\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3536",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Chromatin Remodelling",title:"Chromatin Remodelling",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The term "chromatin remodelling" is widely used to describe changes in chromatin structure which is controlled by histone-modifying enzymes, chromatin remodelling complexes, non-histone DNA-binding proteins and noncoding RNAs. Many human diseases such as cancer, various genetic syndromes, autism and infectious disease have been linked to the disruption of these control processes by genetic, environmental or microbial factors. Therefore, to unravel the mechanisms by which they operate is one of the most exciting and rapid developing fields of modern biology and will contribute to new ways in treatment of these diseases. \nThe chapters in this book will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that govern the dynamic structural of chromatin, thereby providing important insights into gene regulation, DNA repair, and human diseases.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1087-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5367-2",doi:"10.5772/50815",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"chromatin-remodelling",numberOfPages:236,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"31abe97fe35989e4547bab854b38e03a",bookSignature:"Danuta Radzioch",publishedDate:"April 17th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3536.jpg",numberOfDownloads:24239,numberOfWosCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:26,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:60,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 19th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 10th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 14th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 12th 2013",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 11th 2013",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"165250",title:"Dr.",name:"Danuta",middleName:null,surname:"Radzioch",slug:"danuta-radzioch",fullName:"Danuta Radzioch",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165250/images/3810_n.png",biography:"Dr. Danuta Radzioch, Ph.D., is a Full Professor at the Faculty of Medicine of McGill University, Department of Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, Montreal, Canada. She defended her Ph.D. dissertation in the field of molecular biology of cancer at the Jagiellonian University (1982), Cracow, Poland and completed postdoctoral training (1984-1987) at the National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute (Frederick Cancer Research Facility, USA) in the field of molecular immunoregulation. Dr. Radzioch worked at the Frederick Cancer Research Facility until 1989. In 1989 she had become appointed as an Assistant Professor of Medicine at McGill University. She became an Associate Professor with Tenure in 1996 and full Professor in 2003 at the Department of Experimental Medicine and at the Department of Human Genetics. Dr. Radzioch published 145 scientific papers and 6 books and book chapters. She has co-authored five patents and two Orphan Drug designation applications: one already approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the other submitted to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) for a new promising drug called fenretinide, a derivative of Vitamin A, for the treatment of CF patients suffering from chronic bacterial lung infections with P. aeruginosa. Her current fields of research are focused on regulation of inflammatory response in Cystic fibrosis, genetic regulation of airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic asthma, safety of novel methods of delivery of anticancer drugs and on the molecular mechanisms of gene expression regulation during the course of infection and inflammation. Her current research explores transcriptional regulation which involves chromatin remodelling and posttranscriptional processes of gene expression regulation by the RNA-binding proteins.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"403",title:"Microbial Genetics",slug:"karyology-microbial-genetics"}],chapters:[{id:"43453",title:"Chromatin Remodelers and Their Way of Action",doi:"10.5772/55683",slug:"chromatin-remodelers-and-their-way-of-action",totalDownloads:2707,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Laura Manelyte and Gernot Längst",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43453",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43453",authors:[{id:"164322",title:"Prof.",name:"Gernot",surname:"Längst",slug:"gernot-langst",fullName:"Gernot Längst"},{id:"164410",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Manelyte",slug:"laura-manelyte",fullName:"Laura Manelyte"}],corrections:null},{id:"44217",title:"SUMO Tasks in Chromatin Remodeling",doi:"10.5772/55395",slug:"sumo-tasks-in-chromatin-remodeling",totalDownloads:2141,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Garcia-Dominguez Mario",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44217",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44217",authors:[{id:"164603",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Garcia-Dominguez",slug:"mario-garcia-dominguez",fullName:"Mario Garcia-Dominguez"}],corrections:null},{id:"43788",title:"SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complex Involved in RNA Polymerase II Elongation Process in Drosophila melanogaster",doi:"10.5772/55877",slug:"swi-snf-chromatin-remodeling-complex-involved-in-rna-polymerase-ii-elongation-process-in-drosophila-",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nadezhda E. Vorobyeva, Marina U. Mazina and Semen A. Doronin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43788",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43788",authors:[{id:"164183",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadezhda",surname:"Vorobyeva",slug:"nadezhda-vorobyeva",fullName:"Nadezhda Vorobyeva"}],corrections:null},{id:"44220",title:"Condensins, Chromatin Remodeling and Gene Transcription",doi:"10.5772/55732",slug:"condensins-chromatin-remodeling-and-gene-transcription",totalDownloads:2656,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Laurence O. W. Wilson and Aude M. Fahrer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44220",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44220",authors:[{id:"164464",title:"Mr.",name:"Laurence",surname:"Wilson",slug:"laurence-wilson",fullName:"Laurence Wilson"},{id:"164788",title:"Dr.",name:"Aude",surname:"Fahrer",slug:"aude-fahrer",fullName:"Aude Fahrer"}],corrections:null},{id:"44222",title:"The Role of Id2 in the Regulation of Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression",doi:"10.5772/54969",slug:"the-role-of-id2-in-the-regulation-of-chromatin-structure-and-gene-expression",totalDownloads:2509,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Elena R. García-Trevijano, Luis Torres, Rosa Zaragozá and Juan R. Viña",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44222",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44222",authors:[{id:"164083",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Elena R.",surname:"Garcia-Trevijano",slug:"elena-r.-garcia-trevijano",fullName:"Elena R. Garcia-Trevijano"},{id:"167572",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Torres",slug:"luis-torres",fullName:"Luis Torres"},{id:"167573",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",surname:"Zaragoza",slug:"rosa-zaragoza",fullName:"Rosa Zaragoza"},{id:"167574",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan R.",surname:"Viña",slug:"juan-r.-vina",fullName:"Juan R. Viña"}],corrections:null},{id:"44225",title:"Role of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Polycomb Protein and Its Significance in Tumor Progression and Cell Differentiation",doi:"10.5772/55370",slug:"role-of-enhancer-of-zeste-homolog-2-polycomb-protein-and-its-significance-in-tumor-progression-and-c",totalDownloads:3949,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Irene Marchesi and Luigi Bagella",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44225",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44225",authors:[{id:"91878",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",surname:"Bagella",slug:"luigi-bagella",fullName:"Luigi Bagella"},{id:"164852",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",surname:"Marchesi",slug:"irene-marchesi",fullName:"Irene Marchesi"}],corrections:null},{id:"44229",title:"Chromatin Remodeling in DNA Damage Response and Human Aging",doi:"10.5772/55272",slug:"chromatin-remodeling-in-dna-damage-response-and-human-aging",totalDownloads:2360,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Lili Gong, Edward Wang and Shiaw-Yih Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44229",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44229",authors:[{id:"54941",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiaw-Yih",surname:"Lin",slug:"shiaw-yih-lin",fullName:"Shiaw-Yih Lin"},{id:"167269",title:"Dr.",name:"Lili",surname:"Gong",slug:"lili-gong",fullName:"Lili Gong"},{id:"167688",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",surname:"Wang",slug:"edward-wang",fullName:"Edward Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"44218",title:"Chromatin Remodelling During Host-Bacterial Pathogen Interaction",doi:"10.5772/55977",slug:"chromatin-remodelling-during-host-bacterial-pathogen-interaction",totalDownloads:3077,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Yong Zhong Xu, Cynthia Kanagaratham and Danuta Radzioch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44218",authors:[{id:"105594",title:"Prof.",name:"Danuta",surname:"Radzioch",slug:"danuta-radzioch",fullName:"Danuta Radzioch"}],corrections:null},{id:"43479",title:"Rett Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/55020",slug:"rett-syndrome",totalDownloads:2870,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daniela Zahorakova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43479",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43479",authors:[{id:"164927",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Zahorakova",slug:"daniela-zahorakova",fullName:"Daniela Zahorakova"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1578",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Recent Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fccad401cbcf998ea4de62d524abf82d",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5085",title:"Telomere",subtitle:"A Complex End of a Chromosome",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a8f40859d7bc312dea327fd9b058a20",slug:"telomere-a-complex-end-of-a-chromosome",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2291",title:"Clinical Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Emerging Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5414617aafe62d7c6ec8205028f6967",slug:"clinical-flow-cytometry-emerging-applications",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4720",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Select Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a842a00d86bc7f956a5fd1fe6d62b8a",slug:"flow-cytometry-select-topics",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-hypoxia-angiogenesis-and-atherogenesis",title:"Corrigendum to: Hypoxia, Angiogenesis and Atherogenesis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79243.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79243",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79243",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79243",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79243",chapter:{id:"53523",slug:"hypoxia-angiogenesis-and-atherogenesis",signatures:"Lamia Heikal and Gordon Ferns",dateSubmitted:"September 6th 2016",dateReviewed:"November 3rd 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"195461",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamia",middleName:null,surname:"Heikal",fullName:"Lamia Heikal",slug:"lamia-heikal",email:"l.heikal@bsms.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Brighton and Sussex Medical School",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"199995",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordon",middleName:null,surname:"Ferns",fullName:"Gordon Ferns",slug:"gordon-ferns",email:"g.ferns@bsms.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Sussex",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"53523",slug:"hypoxia-angiogenesis-and-atherogenesis",signatures:"Lamia Heikal and Gordon Ferns",dateSubmitted:"September 6th 2016",dateReviewed:"November 3rd 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"195461",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamia",middleName:null,surname:"Heikal",fullName:"Lamia Heikal",slug:"lamia-heikal",email:"l.heikal@bsms.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Brighton and Sussex Medical School",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"199995",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordon",middleName:null,surname:"Ferns",fullName:"Gordon Ferns",slug:"gordon-ferns",email:"g.ferns@bsms.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Sussex",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"1847",leadTitle:null,title:"Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Social Sciences and Knowledge Management",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This is a unique and groundbreaking collection of questions and answers coming from higher education institutions on diverse fields and across a wide spectrum of countries and cultures. It creates routes for further innovation, collaboration amidst the Sciences (both Natural and Social), the Humanities, and the private and public sectors of society. The chapters speak across sociocultural concerns, education, welfare and artistic sectors under the common desire for direct responses in more effective ways by means of interaction across societal structures.