Example of crop intensification and their advantages.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8142",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Number Theory and Its Applications",title:"Number Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Number theory and its applications are well known for their proven properties and excellent applicability in interdisciplinary fields of science. Until now, research on number theory and its applications has been done in mathematics, applied mathematics, and the sciences. In particular, number theory plays a fundamental and important role in mathematics and applied mathematics. This book is based on recent results in all areas related to number theory and its applications.",isbn:"978-1-83968-051-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-050-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-052-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78090",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"number-theory-and-its-applications",numberOfPages:218,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"90d1376ab2f3b8554ef8002ddf380da0",bookSignature:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo",publishedDate:"November 4th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8142.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5555,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 11th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 18th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 17th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 5th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 4th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"230100",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheon Seoung",middleName:null,surname:"Ryoo",slug:"cheon-seoung-ryoo",fullName:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/230100/images/system/230100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Cheon Seoung Ryoo is a professor in mathematics at Hannam University. He received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Kyushu University. \n\nDr. Ryoo is the author of several research articles in numerical computations with guaranteed accuracy. Also, he has contributed to the field of scientific computing, p-adic functional analysis, and analytic number theory. More recently, he has been working with quantum calculus, special functions, differential equations, and dynamical systems.",institutionString:"Hannam University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Hannam University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1399",title:"Discrete Mathematics",slug:"mathematics-discrete-mathematics"}],chapters:[{id:"73212",title:"A New Integer-to-Integer Transform",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93356",slug:"a-new-integer-to-integer-transform",totalDownloads:434,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a detailed analysis of an integer-to-integer transform that is closely related to the discrete Fourier transform, but that offers insights into signal structure that the DFT does not. The transform is analyzed for its underlying properties using concepts from number theory. Theorems are given along with proofs to help establish the salient features of the transform. Two kinds of redundancy exist in the transform. It is shown how redundancy implicit in the transform can be eliminated to obtain a simple form. Closed-form formulas for the forward and inverse transforms are presented.",signatures:"Rajesh Cherian Roy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73212",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73212",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72695",title:"Digit Sums and Infinite Products",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92365",slug:"digit-sums-and-infinite-products",totalDownloads:388,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Consider the sequence un defined as follows: un=+1 if the sum of the base b digits of n is even, and un=−1 otherwise, where we take b=2. Recall that the Woods-Robbins infinite product involves a rational function in n and the sequence un. Although several generalizations of the Woods-Robbins product are known in the literature, no other infinite product involving a rational function in n and the sequence un was known in closed form until recently. In this chapter we introduce a systematic approach to these products, which may be generalized to other values of b. We illustrate the approach by evaluating a large class of similar infinite products.",signatures:"Samin Riasat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72695",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72695",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72767",title:"The Borel-Cantelli Lemmas, and Their Relationship to Limit Superior and Limit Inferior of Sets (or, Can a Monkey Really Type Hamlet?)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93121",slug:"the-borel-cantelli-lemmas-and-their-relationship-to-limit-superior-and-limit-inferior-of-sets-or-can",totalDownloads:576,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to show that if a monkey types infinitely, Shakespeare’s Hamlet and any other works one may wish to add to the list will each be typed, not once, not twice, but infinitely often with a probability of 1. This dramatic fact is a simple consequence of the Borel-Cantelli lemma and will come as no surprise to anyone who has taken a graduate-level course in Probability. The proof of this result, however, is quite accessible to anyone who has but a rudimentary understanding of the concept of independence, together with the notion of limit superior and limit inferior of a sequence of sets.",signatures:"Anant P. Godbole",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72767",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72767",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"73384",title:"Prime Numbers Distribution Line",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92639",slug:"prime-numbers-distribution-line",totalDownloads:448,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During the analysis of the fractal-primorial periodicity of the natural series of numbers, presented in the form of an alternation (sequence) of prime numbers (1 smallest prime factor > 1 of any integer), the regularity of prime numbers distribution was revealed. That is, the theorem is proved that for any integer = N on the segment of the natural series of numbers from 1 to N + 2N: (1) prime numbers are arranged in groups, by exactly three consecutive prime numbers of the form: (Р1-Р2-Р3). In this case, the distance from the first to the third prime number of any group is less than 2N integers, that is, Р3–Р1 < 2N integers. (2) These same prime numbers are redistributed in a line in groups, by exactly two consecutive prime numbers, on all segments of the natural series of numbers shorter than 2Nintegers.",signatures:"Shcherbakov Aleksandr Gennadiyevich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73384",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73384",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71899",title:"Moments of Catalan Triangle Numbers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92046",slug:"moments-of-catalan-triangle-numbers",totalDownloads:544,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we consider the Catalan numbers, \n\n\nC\nn\n\n=\n\n1\n\nn\n+\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\nn\n\n\n\n\nn\n\n\n\n\n\n, and two of their generalizations, Catalan triangle numbers, \n\n\nB\n\nn\n,\nk\n\n\n\n and \n\n\nA\n\nn\n,\nk\n\n\n\n, for \n\nn\n,\nk\n∈\nN\n\n. They are combinatorial numbers and present interesting properties as recursive formulae, generating functions and combinatorial interpretations. We treat the moments of these Catalan triangle numbers, i.e., with the following sums: \n\n\n∑\n\nk\n=\n1\n\nn\n\n\nk\nm\n\n\nB\n\nn\n,\nk\n\nj\n\n,\n\n∑\n\nk\n=\n1\n\n\nn\n+\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n2\nk\n−\n1\n\n\nm\n\n\nA\n\nn\n,\nk\n\nj\n\n,\n\n for \n\nj\n,\nn\n∈\nN\n\n and \n\nm\n∈\nN\n∪\n\n0\n\n\n. We present their closed expressions for some values of \n\nm\n\n and \n\nj\n\n. Alternating sums are also considered for particular powers. Other famous integer sequences are studied in Section 3, and its connection with Catalan triangle numbers are given in Section 4. Finally we conjecture some properties of divisibility of moments and alternating sums of powers in the last section.",signatures:"Pedro J. Miana and Natalia Romero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71899",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71899",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72952",title:"Modular Sumset Labelling of Graphs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92701",slug:"modular-sumset-labelling-of-graphs",totalDownloads:378,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Graph labelling is an assignment of labels or weights to the vertices and/or edges of a graph. For a ground set X of integers, a sumset labelling of a graph is an injective map f:VG→PX such that the induced function f⊕:EG→PX is defined by f+uv=fu+fv, for all uv∈EG, where fu+fv is the sumset of the set-label, the vertices u and v. In this chapter, we discuss a special type of sumset labelling of a graph, called modular sumset labelling and its variations. We also discuss some interesting characteristics and structural properties of the graphs which admit these new types of graph labellings.",signatures:"Sudev Naduvath",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72952",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72952",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72114",title:"Determination of the Properties of (p, q)‐Sigmoid Polynomials and the Structure of Their Roots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91862",slug:"determination-of-the-properties-of-p-q-sigmoid-polynomials-and-the-structure-of-their-roots",totalDownloads:395,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, many mathematicians have great concern about \n\n\np\nq\n\n\n-numbers, which are various applications, and have studied these numbers in many different research areas. We know that \n\n\np\nq\n\n\n-numbers are different to \n\nq\n\n-numbers because of the symmetric property. We find the addition theorem, recurrence formula, and \n\n\np\nq\n\n\n-derivative about sigmoid polynomials including \n\n\np\nq\n\n\n-numbers. Also, we derive the relevant symmetric relations between \n\n\np\nq\n\n\n-sigmoid polynomials and \n\n\np\nq\n\n\n-Euler polynomials. Moreover, we observe the structures of appreciative roots and fixed points about \n\n\np\nq\n\n\n-sigmoid polynomials. By using the fixed points of \n\n\np\nq\n\n\n-sigmoid polynomials and Newton’s algorithm, we show self-similarity and conjectures about \n\n\np\nq\n\n\n-sigmoid polynomials.",signatures:"Jung Yoog Kang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72114",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72114",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71745",title:"I–Convergence of Arithmetical Functions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91932",slug:"i-convergence-of-arithmetical-functions",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Let \n\nn\n>\n1\n\n be an integer with its canonical representation, \n\nn\n=\n\np\n1\n\nα\n1\n\n\n\np\n2\n\nα\n2\n\n\n⋯\n\np\nk\n\nα\nk\n\n\n\n. Put \n\nH\n\nn\n\n=\nmax\n\n\nα\n1\n\n…\n\nα\nk\n\n\n\n, \n\nh\n\nn\n\n=\nmin\n\n\nα\n1\n\n…\n\nα\nk\n\n\n\n, \n\nω\n\nn\n\n=\nk\n\n, \n\nΩ\n\nn\n\n=\n\nα\n1\n\n+\n⋯\n+\n\nα\nk\n\n\n, \n\nf\n\nn\n\n=\n\n∏\n\nd\n∣\nn\n\n\nd\n\n and \n\n\nf\n∗\n\n\nn\n\n=\n\n\nf\n\nn\n\n\nn\n\n\n. Many authors deal with the statistical convergence of these arithmetical functions. For instance, the notion of normal order is defined by means of statistical convergence. The