the rock and transportation of drill cuttings occurs, and friction in the drill string is also reduced.
Possibilities of increasing the profitability of well construction using pulsating jet technologies in future designs of the drill string with the optimization of the frequency and amplitude effects of the bit, taking into account the lithology of drilled rocks, are given in [7]. It was shown, “this could lead to faster and more efficient drilling, which will reduce drilling costs and make more oil and gas wells profitable”.
In the last decade, researchers from China have been intensively engaged in the creation of a new cavitating drill bit [8]. This was due to the need to overcome a number of problems in its western region during exploration and construction of superdeep wells with the depth ranging from 2000 m to 6000 m. In particular, the rate of penetration (ROP) of wells and the rate of development of new fields in these difficult geological conditions decreased significantly, and the cost of drilling increased dramatically.
To overcome the above problems, a new drilling tool was developed with the installation of a hydraulic impulse generator of a cavitation jet. Tests of such a generator have shown that at a flow rate of flushing fluid from 32
At the same time, studies to assess the effect of the vibration frequency of a drill bit on rock fragmentation in experimental and theoretical works on drilling various rocks by the sonic method showed that vibration frequencies of 1.4 kHz [11] are the most beneficial for ensuring the maximum drilling speed in hard rocks.
At the end of the last century (in the 80 s) the Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (ITM NASU) together with the ‘Geotechnika’ special design bureau (Russia) created a new scientific direction in the development of submersible percussion machines using the effects of hydrodynamic cavitation [12]. The main goal of this direction was the creation of a new method of dynamic loads on the drill bit, allowing to eliminate the disadvantages of existing hydropercussion machines. This method was implemented in the development of a drill string with a cavitation hydraulic vibrator.
Analysis of the latest publications on the study of promising devices that intensify the technological process of drilling exploration and production wells shows that the drilling technology using the cavitation hydraulic vibrator has a number of advantages. It lacks the main disadvantages of submersible hydraulic hammers [3] and impulse devices [10]. Cavitation hydraulic vibrator does not require additional energy sources and does not contain moving parts, it is easy to manufacture and fits organically into existing equipment without affecting the pump, since drill mud pressure oscillations are not transmitted above the place of the vibrator installation.
The cavitation hydraulic vibrator (Figure 1) is a part of a drill pipe 1 of drilling rig with drill bit 6. The hydraulic vibrator 5 is mounted in the pipe using tapered threads, the structure of the vibrator contains the cavitation generator 2 of flushing fluid pressure oscillations.
Layout of a drill string with a cavitation hydraulic vibrator. 1 is drill pipe; 2 is cavitation generator; 3, 4 are the cavity is sedentary and its cavity part that has come off; 5 is hydraulic vibrator; 6 is drill bit.
The cavitation generator of pressure oscillations is the Venturi tube of special geometry that converts a stationary fluid flow into a periodically stalling cavitation flow [12]. In this case, high-frequency shock self-oscillations of the liquid pressure are realized, exceeding the pressure at the generator inlet, transforming into axial vibration accelerations of the drill string [13].
A diagram of the cavitation flow in generators of this type with the distribution of pressure and flow velocity along the flow axis and the designation of its dimensions are shown in Figure 2.
Scheme of the cavitation flow in the generator with pressure and flow velocity distribution along the generator length. 1 is inlet pipeline; 2 is generator; 3 is outlet pipeline; 4 is cavitation zone with cavity volume
Cavitation occurs when the local static pressure drops to a critical one, equal to or close to the saturated vapor pressure of the liquid, caused by an increase in the liquid velocity in the cavitation generator throat. In this case, discontinuities of the liquid appear and cavities filled with vapors and gases are formed. It has been established that the most developed cavitation oscillations are observed in the hydraulic system behind a local constriction of the Venturi tube type when the diffuser opening angle
The cavitation generator is characterized by the following parameters:
geometric parameters:
regime parameters:
dynamic parameters:
The cavitation parameter τ is a dimensionless number used in flow calculations. It expresses the relationship between the difference of a local absolute pressure
where
The numerator of this parameter includes the total pressure or head, under the cavity collapses, and the denominator is the flow velocity head, determined by the pressure difference
Abnormally high values of liquid pressure in the pulse are observed at the generator diffuser angle of the 16 <
Fragment of the oscillogram recording the pressure
The figure shows that when cavitation occurs, the cavity begins at the entrance to the cylindrical section with
The frequencies of pressure oscillations in the hydraulic system, calculated from the pressure recording oscillograms, and the frequencies of the part of the detachment cavity located in the diffuser, determined from the time marks on the films obtained during the tests of the generator at different values of the cavitation parameter τ, are in satisfactory agreement. This allows us to conclude that the anomalously high periodic pressure impulses of a shock nature behind a local constriction of the Venturi type (see Figure 3, curve
The pressure wave from the collapse center propagates along the flow over rather long distances (practically not attenuating in experiments up to 2.0 meters). The pressure wave propagates against the flow, is damped by a new cavity that has grown by this time, as evidenced by the absence of oscillations at the generator inlet, but it takes part in the formation of reverse flows and creates conditions for the separation of the next cavity. Thus, a self-synchronized process of separation and collapse of cavitation cavities is established.