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0687-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5117-3",doi:"10.5772/2273",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"theoretical-and-methodological-approaches-to-social-sciences-and-knowledge-management",numberOfPages:422,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"76ab953fe7ca1b6e89d7937d69842d5f",bookSignature:"Asunción López-Varela",publishedDate:"August 16th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1847.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:57653,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfTotalCitations:27,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 30th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 27th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 1st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 1st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 30th 2012",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"11 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302731/images/system/302731.jpeg",biography:"Asun López-Varela Azcarate is an associate professor at Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Her research interests are cognitive and intermedial semiotics, inter-art studies, sustainability, and STEAM approaches. A proactive member of the profession, Dr. Azcarate established the research program “Studies on Intermediality and Intercultural Mediation” (SIIM) in 2007. She serves as an editor for various international journals. She was previously president of the European Society of Comparative Literature, deputy head of the Department of English Studies at her university, and an evaluator in various international research programs, including Vice-Chair at EU Unit REA.A2, Marie Skłodowska-Curie European Postdoctoral Fellowships, Social Sciences and Humanities (SOC).",institutionString:"Complutense University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Complutense University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"442",title:"Organizational Research",slug:"organizational-research"}],chapters:[{id:"38278",title:"Social Research Methods in Higher Education: A Critical Analysis of Methodological Issues and Emerging Trends at the Zimbabwe Open University",slug:"social-research-methods-in-higher-education-a-critical-analysis-of-methodological-issues-and-emergin",totalDownloads:6843,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116563",title:"Mr.",name:"Caleb",surname:"Kangai",slug:"caleb-kangai",fullName:"Caleb Kangai"}]},{id:"38279",title:"Methodology Transfers Between Social Sciences and Humanities in Relation to Natural Sciences, Technology and Government Policy",slug:"methodology-transfers-between-social-sciences-and-humanities-in-relation-to-natural-sciences-technol",totalDownloads:3344,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"115410",title:"Prof.",name:"Hajime",surname:"Eto",slug:"hajime-eto",fullName:"Hajime Eto"}]},{id:"38280",title:"Causality in Social Studies Education",slug:"causality-in-social-studies-education",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"114537",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayram",surname:"Tay",slug:"bayram-tay",fullName:"Bayram Tay"}]},{id:"38281",title:"The Assumption of Non-Gaussianity in Natural and Social Sciences and Its Influence on Detection of Causal Relationships",slug:"the-assumption-of-non-gaussianity-in-natural-and-social-sciences-and-its-influence-on-detection-of-c",totalDownloads:1900,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"139164",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",surname:"Hlavackova-Schindler",slug:"katerina-hlavackova-schindler",fullName:"Katerina Hlavackova-Schindler"}]},{id:"38282",title:"Qualitative Research: The Toolkit of Theories in the Social Sciences",slug:"qualitative_research_toolkit_theories_social_sciences",totalDownloads:2573,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"118755",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvain",surname:"Cibangu",slug:"sylvain-cibangu",fullName:"Sylvain Cibangu"}]},{id:"38283",title:"A Simulation Approach to Validate Models Derived from Observational Studies",slug:"a-simulation-approach-to-validate-models-derived-from-observational-studies",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116407",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Robillard",slug:"pierre-robillard",fullName:"Pierre Robillard"}]},{id:"38284",title:"Cartographic Generalization Applied to Social Networks Maps in the City of Curitiba in Brazil",slug:"cartographic-generalization-applied-to-social-networks-maps-in-the-city-of-curitiba-in-brazil",totalDownloads:1350,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"118639",title:"MSc.",name:"Renan Martins",surname:"Pombo",slug:"renan-martins-pombo",fullName:"Renan Martins Pombo"}]},{id:"38285",title:"Open-Source Tools for Data Mining in Social Science",slug:"open-source-tools-for-data-mining-in-social-science",totalDownloads:4153,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"119511",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Štambuk",slug:"nikola-stambuk",fullName:"Nikola Štambuk"},{id:"119512",title:"Dr.",name:"Paško",surname:"Konjevoda",slug:"pasko-konjevoda",fullName:"Paško Konjevoda"}]},{id:"38286",title:"Applying Social Sciences Research for Public Benefit Using Knowledge Mobilization and Social Media",slug:"applying-social-sciences-research-for-public-benefit-using-knowledge-mobilization-and-social-media",totalDownloads:2721,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113142",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Phipps",slug:"david-phipps",fullName:"David Phipps"},{id:"117588",title:"Ms.",name:"Krista",surname:"Jensen",slug:"krista-jensen",fullName:"Krista Jensen"},{id:"117589",title:"Mr.",name:"J. Gary",surname:"Myers",slug:"j.-gary-myers",fullName:"J. Gary Myers"}]},{id:"38287",title:"Re-Visiting Ethnographic and Orthodox Research Methodologies: Field Research Experiences from an African Perspective",slug:"re-visiting-ethnographic-and-orthodox-research-methodologies-field-research-experiences-from-an-afri",totalDownloads:1636,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"117005",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",surname:"Mtapuri",slug:"oliver-mtapuri",fullName:"Oliver Mtapuri"}]},{id:"38288",title:"Social Physics: An Interdisciplinary Way to Explore the Mechanism of Public Opinion",slug:"social-physics-an-interdisciplinary-way-to-explore-the-mechanism-of-public-opinion",totalDownloads:1615,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"95451",title:"Dr.",name:"Yijun",surname:"Liu",slug:"yijun-liu",fullName:"Yijun Liu"},{id:"139508",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenyuan",surname:"Niu",slug:"wenyuan-niu",fullName:"Wenyuan Niu"}]},{id:"38289",title:"The Methodology of Formulating Iranian National Policy of Entrepreneurship: A Conceptual Framework",slug:"the-methodology-of-formulating-iranian-national-policy-of-entrepreneurship-a-conceptual-framework",totalDownloads:1463,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113145",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",surname:"Noruzi",slug:"mohammad-reza-noruzi",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Noruzi"}]},{id:"38290",title:"Theoretical Approaches to Employment and Industrial Relations: A Comparison of Subsisting Orthodoxies",slug:"theoretical-approaches-to-employment-and-industrial-relations-a-comparison-of-subsisting-orthodoxies",totalDownloads:15317,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116449",title:"Mr.",name:"Okwy",surname:"Okpala",slug:"okwy-okpala",fullName:"Okwy Okpala"},{id:"155386",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher Odogwu",surname:"Chidi",slug:"christopher-odogwu-chidi",fullName:"Christopher Odogwu Chidi"}]},{id:"38291",title:"Human Capital Resourcing Practices and Organisational Performance: A Study of Selected Organisations in Lagos State, Nigeria",slug:"human-capital-resourcing-practices-and-organisational-performance-a-study-of-selected-organisations-",totalDownloads:2207,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116449",title:"Mr.",name:"Okwy",surname:"Okpala",slug:"okwy-okpala",fullName:"Okwy Okpala"},{id:"155386",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher Odogwu",surname:"Chidi",slug:"christopher-odogwu-chidi",fullName:"Christopher Odogwu Chidi"}]},{id:"38292",title:"Enhancing Productivity Through Lean Behavior",slug:"enhancing-productivity-through-lean-behavior",totalDownloads:2597,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"117989",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Puvanasvaran",surname:"A.Perumal",slug:"puvanasvaran-a.perumal",fullName:"Puvanasvaran A.Perumal"}]},{id:"38293",title:"Organizational Sustainability: The Case of Handcrafts Micro-Business in Southern San Sebastian, Jalisco, México",slug:"organizational-sustainability-the-case-of-handcrafts-micro-business-in-southern-san-sebastian-jalisc",totalDownloads:1278,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"122110",title:"Dr.",name:"José G.",surname:"Vargas-Hernandez",slug:"jose-g.-vargas-hernandez",fullName:"José G. Vargas-Hernandez"}]},{id:"38294",title:"Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Science, Technology and Innovation in Uganda",slug:"strengthening-institutional-capacity-for-science-technology-and-innovation-in-uganda",totalDownloads:1463,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"117103",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberts",surname:"Muriisa",slug:"roberts-muriisa",fullName:"Roberts Muriisa"}]},{id:"38295",title:"A Didactic and Methodological Lesson of the Study of Economics and the Skill Development of Students",slug:"a-didactic-and-methodological-lesson-of-the-study-of-economics-and-the-skill-development-of-students",totalDownloads:1395,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"117516",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Covadonga",surname:"De La Iglesia Villasol",slug:"maria-covadonga-de-la-iglesia-villasol",fullName:"Maria Covadonga De La Iglesia Villasol"}]},{id:"38296",title:"New Public Management and Reforms in Iran: Analysis of Government Downsizing",slug:"new-public-management-and-reforms-in-iran-analysis-of-government-downsizing",totalDownloads:1469,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113145",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",surname:"Noruzi",slug:"mohammad-reza-noruzi",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Noruzi"}]},{id:"38297",title:"Media of Exchange and Liquid Assets of Political and Market Enterprises: A New Monetary Perspective on Medieval French Monetary Mutations",slug:"media-of-exchange-and-liquid-assets-of-political-and-market-enterprises-a-new-monetary-perspective-o",totalDownloads:1203,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"114544",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Marmefelt",slug:"thomas-marmefelt",fullName:"Thomas Marmefelt"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2301",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",subtitle:"Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8b131a7ee5b8a5b952c49dc19c0cfe5",slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",bookSignature:"Asuncion Lopez-Varela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2301.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5702",title:"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Semiotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fcb1a08fbdb3244ae3ae57de5e8dea5b",slug:"interdisciplinary-approaches-to-semiotics",bookSignature:"Asuncion Lopez-Varela Azcarate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5702.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10978",title:"Mind and Matter",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities in Cognitive Semiotics and Aesthetics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"938b8668018c9338fbc8992e8e03f971",slug:"mind-and-matter-challenges-and-opportunities-in-cognitive-semiotics-and-aesthetics",bookSignature:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10978.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3726",title:"Products and Services",subtitle:"from R&D to Final Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"00f9ed3ad58c6e5d10c299d312242e7d",slug:"products-and-services--from-r-d-to-final-solutions",bookSignature:"Igor Fuerstner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"121454",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Fuerstner",slug:"igor-fuerstner",fullName:"Igor Fuerstner"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"35540",title:"Systematic Approach to Design with Nature",doi:"10.5772/35011",slug:"systematic-approach-to-design-with-nature",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35540.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35540",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35540",totalDownloads:1685,totalViews:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:21,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2011",dateReviewed:"December 4th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 27th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/35540",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/35540",book:{id:"1815",slug:"new-advances-and-contributions-to-forestry-research"},signatures:"Ali Sepahi",authors:[{id:"102591",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Sepahi",fullName:"Ali Sepahi",slug:"ali-sepahi",email:"asepahi@shaw.ca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Isfahan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1815",type:"book",title:"New Advances and Contributions to Forestry Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Advances and Contributions to Forestry Research",slug:"new-advances-and-contributions-to-forestry-research",publishedDate:"April 27th 2012",bookSignature:"Andrew Akwasi Oteng-Amoako",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1815.