statistical convergence is equivalent with \n\n\nI\nd\n\n\n–convergence, where \n\n\nI\nd\n\n\n is the ideal of all subsets of positive integers having the asymptotic density zero. In this part, we will study \n\nI\n\n–convergence of the well-known arithmetical functions, where \n\nI\n=\n\nI\nc\n\nq\n\n\n=\n\n\nA\n⊂\nN\n:\n\n∑\n\na\n∈\nA\n\n\n\na\n\n−\nq\n\n\n<\n+\n∞\n\n\n\n is an admissible ideal on \n\nN\n\n such that for \n\nq\n∈\n\n0\n1\n\n\n we have \n\n\nI\nc\n\nq\n\n\n⊊\n\nI\nd\n\n\n, thus \n\n\nI\nc\n\nq\n\n\n\n–convergence is stronger than the statistical convergence (\n\n\nI\nd\n\n\n–convergence).",signatures:"Vladimír Baláž and Tomáš Visnyai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71745",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71745",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72027",title:"Identification of Eigen-Frequencies and Mode-Shapes of Beams with Continuous Distribution of Mass and Elasticity and for Various Conditions at Supports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92185",slug:"identification-of-eigen-frequencies-and-mode-shapes-of-beams-with-continuous-distribution-of-mass-an",totalDownloads:912,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the present article, an equivalent three degrees of freedom (DoF) system of two different cases of inverted pendulums is presented for each separated case. The first case of inverted pendulum refers to an amphi-hinge pendulum that possesses distributed mass and stiffness along its height, while the second case of inverted pendulum refers to an inverted pendulum with distributed mass and stiffness along its height. These vertical pendulums have infinity number of degree of freedoms. Based on the free vibration of the above-mentioned pendulums according to partial differential equation, a mathematically equivalent three-degree of freedom system is given for each case, where its equivalent mass matrix is analytically formulated with reference on specific mass locations along the pendulum height. Using the three DoF model, the first three fundamental frequencies of the real pendulum can be identified with very good accuracy. Furthermore, taking account the 3 × 3 mass matrix, it is possible to estimate the possible pendulum damages using a known technique of identification mode-shapes via records of response accelerations. Moreover, the way of instrumentation with a local network by three accelerometers is given via the above-mentioned three degrees of freedom.",signatures:"Triantafyllos K. Makarios",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72027",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72027",authors:[{id:"69418",title:"Prof.",name:"Triantafyllos",surname:"Makarios",slug:"triantafyllos-makarios",fullName:"Triantafyllos Makarios"}],corrections:null},{id:"72360",title:"Some Identities Involving 2-Variable Modified Degenerate Hermite Polynomials Arising from Differential Equations and Distribution of Their Zeros",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92687",slug:"some-identities-involving-2-variable-modified-degenerate-hermite-polynomials-arising-from-differenti",totalDownloads:557,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce the 2-variable modified degenerate Hermite polynomials and obtain some new symmetric identities for 2-variable modified degenerate Hermite polynomials. In order to give explicit identities for 2-variable modified degenerate Hermite polynomials, differential equations arising from the generating functions of 2-variable modified degenerate Hermite polynomials are studied. Finally, we investigate the structure and symmetry of the zeros of the 2-variable modified degenerate Hermite equations.",signatures:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72360",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72360",authors:[{id:"230100",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheon Seoung",surname:"Ryoo",slug:"cheon-seoung-ryoo",fullName:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo"}],corrections:null},{id:"73172",title:"Elliptic Curve over a Local Finite Ring Rn",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93476",slug:"elliptic-curve-over-a-local-finite-ring-em-r-sub-n-sub-em-",totalDownloads:320,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The goal of this chapter is to study some arithmetic proprieties of an elliptic curve defined by a Weierstrass equation on the local ring Rn=FqX/Xn, where n≥1 is an integer. It consists of, an introduction, four sections, and a conclusion. In the first section, we review some fundamental arithmetic proprieties of finite local rings Rn, which will be used in the remainder of the chapter. The second section is devoted to a study the above mentioned elliptic curve on these finite local rings for arbitrary characteristics. A restriction to some specific characteristic cases will then be considered in the third section. Using these studies, we give in the fourth section some cryptography applications, and we give in the conclusion some current research perspectives concerning the use of this kind of curves in cryptography. We can see in the conclusion of research in perspectives on these types of curves.",signatures:"Abdelhakim Chillali and Lhoussain El Fadil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73172",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73172",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8599",title:"Polynomials",subtitle:"Theory and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c36cace7f309250a777c0f404a2d79f",slug:"polynomials-theory-and-application",bookSignature:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8599.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"230100",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheon Seoung",surname:"Ryoo",slug:"cheon-seoung-ryoo",fullName:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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The current extinction rate is about 100–1000 times the background rate. The local biodiversity intactness in terrestrial ecosystems is perhaps already beyond the planetary boundary on more than half of the world’s land surface [1]. About 70% of the forests are within 1 km of the forest edges, which reduces biodiversity by 10–70% [2]. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [3], 10–30% of the world’s amphibian, bird and mammal species are threatened by extinction. Wilson [4] suggests that half of the species will face an extinction by 2100. Nonlinearities, positive feedbacks, abrupt collapses and regime shifts are being observed globally. The rate of temperature increase, ocean acidification, sea level rises, anoxic ocean dead zones and extinctions make the recent mass extinction comparable with the “Big Five“, even with the greatest End Permian extinction event, which wiped out 90% of species [5].
It is essential to explore all the phenomena and processes, which define the recent mass extinction to detect vulnerable ecosystems and predict the tipping points of collapses. It would be important to determine the stages of the extinction to make better predictions. Here, I present the deterministic factors of extinctions which characterize the first stage of mass extinctions. I identify the deterministic factors and their effects in recent ecosystems based on peer-reviewed literature. The results suggest that the effects of deterministic extinction traits are manifold and cascading. They represent the starting point of extinctions hence they can be used as early warning signals of collapses.
The triggers of extinction can be classified into two groups, namely direct and indirect human effects. Indirect human effects usually refer to the ongoing anthropogenic climate change. The first stage of recent mass extinction is dominated by mainly direct human effects, however, climate change is becoming a contributor of sudden collapses as well.
Direct human effects such as deforestation, hunting, pollution, alter the environment directly through human activities. They can be traced back to as early as the Upper Paleolithic (50–10 ka) when modern humans expanded their ranges throughout Eurasia and started to exert a great impact at a larger scale. At that time their social groupings, artifacts, tools, communication skills became much more sophisticated and specialized than before. These changes made humans more effective hunters. The increased human pressure probably contributed even to the great Pleistocene megafaunal collapse (14.8–13.7 ka) as well [6]. Development and population growth have always reinforced each other throughout the whole history. The main corner steps of this process were the appearance of agriculture (approx. 10 ka), the age of discovery (fifteenth to eighteenth century) followed by the industrial revolution (1760–1840). The global population is now over 7 billion and it is increasing by more than 80 million per year [7]. This huge pressure is manifested as direct human effects which have triggered a global mass extinction. Species and their habitats are disappearing leading to a great biodiversity loss and homogenized landscapes. Tylianakis et al. [8] pointed out that habitat modifications can alter the food web structure, decreases the evenness of interaction frequencies and increases the abundance of parasitoids. Habitat alteration and fragmentation induce processes which would not happen under normal circumstances. For instance, habitat alteration can enhance hybridization. Just to give an illustrative example, in the USA male wolves have difficulties in finding conspecific mates because of deforestation. Therefore in deforested areas they tend to pair with female coyotes which are abundant there. The genetic transfer of coyote mitochondrial DNA into wolves can give rise to a new species but it can also cause the collapse of gray wolves [9] which are critical keystone species. Without their top-down control, biodiversity starts to decline. Overhunting also affects biodiversity and biomass. It modifies the trophic structure and the species interactions. Sudden collapses and delayed extinctions are present in the ecosystems at the same time as a result of direct human perturbations.
Indirect human effects usually refer to the ongoing anthropogenic climate change. Indirect human effects are, actually, the consequences of direct human activities and they are almost as old as direct effects if we accept the hypothesis that Paleolithic humans were one of the main triggers of the Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinction as the extirpation of megaherbivores had an effect on the climate via vegetational and atmospherical changes [10]. Later, the spread of agriculture and the industrial revolution accelerated climate change dramatically. Agriculture modifies the climate in many ways. It is a great emitter of greenhouse gases, it increases radiative forcing through landcover alteration and it contributes to desertification. However, industrialization catalyzes the anthropogenic climate change even more. Since the mid-nineteenth century, the CO2 level has risen from 280 to 400 ppm. By 2100, CO2 may reach 700–800 ppm which means 3–4°C temperature increase [11]. Climate change creates feedback loops. As a result of temperature increase and ice-albedo feedback mechanism, the Arctic ice is melting. Such events usually indicate mass extinction boundaries between geologic eras according to the paleological records. Climate change increases the number of extreme events, such as severe droughts, extreme precipitation, floods, heat waves and probably hurricanes. The changes are so rapid that the wildlife may not be able to adapt and in the end it will collapse. It is important to note that direct and indirect effects act synergistically reinforcing the positive feedback loops. Direct effects decrease biodiversity and biomass. They weaken the connections in ecosystems. Hence, they increase the overall proneness to stochastic events.