Figure 4 shows the calculated dependences of the swing of pressure oscillations
Theoretical and experimental dependences of the amplitude
The location of the experimental points relative to the theoretical dependences of the swing
The dependences of
The maximum value of the swing
Analysis of the dependencies, presented in Figure 4, shows clearly that the amplitude of the oscillatory pressure
According to the results of the study carried out in [14], it was found that from the physical point of view and from the position of the existing linear mathematical model, the pressure that arises when the cavitation cavity collapses does not depend on its size, but is determined by the speed of its wall movement, which is determined by the difference pressure and discharge pressure.
However, we note that the energy of the discrete-pulse action of a liquid in any technological process is determined not only by the range of pressure fluctuations, but also by the oscillatory component of the volumetric flow rate, which increases with an increase in the generator flow area.
Figure 5 shows the dependences of the theoretical cavitation oscillation frequency
Theoretical and experimental dependences of the frequency f vs. the cavitation parameter
It can be seen from the figure that for all the generators presented, the theoretical dependences
It was found that, at fixed values of the cavitation parameter τ and pressure at the generator inlet, an increase in the diameter of the critical section of the cavitation generator (and, consequently, the volumetric flow rate of the liquid) leads to a decrease in the frequency of cavitation oscillations. So, at the values Р1 = 30 MPa and τ =0.6 increase in the value of the cavitation generator throat diameter from 2.5 mm to 8.0 mm leads to decrease in the frequency of cavitation self-oscillations by about 2.63 times (from 9.74 kHz to 3.71 kHz). An increase in the liquid injection pressure
Thus, it has been established that in a drilling rig with a hydraulic vibrator, that includes the cavitation generator of fluid pressure oscillations, the stationary flow of the process fluid turns into a discrete-pulse flow of increased power. It is realized in the form of high-frequency (from 200 Hz to 20000 Hz) drill bit vibration accelerations [15]. In case of repeated exposure to power impulses from drill bit, the rock destruction takes on fatigue nature. Due to resonance processes in the ‘drill string with a hydraulic vibrator – rock’ dynamic system and the development of a network of microcracks in the rock, the discontinuity of the rock mass, as a rule, occurs at stresses lower than the ultimate strength of the rock. This leads to an improvement in the removal of the destroyed motive from the zone of its contact with the tool, an increase in the drilling speed, wear resistance of the drilling tool, and an improvement in the stabilization and stability of the operation of the drill string.
It was also found that the magnitude of the pressure pulses and their repetition rate can be controlled by setting the regime parameters of the cavitation flow.
The correctness of the choice of the proposed method of dynamic loading to the drill bit is confirmed by studies of the influence of the operating and design parameters of the cavitation hydrovibrator on the dynamic parameters of the drill string at the drill bit section. Such work was carried out at the ITM NASU hydraulic stand and drilling stands at the ‘Geotechnika’ special design bureau (Russia).
The most interesting are the results of an experimental study of the dynamic parameters of a drill string in the process of drilling a well. These results and their comparison with the calculated data are given in [15]. The general scheme of testing a drill string in a borehole 87 m deep is shown in Figure 6 (on the left of the Figure is a photograph of the hydraulic cavitation vibrator of this drill).
The schematic of the testing drill string in the well (1 is drill pipe; 2 is drilling rig; 3 is drill bit) and the photographic image of the cavitation hydrovibrator.