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0529-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5286-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:27,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"119148",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Andrew A.",middleName:null,surname:"Oteng-Amoako",slug:"dr.-andrew-a.-oteng-amoako",fullName:"Dr. Andrew A. Oteng-Amoako"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"331"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35539",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Deforestation on Water Resources: Integrating Science and Community Perspectives in the Sondu-Miriu River Basin, Kenya",slug:"effects-of-deforestation-on-water-resources-integrating-science-and-community-perspectives-in-the-so",totalDownloads:7371,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Frank O. Masese, Phillip O. Raburu, Benjamin N. Mwasi and Lazare Etiegni",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"93186",title:"Prof.",name:"Lazare",middleName:null,surname:"Etiégni",fullName:"Lazare Etiégni",slug:"lazare-etiegni"},{id:"99860",title:"Mr.",name:"Frank O.",middleName:null,surname:"Masese",fullName:"Frank O. Masese",slug:"frank-o.-masese"},{id:"100592",title:"Dr.",name:"Phillip",middleName:null,surname:"Raburu",fullName:"Phillip Raburu",slug:"phillip-raburu"},{id:"103057",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",middleName:null,surname:"Mwasi",fullName:"Ben Mwasi",slug:"ben-mwasi"}]},{id:"35540",type:"chapter",title:"Systematic Approach to Design with Nature",slug:"systematic-approach-to-design-with-nature",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ali Sepahi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"102591",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Sepahi",fullName:"Ali Sepahi",slug:"ali-sepahi"}]},{id:"35541",type:"chapter",title:"Seasonal Reflectance Courses of Forests",slug:"seasonal-reflectance-course-of-forests",totalDownloads:1878,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tiit Nilson, Miina Rautiainen, Jan Pisek and Urmas Peterson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"102407",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiit",middleName:null,surname:"Nilson",fullName:"Tiit Nilson",slug:"tiit-nilson"},{id:"102410",title:"Dr.",name:"Miina",middleName:null,surname:"Rautiainen",fullName:"Miina Rautiainen",slug:"miina-rautiainen"},{id:"102411",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Pisek",fullName:"Jan Pisek",slug:"jan-pisek"},{id:"128188",title:"Dr.",name:"Urmas",middleName:null,surname:"Peterson",fullName:"Urmas Peterson",slug:"urmas-peterson"}]},{id:"35542",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment and Mitigation of Nutrients Losses from Forest Harvesting on Upland Blanket Peat - A Case Study in the Burrishoole Catchment",slug:"assessment-and-mitigation-of-nutrients-losses-from-forest-harvestingg-on-upland-blanket-peat-",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Liwen Xiao, Michael Rodgers, Mark O'Connor Connie O'Driscoll and Zaki-ul-zaman Asam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92907",title:"Dr.",name:"Liwen",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao",fullName:"Liwen Xiao",slug:"liwen-xiao"}]},{id:"35543",type:"chapter",title:"Evaluation for the UMA's of Diversified Breeding in the Mixteca Poblana, México",slug:"evaluation-for-the-uma",totalDownloads:1796,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Oscar Agustín Villarreal Espino Barros, José Alfredo Galicia Domínguez, Francisco Javier Franco Guerra, Julio Cesar Camacho Ronquillo and Raúl Guevara Viera",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"98772",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:"Agustín",surname:"Villarreal Espino-Barros",fullName:"Oscar Villarreal Espino-Barros",slug:"oscar-villarreal-espino-barros"},{id:"104146",title:"MSc.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Galicia Domínguez",fullName:"Alfredo Galicia Domínguez",slug:"alfredo-galicia-dominguez"},{id:"104147",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Guevara Viera",fullName:"Raúl Guevara Viera",slug:"raul-guevara-viera"},{id:"104148",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Franco Guerra",fullName:"Francisco Javier Franco Guerra",slug:"francisco-javier-franco-guerra"},{id:"104150",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Camacho Ronquillo",fullName:"Julio Cesar Camacho Ronquillo",slug:"julio-cesar-camacho-ronquillo"}]},{id:"35544",type:"chapter",title:"The Development of a Port Surrounds Trapping System for the Detection of Exotic Forest Insect Pests in Australia",slug:"the-development-of-an-urban-environs-trapping-system-for-the-detection-of-exotic-forest-insect-pests",totalDownloads:1579,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Richard Bashford",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"102879",title:"Mr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Bashford",fullName:"Richard Bashford",slug:"richard-bashford"}]},{id:"35545",type:"chapter",title:"Changes in the Relative Density of Swamp Wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) and Eastern Grey Kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in Response to Timber Harvesting and Wildfire",slug:"changes-in-the-relative-density-of-swamp-wallabies-wallabia-bicolor-and-eastern-grey-kangaroos-macro",totalDownloads:1691,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kelly Williamson, Helen Doherty and Julian Di Stefano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"95432",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",middleName:null,surname:"Di Stefano",fullName:"Julian Di Stefano",slug:"julian-di-stefano"},{id:"95434",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelly",middleName:null,surname:"Williamson",fullName:"Kelly Williamson",slug:"kelly-williamson"},{id:"95436",title:"Ms.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Doherty",fullName:"Helen Doherty",slug:"helen-doherty"}]},{id:"35546",type:"chapter",title:"Forest Life Under Control of Microbial Life",slug:"-forest-life-under-control-of-microbial-life",totalDownloads:2910,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Doaa A. R. Mahmoud",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"103390",title:"Dr.",name:"Doaa",middleName:"Abdel Rahman",surname:"Mahmoud",fullName:"Doaa Mahmoud",slug:"doaa-mahmoud"}]},{id:"35547",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment of Lepthosphaeria polylepidis Decline in Polylepis tarapacana Phil. Trees in District 3 of the Sajama National Park, Bolivia",slug:"a-case-study-declining-assessment-of-polylepis-tarapacana-phill-disease-caused-by-lepthosphaeria-pol",totalDownloads:1987,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mario Coca-Morante",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"96311",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Coca-Morante",fullName:"Mario Coca-Morante",slug:"mario-coca-morante"}]},{id:"35548",type:"chapter",title:"Research Development and Utilization Status on Jatropha curcas in China",slug:"research-development-and-utilization-status-on-jatropha-curcas-in-china",totalDownloads:1926,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Li Kun, Liu Fang-Yan and Sun Yong-Yu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"100514",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",middleName:null,surname:"Kun",fullName:"Li Kun",slug:"li-kun"}]},{id:"35549",type:"chapter",title:"Impact of Sustainable Management of Natural Even-Aged Beech Stands on Assortment Structure of Beech in Croatia",slug:"impact-of-sustainable-management-of-natural-even-aged-beech-stands-on-assortment-structure-of-beech-",totalDownloads:1232,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marinko Prka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99406",title:"Dr.",name:"Marinko",middleName:null,surname:"Prka",fullName:"Marinko Prka",slug:"marinko-prka"}]},{id:"35550",type:"chapter",title:"Use of the Pilodyn for Assessing Wood Properties in Standing Trees of Eucalyptus Clones",slug:"use-of-the-pilodyn-for-assessing-wood-properties-in-standing-trees-of-eucalyptus-clones",totalDownloads:3057,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Wu Shijun, Xu Jianmin, Li Guangyou, Risto Vuokko, Lu Zhaohua, Li Baoqi and Wang Wei",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"94439",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianmin",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Jianmin Xu",slug:"jianmin-xu"},{id:"103731",title:"Dr.",name:"Shijun",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Shijun Wu",slug:"shijun-wu"},{id:"103733",title:"Dr.",name:"Guangyou",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Guangyou Li",slug:"guangyou-li"},{id:"103736",title:"Prof.",name:"Risto",middleName:null,surname:"Vuokko",fullName:"Risto Vuokko",slug:"risto-vuokko"},{id:"103740",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhaohua",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Zhaohua Lu",slug:"zhaohua-lu"},{id:"103741",title:"MSc.",name:"Baoqi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Baoqi Li",slug:"baoqi-li"},{id:"103743",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Wei Wang",slug:"wei-wang"}]},{id:"35551",type:"chapter",title:"An Overview on Spruce Forests in China",slug:"an-overview-on-spruce-forests-in-china",totalDownloads:2117,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zou Chunjing, Xu Wenduo, Hideyuki Shimizu and Wang Kaiyun",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99546",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunjing",middleName:null,surname:"Zou",fullName:"Chunjing Zou",slug:"chunjing-zou"}]},{id:"35552",type:"chapter",title:"Chemical Defenses in Eucalyptus Species: A Sustainable Strategy Based on Antique Knowledge to Diminish Agrochemical Dependency",slug:"chemical-defenses-in-eucalyptus-species-a-sustainable-strategy-based-on-antique-knowledge-to-diminis",totalDownloads:3584,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"S. R. Leicach, M. A. Yaber Grass, H. D. Chludil, A. M. Garau, A. B. Guarnaschelli and P. C. Fernandez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92345",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Garau",fullName:"Ana Garau",slug:"ana-garau"},{id:"92352",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana",middleName:"Beatriz",surname:"Guarnaschelli",fullName:"Ana Guarnaschelli",slug:"ana-guarnaschelli"},{id:"102851",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Leicach",fullName:"Silvia Leicach",slug:"silvia-leicach"},{id:"107469",title:"MSc.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Yaber Grass",fullName:"Margarita Yaber Grass",slug:"margarita-yaber-grass"},{id:"107472",title:"Prof.",name:"Hugo D.",middleName:null,surname:"Chludil",fullName:"Hugo D. Chludil",slug:"hugo-d.-chludil"},{id:"148203",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia Carina",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez",fullName:"Patricia Carina Fernandez",slug:"patricia-carina-fernandez"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2246",title:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b633fc6fc6a3a8f24dd4c4373fb14cb7",slug:"global-perspectives-on-sustainable-forest-management",bookSignature:"Okia Clement Akais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2246.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119660",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Clement A.",surname:"Okia",slug:"dr.-clement-a.-okia",fullName:"Dr. Clement A. Okia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36125",title:"Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Control Strategies",slug:"deforestation-causes-effects-and-control-strategies",signatures:"Sumit Chakravarty, S. K. Ghosh, C. P. Suresh, A. N. Dey and Gopal Shukla",authors:[{id:"94999",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumit",middleName:null,surname:"Chakravarty",fullName:"Sumit Chakravarty",slug:"sumit-chakravarty"},{id:"101102",title:"Prof.",name:"Swapan Kr.",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",fullName:"Swapan Kr. Ghosh",slug:"swapan-kr.-ghosh"},{id:"101103",title:"Dr.",name:"C. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Suresh",fullName:"C. P. Suresh",slug:"c.-p.