The deterministic factors of extinctions initiate collapses, which suggests that they could be used as early indicators of dramatic changes. Species with several deterministic factors are under the greatest threat. These species are often adapted to specific circumstances therefore they are severely hit by climate change. Their extinction brings about disrupted species interactions, ecosystem functions and trophic structure. Vulnerability, co-extinctions, homogenization and positive feedback loops are the main consequences. Here, I review the deterministic factors of collapses based on literature. I also investigate the severity of their effects in recent ecosystems.
Climatic changes and pollution create unfavorable environmental conditions which make species prone to collapses.
Climate change alters the whole physical environment. It changes the precipitation pattern, increases the number of extreme weather events (fires, droughts, tsunamis and tropical cyclones). Climate change affects biogeochemical cycles and intensifies positive feedbacks [12]. Sea ice extent decreases, glaciers retreat, sea level rises. Ice cover retreating can increase volcanism and the number of intense earthquakes [13, 14]. Oceans suffer from extreme heat events, acidification, perhaphs slowing thermoline circulation [15] and oxygen depletion. All these changes reduce fitness and fertility. Climate change affects abundance, species richness and it can even drive genetic changes [16]. At local scale, vulnerable species respond to climatic changes with quick collapses [17].
Pollution is also a main contributor of extinctions. Air, water and soil pollution severely affect the wildlife. Agriculture, industry, transportation and the commercial sector emit harmful materials, noise and excess light. Even everyday people produce an immense amount of waste. EU statistics show that a single person generates half a ton of municipal waste per year and only 50% of the waste is recycled [18]. Chemicals are getting more and more potent, but also more destructive in many cases. Pollution significantly alters the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment. Local pollution can easily turns into regional disaster. Air, water and soil communicate with each other, which means that soil contaminants can get into the water and the air, and from the air toxic contaminants can deposit in the soil and water again making pollution a large-scale problem. The consequences of pollution are manifold. It causes ozone depletion, acid rain, algal bloom, anoxic marine dead zones, waste accumulation and soil depletion. Contaminated plants and animals show reduced fitness, fertility and shortened lifespan. Pollution damages ecosystems and disrupt their functions. Unfortunately, the rate of pollution will probably keep increasing because of global population growth and short-term economic interests [18].
Pimm and Raven [19] suggest that habitat destruction is the primary reason for species extinction. Anthropogenic activities (agriculture, industry and urbanization) are the main causes of habitat destruction. Biodiversity hotspots which are the most species-rich regions on Earth are declining rapidly. Tropical forests once covered about 14% of the Earth [20]. Today they occupy less than half of the original area. About 70% of species live in tropical forests [21]. According to Myers [22], 66% of plant species and almost 69% of bird species will disappear if Amazonian forests are restricted to only parks and reserves as a result of deforestation. Deforestation also affects carbon balance. According to Baccini et al. [23], tropical forests are becoming a net carbon source as a result of deforestation and from reductions in carbon density, and this way they cannot dampen the effects of climate change any more. Wetlands which provide vital ecosystem services are also threatened. They are one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems. They clean fresh water by filtering pollutants and neutralizing harmful bacteria, and they prevent devastating floods. They serve as carbon sink and shoreline stabilizer, as well. More than one-third of wetlands have been lost globally [24]. Europe has suffered the greatest loss: more than 60% of European wetlands have been destroyed [25]. Coral reefs are also one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. They harbor 25% of marine species [26]. They offer several important ecosystem services, such as tourism, fisheries and shoreline protection. Coral reefs are vulnerable to climate change, fishing and pollution. As of 2005 data, about 20% of coral reefs have been lost so far [27]. However, not only direct habitat destruction, but also indirect disturbances can lead to disturbed habitats and species loss [28, 29]. Ecosystems are melting globally. Main consequences are the loss of biodiversity, the loss of valuable ecosystem services, landscape degradation, increased vulnerability to stochastic events, altered carbon cycles and disrupted climate regulation.
The literature suggests that the extinction rate decreases with increasing elevation under the effect of human pressure.
Due to ongoing climate change and human pressure, a lot of marine and terrestrial habitats have become vulnerable to extinction. Species distribution has changed a lot during the modern historical period. The lower elevations are the most accessible to the ever-growing human population. As a result, many species which are targets for overhunting and/or have poor environmental tolerance have already disappeared from these regions [30]. Lomolino and Channell [31, 32] explain these changes in geographical distribution with their ‘contagion model’. They suggest that anthropogenic disturbances spread like a ‘contagion’ and only populations which live along the edges of historical ranges can survive. The remnant populations with a small number of individuals are at a great risk of extinction as they probably live under suboptimal conditions and they usually have no potentials to migrate to optimal habitats because they are poor dispersals or they have narrower environmental tolerance [30].
Species living at higher altitudes may be at risk too because they have small geographical ranges and they have nowhere to migrate [30]. Upward shifting of other species also puts pressure on them. The changing climate is becoming unfavorable as well. Warm and/or dry conditions can cause stress and shifts in phenology [16, 33] and the spread of pathogens [34]. Though recent studies suggest that middle-elevation species are affected more than the ones living at high-altitude because pathogens thrive at higher temperatures [34, 35]. Lowland species pressure, direct human effects and climate change-induced pathogens altogether jeopardize the more accessible mid-elevation regions.
The poleward shifts of species have been observed as a result of climate change during the recent decades [16]. The high latitudes are under great pressure. Tundra is warming twice as fast as the global average [11, 36] resulting in intense permafrost thaw, carbon release and woody encroachment which make them extremely vulnerable [36]. Climate warming, the greenhouse gas release of permafrost, shrub expansion create a positive feedback loop which turns tundra into boreal forest [37]. Low latitudes are also mentioned as vulnerable regions in the literature several times because of direct (overhunting, logging and pollution) and indirect effects (climate change-related heat susceptibility) [17, 28, 38]. Regime shifts, such as coniferous to a deciduous boreal forest, forest to savannas, steppe to tundra can be expected in the future [37, 39, 40].
It is a long-debated question if edge populations are more vulnerable to environmental changes than central populations. According to Merriam and Wegner [41], ecotones show higher extinction rates than core regions. Recent studies show that climate change may affect the core populations as well. Bennett et al. [42] created a model based on the observation of seaweeds and concluded that both central and edge populations can show the signs of heat susceptibility under recent climate change. They considered the thermal-safety margins of the populations and not the absolute temperature tolerances. According to their results, both core and edge populations displayed similar thermal stress anomaly. They pointed out that range contractions reflect the anomaly and not the variation in the absolute temperatures. Peres et al. [43] raise the question whether the core regions of Amazonia include intact forests or they are already disturbed. Indirect effects (e.g. selective logging and hunting) weaken the core regions and make them vulnerable to stochastic events.
Extinction traits have been studied for a long time. McKinney [44] suggests based on fossil and modern data that specialization is a main factor in extinction. He mentions
Numerous studies of recent mass extinction focus on the ongoing loss of large-bodied species. At this point of extinction, the main driving factors of their extinction are direct human perturbations, such as overhunting and habitat destruction. Most ecosystems, both terrestrial and marine systems are affected, which gives rise to concerns. Large animals usually have an important role in ecosystems. Many of them are keystone species and ecosystem engineers providing important ecosystem services. They maintain biodiversity whether they are apex predators or mutualistic seed dispersals. The loss of large-bodied species initiates the disappearance of positive species interactions. Climate change also affects large animals. Climate change-induced body size shrinkage has already observed in terrestrial and marine systems as well [16]. The main problem is that large animals cannot be replaced by small ones [45], and this way important ecosystem functions will disappear for good [46].
One of the most affected large-bodied animals is megaherbivores which are keystone species in terrestrial ecosystems [47]. Historical and modern data and models show that the loss of megaherbivores causes altered ecosystem structures and functions [6, 48, 49], and even a collapse [50]. Megaherbivores are threatened by several factors acting synergistically, such as hunting, habitat loss via human overpopulation, agricultural land use and deforestation [51]. Climate change also has a negative effect on large-bodied herbivores. Woody encroachment ceases their habitats, decreases their biodiversity and biomass in the long term [49]. Disappearing herbivores means decreasing environmental heterogeneity [52], which can make the ecosystems more vulnerable to stochastic events and it can also brings about the collapse of carnivores [49, 50].
The loss of large apex consumers has an effect on the herbivory intensity, and thus the abundance and the composition of plants, which can result in a regime shifts [53]. Without top-down control, the patterns of invasion, diseases, wildfire, biogeochemical processes and carbon sequestration alter [54]. Nevertheless, it is important to note that carnivores are not strong keystone species anymore because of their low abundance in terrestrial ecosystems, therefore their positions in food webs are already replaced by other species in many cases [47]. This fact also suggests that large carnivores solely cannot be used as effective early warning signals of vertebrate collapse [55]. However, de Thoisy et al. [55] also concluded that apex predators can be effective bioindicators of a forest collapse but only combined with forest structure, phenology and vertebrate community.