The static pressures values at the inlet of the drill string
Table 1 shows the main geometrical parameters of the drill string and the results of its tests at the pressure of
Basic geometrical parameters of the drill string | Test results | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
throat diameter, | 6.0 mm | 0.100 | 4.80 | 1960 | 196 |
length of the throat, | 8.2 mm | 0.137 | 6.00 | 2793 | 326 |
outlet diffuser diameter, | 24 mm | 0.161 | 5.90 | 3201 | 374 |
diffuser length, | 51 mm | 0.184 | 5.15 | 2564 | 423 |
diffuser opening angle, | 20° | 0.200 | 4.30 | 1570 | 508 |
outlet channel diameter, | 24 mm | 0.340 | 3.20 | 928 | 793 |
output channel length, | 240 mm | 0.415 | 2.78 | 1401 | 995 |
drill string length, | 3585 mm | 0.475 | 2.55 | 1027 | 1188 |
The basic geometrical parameters of the drill string with and cavitation generator and the results of the drill string dynamic tests at the pump discharge pressure of
Considering that the oscillation modes of the parameters of the dynamic process in the hydrovibrator differ significantly from the shapes of harmonic oscillations, the analysis of the experimental and theoretical studies was carried out using not the amplitudes, but the peak to peak values ∆Р of the fluid pressure and vibration accelerations ∆
As an example, Figure 7 shows an oscillogram with a real-time recording of the dynamic parameters of the drill string experimental sample: the fluid pressure
Waveform recording parameters oscillatory process of the drill string experimental sample: Discharge pressure of
These vibrations propagate along the drill string length and are converted into the drill bit vibration accelerations with average values of
As a result of the tests, carried out for different inlet pressure, it was found that an increase in the steady-state pressure
Mathematical modeling of the oscillatory motion of the drill string with the high-frequency hydraulic vibrator was carried out on the assumption that the drill string structure carries out vibration motion along the flow path longitudinal axis of the fluid flow. This limitation is also due to the axial symmetry of the drill string structure itself and the direction of the total components of the forces acting on the drill string structure [13]. The mathematical model of the ‘drill string with a hydraulic vibrator’ dynamic system as the coupled hydrodynamic system was proposed in [15]. For various structural elements of the drill string, the model describes the time variation of such system parameters as vibration displacement, vibration velocity, vibration acceleration, as well as pressure and fluid mass flow rate in the flow path of the corresponding drill string structural elements.
Modeling of axial vibrations of the drill string structure was carried out on the basis of its finite element scheme, in which the elements are characterized not only by elasticities and masses, but also by dissipative losses, the magnitudes of which depend on the vibration amplitudes of the structural elements. Thus, the damping coefficients in the equation of motion of the center of mass of the i-th finite element of the drill string
were calculated based on the dependences and experimental data [16].
where
The time dependences of the displacement, vibration velocity and vibration acceleration of structural elements, fluid pressure and flow rate, the volume of the cavity attached and collapsing in the hydrovibrator flowing part was gotten by numerical integration by the Runge–Kutta method of the system of differential equations describing the drill string longitudinal vibrations for the hydrovibrator steady-state operating mode (at τ = const). These dependences were obtained at the discharge pressure
The calculated time dependences of pressure
Calculated drilling parameters vs. time: Pressure
As follows from the given dependences, the oscillatory process is impulsive in nature. For the indicated value of the cavitation parameter the fundamental harmonic frequency of cavitation oscillations is 323 Hz, the range of pressure oscillations is
The calculated and experimental dependences on the cavitation parameter τ of frequency of the cavitation oscillations of the fluid pressure
Calculated and experimental pressure oscillations range
The nature of the dependences
The experimental and calculated dependences of the frequency
The dominant frequency of cavitation oscillations is 1230 Hz at the value of the cavitation parameter τ = 0.415, the second mode of the drill bit mechanical vibrations is approximately in 3.4 times higher and is equal 4202 Hz (see Figure 9). This mode caused by repeated collapse of the cavitation cavity and the interaction of the drill bit structure with drill mud in hydrovibrator channel. The swing of pressure oscillations of