-suresh"},{id:"101104",title:"Dr.",name:"A N",middleName:null,surname:"Dey",fullName:"A N Dey",slug:"a-n-dey"},{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla"}]},{id:"36126",title:"Depletion of Oak (Quercus spp.) Forests in the Western Himalaya: Grazing, Fuelwood and Fodder Collection",slug:"depletion-of-oak-quercus-spp-forests-in-the-western-himalaya-grazing-fuelwood-and-fodder-collec",signatures:"Gajendra Singh and G. S. Rawat",authors:[{id:"96134",title:"Dr.",name:"Gajendra",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Gajendra Singh",slug:"gajendra-singh"}]},{id:"36127",title:"Nepal's Community Forestry: Need of Better Governance",slug:"nepal-s-community-forestry-need-of-better-governance",signatures:"Ridish K. Pokharel, Santosh Rayamajhi and Krishna R. Tiwari",authors:[{id:"95517",title:"Prof.",name:"Ridish",middleName:"K.",surname:"Pokharel",fullName:"Ridish Pokharel",slug:"ridish-pokharel"},{id:"128788",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",middleName:null,surname:"Rayamajhi",fullName:"Santosh Rayamajhi",slug:"santosh-rayamajhi"},{id:"128791",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",fullName:"Krishna Tiwari",slug:"krishna-tiwari"}]},{id:"36128",title:"The Influence of Decisional Autonomy on Performance and Strategic Choices - The Case of Subcontracting SMEs in Logging Operations",slug:"the-influence-of-decisional-autonomy-on-performance-and-strategic-choices-the-case-of-sub-contra",signatures:"Etienne St-Jean and Luc LeBel",authors:[{id:"104667",title:"Prof.",name:"Etienne",middleName:null,surname:"St-Jean",fullName:"Etienne St-Jean",slug:"etienne-st-jean"},{id:"104671",title:"Prof.",name:"Luc",middleName:null,surname:"LeBel",fullName:"Luc LeBel",slug:"luc-lebel"}]},{id:"36129",title:"Member, Owner, Customer, Supplier? - The Question of Perspective on Membership and Ownership in a Private Forest Owner Cooperative",slug:"member-owner-customer-supplier-the-question-of-perspective-on-membership-and-ownership-in-a-fore",signatures:"Gun Lidestav and Ann-Mari Arvidsson",authors:[{id:"98784",title:"Dr.",name:"Gun",middleName:null,surname:"Lidestav",fullName:"Gun Lidestav",slug:"gun-lidestav"}]},{id:"36130",title:"Economic Feasibility of an Eucalyptus Agroforestry System in Brazil",slug:"economical-feasibility-of-an-agro-forestry-system",signatures:"Álvaro Nogueira de Souza, Humberto Ângelo, Maísa Santos Joaquim, Sandro Nogueira de Souza and John Edward Belknap",authors:[{id:"96381",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:"Nogueira",surname:"De Souza",fullName:"Alvaro De Souza",slug:"alvaro-de-souza"},{id:"135261",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Angelo",fullName:"Humberto Angelo",slug:"humberto-angelo"},{id:"135262",title:"Dr.",name:"Maísa",middleName:"Santos",surname:"Joaquim",fullName:"Maísa Joaquim",slug:"maisa-joaquim"},{id:"135263",title:"BSc.",name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Sandro Souza",slug:"sandro-souza"},{id:"135266",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Belknap",fullName:"John Belknap",slug:"john-belknap"}]},{id:"36131",title:"Effects of a Unilateral Tariff Liberalisation on Forestry Products and Trade in Australia: An Economic Analysis Using the GTAP Model",slug:"effects-of-a-unilateral-tariff-liberalisation-on-forestry-products-and-trade-in-australia-an-econom",signatures:"Luz Centeno Stenberg and Mahinda Siriwardana",authors:[{id:"99337",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahinda",middleName:null,surname:"Siriwardana",fullName:"Mahinda Siriwardana",slug:"mahinda-siriwardana"}]},{id:"36132",title:"Strategic Cost Management Practices Adopted by Segments of Brazilian Agribusiness",slug:"strategic-cost-management-practices-adopted-by-segments-of-brazilian-agribusiness",signatures:"Marcos Antonio Souza and Kátia Arpino Rasia",authors:[{id:"93995",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"De Souza",fullName:"Marcos De Souza",slug:"marcos-de-souza"},{id:"130128",title:"MSc.",name:"Katia",middleName:null,surname:"Arpino Rasia",fullName:"Katia Arpino Rasia",slug:"katia-arpino-rasia"}]},{id:"36133",title:"Forestry and Life Cycle Assessment",slug:"forestry-and-life-cycle-assessment",signatures:"Andreja Bosner, Tomislav Poršinsky and Igor Stankić",authors:[{id:"88732",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomislav",middleName:null,surname:"Poršinsky",fullName:"Tomislav Poršinsky",slug:"tomislav-porsinsky"},{id:"93114",title:"MSc.",name:"Andreja",middleName:null,surname:"Bosner",fullName:"Andreja Bosner",slug:"andreja-bosner"},{id:"97897",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Stankić",fullName:"Igor Stankić",slug:"igor-stankic"}]},{id:"36134",title:"Wildlife Forestry",slug:"wildlife-forestry",signatures:"Daniel J. Twedt",authors:[{id:"101011",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Twedt",fullName:"Daniel Twedt",slug:"daniel-twedt"}]},{id:"36135",title:"Fire Ignition Trends in Durango, México",slug:"fire-ignition-trends-in-durango-me-xico",signatures:"Marín Pompa-García and Eusebio Montiel-Antuna",authors:[{id:"93031",title:"Dr.",name:"Marín",middleName:null,surname:"Pompa-García",fullName:"Marín Pompa-García",slug:"marin-pompa-garcia"},{id:"93552",title:"MSc.",name:"Eusebio",middleName:null,surname:"Montiel Antuna",fullName:"Eusebio Montiel Antuna",slug:"eusebio-montiel-antuna"}]},{id:"36136",title:"Remote Sensing of Forestry Studies",slug:"remote-sensing-in-forestry-studies",signatures:"Kai Wang, Wei-Ning Xiang, Xulin Guo and Jianjun Liu",authors:[{id:"93509",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Kai Wang",slug:"kai-wang"},{id:"102088",title:"Dr.",name:"Xulin",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Xulin Guo",slug:"xulin-guo"},{id:"102089",title:"Dr.",name:"Weining",middleName:null,surname:"Xiang",fullName:"Weining Xiang",slug:"weining-xiang"}]},{id:"36137",title:"GIS for Operative Support",slug:"gis-for-operative-support",signatures:"Gunnar Bygdén",authors:[{id:"94542",title:"Mr.",name:"Gunnar",middleName:null,surname:"Bygdén",fullName:"Gunnar Bygdén",slug:"gunnar-bygden"}]},{id:"36138",title:"Adding Value Prior to Pulping: Bioproducts from Hemicellulose",slug:"adding-value-prior-to-pulping-biofuels-and-bioproducts-from-hemicellulose",signatures:"Lew Christopher",authors:[{id:"110103",title:"Prof.",name:"Lew",middleName:null,surname:"Christopher",fullName:"Lew Christopher",slug:"lew-christopher"}]},{id:"36139",title:"Incorporating Carbon Credits into Breeding Objectives for Plantation Species in Australia",slug:"incorporating-carbon-credits-into-breeding-objectives-for-plantation-species-in-australia",signatures:"Miloš Ivković, Keryn Paul and Tony McRae",authors:[{id:"98802",title:"Dr.",name:"Milos",middleName:null,surname:"Ivkovic",fullName:"Milos Ivkovic",slug:"milos-ivkovic"},{id:"104396",title:"Dr.",name:"Tony",middleName:null,surname:"McRae",fullName:"Tony McRae",slug:"tony-mcrae"},{id:"139074",title:"Dr.",name:"Keryn",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",fullName:"Keryn Paul",slug:"keryn-paul"}]},{id:"36140",title:"Irreversibility and Uncertainty in Multifunctional Forest Management Allocation",slug:"irreversibility-and-uncertainty-in-multifunctional-forest-management-allocation",signatures:"Jens Abildtrup, Jacques Laye, Maximilien Laye and Anne Stenger",authors:[{id:"80439",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Stenger",fullName:"Anne Stenger",slug:"anne-stenger"},{id:"103166",title:"Dr.",name:"Jens",middleName:null,surname:"Abildtrup",fullName:"Jens Abildtrup",slug:"jens-abildtrup"},{id:"103168",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"Laye",fullName:"Jacques Laye",slug:"jacques-laye"},{id:"103170",title:"Dr.",name:"Laye",middleName:null,surname:"Maximilien",fullName:"Laye Maximilien",slug:"laye-maximilien"}]},{id:"36141",title:"Ecoefficient Timber Forwarding on Lowland Soft Soils",slug:"ecoefficient-timber-forwarding-on-lowland-soft-soils",signatures:"Tomislav Poršinsky, Tibor Pentek, Andreja Bosner and Igor Stankić",authors:[{id:"88732",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomislav",middleName:null,surname:"Poršinsky",fullName:"Tomislav Poršinsky",slug:"tomislav-porsinsky"},{id:"93114",title:"MSc.",name:"Andreja",middleName:null,surname:"Bosner",fullName:"Andreja Bosner",slug:"andreja-bosner"},{id:"97897",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Stankić",fullName:"Igor Stankić",slug:"igor-stankic"},{id:"83078",title:"Prof.",name:"Tibor",middleName:null,surname:"Pentek",fullName:"Tibor Pentek",slug:"tibor-pentek"}]},{id:"36142",title:"Comparison of Timber Consumption in U.S. and China",slug:"comparison-of-timber-consumption-in-u-s-and-china",signatures:"Lanhui Wang and Huiwen Wang",authors:[{id:"96047",title:"Prof.",name:"Lanhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lanhui Wang",slug:"lanhui-wang"},{id:"132155",title:"Prof.",name:"Huiwen",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Huiwen Wang",slug:"huiwen-wang"},{id:"132156",title:"Prof.",name:"Liu",middleName:null,surname:"Junchang",fullName:"Liu Junchang",slug:"liu-junchang"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9720",title:"Advances in Forest Management under Global Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"df888eab42f96e1bd89b300edfaec25a",slug:"advances-in-forest-management-under-global-change",bookSignature:"Ling Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219350",title:"Dr.",name:"Ling",surname:"Zhang",slug:"ling-zhang",fullName:"Ling Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9727",title:"Silviculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22ee60f177a2963821d834c66c466115",slug:"silviculture",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10248",title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1218c819f575bd951d5de0e85f3ea006",slug:"ecosystem-and-biodiversity-of-amazonia",bookSignature:"Heimo Juhani Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10248.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"616",title:"Forest Ecosystems",subtitle:"More than Just Trees",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"00ecaa84de1aa2d7116ab5871b353b82",slug:"forest-ecosystems-more-than-just-trees",bookSignature:"Juan A. Blanco and Yueh-Hsin Lo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/616.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"617",title:"Sustainable Forest Management",subtitle:"Current Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8d91cf4745e90f7510e056fd508dc46",slug:"sustainable-forest-management-current-research",bookSignature:"Jorge Martin Garcia and Julio Javier Diez Casero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/617.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88987",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio J.",surname:"Diez",slug:"julio-j.-diez",fullName:"Julio J. Diez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82495",title:"CALPHAD as a Toolbox to Facilitate the Development of HEAs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105191",slug:"calphad-as-a-toolbox-to-facilitate-the-development-of-heas",body:'
The concept of high-entropy alloys (HEAs), where the configurational entropy plays a significant role, is closely related to the content of thermodynamics. As a phenomenological methodology of computational thermodynamics, CALPHAD could be the most direct tool for the design of HEAs [1]. CALPHAD stands for the abbreviation of CALculation of PHAse Diagram, which is a computational approach proposed in the early 1970s to bridge the gap between the theoretical calculations and the experimental phase equilibrium information [2]. The Gibbs energy function occupies the core of the CALPHAD method. Thermodynamic properties of the materials could be described by the Gibbs energy of each phase. The phase diagrams are constructed by minimizing the total Gibbs energy of the system. The model parameters of Gibbs energy, which is the main constitute of the CALPHAD databases, are assessed by fitting the input data via CALPHAD-based software, such as Thermo-Calc [3], Pandat [4], and FactSage [5]. The experimental results would be the first choice for the input, and the first-principle calculations would be a good complement wherever there is a lack of experimental input [6]. The Gibbs energy of an element can be written as follows [7]:
where
To deal with the case containing more elements, several models were proposed to describe the atomic interactions, such as compound energy formalism (CEF) [8], cluster variation method [9], quasi-chemical model [10], and so on. In this chapter, the compound energy formalism (CEF) as the most widely used model was introduced. In the CEF, the structure of a phase is considered to be constituted by a set of sublattices represented by the formula (A, C)
One of the aims of the CALPHAD method is to develop the reliable databases for the users of interest. The descriptions of stable binaries and ternaries are the building blocks for the multicomponent CALPHAD databases. The CALPHAD method uses extrapolation to extend the range from these stable constituent lower systems to the unstable region and higher order systems. The semiempirical nature and the unique structure of the database (Figure 1) make CALPHAD an accurate and self-consistent technique and gain the popularity in the research of structural materials [11]. Therefore, the CALPHAD has been considered as an important part of the Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) and Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) [12].
The structure of the CALPHAD thermodynamic databases.
With the combination of thermodynamic and kinetic databases, the CALPHAD method could not only depict the characteristics of thermodynamics (phase diagrams and thermophysical properties) but also simulate the kinetic process (precipitation and diffusion) by solving the diffusion equations numerically. The following sections will show how the CALPHAD method serves as a powerful toolbox to facilitate the development of the HEAs.
The emergence of the HEA provides a new alloying strategy for the materials scientists. Different from the conventional way of adding a handful of alloying elements to a primary one, the HEA creates a mixture of the multiple principle elements with (near) equiatomic concentration [13, 14]. The most intuitive representation of this strategy would be the composition map of the phase diagram (Figure 2). The conventional alloys locate at the corner regions (blue region), and the HEAs occupy the central region of the phase diagram. Therefore, the name of “central alloys” is perhaps a good choice to eliminate the ambiguity caused by the confusing use of “high-entropy alloys,” “medium-entropy alloys,” “complex concentrated alloys (CCAs),” “multiprincipal element alloys (MPEAs),” etc. Its vastness of the composition space and the complex combination of elements open the possibilities of discovering novel alloys with exceptional properties [15]. Meanwhile, it is a more challenging task of the HEA design to find the desired point in this composition sea. As the sole technique of visualizing the phase diagram directly, the CALPHAD method that is expert in the composition and phase design for the multicomponent systems could serve as an equipped ship for the HEA researchers. Hundreds of published works have applied the CALPHAD method in the phase prediction of HEAs [16, 17]. In this section, the advantage and limitations of the CALPHAD method will be discussed with several examples.