As a result of human pressure, large-bodied animals are becoming rare. The populations of large-bodied species are getting smaller and smaller mainly because of overhunting. Some rare and large-bodied species are experiencing collapse through hybridization. Kleindorfer et al. [56] observed that female individuals of rare, large-bodied tree finch species paired with smaller and common finch species in the Galápagos Archipelago. They suspect that the population of large-bodied species collapsed under the conditions of hybridization. They also assume that the hybrids gained fitness benefits. Vaz Pinto et al. [57] studied human-induced interbreeding between large-bodied, sympatric antelopes in Angola. Hybridization between sympatric species never happens under normal circumstances, therefore it is a strong sign of a decline. As a result, parental species almost collapsed and the hybrids also showed reduced viability and fertility.
Recent studies show that specialized diet can lead to an extinction cascade even if the consumers can shift their diet. Gilljam et al. [58] modeled predator-prey co-extinctions with network model based on antagonistic natural and computer-generated food webs. They concluded that it is an effective short-term survival strategy for specialized predators to switch to a new prey after the extinction of the only previous prey. However, it can lead to the overexploitation of the novel prey in the long term, for example, if the predator is more mobile and the prey is rare. Gilljam et al. [58] noted that some external stochastic factor is also needed besides predation to trigger prey extinction. According to the authors, climate change-induced extreme weather events affect preys more than predators. Switching diet can improve the survival prospects but only in the short term [52]. In the long term, climate change affects negatively most specialized species, therefore diet shift only postpone the extinction of species.
Considering climate warming, sternothermy, which is the adaptation of species to a narrow range of temperature, can be an
Climate change-driven seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature affect several ecosystems all around the world. Brookshire and Weaver [60] investigated biomass decline of grasslands in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem for 40 years. According to their results, the grassland production decreased by more than 50%, mainly because of a drop in late summer rainfall. Even drought-resilient forest types produce canopy collapse due to extreme drought and heat events [61]. Mortality as a result of heat susceptibility is not a stand-alone phenomenon. It can trigger co-extinction especially if keystone species, symbiotic species are involved. Kikuchi et al. [62] carried out an experiment on a pest insect and its heat-susceptible bacterial symbiont. They pointed out that mid-summer extreme heat can cause a significant decline in the insect population because of the collapse of its symbiont vulnerable to heat stress.
Species might have some hidden failures which are revealed only when the environmental conditions change significantly. Torres-Ruiz et al. [63] reported on the hydraulic failure of tropical trees in the Amazonia. The synergistic effect of highly vulnerable xylem tissues and the more frequent and extreme droughts because of climate change results in forest dieback.
Species restricted to geographic locations are threatened by both direct and indirect human effects as they have nowhere to migrate. Sandel et al. [64] investigated the relationship between Late Quaternary climate change velocity and the presence or absence of endemic species. They found that endemics, especially weakly dispersing amphibians, disappeared in high-velocity regions. Areas with low-velocity preserved small-ranged species. Sandel et al. [64] modeled future climate change and found discrepancies between the patterns of past and future climate change, which suggests that past low-velocity areas with a high number of endemic species may become high-velocity regions. For example, the western part of Amazonia and Central Africa which hosts many endemic and rare species may face great climatic changes in the future, according to the authors. Bergstrom et al. [35] observed the rapid collapse of a Sub-Antarctic alpine ecosystem after the loss of keystone endemic cushion plant. Climate change-modified climatic conditions. It decreased summer water availability, increased wind speed, sunshine and evaporation, which increased stress in cushion plants. Bergstrom et al. [35] suspect that the increased environmental stress made the plants more susceptible to pathogens.
Significant changes in abundance traits are typical signs of extinction. Small ranges as a result of hunting, deforestation and fragmentation, low abundance, decreased population growth rates [16], seasonal population aggregation [43] can increase extinction proneness. Although the global overall aboveground biomass has increased during the recent years [65], a decrease in the abundance at local and regional scales can be experienced. The main drivers are still direct human disturbances; however, climate change-related abundance changes have also been reported.
Common species are becoming rare [66], which decreases resilience and increases the vulnerability to collapse. Barbosa et al. [67] conducted a field experiment to test the effects of reducing the abundance of a common species in an association of arthropods and an abundant shrub. The species richness and the abundance of other species did not change during the experiment; however, they experienced higher parasitism, lower connectance, interaction evenness and robustness. Winfree et al. [68] modeled plant-pollinator networks and they concluded that abundance is one of the most important drivers of extinction, and abundant species are the most persistent. Abundance is even more important factor than diet breadth. They also simulated what happens if an abundant species disappear first. They experienced a quick secondary extinction. Perry and Morgan [17] also pointed out that climate change can affect abundant species badly. They observed climate change-driven bleaching which caused a collapse on the southern Maldives reefs. The mass mortality of the fast-growing, most abundant species brought about the secondary extinction of other species and a complete collapse. The most abundant species was the most vulnerable to warming events, so the less tolerant to changes in temperature.
Brookshire and Weaver [59] studied a native C3 grassland in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem using historical records (1969–2012) to investigate the effects of climate change. They documented a more than 50% decrease in the above-ground net primary production. They blamed the decreased late-season precipitation and higher temperatures for the drought-driven production decline. They noted that CO2 fertilization could not counterbalance the negative effects of droughts. They also pointed out that drought affects some species more seriously [59, 69]. Perennial forbs showed a greater drought susceptibility, which resulted in local extinctions with no recovery. The increased drought also caused a long-term oscillation of higher frequency in production.
Cornulier et al. [70] reported on the dampening of small herbivore cycles in several European ecosystems because of decreased winter population growth. Small herbivores provide important ecosystem functions, thus their population collapses are worrying. The authors blame climatic drivers for the increased frequencies of low amplitudes.
Barnes et al. [71] observed the local extinction of echinoid
Pollinators are suffering in many ways under climate change. Dennis and Kemp [72] modeled a hive collapse due to a strong Allee effect. They concluded that strong Allee effect combined with environmental stressors (climate change, pathogens, pesticide and mites) can lead to the collapse of hives.
Facilitation or positive species interactions promote species co-existence. Facilitation maintains biodiversity and provides important ecosystem functions. It increases resilience and works as a buffer under stress [73]. Intensive direct human perturbations and climate change susceptibility of species lead to disrupted positive species interactions. The loss of positive species interactions are the signs of large-scale extinction [74].
According to the stress-gradient hypothesis, the frequency of facilitation increases with stress in plant communities. He and Bertness [75] emphasize that facilitation is enhanced and not competition under increasing physical and biological stresses. Exceptional cases are weak stress, non-limiting sources, stresses outside the niche, simultaneous multiple stresses and temporally dependent effects. Typically, dispersal-limited invertebrates and plants use facilitation to expand their species ranges. As direct human perturbations and climate change act synergistically, positive species interactions are under great threat.
Different life histories may affect the responses given to stress. Michalet et al. [76] reviewed literature on plant responses in water-stress ecosystems. They pointed out that getting closer to a tipping point, facilitation either collapses or switches to competition in plant-plant interactions. More specifically, switching from facilitation to competition is the strategy of beneficiary species due to increasing environmental stress, while nurse plant species experience the collapse of facilitation.
In many cases, extinction traits and drivers act synergistically accelerating extinction processes. For instance, a large body is considered as a main determinant factor in mass extinctions in the literature [43]. In plant-animal mutualistic relationships, large-bodied animals are frequent interacting partners. They are threatened by overhunting worldwide, thus their ecosystem functions are also jeopardized. Large-bodied, seed-dispersing species are keystone species in tropical forests [27], hence their extinction brings about ecosystem degradation. Several studies show that the overhunting of large-bodied seed-dispersing species in the Amazonian forests generates long-term biomass depletion and biodiversity decrease because of the disrupted plant-animal mutualistic interactions [27, 28, 77, 78]. Large-bodied, seed dispersals cannot be replaced by small ones [27, 44, 74], because the large seeds of neotropical trees physically cannot be consumed by smaller species. Tropical giant trees are disappearing partly because of the indirect effects of seed dispersal extinction and partly because of the direct effects of logging. As a result, giant trees are replaced by pioneers, which along with other factors are triggering a positive feedback loop and regime shifts in tropical forests [79]. Without large animals, seed dispersal distances reduce and ecosystem functions degrade [45]. However, it is very difficult to detect the degradation of species interactions, especially in a seemingly intact forest. Pérez-Méndez et al. [77] suggest that reduced ‘seed dispersal distances’ can be used as an early warning signal of the collapsing mutualistic plant-animal relationships.
Besides direct human effects, climate change also influences mutualistic relationships. For example, climate change causes irregularities in flowering time, which evokes failures in pollination [16, 80]. Pollination is a key ecosystem function, therefore pollinator collapses bring about the loss of an important ecosystem service [81]. Pollinators usually peform an abrupt and great biodiversity loss, which is explained by nestedness [73]. As a result of climate change, droughts are becoming more extreme in some regions. Heat susceptibility can be a weak point of mutualistic relationships. Kikuchi et al. [61] carried out an experiment and pointed out that heat-susceptible symbionts can drive symbiotic relationships into a collapse.