Oscillatory parameters of pressure and volumetric flow rate of the liquid determine the hydraulic power of the cavitation hydraulic vibrator, which characterizes the quality of the removal of the drilled rock from under the drill bit. Vibration acceleration and vibration force refer to the parameters that determine the ROF. The theoretical dependences of the swing of vibration accelerations
Calculated dependences of the vibration acceleration peak to peak values
Analysis of the data in this figure shows that an increase in the amplitudes of forced oscillations in the drill fluid pressure at cavitation numbers from 0.1 to 0.16 (see Figure 9), leads to an increase in the drill string vibration acceleration and vibration force. The maximum values of the amplitude of vibration acceleration and vibration force on the drill bit for this hydraulic vibrator design are realized at τ = 0.16 and are approximately 3200 g and 4100 N. At the same time, in the research range of the cavitation parameter τ from 0.1 to 0.475, there are two resonant modes of drill string operation. The first resonant mode corresponds to the value of the cavitation parameter τ ≈ 0.16, which coincides with the maximum values of the pressure oscillations swing (see Figure 9). The second resonant mode manifests itself at τ ≈ 0.415 and is a consequence of the convergence of the frequencies of natural vibrations of the drill string structure and the drilling fluid oscillations frequency, caused by the ‘operation’ of the cavitation generator. Consideration of the theoretical dependences of the swing of vibration accelerations
On the basis of above theoretical and experimental studies, the new typed BSKG-76 hydrodynamic (with a cavitation hydraulic vibrator) drilling assemblies were created for drilling exploration wells with the following specifications [17]:
outer tube diameter is 57 mm;
the length of the hydraulic vibrator is 400 mm;
the diameter of the generator throat section is 4 mm and 6 mm;
generator feed pressure from 2.0 to 5.0 MPa;
flow rate of working fluid from 19 to 200
rotational speed of the drill bit is 245 rpm.
The tests of the BSKG-76 type drilling rigs were carried out under the conditions of ‘Production Geological Association Stepgeologia’ LLP (Kazakhstan) by drilling exploration wells using a drilling rig, including the SKB-5 drilling rig, the ANB-22 pump with a three-stage reduction gear, the RT −1200 turning mechanism. Drill pipes with a diameter of 50 mm of a nipple joint, diamond bits of the 02IZ and A4DP types, and the Shch76k-4 L three-cone bits were used as dril bits.
Water and emulsion solutions were used as a working agent: 3% sulfanol and 3% emulsollenol-32. The tests were carried out in the depth interval from 70 m to 530 m on granites of IX-XI categories in terms of the Protodyakonov drillability scale. The technological parameters of drilling were monitored: the feed force by the load indicator, the flow rate and the fluid pressure by the flow meter and pressure sensor, the power consumption for rotation by the self-recording wattmeter.
The parameters of the well drilling modes in terms of axial load and rotational speed of the drill bit remained identical for the shock-rotational and hydrodynamic methods and alternated after 1-2 runs with the G76VO hydraulic hammer and the BSKG-76 drill string. Comparative analysis of drilling methods was carried out according to the following indicators: ROP, service life of drill bits and power consumption.
For drilling wells by hydrodynamic drilling rig BSKG-76 with coring in comparison with rotary-percussion drilling by the G76VO hydraulic hammer:
for the 02IZ drill bits an increase in ROP was obtained by from 16–61%; by the resource of the crown by 18%;
for the A4DP drill bits an increase in ROP was established from 27 to 77%, for a bit resource by 12%;
for coreless drilling with the Shch76k-4 L roller cone bits an increase in the ROP was obtained by an average of 13.5% and the drill bit resource by 23%.
Analysis of the power consumption for the rotation of the drill bit in all drilling modes showed that for the BSKG-76 drill string is in operation, the power consumption decreases by 30% in compared to the power consumption of the G76VO hydraulic hammer, improves the operation stability of the drill string and drill bit.
A comparative analysis of the BSKG-76 hydrodynamic drill reliability and the G76VO hydraulic hammer reliability during the testing period showed the following: four failures of the hydraulic hammer were noted and ten assemblies were disassembled to adjust and replace the cuffs in the cylinder, O-rings in the splined connector, nozzles and pistons in the striker.
At the same time, during the entire testing period, not a single failure occurred in the operation of the BSKG-76 hydrodynamic drilling rig. The absence of their wear was established by the help of examinations and measurements of the main dimensions of the drill string parts. This indicates that the service life of the hydrodynamic drill string significantly exceeds the service life of the hydraulic hammer.
