Utility voltage harmonic and sequence parameters data
1. Introduction
One of the serious problems in electrical power systems is the increase of electronic devices which are used by the industry as well as residences. These devices, which need high-quality energy to work properly, at the same time, are the most responsible ones for decreasing of power quality by themselves.
In the last decade, Distributed Generation systems (DGs) which use Clean Energy Sources (CESs) such as wind power, photo voltaic, fuel cells, and acid batteries have integrated at distribution networks increasingly. They can affect in stability, voltage regulation and power quality of the network as an electric device connected to the power system.
One of the most efficient systems to solve power quality problems is Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). It consists of a Parallel-Active Filter (PAF) and a Series-Active Filter (SAF) together with a common dc link [1-3]. This combination allows a simultaneous compensation for source side currents and delivered voltage to the load. In this way, operation of the UPQC isolates the utility from current quality problems of load and at the same time isolates the load from the voltage quality problems of utility. Nowadays, small synchronous generators, as DG source, which are installed near the load can be used for increase reliability and decrease losses.
Scope of this research is integration of UPQC and mentioned synchronous generators for power quality compensation and reliability increase. In this research small synchronous generator, which will be treated as an electromechanical active filter, not only can be used as another power source for load supply but also, can be used for the power quality compensation. Algorithm and mathematical relations for the control of small synchronous generator as an electromechanical active filter have been presented, too. Power quality compensation in sag, swell, unbalance, and harmonized conditions have been done by use of introduced active filter with integration of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). In this research, voltage problems are compensated by the Series Active Filter (SAF) of the UPQC. On the other hand, issues related to the compensation of current problems are done by the electromechanical active filter and PAF of UPQC. For validation of the proposed theory in power quality compensation, a simulation has been done in MATLAB/SIMULINK and a number of selected simulation results have been shown.
A T-type active power filter for power factor correction is proposed in [4]. In [5], neutral current in three phase four wire systems is compensated by using a four leg PAF for the UPQC. In [6], UPQC is controlled by H∞ approach which needs high calculation demand. In [7], UPQC can be controlled based on phase angle control for share load reactive power between SAF and PAF. In [8] minimum active power injection has been used for SAF in a UPQC-Q, based on its voltage magnitude and phase angle ratings in sag conditions. In [9], UPQC control has been done in parallel and islanding modes in dqo frame use of a high pass filter. In [10-12] two new combinations of SAF and PAF for two independent distribution feeders power quality compensation have been proposed. Section 2 generally introduces UPQC. Section 3 explains connection of the proposed active filter. Section 4 introduces electromechanical active filter. Section 5 explains used algorithm for reference generation of the electromechanical filter in detail. Section 6 simulates the paper. Finally, section 7 concludes the results.
2. Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
UPQC has composed of two inverters that are connected back to back [2]. One of them is connected to the grid via a parallel transformer and can compensate the current problems (PAF). Another one is connected to the grid via a series transformer and can compensate the voltage problems (SAF). These inverters are controlled for the compensation of the power quality problems instantaneously. Figure 1 shows the general schematic of a UPQC.
A simple circuit model of the UPQC is shown in Figure 2. Series active filter has been modeled as the voltage source and parallel active filter has been modeled as the current source.
3. Connection of Electromechanical Filter
Figure 3, shows schematic of the proposed compensator system. In this research load current harmonics with higher order than 7, has been determined as PAF of UPQC compensator signal. But, load current harmonics with lower order than 7 and reactive power have been compensated by the proposed electromechanical filter.
4. Electromechanical Parallel Active Filter
Figure 4, shows the simple structure of a synchronous generator. Based on equation (1), a DC field current of
As in [13]
The scope of this section is theoretically investigation of a synchronous machine as a rotating active filter. This theory will be investigated in the static state for a circular rotor type synchronous generator that its equivalent circuit has been shown in Figure 5.
Equation (3) shows the relation between magnetic flux and voltage behind synchronous reactance of the generator.
Based on equation (3), if the field current be a DC current, the stator induction voltage will be a sinusoidal voltage by the amplitude of
Equation (6) shows that each component of the generator output voltage has composed of two components of the field current. This problem has been shown in Figure 6.