As we can see, mutualistic relationships are threatened by both direct and indirect interactions globally [73], which results in collapses and positive feedback loops worldwide. It is important to assess the tipping point of mutualistic communities to be able to estimate the resilience of ecosystems. When tipping points are crossed, systems give abrupt, nonlinear responses, which eventually lead to a quick collapse. Close to tipping points, ecosystems tend to slow down (usually referred to as ‘critical slowing down’). Dakos and Bascompte [82] suggest that capturing this phenomenon by statistical signals can help to predict tipping points. They propose that increasing variance and autocorrelation are the best statistical indicators to assess the tipping points of mutualistic communities.
Positive interactions decrease competition and maintain biodiversity [83]. While positive species interactions promote co-existence, competition usually triggers an extinction. Biodiversity decrease caused by human perturbations can increase competitiveness [84]. Recent mass extinction is the result of direct and indirect human perturbations ,which act synergistically. As human pressure does not reduce and global temperature is increasing, ecosystems are under the pressure of several factors, which suggests that positive interactions are facing a great decline globally. If this tendency continues, Earth will become a homogenized system dominated by mainly negative species interactions.
It is important to note that competition is not always something ‘destructive’ but also has an important role in maintaining communities, even in the light of climate change. For example, increasing temperature can be beneficial for some pathogens and parasites which extend their species ranges under more favorable climatic conditions. Having non-host competitors in a community provides a dilution effect and reduces the number of infected host-species at a local scale [85].
The literature suggests that positive interactions collapse first if species cannot switch to competition [76]. Considering competitors, strong competitors have more chance to survive in most cases and they collapse later during extinction. Matusick et al. [61] conducted a field investigation and aerial survey in a Mediterranean-type eucalypt forest in southwestern Australia. The canopy collapsed in patches in the observed forest as a response to extreme water stress. The less competitive mid-story tree species collapsed first and they did not show any signs of re-sprouting.
However, stronger competitors can also fail if they perform well only under very specific environmental circumstances. Yu et al. [86] observed the collapse of a key species in a Mongolian semi-arid grassland during a long-term disturbance prevention. The species adapted the best to a narrow environmental niche that outcompeted other species within a community. However, long-term environmental changes hit this species first. In this case, the dominant key species was replaced by less competitive subdominant species.
In ecosystems which maintain high species richness, invaders are less competitive and less abundant [87]. Fragmentation as a direct human effect increases competition which in turn leads to biodiversity loss [87]. Decreased biodiversity and resilience foster the spread of invaders, generalized pathogens which are often strong competitors.
Predators, especially marine top predators are declining globally [88]. Predators have an important controlling role in healthy ecosystems. They maintain biodiversity and stabilize landscape, especially keystone species. Re-introducing wolves in the Yellowstone National Park greatly increased the resilience and re-balanced the whole ecosystem [89]. Sharks are also keystone predators. Without their strong top-down control, marine ecosystems would alter and shift to a homogenized system [88]. Predators literally keep diseases away as they can reduce the effectiveness of pathogens. Khalil et al. [85] studied a vole population, its non-host competitors and its predator in northern Sweden. They highlighted that the presence of competitors and the predator decreased the number of infected vole individuals within the population.
As a result of human perturbation, top-down control of predators either decrease or increase. Both of them can lead to biodiversity decrease. An increased top-down control usually triggers the collapse of preys. Gilljam et al. [57] created a model to investigate if a specialized predator can survive if it switches to a new prey after losing the only prey. They concluded that shifting a diet does not always help predators to survive, especially if the prey cannot escape or it is rare or the consumer is an efficient predator. Strong human perturbation can cause an increased top-down and a bottom-up control simultaneously, which leads to a long-term decline in both preys and predators [90].
Keystone species and their functions are disappearing. They are hit by both direct and indirect effects. Overhunting, hybridization and climate change [34] accelerate their extinction. Keystone species have important functions (e.g. seed-dispersing and pollination) in ecosystems. They maintain biodiversity. Their collapse, especially if they have strong top-down control, leads to regime shifts and homogenization. Megaherbivores, carnivores [46] and pollinators have key functions. Keystone species are threatened by the synergistic effects of deterministic extinction factors. For example, K-selected species traits, nestedness. Jordano [74] suggests that the disappearance of key mutualistic interactions is an early warning signal of extinctions.
Extinctions driven by deterministic factors are present in the ecosystems globally as a result of direct and indirect human effects. Both terrestrial and marine habitats are overexploited under the ever-growing human pressure. Considering environmental factors, species living at low elevations, low and high latitudes and/or in suboptimal habitats (e.g. at the peripheries of historical species ranges) are under greater threat than rest of the world. At the species level, K-selected species, especially large-bodied species, specifically large herbivores, carnivores are becoming rare mainly due to extensive hunting. Species adapted to a narrow range of temperature will probably collapse quickly, especially if they are not mobile, because of rapid climatic change. Seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature affect several ecosystems all around the world. Both grasslands and forests are suffering experiencing biodiversity and/or biomass loss and collapses [91]. Hidden failures, which are revealed only during significant changes in environmental conditions, will enhance collapses. Endemic, rare and weak dispersing species in regions with the largest and quickest climatic changes will probably die out. At the community level, positive species interactions are already melting because of the high number of species loss. Species interactions and functions are disappearing. The abundance of predators has decreased dramatically because of overhunting. Small mammal population cycles are collapsing as a result of climate change. Populations experiencing Allee effect will probably have a tendency to collapse under climate change. Common species are becoming rare, which decreases resilience and increases the vulnerability to collapse. Studies show that abundant species are one of the most persistent, except in case of specialization. The extinction of abundant species can be followed by co-extinction and rapid collapse. Literature suggests that many keystone species have deterministic species traits, which can lead ecosystems to a sudden collapse. Further consequences of human activities in the ecosystems are genetic changes, hybridization, invasion, pathogens, shorter food chains, altered trophic structure, disrupted species interactions and general homogenization.
Sudden collapses have a high priority in the literature. Frequently mentioned triggers of rapid collapses are, among others, nestedness in mutualistic communities, adaptation to a narrow range of environmental factor, keystone species with deterministic species traits. The extinction of abundant species can be followed by rapid and extensive collapse. It must be noted that deterministic factors tend to converge, which increases the probability of collapses. An ecosystem which is burdened with several deterministic extinction factors and belongs to a high-velocity region is under the greatest threat. That is why it is important to identify the early warning signals of collapses. Deterministic factors of extinctions and other factors which trigger sudden collapses are likely to be good indicators. Specialization at species level seems to be one of the most vulnerable extinction traits. According to the literature, carnivores, forest structure, phenology and vertebrate community altogether can be used as indicators of forest collapses. The collapse of mutualistic plant-animal relationships could be detected with reduced seed dispersal distances. Short-lived specialists respond to perturbation quickly, thus they can be considered as good early warning indicators, as well.
Mainly direct human effects dominate the first stage of recent mass extinction and it can be characterized by deterministic extinction factors which undermine the biodiversity and thus the resilience of ecosystems. In the next stage, which probably has already started, an increased number of stochastic events can be expected because of climate change. Stochastic events bring about the sudden collapses of the weakened ecosystems. Positive feedback loops both in climate (e.g. Arctic sea ice melting) and in ecosystems (e.g. forest collapses) are present. They are likely to indicate the onset of the middle stage of mass extinction, which may be irreversible [92].
An ever-increasing worldwide population, especially in many developing nations, necessitates additional food, fiber, and oil supplies, posing a serious challenge to agricultural scientists to produce more and more from limited, diminishing, and degraded land and water resources. By 2050, it is expected that the global population will have increased by 50%, and global grain demand would have doubled [1]. The stress from climate change, accompanying extreme weather and urbanization also creates the burden. Global agriculture in the present status points to a formidable challenge to agricultural sustainability. The most important danger to food security and the environment is dwindling per capita natural resources, as well as resource depletion and degradation. Existing intensification technologies are showing symptoms of wear and tear. The loss of biodiversity, groundwater shortages, fossil water extraction, groundwater contamination, and rising atmospheric CO2 levels are all severe risks to sustainability. A variety of methodologies are used in sustainable production practises. Specific strategies must take into account the site specific and individual nature of sustainable agriculture. Reduced dependency on monocultures can give better resilience and reduce the chance of total system failure, which is critical for attaining long-term sustainable agricultural development. It can be a dynamic and continuous process to adjust in changing circumstances. Diversification is the process of utilization of the various emerging opportunities created by new market, technology, changes in governmental policies, higher profitability and also stability in the production system [2]. It is a useful strategy for reducing the risk in farming [3]. Crop diversification is generally viewed as shift from a traditionally grown less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. Crop diversification is recognized as one of the most environmentally feasible, cost-effective, and reasonable approaches to reduce uncertainty in agriculture, particularly in the face of climate change. Crop diversification helps in minimizing the alleviating second generations problem such as soil degradation, soil salinity, insect-pest and disease insurgence, environmental pollution, decline in farm profit, nutrient imbalance, climate change etc. Crop diversification promotes farm resilience, or the ability of an agroecosystem to return to its former productive state after being perturbed, by increasing geographical and temporal biodiversity. Although crop diversification is not a new concept to many rural people in developing and emerging economies, there has been little research on the subject to date. However, there is increasing global interest in the area, owing to current worries about biodiversity loss, as well as human and environmental health. Thus, in this book chapter we are trying to give some understanding about the topic Crop diversification an effective strategy for sustainable agriculture development.