The drilling rig with a cavitation hydraulic vibrator is characterized by increased reliability and ease of maintenance due to the absence of moving parts, the need for adjustments and assemblies-disassembly with replacement of parts. It does not require additional energy sources other than the energy of the washing solution. A well with a depth of 525 m was drilled by the use of a hydrodynamic drill string and its performance was confirmed to this depth.
To assess the efficiency of large-diameter well drilling by the drill string with the cavitation hydraulic vibrator, it was tested in an industrial environment at the ‘Geotechnika’ special design bureau (Russia) during the construction of hydrogeological wells.
The geological wells on which the studies were carried out are represented by Quaternary deposits to a depth of 10.5 m and further to a depth of 60 m by limestones and dolomites (weathered in the upper part) of the V-VII category in drillability with interlayers of siliceous and dolomitized limestones with a thickness of no more than 0.5 m each IX- X categories (according to Protodyakonov classification).
The tests were carried out while drilling wells using the hydrodynamic method and rotary drilling was carried out to compare the data in similar geological and technical conditions. The drilling was carried out using an IBA15V drilling rig and an IIGR mud pump with an electric drive. Drill pipes with a diameter of 73 mm sleeve-and-tool joints, heavy weight drill pipes with a diameter of 146 mm and three-ball bits of the “K” type with a diameter of 190 mm were included in the drill string. The experimental model of a hydrodynamic (cavitation) vibrator was built into the central bore of the bit and was closed from above with drill pipes.
The drilling fluid used was water, which was not purified specially.
Technical characteristics of the BSKG-190 hydrodynamic drill string are:
tube outer diameter is of 73 mm;
the generator length is 400 mm;
the diameter of the critical section of the generator is 6 mm;
generator feed pressure is changed from 1 to 4 MPa;
the flow rate of the working fluid is from 140 to 260
the drill bit rotational speed is 245 rpm.
To determine the effectiveness of the use of experimental hydrovibrator samples, the two wells with a depth of 60 m were drilled by the hydrodynamic method (with the cavitation hydrovibrator) and one well of the same depth by the rotary method (without the cavitation hydrovibrator) in the same area. The axial static load to drill string structure along the compared intervals of depths was identical for both methods and increased with increasing well depths.
The results of a comparative analysis of drilling the hydrogeological well with the diameter of 190 mm by rotary and hydrodynamic methods are given in Table 2.
Depth drilling intervals, m | Drilling methods | Time, hour | ROP, m per hour | Increase in ROP, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
10÷23.7 | rotary hydrodynamic | 0.69 0.36 | 4.42 9.72 | 119.9 |
23.5÷26.2 | rotary hydrodynamic | 0.22 0.12 | 9.54 16.67 | 74.0 |
25.5÷32.0 | rotary hydrodynamic | 0.99 0.69 | 6.69 9.42 | 40.8 |
32.0÷35.5 | rotary hydrodynamic | 0.72 0.6 | 3.56 5.83 | 63.8 |
49.75÷53.55 | rotary hydrodynamic | 0.47 0.3 | 5.85 10.0 | 70.0 |
52.25÷60.85 | rotary hydrodynamic | 1.48 0.75 | 5.51 8.87 | 61.0 |
Average indicators | rotary hydrodynamic | 4.47 2.82 | 5.415 8.92 | 71.5 |
Results of the comparative analysis of drilling the hydrogeological well with the diameter of 190 mm by rotary and hydrodynamic methods.
As can be seen from the Table, during the hydrodynamic drill operation, the average increase in ROP reaches 71.5%, compared to the rotary drilling ROP. At the same time, there was a decrease in the wear of drill bits and energy consumption by up to 30%.
According to the research results, it was found that the highest dynamic loads on the bit produced by the hydraulic vibrator are within the range of 0.2 < τ <0.5.
Taking into account the obtained test data, the hydrodynamic drill string was finalized and the experimental sample with the cavitation generator throat diameter of 8 mm was manufactured. Experimental works on the construction of hydrogeological wells with the diameter of 190 mm and the depth of 300 m at a flow rate of flushing fluid of 300
The sonic drilling technology with the use of a hydraulic cavitation vibrator is an effective means of increasing the penetration rate in rocks of medium and high hardness using commercial drilling equipment and drill bits.