The contour map of entropy of mixing on an illustrated ternary alloy. The blue regions represent the conventional alloys with only one principal element and the bright area indicates the high-entropy region [
Phase diagrams have been considered as the road map for the research of materials science, which act as a guiding role to design the experiments and understand the behavior of the materials. As mentioned above, the accuracy of the calculated phase diagram depends on the reliability of the CALPHAD databases. Owing to the lack of specific HEA databases, the early works usually uses the Ni-base and, sometimes, the Fe-base databases to explore the alloy composition of the desired phase. Choi et al. [18] used the TCFE2000 database [19] to design a new face-centered cubic (FCC) phase HEA with nonequiatomic composition. Figure 3 shows that the prepared samples fall well on the FCC single-phase region, which verifies the validity of the CALPHAD calculation. Zhang et al. [20] employed the Thermo-Calc software [3] with database TCNI8 [19] to calculate the phase diagram of the CoCrFeNi-based HEAs. In Figure 4, the pseudobinary phase diagram of CrCoFeNi-Cux was calculated to show the alloying effect of Cu on the phase stability of the HEA. Miscibility gaps of FCC and liquid phase begin to form with the increasing Cu content. This calculated result has been experimentally confirmed by the work of Wu et al. [21]. Butler et al. [22] studied the phase stability of AlNiCoCrFe alloy using the CALPHAD approach. Figure 5d shows their prediction on the phase fractions of the Al15 HEA calculated by using the TCNi8 database. They found that the predicted phase stability was generally in agreement with the experimental measurements except the FCC phase. These findings indicate that the CALPHAD could be a powerful tool for the design of HEAs, but the quality of the databases needs to be improved. Therefore, the specific thermodynamic databases, TCHEA [23] and PanHEA [24], have been tailored in recent years to accelerate the development of HEAs. Feng et al. [25] extensively investigated the phase stability of the lightweight HEAs using both the experimental and computational methods. They calculated the phase fraction of each in Al1.5CrFeMnTi alloy (Figure 6a) and the isopleth of Al1.5CrFeMnTix (Figure 6b) using Pandat software with the PanHEA database. A reasonable agreement has been reported between the experimentally determined and predicted compositions. One of the disagreements is that the nanosized L21 phase was experimentally observed at higher annealing temperature than the predicted one. MacDonald et al. [26] thoroughly discussed the FCC phase decomposition of the equiatomic CoCuFeMnNi alloy with the aid of the CALPHAD method. They performed the calculation on the equilibrium step diagram of CoCuFeMnNi alloy at the temperature range from 400 to 1600°C employing the Thermo-Calc software with database TCHEA3 and compared the experimentally observed compositions of three phases with the CALPHAD-predicted ones at 500°C. It can be seen in Figure 7 that the composition predicted by CALPHAD reasonably agrees with the measured ones except the case in the Cu-rich FCC phase. Although the CALPHAD has been successfully applied to the phase and composition design of HEAs, its power has not been fully explored due to the imperfection of the databases. The difficulties of developing a high-quality HEA database could be attributed to several reasons. As we noted earlier, the traditional alloy databases were developed based on the binaries and ternaries with only one principal component, while the HEAs focus on the central regions of the alloy systems. Therefore, one of the difficulties is that there is lack of experimental data on this region as the input for the CALPHAD assessment [27]. Another thing that should be noted is that the ternary interaction could be significant at the highly concentrated region, so all the ternaries should be carefully evaluated [28]. Those barriers will burden the workload of assessment exponentially and make it almost a “mission impossible” to develop a perfect HEA database in a short term [27].
Calculated FCC phase region of 10Co-15Cr-10 V-65 (Fe, Mn, Ni) [
Pseudobinary phase diagram of CoCrFeNiCux [
BSE image of Al15 HEA heated treating at (a) 700°C and (b) 1050°C, (c) XRD spectra of Al 15 HEA, and (d) calculated phase fractions for the Al 15 HEA [
Calculated phase diagram of the (a) alloy Al1.5CrFeMnTi and (b) isopleth of Al1.5CrFeMnTix [
(a) Calculated equilibrium step diagram of the CoCuFeMnNi alloy from 400–1600°C compared with experimentally measured phase composition from STEM EDS, (b) Fe-Co rich B2 phase, (c) Cu-rich FCC phase, and (d) the matrix FCC phase [
Alternatively, the high-throughput CALPHAD method and the machine learning (ML) models provide us a promising way of accelerating the design of advanced HEAs. Feng et al. [29] utilized the CALPHAD-based high-throughput calculation to screen the optimal composition of the lightweight HEAs. The vast composition space has been narrowed to a small range by meeting the criteria on phase fraction and temperature, with eight candidate alloys surviving out finally (Figure 8). In Figure 8b–e, region 1 meets only one criterion, region 2 meets two of criteria, and region 3 meets three. This approach significantly reduces the cost of experimental work. Zeng et al. [30] proposed several phase selection rules by combining the machine learning method and the CALPHAD calculations. The flowchart of this chapter is summarized in Figure 9. More than 300,000 of entries of phase equilibrium information were generated by the CALPHAD method. Then, the XGBoost method was employed to explore five most important features to depict the composition space spanned by the generated data. Based on the trained ML model, five-phase selection rules were established, which provides an efficient approach of designing a single-phase HEA. The CALPHAD method has accumulated tons of high-quality phase equilibria and thermochemical data in decades, which would be a valuable resource for the machine learning models. At the same time, ML could help CALPHAD extend its application and establish the structure–property connection quantitatively. A recent review of the HT-CALPHAD method could be found in [31].
(a) Flowchart of the HT-CALPHAD, (b) Al-Cr projection, (c) Al-Fe projection, (d) Al-Mn projection, and (e) Al-Ti projection [
The road map for the discovery of phase selection rules [
Besides, thermodynamic analysis on the phase stability of single solid solution (SSS) phases in HEA has also been extensively studied by using the CALPHAD method [14, 32]. Unexpectedly, the configurational entropy does not play the dominant role in many cases [1]. Other entropic contribution and enthalpy should also be valued in the analysis because the phase stability of the SSS depends on the Gibbs energy (G = H – TS) of its competing intermetallic phases [14, 15]. A widely accepted framework of this analysis is needed for further research.
Known as the idiom “the refined steel, softly winds fingers,” the condensed words were refined as the most significant information about heat treatment in the present perspective. For metallic materials, heat treatment represents some thermal as well as thermochemical processes to bring a series of complicated transformations in physical metallurgy, mechanical, and corrosion resistance performances. Therefore, to understand heat treatment, it is necessary to study the thermal phenomena, microstructure, phase stability/transformation, properties, and so on. As a kind of promising material, HEAs like other ferrous and nonferrous alloys, heat treatment is also an important process for improving formability, machinability, strength, and ductility.
As the name implies, the CALPHAD method is a technique of calculation for phase diagram initially. Therefore, in the field of the phase diagram, the CALPHAD method is inherently associated with a unique advantage in comparison with other techniques. One of the most important advantages of the CALPHAD method is to predict high-order thermodynamic information via extrapolation from the corresponding low-order subsystems. To realize the CALPHAD method, it is required to combine both computational platforms and some thermodynamic and mobility databases, and so on. Some commercial software is available to perform various calculation and simulation, including Thermo-Calc software (also add-on diffusion and precipitation module, Dictra & TC-Prisma) [3, 19], Pandat [33], and FactSage [34]. Some commercial databases also need to be matched in these software to provide various thermodynamic and mobility information, including TCHEA5 and MOBHEA2 [35], PanHEA_TH, PanHEA_MB, and PanHEA_MV [36]. The continuous update databases, which contained dozens of elements and hundreds of subsystems, provide a set of self-consistence thermodynamic and kinetic parameters to assist a high-quality prediction. With the development of thermodynamic and kinetic modeling, the CALPHAD method has played a more and more important role in materials design, processing optimization, phase transformation, mechanical and corrosion behavior investigations, and so on.
In this section, some CALPHAD-based research on the heat treatment of HEAs was collected to aim at highlighting the significant role of the CALPHAD method in the thermodynamic, kinetic, and precipitation predictions, which are the three main parts of this section.
The phase diagram is one of the most important components in the field of materials science and technology, obviously in the field of heat treatment. Thus, the CALPHAD method has an inherent advantage due to the technique that was initially originated to couple the phase diagrams and thermochemistry, especially due to the extrapolation characteristic. For “multiprincipal element alloy (MPEA)” [37, 38] or “complex concentrated alloy (CCA)” [39] systems, the extrapolation characteristic from the known low-order subsystems to the unknown high-order HEAs system becomes an outstanding superiority of the CALPHAD method, particularly in comparison with the conventional one or two principal metallic materials. To complete a high-quality thermodynamic prediction needs an important prerequisite, i.e., a set of critical, reliable, and self-consistence thermodynamic modeling, especially in the whole composition and at a wide temperature range, due to the equiatomic or near-equiatomic composition region of the HEA system.
The application of the CALPHAD-based thermodynamic analysis in heat treatment will be introduced as follows.
The equilibrium mapping and stepping calculations of the phase diagram, viz., calculated isothermal/isoplethal sections and calculated equilibrium phase fraction at various temperatures, are two major applications in materials design and also in heat treatment optimization. The basic investigation approach is to study from the subsystems (i.e., binary and ternary) to the multicomponent HEA systems; some examples for determining the temperature of annealing heat treatment for a proposed alloy are shown in (Figures 10 and 11) [27, 40, 41].
The calculated Co-Cr phase diagram (a1) and the phase fractions at various temperatures for Co-15Cr (a1–1) and Co-15Cr (a1–2) [
Calculated phase diagram of the Co-Cr-Ni system. The isoplethal section along with the Cr-Cr0.5Ni0.5 pseudobinary section (a); and the isothermal section at 1200°C (b) [
For casting, a low liquidus temperature and a narrow window between liquidus temperature (
The CALPHAD-based thermodynamic calculation is usually performed as a significant starting point for materials design, processing optimization, and so on. Sequentially, kinetic simulation tends to become an important link.
To perform kinetic simulation, it is necessary to combine a simulation module, which has been implanted in some specific kinetic models (e.g., 1D homogenization models [43, 44, 45]), and various thermodynamic and kinetic databases (Section 3.1). The simulation of diffusion is usually both time- and space-dependent and is particularly suitable for solving one-phase problems and moving boundary problems. Kinetic simulation for assisting to optimize processing parameters of homogenization heat treatment is an important application.
For homogenization heat treatment, the kinetic simulation is a valuable method to predict and optimize the specific processing parameter, especially for the relationship between temperature, time, and distance in some given phases. Meanwhile, various heat treatments can be optimized by CALPHAD-based simulations, for instance, to facilitate appropriate heat treatment procedures for manipulating solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening of HEAs [46], and so on.