Crop diversification, as opposed to specialized farming, can be defined as an attempt to promote crop diversity by crop rotation, multiple cropping, or intercropping, with the goal of improving productivity, sustainability, and supply of ecological systems [4, 5, 6]. It could be one step toward more sustainable production systems, value chains for minor crops [7], and socioeconomic benefits [8]. Enhanced agricultural diversity, better diverse crop rotations, mixed cropping [9, 10], cultivation of grain legumes in generally cereal-dominated systems [11], perennial leys or grassland [12], and regionally adapted varieties or variety combinations are all examples of agricultural diversification strategies. In developing countries, crop diversification is defined as the substitution of one or more agricultural products for another. Diversification in agriculture can be defined as the reinvestment of some farm productive resources, such as land, capital, farm equipment, and labour, into new enterprises [13]. A shift from less profitable cropping system to more profitable cropping system is also known as diversification. Diversification of agriculture, in general, refers to transitioning from a single crop’s regional or temporal dominance to the production of a variety of crops in order to meet the ever-increasing need for cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibers, fuel, and feed. Crop diversification is a demand-driven, need-based situation specific and national goal seeking dynamic and iterative concept that incorporates spatial, temporal, value addition, and resource-complementary techniques, as well as a move from traditional and less-remunerative crops (Figure 1).
Basic concept of crop diversification.
South Asia has a long history of intensive agriculture, particularly irrigated rice cultivation techniques. Sector strategies in the region are mostly based on food self-sufficiency policies [14]. Throughout the last 30 years, the system’s research and agricultural support services have increased food production faster than population expansion and diminished the percentage of people living in poverty. There has been significant income increase, diet diversification, and decreases in per capita grain intake throughout the comparable time span. South Asian countries are actively diversifying their economies in favor of high-value commodities such as fruits, vegetables, livestock, and fisheries, with some inter-country variation. Price policy, infrastructure development (particularly markets and highways), urbanization, and technical advancements all have a significant impact on agricultural diversification. Agricultural diversification in favor of high-value crops by substituting inferior coarse grains has helped rainfed areas more [15]. Agricultural diversification is also helping to increase export markets and create new job possibilities. Using appropriate institutions, it is necessary to properly coordinate the production and selling of high-value commodities. Market reforms in the form of building and strengthening desired institutions through necessary legal changes might go a long way toward encouraging agricultural growth, increasing small farm income, and boosting exports. Diversifying rural production is the process by which families create several livelihoods utilizing different variations of resources and assets in order to be less influenced by changes in the marketplace (such as price decreases) and to secure market stability [16]. So, if a region has high demographic pressure but minimal diversification, low-profit traditional commodities cultivation will increase and the farming frontier will spread, causing deforestation and soil erosion [17, 18]. As a result, investing in agricultural diversification can help to prevent environmental degradation by allowing for the production of a wider range of commercially feasible and productive crops [19]. Various options of crop diversification in South Asian countries are presented in the below Figure 2.
Various options of crop diversification.
The next sections examine the many techniques to crop diversification depending on land appropriateness, water availability, and market demand viz. regional, seasonal, and temporal [20]. The different approaches of crop diversifications are presented in Figure 3.
Different approaches of crop diversifications.
It is done by basically two approaches, through crop substitution and crop intensification. These two approaches have been the two main process of crop diversification. Crop substitution means replacing any crop which is continuously growing as a monoculture crop or gain a tendency of specialization. For example, during green revolution era there was a tendency to growing cereals crops only. Now a days the trend has change a lot in developing countries. Farmers are shifting from monoculture cereals based staple food to high value crops like vegetable, spices etc. There are several advantages of crop substitution which could be higher net returns, improve resource use efficiency (land and labour), break in cycle of pest and disease etc. On the other hand, crop intensification is adding of new value crops to existing cropping system to increase the farm’s overall productivity. To reap the benefits of agricultural diversification, we must move away from simple crop rotation and toward intensive systems such as multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, and so on. Crop intensification helps in job opportunity, profitability and energy use efficiency [21]. Some examples of crop intensification and their advantages are discussed in Table 1.
Conventional cropping system | Crop intensification | Advantages | References |
---|---|---|---|
Maize-fallow | Maize–rajmash Maize–toria Maize–buckwheat Maize–buckwheat Maize (green cobs)-urdbean–buckwheat | Increased the grain equivalent yield, system production efficiency, relative production efficiency and land use efficiency. | Babu et al. [21] |
Transplanted boro-transplanted aman | Wheat-mungbean-T. aman with full tillage Wheat-mungbean- dry seeded aman with strip tillage | Increased land and water productivity, system productivity. | Alam et al. [22] |
Example of crop intensification and their advantages.
Vertical crop diversification, on the other hand, represents the degree and level of industrialization of agricultural production. In this approach famers and others add value to products through packaging, processing, regional branding, merchandizing to improve the marketable value of crops. Food crop vertical diversification is also described as the extension of post-harvest activities, such as processing and transformation industries, to allow food crops to be sorted, graded, processed into both food and industrial products, packed, stored, and transported to domestic or export markets [23]. The rise of processing and transformation industries appears to be the most important factor in rural areas in terms of creating revenue and jobs. To boost crop yields and income creation at the local, regional, and national levels, both types of diversification (
Options of vertical diversification.
Land based approach
Water-based approach
Varietal diversification
Diversification for nutritional security
Diversification for nutrient management
Diversification for pes management
Diversification for mitigation and adaption of climate change
Different measurements of crop diversification and their characterization are depicted in the Table 2 [24].
Measure of crop diversification | Characterization |
---|---|
1. Temporal crop diversification | |
Crop rotation | Growing of two or more different crops by one after another in consecutive ways |
Catch crop | Growing of crops to in between the space of two main crop or when no main crops are being grown |
Double or multiple cropping | Growing two or more crops in one growing season |
Relay cropping | In relay cropping second crop is grown in standing crop before the first crop is harvested |
2. Spatial crop diversification | |
Alley cropping | It is an agroforestry system in which food crops are grown in alleys formed by trees |
Intercropping | Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land with definite pattern |
Mixed cropping | Growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field |
Variety mixture | Growing two or more varieties of a same species |
Trap | Growing commercial and non-commercial crop simultaneously in the same land |
Measure of crop diversification and its characterization.
Extent of crop diversification pattern, Sympson index and sources of crop diversification is presented in Table 3 [15].
Country | Sympson index of diversification in triennium ending | Sources of diversification (%) (1991–1992 to 1999–2001) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1981–1982 | 1991–1992 | 1999–2000 | Cropping intensity | Crop substitution | |
Bangladesh | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 64.67 | 35.33 |
Bhutan | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 97.82 | 2.18 |
India | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 36.63 | 63.37 |
Maldives | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 83.22 | 16.78 |
Nepal | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 84.79 | 15.21 |
Pakistan | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 76.56 | 23.44 |
Sri Lanka | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 78.90 | 21.10 |
South Asia | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 42.98 | 57.02 |
Extent of diversification and sources of diversification in South Asian countries.
High-value commodity production is driven by demand, which is primarily determined by rising income and urbanization. The major drivers of crop diversifications are discussed in Figure 5.
Rapid urbanization of developing countries is one of the biggest reasons of crop diversification. Urbanization puts pressure on land resources, a small number of farmers requires to produce for a larger number of consumers.
Change in consumers demand due to shifting from a diet-based staple to nutrient rich animal products, fruits and vegetables.
Improving nutritional benefits by diversifying the monoculture of traditional cereals crop.
Climate change
Value addition
Export potential
The key driver in altering production portfolios in favor of high-value commodities is road and market. They connect the producer and the consumer directly, reducing transportation and transaction costs. Mostly in case of perishable items, they lessen the danger of post-harvest loss [15].
Technology innovation may be a powerful driver for fostering agricultural diversification and accelerating agricultural growth. The fundamental driver of the ‘Green Revolution’ of the 1970s was biological technology [15].
Changing in governmental policy
Resilience and stability in production system.
Higher profitability
Factors determining crop diversification.
Nutritional food security and quality of life can be improved through diversification in food basket.
Food security
Poverty alleviation
Employment generation
Trade needs
Protecting the environmental degradation by reversing the decline trend in soil productivity and ground water table.
Income growth
Ecological balance
Sustainability of natural resources
Shifting from low yielding low value crops to high yielding high value crops.
Shifting toward higher water requirement crop to lower requirement crops.
Shifting toward low energy efficient crop to higher energy crop
Inclusion of legumes and oilseed crops
Inclusion of crop which has national and international market demand.