The drilling rig with a cavitation hydraulic vibrator has a number of advantages over other known vibration drilling devices, such as ease of manufacture, the absence of moving parts and the elimination of the transfer of fluid vibrations to the mud pump, which increases its service life. In comparison with the hydraulic hammer drill, the resource of the drill string increases by 5 times, the operating time to failure by 40 times. The cost of one set of a hydraulic vibrator, according to forecast estimates, will not exceed one third of the cost of a set of hydraulic hammer machines (or resonant sonic drill heads).
The cavitation hydraulic vibrator fits organically into the rotary drilling technology, does not require any equipment modifications and allows intensifying the drilling processes at lower specific energy consumption compared to traditional drilling technologies.
Analysis of the results of theoretical and experimental research of the drilling with the cavitation hydraulic vibrator, allows us to draw the following conclusions:
for borehole drilling in medium and hard rocks using hydrodynamic drilling tools operating in the mode of intermittent-stall cavitation with the fluid pressure oscillations frequency of more than 200 Hz, the increase in the ROP of the exploration wells with the diameters of 76 mm is from 30–50% and for the hydrogeological wells with a diameter of 190 mm is up to 70%,
the decrease in energy consumption by 25-30% and wear of rock cutting tools by 15-20% was obtained in comparison with traditional drilling methods;
the drill bit vibrational modes with the basic frequency of cavitation oscillations (rational to achieve the maximum ROP of hard rocks, i.e. from 1.2 kHz to 1.4 kHz) are achieved in the range of values of the cavitation parameter τ from 0.41 to 0.43.
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Magnetic materials absorb greatly microwaves. The more magnetic, the more microwaves are absorbed. The aim of this chapter is to present the fundamental physics of the absorption of microwave power (energy per unit time) by ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic matter in the nano and micro size scale. The magnetic moments and their collective modes are the basic microscopic absorbers under in-resonance and out-of-resonance conditions. Experimental setups and measurement techniques are described. The profiles of microwave absorption are described and connected to the micromagnetic environment that elicits such absorption. Section by section and the overall microwave power absorption profiles are related to the micromagnetic structures. Emphasis is made on nano- and micromagnets. These interactions of microwaves with nano- and micromagnets serve to infer microscopic magnetic information.",book:{id:"7617",slug:"electromagnetic-fields-and-waves",title:"Electromagnetic Fields and Waves",fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Fields and Waves"},signatures:"Rafael Zamorano Ulloa, Ma. Guadalupe Hernandez Santiago\nand Veronica L. Villegas Rueda",authors:[{id:"176210",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Zamorano Ulloa",slug:"rafael-zamorano-ulloa",fullName:"Rafael Zamorano Ulloa"},{id:"289450",title:"Mrs.",name:"María G.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",slug:"maria-g.-hernandez",fullName:"María G. Hernández"},{id:"289451",title:"Ms.",name:"Verónica L.",middleName:null,surname:"Villegas",slug:"veronica-l.-villegas",fullName:"Verónica L. Villegas"}]},{id:"16094",title:"Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health",slug:"electromagnetic-waves-and-human-health",totalDownloads:14425,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"166",slug:"electromagnetic-waves",title:"Electromagnetic Waves",fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Waves"},signatures:"Feyyaz Ozdemir and Aysegul Kargi",authors:[{id:"24790",title:"Prof.",name:"Feyyaz",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdemir",slug:"feyyaz-ozdemir",fullName:"Feyyaz Ozdemir"},{id:"36228",title:"Dr.",name:"AYSEGUL",middleName:null,surname:"KARGİ",slug:"aysegul-kargi",fullName:"AYSEGUL KARGİ"},{id:"128104",title:"Dr.",name:"Aysegul",middleName:null,surname:"Kargi",slug:"aysegul-kargi",fullName:"Aysegul Kargi"}]},{id:"66579",title:"Effects of Electromagnetic Field on the Development of Chick Embryo: An In Vivo Study",slug:"effects-of-electromagnetic-field-on-the-development-of-chick-embryo-an-in-vivo-study",totalDownloads:1381,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This study was conducted to explore the effects of electromagnetic waves on a developing chick embryo. The radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RFW) emitted by different smart phones was measured by using a TriField meter. Chick fertilized eggs were placed in an egg incubator, divided into control and exposed groups. In the exposed group, a mobile phone was placed inside an incubator in call receiving mode, while in the control group, the mobile phone was not used. Studies were conducted at low and high exposure (dose) of RFW. Chick embryos were sacrificed at day 10 and day 15, and embryos were examined for mortality, gross malformation, weight, and