The Scheil-Gulliver solidification simulation [47, 48], also called Scheil solidification simulation, is usually performed on the basis of the CALPHAD method. For analyzing solidification processes, some equations were used by assuming that the diffusivity in the solid phases is extremely slow to be treated as zero and the diffusion in the liquid phase is very fast. With the assumption, a type of nonequilibrium transformation can be treated as a local equilibrium state. An example of the Scheil solidification simulation can be found in [40] (Figure 12).
Solidification curves and homogenization heat treatment of M5 alloy (thermodynamic and kinetic database: TCHEA2 and MOBNI2) [
Various modules and packages mentioned in Section 3.1, such as TC-Prisma and Pandat, have been developed especially to predict the precipitation problems. Taking TC-Prisma as an example; for predicting the concurrent nucleation, growth, and coarsening of dispersed precipitate phases, the module built by the Langer-Schwartz theory [49] also adopted the Kampmann-Wagner numerical method [50] and many models [51]. To simulate multimodal particle size distribution of precipitate phase is a typical application.
As shown in Figure 13, to investigate the precipitation kinetics and to predict the temperature–time-transformation (TTT) diagram for high-entropy superalloys with a typical structure of γ matrix phase (i.e., disordered structure A1) and γ’ coherent precipitate phase (i.e., ordered structure L12), various simulations can be performed by TC-Prisma with an available software development kits (SDKs) of TC-Python language combined with many thermodynamic and kinetic databases [52].
Experimental temperature profile for the alloys conducted by homogenization and solid solution heat treatment at 1500 K for 20 h and then air cooling to room temperature (a); based on the experimental temperature profile, simulated particle size distribution and cubic factor of the γ’ precipitate phase for the alloys by continuous cooling from the solvus temperature (b); and the simulated TTT diagram for the γ’ precipitate phase from the γ matrix phase (c and d) (The details can be found in [
Until now in this chapter, the application of the CALPHAD method in composition and structure design and the processing optimization has been briefly described in the previous sections. On the basis of the classical framework and the conventional research route in materials science, only left the last section here, i.e., the CALPHAD-based calculation and simulations for facilitating the theoretical understanding of materials properties and performances. The materials science computational modeling is a key crosslink point to connect the other three points, including composition and structure, processing, and properties and performances. In this section, the CALPHAD-based prediction in understanding mechanical properties, electrochemical corrosion, and high-temperature oxidation performances is described as follows.
As described previously, CALPHAD calculations and simulations are a coupling technique for experimental and theoretical phase diagrams, thermodynamic and kinetic information, and so on. Therefore, the thermodynamic and kinetic databases are compiled by a set of expressions of Gibbs energy and atomic mobility on the basis of a number of composition−/temperature- and time−/distance-dependent functions (also contain other influence factors, e.g., pressure, volume, magnetic, etc.). In this framework, predicting mechanical properties is probably not the main direction of the CALPHAD method. However, the characteristic of the thermodynamic and kinetic database also provides some fundamental data and information to establish various mechanical databases to predict the corresponding mechanical performances. Take CALPHAD-based prediction for the Young’s moduli of the Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta/Mo system as an example [53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59]. Based on Young’s moduli data through experimental investigation and/or theoretical calculations, the composition-dependent Young’s moduli database can be built also from low-order systems to high-order systems like other thermodynamic and kinetic databases. In Figure 14, the predicted data are in good agreement with the experimental results for Young’s moduli of the body-centered cubic (BCC) Ti-Nb-Zr-Mo system. It shows that the CALPHAD-based prediction for Young’s moduli on the basis of the accurate database is a reliable method.
The diagram of Young’s moduli of the BCC Ti-Nb-Zr-Mo system. The data (red line) [
From the corrosion mechanism perspective, electrochemical corrosion and high-temperature oxidation are the most important two types of corrosion. Therefore, both of the main kinds of corrosion predicted by the CALPHAD-based calculations and simulations will be introduced in the last two sections.
The electrochemical corrosion is usually treated as wet corrosion, i.e., the metal undergoes some reactions in various specific aqueous solutions. Therefore, understanding the electrochemical corrosion mechanism in thermodynamics and kinetics are two key points. The CALPHAD-based prediction is a powerful technique to study the thermodynamic theory of electrochemical corrosion; a typical representative application is the calculation of the Pourbaix diagram.
The Pourbaix diagram, i.e., potential-pH diagrams, derived by M. Pourbaix, collected thermodynamic information for the relevant electrochemical and chemical reactions. With the development of the experimental and theoretical thermodynamic data for the Pourbaix diagram, the calculation of the Pourbaix diagram can be applied not only in corrosion science but also in hydrometallurgy and electrodeposition processing. In the field of corrosion science, the potential-pH domain represents two significant physical and chemical processes. That is, potential is an important characteristic parameter to reflect the metal either kept in an immunity state or reacted to various specific oxidation or ionic states; pH is a significant typical parameter to mirror the activities of H+ or OH− in corrosive media or environment. The two parameters usually represent the anodic and cathodic reactions, respectively. Therefore, the calculation of the Pourbaix diagram is a unique method to predict electrochemical corrosion behaviors.
Like other thermodynamic calculations, the calculation of the Pourbaix diagram also needs many thermodynamic databases especially to combine aqueous database (e.g., TCAQ3 database [60]). A calculated Pourbaix diagram and a diagram of the potential and the phase amount of compounds for CoCrFeNi alloy at pH = 7 are shown in Figure 15 [20]. From the calculation results, some important information can be obtained, such as the main stable oxides and spinels in the passive layers, the specific potential and pH series for different oxidation and reduction reactions, and so on. It needs to notice that the potential in the Pourbaix diagram and in the real corrosion system represents equilibrium and nonequilibrium potential, respectively. Therefore, the equilibrium and non-equilibrium states should be distinguished when analyzing the corrosion behaviors.
The calculated Pourbaix diagram (a) and the diagram of potential and the phase amount of oxides and spinels for CoCrFeNi alloy at pH = 7 (b) [
Compared with the metallic materials suffering various types of destruction at room temperature, the high-temperature alloys (i.e., superalloys) undergo much more heavily deterioration at elevated temperatures. To take the turbine as an example, as the most important core component, like the skeleton for a human, in fossil-energy/nuclear power plants and vehicles, especially in aircraft, the high-temperature metallic materials should conquer a series of complex chemical, physical, and metallurgical process, for instance, high corrosion, wear, fatigue, stress, and creep resistance performances, particularly for the interaction between these mechanics and corrosion factors. Therefore, the superalloys with high performances at elevated temperatures are the most significant materials in high-temperature components.
For the corrosion behaviors at room temperature and elevated temperature, the basic theories have some common points, such as thermodynamic and kinetic theories. However, the corrosion mechanisms of the high-temperature corrosion, usually called high-temperature oxidation, still have some specific theories including thermodynamics and kinetics in comparison with the theories for electrochemical corrosion at room temperature. To draw inferences from the above sections, perform the CALPHAD-based calculations, and simulations for high-temperature oxidation also focus on the thermodynamic and kinetic computation. That is, some predictions can be obtained from the above sections in this chapter, and some calculations and simulations can usually be performed especially to predict the behaviors of high-temperature oxidation. Some common examples are described in the following.
Some thermodynamic predictions for different usages based on the materials in specific environments or working conditions can be applied here. For instance, isothermal and isoplethal sections can be calculated for various HEA systems, not only for the alloying elements systems but also especially for the alloying element–oxygen systems. Figure 16 shows the calculated stable phases of the Fe-Cr-O system at 650°C at various oxygen activities [61]. A spinel miscibility gap appears in the S1 + S2 region (S1: Fe3-
The calculated stable phases of the Fe-Cr-O system at 650°C at various oxygen activity. C: Corundum-type M2O3, S1: Fe3-
In the calculated phase diagram of the alloying element-oxygen systems, the oxygen can be exchanged for carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur, because the processes of oxidization, carbonization, nitridation, and vulcanization are treated as generalized oxidization.
In Sections 3.1.2 and 3.2, the application of the kinetic and precipitation simulations on heat treatment has been introduced. As described above, the thermodynamic calculations can be applied to study materials design, processing optimization, and various properties and performance; however, each prediction has some different specific emphases for different studies. The kinetic and precipitation simulation is the same situation.
Kinetic simulation has the capability to predict the formation of oxide layers during the high-temperature oxidation. The thickness of the oxide layers formed with time for the Fe-Cr-Al system for 24 h at 600°C was simulated by Dictra, as shown in Figure 17 [62]. The simulation sets an assumption that the bulk composition in alloys only is affected by the grain size and grain boundary diffusion in the oxide layers. Meanwhile, precipitation simulation is capable of predicting particle size distribution of precipitate phases. Until now, the studies of the precipitation simulation for the HEAs are not very common like steels. The reason probably is that the typical precipitation and inclusion in different HEA systems are not like M7C3 or M23C6 in steels. However, much stronger support for the precipitation simulation of the HEAs will be provided in the future resulting in more and more experimental investigation of HEAs [63, 64, 65, 66].
A Dictra simulation of high-temperature oxidation. The oxide thickness time was dependent on the Fe-Cr-Al system for 24 h at 600°C. the simulation sets an assumption that the bulk composition in alloys only is affected by the grain size and grain boundary diffusion in the oxide.
In this chapter, the applications of the CALPHAD-based calculations and simulations in the recent advances and the new perspectives of HEAs were introduced briefly. The framework of the chapter is followed by the classical components, i.e., modeling, composition and structure, processing, and properties and performances. Here, the CALPHAD-based thermodynamic and kinetic modeling play the key role to connect the other three components. As can be seen, some examples were not only limited in the CALPHAD prediction in HEAs, but also contained some examples in different alloy systems, probably because not so much corresponding research was found. To draw inferences from the similar research, it is no problem to apply the similar thermodynamic and kinetic calculations and simulations in the specific HEAs systems if the specific alloy systems have the matched databases. Besides the content described in this chapter, there still exist a number of other research studies on the basis of the CALPHAD computations, and many techniques can also couple with the CALPHAD data or combined with CALPHAD software programs. These new trends extremely extend the boundaries of the CALPHAD method. For instance, the CALPHAD modeling can couple with first principle, phase field, machine learning, etc.; meanwhile, many conventional CALPHAD software can interact with Python or MATLAB through specific application programming interfaces (APIs).
HEA is a fast-growing field attractive to the scientists of different backgrounds. Many emerging applications of CALPHAD have not been included in this chapter, such as the refractory HEAs, high-entropy ceramics (HECs), additive manufacturing of HEAs, etc. These areas would offer new chances of exploring the unexpected and exciting features of HEAs. Hope CALPHAD could play a more important role in the new journey of discovering advanced HEAs.
W. Wang would like to acknowledge the funding from a Key R & D item in Science and Technology Development Project / International Collaborative in Science and Technology Development Project, Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province in China (Grant No. 20200401106GX and 20210402061GH). W. Wang would like to acknowledge the funding from the Opening Project of Shanxi Key Laboratory of Controlled Metal Solidification and Precision Manufacturing, North University of China (Grant No. MSPM202001). Z. Li would like to acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation for Youth of China (Grant No. 52001098).
The authors declare that they have known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this chapter.
IntechOpen books and journals are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter/article level.