It seems that a synchronous generator can be assumed as the Current Controlled System (CCS). Thus it can be used for the current harmonic compensation of a nonlinear load (
5. Algorithm and method
From Figure 5, relation between terminal voltage of the generator and
Where, n is the harmonic order;
If similar frequency components of voltage signal
For n=1:
For simplicity equations (9) and (10) can be rewritten as follows:
From the above equations, magnitude and phase of the second component of filed current can result in:
For n≤2:
Where,
active filter.
6. Results
For the investigation of the validity of the mentioned control strategy for power quality compensation of a distribution system, simulation of the test circuit of Figure 8, has been done in MATLAB software. Source current and load voltage, have been measured and analyzed in the proposed control system for the determination of the compensator signals of SAF, PAF and filed current of the electromechanical active filter. Related equations of the controlled system and proposed model of the electromechanical active filter as a current controlled source have been compiled in MATLAB software via M-file. In mentioned control strategy, voltage harmonics have been compensated by SAF of the UPQC and current
harmonics with higher order than 7, have been compensated by PAF of UPQC. But, the total of load reactive power, 25 percent of load active power and load current harmonics with lower order than 7 have been compensated by the proposed CCS. This power system consists of a harmonized and unbalanced three phase 380V (RMS, L-L), 50 Hz utility, a three phase balanced R-L load and a three phase rectifier as a nonlinear load. For the investigation of the voltage harmonic condition, utility voltages have harmonic and negative sequence components between 0.05 s and 0.2 s. Also, for the investigation of the proposed control strategy in unbalance condition, magnitude of the first phase voltage is increased to the 1.25 pu between 0.05 s and 0.1 s and decreased to the 0.75 pu between 0.15 s to 0.2 s. Table 1, shows the utility voltage harmonic and sequence parameters data and Table 2, shows the load power and voltage parameters. A number of selected simulation results will be showed further.
Voltage Order | Sequence | Magnitude (pu) | Phase Angle (deg) |
5 | 1 | 0.12 | -45 |
3 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 |
Load | Nominal Power (kVA) | Nominal Voltage (RMS, L-L) |
Linear | 10 | 380V |
Non linear | 5 | 380V |
Figure 9, shows the source side voltage of phase 1. Figure 10, shows the compensator voltage of phase 1. Figure 11, shows load side voltage of phase 1. Figure 12, shows the load side current of phase 1. Figure 13, shows the CCS current of phase 1 that has been supplied by the proposed active filter. Figure 14, shows the PAF of UPQC current of phase 1. Figure 15, shows the source side current of phase 1. Figure 16, shows the field current of the proposed harmonic filter. Figure 17 and 18 show source voltage and load voltage frequency spectrum, respectively. Figure 19 and 20 show load current and source current frequency spectrum, respectively. Figure 21 and 22 show CCS and PAF frequency spectrum, respectively. Table 3 shows THDs of source and load voltages and currents. Load voltage and source current harmonics have been compensated satisfactory.
VS THD | IL THD | VL THD | IS THD |
0.1561 | 0.1179 | .001 | .0012 |
7. Conclusions
It is known that use of small synchronous generators in distributed generated networks can reduce transmitted active and reactive powers from the main source and consequently line losses. In this research power quality compensation was done by composition of UPQC and synchronous generators as electromechanical active filter. In other word, by proper determination and control of synchronous generator field current it could be used as controlled current source for power quality compensation. This was for reduction of UPQC power rating in the distributed generated networks. Also, an algorithm was investigated for the determination of the reference field current. Proposed CCS modeling was implemented based on the mentioned related algorithm in MATLAB software. Control strategy had three instantaneously stages. Voltage harmonics were compensated by SAF of the UPQC. Current harmonics with higher order than 7 were compensated by PAF of the UPQC. Lower order current harmonics, load reactive power and a part of load active power were compensated by the proposed controlled current source. Total harmonic distortion of load voltage before compensation was 0.15 which was reduced to almost zero after compensation. Also, total harmonic distortion of the source current before compensation was 0.12 which was reduced to almost zero after compensation.
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