length. Histology, electron microscopy, and Hsp 70 of liver were done for the high dose group. No mortality was observed in the low dose group; however, in the high dose group, the mortality was 14%, and deformities of the limbs and skin abnormalities were observed. Weight and length in the exposed groups were significantly lower than the control at higher dose. Histology and ultrastructure of liver revealed fatty infiltration, increase number of mitochondria, deformation, and disappearance of its cristae. Hsp 70 and mRNA levels were elevated in the exposed groups for high dose group.",book:{id:"7617",slug:"electromagnetic-fields-and-waves",title:"Electromagnetic Fields and Waves",fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Fields and Waves"},signatures:"Najam Siddiqi and Nasser Al Nazwani",authors:[{id:"278673",title:"Dr.",name:"Najam",middleName:null,surname:"Siddiqi",slug:"najam-siddiqi",fullName:"Najam Siddiqi"},{id:"291777",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:null,surname:"Al Nazwani",slug:"nasser-al-nazwani",fullName:"Nasser Al Nazwani"}]},{id:"16084",title:"Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Thin Dielectric and Metallic Films",slug:"propagation-of-electromagnetic-waves-in-thin-dielectric-and-metallic-films",totalDownloads:5912,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"166",slug:"electromagnetic-waves",title:"Electromagnetic Waves",fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Waves"},signatures:"Luc Levesque",authors:[{id:"26483",title:"Dr.",name:"Luc",middleName:"Joseph",surname:"Lévesque",slug:"luc-levesque",fullName:"Luc Lévesque"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"737",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81875",title:"Terahertz Conductivity of Nanoscale Materials and Systems",slug:"terahertz-conductivity-of-nanoscale-materials-and-systems",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104797",abstract:"The history of RF technology can provide human beings a powerful lesson that the infrastructure of modern-day wireless communication depends on the complexity and configurability of silicon-based solid-state devices and integrated circuits. The field of THz technology is undergoing a developmental revolution which is at an inflection point and will bridge the ‘technology’ and ‘application’ gap in meaningful ways. This quantitative progress is a result of continuous and concerted efforts in a wide range of areas including solid-state devices, 2D materials, heterogeneous integration, nanofabrication and system packaging. In this chapter, the innovative theoretical approaches that have enabled significant advancement in the field of system-level THz technology are discussed. The focus is kept on the formulation of terahertz conductivity which plays a critical role in the modeling of devices that integrate technologies across electronics and photonics. Further, the findings build on coupling a probe pulse of terahertz illumination into the photoexcited region of amorphous silicon are presented and discussed in detail. Terahertz light has a higher penetration depth for opaque semiconductor materials which provides an accurate method to measure the conductivity of novel materials for the construction of efficient solar cells. This paves the way for the possibility to develop energy systems can address the need for reconfigurability, adaptability and scalability beyond the classical metrics.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Rahul Goyal and Akash Tiwari"},{id:"80442",title:"Interdigitated Photoconductive Antenna for Efficient Terahertz Generation and Detection",slug:"interdigitated-photoconductive-antenna-for-efficient-terahertz-generation-and-detection",totalDownloads:86,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102379",abstract:"THz signals can be generated commonly from Photoconductive Antenna (PCA) but the efficiency is low for the conventional PCA. This work improves the optical to terahertz conversion efficiency of the terahertz radiation by changing the conventional PCA structure to Interdigitated PCA (IPCA). The efficiency of PCA is dependent on the current pulse generated in the antenna structure when the laser pulse is incident on it. This paper targets to achieve high photo-current, as well as THz electric field from the IPCAs which are simulated using FEM and FDTD techniques. Also, the effect of various parameters such as current, gain, frequency bandwidth, optical to terahertz conversion efficiency, etc. are studied to study the importance of IPCAs.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Shyamal Mondal, Nisha Flora Boby Edwin and Vaisshale Rathinasamy"},{id:"80114",title:"Terahertz Sensing Based on Photonic Crystal Fibers",slug:"terahertz-sensing-based-on-photonic-crystal-fibers",totalDownloads:113,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101732",abstract:"Photonic-crystal-fiber (PCF) based sensors in the terahertz spectrum have been immensely studied and implemented due to their unique advantages and high sensitivity. At an early stage, conventional and hybrid structured porous core PCF-based sensors were proposed, but the sensitivity was not so high. With the advancement of PCF fabrication technology, hybrid structured hollow-core PCFs have been reported and offer superior sensing characteristics than the previous types. In this chapter, both porous core and hollow-core PCF-based THz sensors are analyzed and the propagation characteristics are explained using terahertz spectrum. Finally, some promising terahertz sensors are studied and compared at the end of this chapter.