The domination of marginal and small farmers is one of the primary issues confronting India’s agricultural sector. These household makes up the majority of the rural population. Due to their low operating base, increasing the production of existing crops (staple food crops) may not be enough to boost their earnings. Therefore, diversifying the traditional cropping system is a best option to enhance income of small and marginal farmers.
Employment generation is a significant role of agriculture. But adopting the conventional cropping system like rice-wheat generally leads to lack of employment during off seasons. According to a number of studies, there is a serious problem of seasonal unemployment in different regions of our country, which leads to seasonal migration of labours/farmers to surrounding cities/towns in quest of contractual work [25]. Crop diversification helps rural households to have more opportunities of full-time employment.
Diversification is required to recover and enhance the value of the deteriorated natural resource base. Farmers in eastern India, particularly in West Bengal adopted wheat into a primarily rice system to take advantage of leftover moisture and so minimizes the need for wheat irrigation. In Punjab, on the other hand, an injudicious crop-mix, such as wheat-rice, has exacerbated the problem of water logging and salinity.
To increase export potential, it is very much essential to adopt diversification in cropping systems. Such factors have weighed heavily on the minds of farmers in eastern India, particularly in West Bengal, where wheat has been introduced into a primarily rice system to take advantage of leftover moisture and so minimizes the need for wheat irrigation.
Crop diversification is very much responsive to climatic and biotic vagaries, particularly in fragile ecosystems by expanding locally adapted or introducing novel varieties and related production systems will help resource-poor farmers improve their food security and income generation while also protecting the environment [26].
Crop diversification, which favors species combinations over monocultures, is one of the most cost-effective ways to combat pests and disease, and it has sparked a lot of attention in recent years [27].
One of the most important constraints for sustainable crop production is low soil fertility. In smallholder systems, poor farming practises, mostly continuous cropping with limited external inputs, have gradually depleted soil fertility. Interaction of crop species with beneficial soil biota helps in maintaining biogeochemical cycling of both organic and inorganic nutrients in the soil and maintaining soil quality [28].
Kasem and Thapa during 2011 conducted a study in Thailand, collecting primary data from 245 farm households using a structured questionnaire to examine the impact of crop diversification on income and input consumption. They discovered that the vast majority of farmers stated that crop diversification contributed to a significant rise in their revenue [29]. The results of their research findings are depicted in Table 4.
Opinion | Frequency (n = 81) | % |
---|---|---|
Increased income | 68 | 84 |
Enhanced food sufficiency | 54 | 66.7 |
Flow of income throughout the year | 43 | 53.1 |
Offers opportunity to produce crops according to market demand | 12 | 14.8 |
Smoothens the effect of price fluctuation | 10 | 12.3 |
Diversified farmers viewpoint about benefits of crop diversification.
Birthal et al. studied into the impact of crop diversification on India’s farm poverty. Data from a nationally representative survey was used. The dataset, according to them, contains information on the crops grown, as well as the costs and returns associated with each crop. This allows us to investigate the pattern and breadth of high value crop diversification across land sizes, as well as their profitability in comparison to other crops. In comparison to other crops, Table 5 shows the estimated net returns per hectare from high value crop cultivation. When compared to cereals, high value crop (HCVs) provided much higher returns to all types of farmers, including marginal farmers [30].
Crops | Marginal ≤1 ha | Small (1–2 ha) | Medium (2–4 ha) | Large >4 ha | All |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total cereal | 9044 (456) | 7099 (256) | 7518 (403) | 6164 (599) | 8301 (304) |
Fruits | 37,347 (9283) | 51,859 (19,187) | 36,726 (13,289) | 30,433 (13,585) | 39,523 (9566) |
Vegetable | 22,423 (3100) | 19,226 (1748) | 20,641 (2402) | 19,114 (4657) | 21,459 (1852) |
High value crops | 25,618 (2486) | 22,329 (2292) | 21,411 (2834) | 21,518 (4014) | 24,263 (2091) |
Comparison of net returns (Rs ha−1) from higher value crops with other crops by crop diversification.
One US$ = 47.62 in the survey year i.e., 2002–2003 [30].
Figures in parentheses are standard errors. Total cereals include rice, wheat, maize, and coarse cereals like pearl millet, sorghum, and barley. High-value crops include vegetables, fruits, condiments and spices, flowers, aromatic and medicinal plants, and plantation crops like tea and coffee.
Despite differences between countries, rural households in the majority of countries tend to rotate a small number of crops. Two, three, or a maximum of four agricultural products are the most common combinations used by households. Few households grow more than six distinct crops, most likely due to the small size of their allotment and the inherent challenge of producing many goods viz. water requirements, necessity of sun exposition and type of soil, among others. An empirical evidenced from eight different countries were analyzed and presented in Table 6 [31].
Diversification of crop through intercropping system has significant advantage in land use efficiency, monetary returns and crop productivity as compared to monocropping. Intercropping results in more efficient use of solar energy and harnessing benefits of positive interactions of crop association. Benefits of some potential intercropping system are discussed in below Table 7 with regards to system productivity, net returns and B:C ratio.
Number of crops produced and share of households (% of total national sample) producing each number | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country and year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ≥8 | Total |
Malawi, 2004 | 11 | 21 | 23 | 20 | 13 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 100 |
Nepal, 2003 | 3 | 25 | 8 | 18 | 8 | 10 | 3 | 25 | 100 |
Vietnam, 1998 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 46 | 100 |
Pakistan, 2001 | 22 | 61 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
Nicaragua, 2001 | 6 | 19 | 20 | 17 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 11 | 100 |
Indonesia, 2000 | 28 | 29 | 25 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 100 |
Albania, 2005 | 11 | 31 | 15 | 14 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 100 |
Panama, 2003 | 36 | 38 | 19 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
Share of household practicing different numbers of crops (an empirical evidence from eight developing countries) [31].
Economics of intercropping system for crop diversification.
These are primarily socioeconomic and institutional barriers, such as the lack of holding consolidation and group farming, geographic disadvantages (remote areas far from shops and supermarkets), farmer ‘lack of education, the outright failure of the agricultural extension system, and a lack of transportation and marketing facilities.
Lack of salt and excess moisture tolerant crops and cultivars.
Lack of skill and knowledge in choosing alternate crops in cropping system
Small and fragmented land holding creates difficulty to ensure that they participate more fully in crop diversification.
Agricultural output is used as a raw material in agro-based industries. When monoculture becomes unsustainable, a more sustainable and profitable crop must be substituted. Because of massive infrastructure expenditure, switching over becomes difficult by that time; for example, the rice industry in Punjab and Haryana, the sugarcane industry in Uttar Pradesh, and the soybean industry in Madhya Pradesh states in India.
The major causes of high cost of production are rising wage rates and declining factor productivity. The researchers are being challenged to reduce the cost of production and produce new adaptive cultivars that can capture high market prices.
Over use and sub optimal use of natural resources like water and land resources, may negative impact on environment and sustainability.
Weak research-extention and farmers linkage.
Lack of knowledge among the farmer
Though there are hundreds of scientific papers in the field of agronomy on agricultural diversity such as crop rotation or intercropping, only a small percentage of these studies are about diversification as a concept [21].
Diversification is one of the most effective ways to boost farm revenue, resulting in increased food, nutrition, and environmental security, as well as poverty reduction in developing countries. It creates a tremendous impact on agro-socio-economic gains.
It increased the flow of income throughout the year.
Offers opportunity to produce crops according to market demand
Smoothens the effect of price fluctuation
Increase the grain equivalent yield, system production efficiency, relative production efficiency and land use efficiency of maize-fallow system.
Overall potential of crop diversification is yet to be studied.
Impact of crop diversification on rural economics and poverty alleviation needs to be investigated in details.
Effect of crop diversification on soil health properties needs to be studied in details.
Social benefits of crop diversification are less well known.