",metaTitle:"Access policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All IntechOpen published chapters and articles are available OPEN ACCESS and can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\\n\\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\\n\\nThe full content of chapters and articles can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter/article and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\\n\\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter/article. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\\n\\nIntechOpen chapters and articles are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\\n\\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\\n\\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\\n\\nAll IntechOpen books and Journal articles are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2022-04-14
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All IntechOpen published chapters and articles are available OPEN ACCESS and can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\n\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\n\nThe full content of chapters and articles can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter/article and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\n\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter/article. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\n\nIntechOpen chapters and articles are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\n\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\n\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\n\nAll IntechOpen books and Journal articles are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2022-04-14
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16,19,25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11867",title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11698",title:"Pigmentation Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2ac6c9f424eec37ed85232c2c97ef6f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11698.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11701",title:"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ba8e8f4710bed414568846f8162a4942",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ahmet Mesrur Halefoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11701.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51736",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmet Mesrur",surname:"Halefoğlu",slug:"ahmet-mesrur-halefoglu",fullName:"Ahmet Mesrur Halefoğlu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11599",title:"Leukemia - From Biology to Diagnosis and Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"30b431385424f0b84aee499d839f46cc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Margarita Guenova and Prof. Gueorgui Balatzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11599.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"52938",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Guenova",slug:"margarita-guenova",fullName:"Margarita Guenova"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11651",title:"Bone Tumors - Recent Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cf7dd688b160a1ba07e3179613684f16",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hiran Wimal Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11651.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11717",title:"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - A Growing Concern",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0396d89369495b63682157e938f788fa",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11717.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11874",title:"Craniofacial Surgery - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"91dd1465d7b60e227877563c5f978c16",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Belma Işik Aslan and Prof. Ayşe Gülşen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11874.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11591",title:"The Wounds of Our Mother Psychoanalysis - New Models for a Psychoanalysis in Crisis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c6a104ee38fec8d9ba8aa139a33003ce",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paolo Azzone",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11591.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"324882",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Azzone",slug:"paolo-azzone",fullName:"Paolo Azzone"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12107",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 2",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3fe674b93710773f0db746ca96d6e048",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Philip Salen and Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"217603",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Salen",slug:"philip-salen",fullName:"Philip Salen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:76},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"401",title:"Bioinformatics",slug:"immunology-bioinformatics",parent:{id:"55",title:"Immunology",slug:"immunology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:24,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"401",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5300",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ff0e362b66214cde5c72df4c671f32c",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",bookSignature:"Christoph Hintermüller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180972",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Hintermüller",slug:"christoph-hintermuller",fullName:"Christoph Hintermüller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"51325",doi:"10.5772/64068",title:"Nonlinear Adaptive Signal Processing Improves the Diagnostic Quality of Transabdominal Fetal Electrocardiography",slug:"nonlinear-adaptive-signal-processing-improves-the-diagnostic-quality-of-transabdominal-fetal-electro",totalDownloads:1535,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The abdominal fetal electrocardiogram (fECG) conveys valuable information that can aid clinicians with the diagnosis and monitoring of a potentially at risk fetus during pregnancy and in childbirth. This chapter primarily focuses on noninvasive (external and indirect) transabdominal fECG monitoring. Even though it is the preferred monitoring method, unlike its classical invasive (internal and direct) counterpart (transvaginal monitoring), it may be contaminated by a variety of undesirable signals that deteriorate its quality and reduce its value in reliable detection of hypoxic conditions in the fetus. A stronger maternal electrocardiogram (the mECG signal) along with technical and biological artifacts constitutes the main interfering signal components that diminish the diagnostic quality of the transabdominal fECG recordings. Currently, transabdominal fECG monitoring relies solely on the determination of the fetus’ pulse or heart rate (FHR) by detecting RR intervals and does not take into account the morphology and duration of the fECG waves (P, QRS, T), intervals, and segments, which collectively convey very useful diagnostic information in adult cardiology. The main reason for the exclusion of these valuable pieces of information in the determination of the fetus’ status from clinical practice is the fact that there are no sufficiently reliable and well-proven techniques for accurate extraction of fECG signals and robust derivation of these informative features. To address this shortcoming in fetal cardiology, we focus on adaptive signal processing methods and pay particular attention to nonlinear approaches that carry great promise in improving the quality of transabdominal fECG monitoring and consequently impacting fetal cardiology in clinical practice. Our investigation and experimental results by using clinical-quality synthetic data generated by our novel fECG signal generator suggest that adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems could produce a significant advancement in fetal monitoring during pregnancy and childbirth. The possibility of using a single device to leverage two advanced methods of fetal monitoring, namely noninvasive cardiotocography (CTG) and ST segment analysis (STAN) simultaneously, to detect fetal hypoxic conditions is very promising.",book:{id:"5300",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",fullTitle:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods"},signatures:"Radek Martinek, Radana Kahankova, Hana Skukova, Jaromir\nKonecny, Petr Bilik, Jan Zidek and Homer Nazeran",authors:[{id:"149251",title:"Dr.",name:"Homer",middleName:null,surname:"Nazeran",slug:"homer-nazeran",fullName:"Homer Nazeran"},{id:"182946",title:"Dr.",name:"Radek",middleName:null,surname:"Martinek",slug:"radek-martinek",fullName:"Radek Martinek"},{id:"187874",title:"Dr.",name:"Radana",middleName:null,surname:"Kahankova",slug:"radana-kahankova",fullName:"Radana Kahankova"},{id:"187887",title:"Ms.",name:"Hana",middleName:null,surname:"Skutova",slug:"hana-skutova",fullName:"Hana Skutova"},{id:"187888",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaromir",middleName:null,surname:"Konecny",slug:"jaromir-konecny",fullName:"Jaromir Konecny"},{id:"187889",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Bilik",slug:"petr-bilik",fullName:"Petr Bilik"},{id:"187890",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Zidek",slug:"jan-zidek",fullName:"Jan Zidek"}]},{id:"51273",doi:"10.5772/63915",title:"Position-Free Vital Sign Monitoring: Measurements and Processing",slug:"position-free-vital-sign-monitoring-measurements-and-processing",totalDownloads:2087,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"As traditional electrodes are perturbing for patients in critical cases such as for burn victims or newborn infants, and even to detect life sign under rubble, a contactless monitoring system for the life signs is a necessity. The aim of this chapter is to present a complete process used in detecting cardiopulmonary activities. This includes a microwave Doppler radar system that detects the body wall motion and signal processing techniques in order to extract the heartbeat rate. Measurements are performed at different positions simultaneously with a PC-based electrocardiogram (ECG). For a distance of 1 m between the subject and the antennas, measurements are performed for breathing subject at four positions: front, back, left, and right. Discrete wavelet transform is used to extract the heartbeat signal from the cardiopulmonary signal. The proposed system and signal processing techniques show high accuracy in detecting the cardiopulmonary signals and extracting the heartbeat rate.",book:{id:"5300",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",fullTitle:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods"},signatures:"Dany Obeid, Sarah Samad, Sawsan Sadek, Gheorghe Zaharia and\nGhaïs El Zein",authors:[{id:"19505",title:"Prof.",name:"Ghaïs",middleName:null,surname:"El Zein",slug:"ghais-el-zein",fullName:"Ghaïs El Zein"},{id:"21472",title:"Prof.",name:"Gheorghe",middleName:null,surname:"Zaharia",slug:"gheorghe-zaharia",fullName:"Gheorghe Zaharia"},{id:"183137",title:"Dr.",name:"Dany",middleName:null,surname:"Obeid",slug:"dany-obeid",fullName:"Dany Obeid"},{id:"188319",title:"Ms.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Samad",slug:"sarah-samad",fullName:"Sarah Samad"},{id:"188320",title:"Prof.",name:"Sawsan",middleName:null,surname:"Sadek",slug:"sawsan-sadek",fullName:"Sawsan Sadek"}]},{id:"51657",doi:"10.5772/63914",title:"Network Theoretical Approach to Describe Epileptic Processes",slug:"network-theoretical-approach-to-describe-epileptic-processes",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Recent studies suggest that seizure generation may be caused by the abnormal activity of the entire network. This new paradigm requires new tools and methods for its study. In this sense, synchronization by linear as well as nonlinear measures are used to determine network structure and functional connectivity of neurophysiological data. Electroencephalography (EEG) data can be analyzed using each electrode’s activity as a node of the underlying cortical network. The information provided by the synchronization matrix is the basic brick upon which several lines of analysis can be performed thereafter. Detection of community structures, identification of centrality nodes, transformation of the underlying network into a simpler one, and the identification of the basic network architecture are only some of the many lines of basic works that can be done in order to characterize the epilepsy as a network disease. This chapter describes new approaches in network epilepsy, provides mathematical concepts in order to understand the complex network analyses, and reviews the advances in network analyses and its application to epilepsy research.",book:{id:"5300",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",fullTitle:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods"},signatures:"Ancor Sanz-García, Rafael G. de Sola, Lorena Vega-Zelaya, Jesús\nPastor and Guillermo J. Ortega",authors:[{id:"36503",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael G",middleName:null,surname:"Sola",slug:"rafael-g-sola",fullName:"Rafael G Sola"},{id:"85177",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",slug:"guillermo-ortega",fullName:"Guillermo Ortega"},{id:"170195",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Pastor",slug:"jesus-pastor",fullName:"Jesus Pastor"},{id:"183726",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancor",middleName:null,surname:"Sanz",slug:"ancor-sanz",fullName:"Ancor Sanz"},{id:"183728",title:"MSc.",name:"Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"Vega-Zelaya",slug:"lorena-vega-zelaya",fullName:"Lorena Vega-Zelaya"}]},{id:"51454",doi:"10.5772/63917",title:"Classifying and Predicting Respiratory Function Based on Gait Analysis",slug:"classifying-and-predicting-respiratory-function-based-on-gait-analysis",totalDownloads:1248,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The human walking behaviour can express the physiological information of human body, and gait analysis methods can be used to access the human body condition. In addition, the respiratory parameters from pulmonary spirometer are the standard of accessing the body condition of the subjects. Therefore, we want to show the correlation between gait analysis method and the respiratory parameters. We propose a vision sensor-based gait analysis method without wearing any sensors. Our method proposed features such as D′p, V′p and γυ to prove the correlation by classification and prediction experiment. In our experiment, the subjects are divided into three levels depending on the respiratory index. We run classifying and predicting experiment with the extracted features: V′p and γυ. In the classifying experiment, the accuracy result is 75%. In predicting experiment, the correlations of predicting the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) are 0.69 and 0.67, respectively. Therefore, there is a correlation between the pulmonary spirometer and our method. The radar system is a tool using impulse to record the moving of the subjects’ chest. Combining the features of radar system with our features improves the classification result from 75 to 81%. In predicting FEV1/FVC, the correlation also