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Md. Ahasan Habib, Md. Shamim Anower and Md. Nazmul Islam"},{id:"79181",title:"Terahertz Nano-Imaging with s-SNOM",slug:"terahertz-nano-imaging-with-s-snom",totalDownloads:159,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99102",abstract:"Spectroscopy and imaging with terahertz radiation propagating in free space suffer from the poor spatial resolution which is a consequence of the comparatively large wavelength of the radiation (300 μm at 1 THz in vacuum) in combination with the Abbe diffraction limit of focusing. A way to overcome this limitation is the application of near-field techniques. In this chapter, we focus on one of them, scattering-type Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (s-SNOM) which − due to its versatility − has come to prominence in recent years. This technique enables a spatial resolution on the sub-100-nm length scale independent of the wavelength. We provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of this imaging and spectroscopy modality, and describe a few selected application examples in more detail.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Matthias M. Wiecha, Amin Soltani and Hartmut G. Roskos"},{id:"77821",title:"Optical Heterodyne Measurement of Terahertz Wave",slug:"optical-heterodyne-measurement-of-terahertz-wave",totalDownloads:146,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99168",abstract:"One of the most notable frequency regions in terms of research currently lies in the ‘frequency gap’ region between microwaves and infrared: terahertz wave. Although new methods for generating and detecting terahertz wave have been developed, few detectors operating at room temperature are able to capture low-energy terahertz beams. Here we introduce the optical heterodyne measurement (nonlinear frequency up-conversion detection) of terahertz wave using parametric wavelength conversion in a nonlinear crystal; this has better sensitivity than many commonly used thermal detectors such as pyroelectric detectors. Additionally, optical heterodyne techniques allow the beams of terahertz wave to be visualized and their frequency and intensity determined directly as visible light. These are very promising for extending applied researches into the terahertz region, and we expect that these will open new research fields such as wireless information communications or non-destructive inspection in the terahertz region.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Shin’ichiro Hayashi and Norihiko Sekine"},{id:"77432",title:"A Novel Approach for Room-Temperature Intersubband Transition in GaN HEMT for Terahertz Applications",slug:"a-novel-approach-for-room-temperature-intersubband-transition-in-gan-hemt-for-terahertz-applications",totalDownloads:154,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98435",abstract:"Terahertz (THz) technology has attracted tremendous attention recently due to its promising applications in various domains such as medical, biological, industrial imaging, broadband, safety, communication, radar, space science, and so on. Due to non-availability of powerful sources and highly sensitive and efficient detectors, the so-called THz gap remains largely unfilled. Despite seamless efforts from electronics and photonics technology researchers, the desired level of technology development to fill the THz gap still remains a challenge. GaN-based HEMT structures have been investigated as potential THz sources and detectors by a number of researchers. This chapter presents a very new and versatile mechanism for electrical tuning of intersubband transitions (ISBT) GaN high electron mobility transition (HEMT) devices. ISBT phenomena are usually demonstrated in photonic devices like a quantum cascade laser (QCL). Here we explore ISBT in an electronic GaN HEMT device. Conventional photonic devices like a QCL are operated at cryogenic temperature to minimize thermal effect. Tuning the conduction band through external gate bias is an advantage of an HEMT device for room temperature (RT) THz applications. This chapter demonstrates the theoretical and experimental novel ISBT phenomenon in GaN HEMT is for potential ambient applications in the THz range.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Rakesh Kaneriya, Gunjan Rastogi, Palash Basu, Rajesh Upadhyay and Apurba Bhattacharya"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. 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Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. 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He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. 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He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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