improves from 25 to 42%. Therefore, cooperating with radar system improves the correlation.",book:{id:"5300",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",fullTitle:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods"},signatures:"Yu Sheng Chan, Wen Te Liu and Ching Te Chiu",authors:[{id:"183749",title:"Prof.",name:"Ching Te",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",slug:"ching-te-chiu",fullName:"Ching Te Chiu"},{id:"186690",title:"Mr.",name:"Yu Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"yu-sheng-chan",fullName:"Yu Sheng Chan"},{id:"193669",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen Te",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"wen-te-liu",fullName:"Wen Te Liu"}]},{id:"51538",doi:"10.5772/63913",title:"Enhancing Estimates of Breakpoints in Genome Copy Number Alteration using Confidence Masks",slug:"enhancing-estimates-of-breakpoints-in-genome-copy-number-alteration-using-confidence-masks",totalDownloads:1144,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Chromosomal structural changes in human body known as copy number alteration (CNA) are often associated with diseases, such as various forms of cancer. Therefore, accurate estimation of breakpoints of the CNAs is important to understand the genetic basis of many diseases. The high‐resolution comparative genomic hybridization (HR‐CGH) and single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) technologies enable cost‐efficient and high‐throughput CNA detection. However, probing provided using these profiles gives data highly contaminated by intensive Gaussian noise having white properties. We observe the probabilistic properties of CNA in HR‐CGH and SNP measurements and show that jitter in the breakpoints can statistically be described with either the discrete skew Laplace distribution when the segmental signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) exceeds unity or modified Bessel function‐based approximation when SNR is <1. Based upon these approaches, the confidence masks can be developed and used to enhance the estimates of the CNAs for the given confidence probability by removing some unlikely existing breakpoints.",book:{id:"5300",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",fullTitle:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods"},signatures:"Jorge Muñoz‐Minjares, Yuriy Shmaliy and Oscar Ibarra‐Manzano",authors:[{id:"162535",title:"Prof.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Ibarra Manzano",slug:"oscar-ibarra-manzano",fullName:"Oscar Ibarra Manzano"},{id:"182490",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Minjares",slug:"jorge-munoz-minjares",fullName:"Jorge Muñoz-Minjares"},{id:"182941",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"S. Shmaliy",slug:"yuriy-s.-shmaliy",fullName:"Yuriy S. Shmaliy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51273",title:"Position-Free Vital Sign Monitoring: Measurements and Processing",slug:"position-free-vital-sign-monitoring-measurements-and-processing",totalDownloads:2088,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"As traditional electrodes are perturbing for patients in critical cases such as for burn victims or newborn infants, and even to detect life sign under rubble, a contactless monitoring system for the life signs is a necessity. The aim of this chapter is to present a complete process used in detecting cardiopulmonary activities. This includes a microwave Doppler radar system that detects the body wall motion and signal processing techniques in order to extract the heartbeat rate. Measurements are performed at different positions simultaneously with a PC-based electrocardiogram (ECG). For a distance of 1 m between the subject and the antennas, measurements are performed for breathing subject at four positions: front, back, left, and right. Discrete wavelet transform is used to extract the heartbeat signal from the cardiopulmonary signal. The proposed system and signal processing techniques show high accuracy in detecting the cardiopulmonary signals and extracting the heartbeat rate.",book:{id:"5300",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",fullTitle:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods"},signatures:"Dany Obeid, Sarah Samad, Sawsan Sadek, Gheorghe Zaharia and\nGhaïs El Zein",authors:[{id:"19505",title:"Prof.",name:"Ghaïs",middleName:null,surname:"El Zein",slug:"ghais-el-zein",fullName:"Ghaïs El Zein"},{id:"21472",title:"Prof.",name:"Gheorghe",middleName:null,surname:"Zaharia",slug:"gheorghe-zaharia",fullName:"Gheorghe Zaharia"},{id:"183137",title:"Dr.",name:"Dany",middleName:null,surname:"Obeid",slug:"dany-obeid",fullName:"Dany Obeid"},{id:"188319",title:"Ms.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Samad",slug:"sarah-samad",fullName:"Sarah Samad"},{id:"188320",title:"Prof.",name:"Sawsan",middleName:null,surname:"Sadek",slug:"sawsan-sadek",fullName:"Sawsan Sadek"}]},{id:"51454",title:"Classifying and Predicting Respiratory Function Based on Gait Analysis",slug:"classifying-and-predicting-respiratory-function-based-on-gait-analysis",totalDownloads:1248,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The human walking behaviour can express the physiological information of human body, and gait analysis methods can be used to access the human body condition. In addition, the respiratory parameters from pulmonary spirometer are the standard of accessing the body condition of the subjects. Therefore, we want to show the correlation between gait analysis method and the respiratory parameters. We propose a vision sensor-based gait analysis method without wearing any sensors. Our method proposed features such as D′p, V′p and γυ to prove the correlation by classification and prediction experiment. In our experiment, the subjects are divided into three levels depending on the respiratory index. We run classifying and predicting experiment with the extracted features: V′p and γυ. In the classifying experiment, the accuracy result is 75%. In predicting experiment, the correlations of predicting the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) are 0.69 and 0.67, respectively. Therefore, there is a correlation between the pulmonary spirometer and our method. The radar system is a tool using impulse to record the moving of the subjects’ chest. Combining the features of radar system with our features improves the classification result from 75 to 81%. In predicting FEV1/FVC, the correlation also improves from 25 to 42%. Therefore, cooperating with radar system improves the correlation.",book:{id:"5300",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",fullTitle:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods"},signatures:"Yu Sheng Chan, Wen Te Liu and Ching Te Chiu",authors:[{id:"183749",title:"Prof.",name:"Ching Te",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",slug:"ching-te-chiu",fullName:"Ching Te Chiu"},{id:"186690",title:"Mr.",name:"Yu Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"yu-sheng-chan",fullName:"Yu Sheng Chan"},{id:"193669",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen Te",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"wen-te-liu",fullName:"Wen Te Liu"}]},{id:"51325",title:"Nonlinear Adaptive Signal Processing Improves the Diagnostic Quality of Transabdominal Fetal Electrocardiography",slug:"nonlinear-adaptive-signal-processing-improves-the-diagnostic-quality-of-transabdominal-fetal-electro",totalDownloads:1535,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The abdominal fetal electrocardiogram (fECG) conveys valuable information that can aid clinicians with the diagnosis and monitoring of a potentially at risk fetus during pregnancy and in childbirth. This chapter primarily focuses on noninvasive (external and indirect) transabdominal fECG monitoring. Even though it is the preferred monitoring method, unlike its classical invasive (internal and direct) counterpart (transvaginal monitoring), it may be contaminated by a variety of undesirable signals that deteriorate its quality and reduce its value in reliable detection of hypoxic conditions in the fetus. A stronger maternal electrocardiogram (the mECG signal) along with technical and biological artifacts constitutes the main interfering signal components that diminish the diagnostic quality of the transabdominal fECG recordings. Currently, transabdominal fECG monitoring relies solely on the determination of the fetus’ pulse or heart rate (FHR) by detecting RR intervals and does not take into account the morphology and duration of the fECG waves (P, QRS, T), intervals, and segments, which collectively convey very useful diagnostic information in adult cardiology. The main reason for the exclusion of these valuable pieces of information in the determination of the fetus’ status from clinical practice is the fact that there are no sufficiently reliable and well-proven techniques for accurate extraction of fECG signals and robust derivation of these informative features. To address this shortcoming in fetal cardiology, we focus on adaptive signal processing methods and pay particular attention to nonlinear approaches that carry great promise in improving the quality of transabdominal fECG monitoring and consequently impacting fetal cardiology in clinical practice. Our investigation and experimental results by using clinical-quality synthetic data generated by our novel fECG signal generator suggest that adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems could produce a significant advancement in fetal monitoring during pregnancy and childbirth. The possibility of using a single device to leverage two advanced methods of fetal monitoring, namely noninvasive cardiotocography (CTG) and ST segment analysis (STAN) simultaneously, to detect fetal hypoxic conditions is very promising.",book:{id:"5300",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",fullTitle:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods"},signatures:"Radek Martinek, Radana Kahankova, Hana Skukova, Jaromir\nKonecny, Petr Bilik, Jan Zidek and Homer Nazeran",authors:[{id:"149251",title:"Dr.",name:"Homer",middleName:null,surname:"Nazeran",slug:"homer-nazeran",fullName:"Homer Nazeran"},{id:"182946",title:"Dr.",name:"Radek",middleName:null,surname:"Martinek",slug:"radek-martinek",fullName:"Radek Martinek"},{id:"187874",title:"Dr.",name:"Radana",middleName:null,surname:"Kahankova",slug:"radana-kahankova",fullName:"Radana Kahankova"},{id:"187887",title:"Ms.",name:"Hana",middleName:null,surname:"Skutova",slug:"hana-skutova",fullName:"Hana Skutova"},{id:"187888",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaromir",middleName:null,surname:"Konecny",slug:"jaromir-konecny",fullName:"Jaromir Konecny"},{id:"187889",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Bilik",slug:"petr-bilik",fullName:"Petr Bilik"},{id:"187890",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Zidek",slug:"jan-zidek",fullName:"Jan Zidek"}]},{id:"51657",title:"Network Theoretical Approach to Describe Epileptic Processes",slug:"network-theoretical-approach-to-describe-epileptic-processes",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Recent studies suggest that seizure generation may be caused by the abnormal activity of the entire network. This new paradigm requires new tools and methods for its study. In this sense, synchronization by linear as well as nonlinear measures are used to determine network structure and functional connectivity of neurophysiological data. Electroencephalography (EEG) data can be analyzed using each electrode’s activity as a node of the underlying cortical network. The information provided by the synchronization matrix is the basic brick upon which several lines of analysis can be performed thereafter. Detection of community structures, identification of centrality nodes, transformation of the underlying network into a simpler one, and the identification of the basic network architecture are only some of the many lines of basic works that can be done in order to characterize the epilepsy as a network disease. This chapter describes new approaches in network epilepsy, provides mathematical concepts in order to understand the complex network analyses, and reviews the advances in network analyses and its application to epilepsy research.",book:{id:"5300",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",fullTitle:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods"},signatures:"Ancor Sanz-García, Rafael G. de Sola, Lorena Vega-Zelaya, Jesús\nPastor and Guillermo J. Ortega",authors:[{id:"36503",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael G",middleName:null,surname:"Sola",slug:"rafael-g-sola",fullName:"Rafael G Sola"},{id:"85177",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",slug:"guillermo-ortega",fullName:"Guillermo Ortega"},{id:"170195",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Pastor",slug:"jesus-pastor",fullName:"Jesus Pastor"},{id:"183726",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancor",middleName:null,surname:"Sanz",slug:"ancor-sanz",fullName:"Ancor Sanz"},{id:"183728",title:"MSc.",name:"Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"Vega-Zelaya",slug:"lorena-vega-zelaya",fullName:"Lorena Vega-Zelaya"}]},{id:"51538",title:"Enhancing Estimates of Breakpoints in Genome Copy Number Alteration using Confidence Masks",slug:"enhancing-estimates-of-breakpoints-in-genome-copy-number-alteration-using-confidence-masks",totalDownloads:1144,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Chromosomal structural changes in human body known as copy number alteration (CNA) are often associated with diseases, such as various forms of cancer. Therefore, accurate estimation of breakpoints of the CNAs is important to understand the genetic basis of many diseases. The high‐resolution comparative genomic hybridization (HR‐CGH) and single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) technologies enable cost‐efficient and high‐throughput CNA detection. However, probing provided using these profiles gives data highly contaminated by intensive Gaussian noise having white properties. We observe the probabilistic properties of CNA in HR‐CGH and SNP measurements and show that jitter in the breakpoints can statistically be described with either the discrete skew Laplace distribution when the segmental signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) exceeds unity or modified Bessel function‐based approximation when SNR is <1. Based upon these approaches, the confidence masks can be developed and used to enhance the estimates of the CNAs for the given confidence probability by removing some unlikely existing breakpoints.",book:{id:"5300",slug:"advanced-biosignal-processing-and-diagnostic-methods",title:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods",fullTitle:"Advanced Biosignal Processing and Diagnostic Methods"},signatures:"Jorge Muñoz‐Minjares, Yuriy Shmaliy and Oscar Ibarra‐Manzano",authors:[{id:"162535",title:"Prof.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Ibarra Manzano",slug:"oscar-ibarra-manzano",fullName:"Oscar Ibarra Manzano"},{id:"182490",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Minjares",slug:"jorge-munoz-minjares",fullName:"Jorge Muñoz-Minjares"},{id:"182941",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"S. Shmaliy",slug:"yuriy-s.-shmaliy",fullName:"Yuriy S. Shmaliy"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"401",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"