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\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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This is not only worrying for critical tasks such as those performed by surgical, or military robots but also for household robots such as vacuum cleaners or for teleconference robots compromise privacy and safety of their owners. What will happen if these robots are hacked? This study presents a survey on the cybersecurity attacks associated with service robots, and as a result, a taxonomy that classifies the risks faced by users when using service robots, distinguishing between security and safety threads, is presented. We also present the robot software development phase as one the most relevant ones for the security of robots.",book:{id:"6003",slug:"robotics-legal-ethical-and-socioeconomic-impacts",title:"Robotics",fullTitle:"Robotics - Legal, Ethical and Socioeconomic Impacts"},signatures:"Francisco J. Rodríguez Lera, Camino Fernández Llamas, Ángel\nManuel Guerrero and Vicente Matellán Olivera",authors:[{id:"124522",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Matellan",slug:"vicente-matellan",fullName:"Vicente Matellan"},{id:"211294",title:"Prof.",name:"Camino",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Llamas",slug:"camino-fernandez-llamas",fullName:"Camino Fernández-Llamas"},{id:"211295",title:"MSc.",name:"Ángel Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Higueras",slug:"angel-manuel-guerrero-higueras",fullName:"Ángel Manuel Guerrero-Higueras"},{id:"211296",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Lera",slug:"francisco-javier-rodriguez-lera",fullName:"Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lera"}]},{id:"53439",doi:"10.5772/65765",title:"Rethinking Autonomy and Consent in Healthcare Ethics",slug:"rethinking-autonomy-and-consent-in-healthcare-ethics",totalDownloads:2555,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In healthcare ethics, autonomy has arguably become the ‘principal principle’. As a principle that can be readily turned into a process, the giving of ‘informed consent’ by a patient has become the surrogate measure of whether medical interventions are ethically acceptable. While ‘informed consent’ processes in medical care are presumed to be robust, research confirms that most patients do not adequately understand the medical purpose, limitations or potential ethical implications of the many medical procedures to which they consent. In this chapter, we argue that the founding tenets of autonomy and informed consent which presume people to be detached autonomous individuals who act rationally from self‐interest does not authentically capture the essence of human ‘being’. Furthermore, such assumptions do not acknowledge the deeply relational and embedded reality of the human condition which inevitably shape decision making. We contend that within healthcare organisations, the current processes of operationalising informed consent predominantly serve legal and administrative needs, while unwittingly disempowering patients, and silencing key aspects of their experience of illness. Rather than rational self‐interest, we argue that vulnerability, interdependence and trust lie at the core of ethical decision making in healthcare. Re‐framing autonomy in a way that deliberately considers the unique moral frameworks, relationships, and cultures of individuals can provide a more ethically sensitive and respectful basis for decision making in healthcare. As interdependence is an integral consideration in decision making, it must be deliberately acknowledged and incorporated into healthcare practices. Embracing a narrative approach within a shared decision making framework allows the vulnerabilities, fears and aspirations of stakeholders to be heard, creating a more effective and authentic way to meet the ethical goal of respecting those who seek care.",book:{id:"5418",slug:"bioethics-medical-ethical-and-legal-perspectives",title:"Bioethics",fullTitle:"Bioethics - Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives"},signatures:"Eleanor Milligan and Jennifer Jones",authors:[{id:"187831",title:"Prof.",name:"Eleanor",middleName:null,surname:"Milligan",slug:"eleanor-milligan",fullName:"Eleanor Milligan"}]},{id:"52563",doi:"10.5772/65089",title:"Medical Ethics and Bedside Rationing in Low‐Income Countries: Challenges and Opportunities",slug:"medical-ethics-and-bedside-rationing-in-low-income-countries-challenges-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:2137,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"There’s evidence that implementing the four medical ethics principles may be challenging especially in low income country contexts with extreme resource scarcity and limited capacity to facilitate deliberations on the different ethical dilemmas. These challenges can partly be explained by the social, economic, and political contexts in which the decisions are made, as well as the limited time, training and guidance to facilitate ethical decision making. Based on current literature, and using the example of bedside rationing; this chapter synthesizes the challenges clinicians face when operationalizing the four principle; identifying the opportunities to address them. We suggest that clinicians’ ability to implement the four principles are constrained by meso‐ and macro‐level decision making as well as their lack of training, explicit guidelines, and peer support. To ameliorate this situation, current efforts to strengthen the clinicians’ capacity to make ethical decisions should be complimented with developing of context relevant guidelines for ethical clinical decision making. The renewed global commitment to the sustainable development goals and universal healthcare coverage should be recognized as an opportunity to leverage resources and champion the integration of equity and justice as a core value in resource allocation at the bedside, meso-, macro- and global levels.",book:{id:"5418",slug:"bioethics-medical-ethical-and-legal-perspectives",title:"Bioethics",fullTitle:"Bioethics - Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives"},signatures:"Lydia Kapiriri",authors:[{id:"189068",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Lydia",middleName:null,surname:"Kapiriri",slug:"lydia-kapiriri",fullName:"Lydia Kapiriri"}]},{id:"52301",doi:"10.5772/65128",title:"Pharmacy Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism: A Review of the Literature",slug:"pharmacy-ethics-and-the-spirit-of-capitalism-a-review-of-the-literature",totalDownloads:2283,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter explores the issue of the conflict (real or potential) between the ethical imperatives that should guide the pharmacist in the typical practicing of the profession (i.e. within a pharmacy) and the economic constraints derived from the business dimension of the pharmacy. Marrying service and business in a single profession, pharmacy is supposed to balance harmoniously its two sides, if not to subject business demands to the higher societal, ethical requirements. However, such a balancing exercise is rather like dancing on a rope, and ethics may be trumped by economics, a phenomenon deplored sometimes by pharmacy academics or hospital pharmacists, and by a part of community pharmacists as well. Economics may prevail over ethics in rough forms such as selling health risk products (as it was in the past for tobacco or alcohol) or in more elusive ones, such as longer work hours and shorter counselling times, promoting or dispensing needless or ineffective products (food supplements, cosmetics, etc.), silently refusing to provide or recommend lower cost generics, etc. Ethical research in the field of pharmacy has generally been scarce, and numerous knowledge gaps remain to be filled by future investigations.",book:{id:"5418",slug:"bioethics-medical-ethical-and-legal-perspectives",title:"Bioethics",fullTitle:"Bioethics - Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives"},signatures:"Robert Ancuceanu and Ioana-Laura Bogdan",authors:[{id:"189717",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Ancuceanu",slug:"robert-ancuceanu",fullName:"Robert Ancuceanu"}]},{id:"53026",doi:"10.5772/66044",title:"Truncated Autonomy: Neocortical Selves, Reverse Reductionism and End-of-Life Care",slug:"truncated-autonomy-neocortical-selves-reverse-reductionism-and-end-of-life-care",totalDownloads:1682,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In professional guidelines for palliative sedation in end-of life care, a particular notion of conscious life experience is associated with specific cognitivist notion of frontal lobe autonomy. Drawing on Turner and Fauconnier’s work in cognitive linguistics I argue in this chapter that even our most central notions like human subjectivity and autonomy are conceptual blends. This chapter explores the origins and emergence of these concepts and their entailments. It digs deep into the conceptual blending of the ontogenetic development of the individual with the phylogenetic history of life. This hyper-blend of the flesh is contrasted with the hyper-blend of an irreal, non-material deep, inner space that is co-extensive with consciousness and with the rational, operative agent constituting the human subject. The last part of the chapter explores the frictions and problematic entailments of these different hyper-blends for end-of-life care practices concerning brain death, persistent vegetative state and palliative sedation. Despite respect for a patient’s autonomy being first among the principles of medical ethics, cognitivist criteria used in the assessment of a patient’s decision-making competence reduce and constrain (truncate) the patient’s autonomy in a variety of ways in one of the situations in life where it should matter most, in dying.",book:{id:"5418",slug:"bioethics-medical-ethical-and-legal-perspectives",title:"Bioethics",fullTitle:"Bioethics - Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives"},signatures:"Ger Wackers",authors:[{id:"188468",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ger",middleName:null,surname:"Wackers",slug:"ger-wackers",fullName:"Ger Wackers"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52101",title:"Ethical Issues in Organ Procurement and Transplantation",slug:"ethical-issues-in-organ-procurement-and-transplantation",totalDownloads:4777,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The Ciba Foundation held the first international, interdisciplinary conference on ethical and legal issues in transplantation in March 1966. Many of the ethical issues discussed at that conference remain with us today. Organ procurement and transplantation have forced the medical community and society at large to ask such fundamental questions as when are we dead, how can death be declared so that any life‐support measures can be discontinued? Is it ethical to remove an organ or part of an organ from a living person? Since there is such a shortage of organ and people on transplant waiting lists die for lack of an organ, what types of incentives, if any, can be used to increase the organ supply? Transplant centers face additional ethical issues. How can a limited supply of organs be fairly allocated to a large number of patients on the waiting list? Are the methods of putting patients on the waiting list appropriate? Transplant centers are regulated by a variety of governmental organizations. These organizations may have performance criteria. Do these performance criteria lead transplant centers to modify which organs they will accept or which patients they will list? As long as a shortage of organs remains, these ethical issues are likely to persist.",book:{id:"5418",slug:"bioethics-medical-ethical-and-legal-perspectives",title:"Bioethics",fullTitle:"Bioethics - Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives"},signatures:"Richard J. Howard and Danielle L. Cornell",authors:[{id:"188201",title:"M.D.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Howard",slug:"richard-howard",fullName:"Richard Howard"},{id:"194143",title:"Ms.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Cornell",slug:"danielle-cornell",fullName:"Danielle Cornell"}]},{id:"56170",title:"Ethic Reflections about Service Robotics, from Human Protection to Enhancement: Case Study on Cultural Heritage",slug:"ethic-reflections-about-service-robotics-from-human-protection-to-enhancement-case-study-on-cultural",totalDownloads:1636,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In a vision of future implications of human‐robot interactions, it is vital to investigate how computer ethics and specifically roboethics could help to enhance human’s life. In this chapter, the role of design expertise will be emphasized by setting multiple disciplines into a constructive dialogue. The reflections will take into consideration different themes, such as acceptability and aesthetics, but above all the ability to generate value and meaning in different contexts. These contexts could find a description in the concept of human enhancement, connected through each other with the skills of the design research. The methodology of the design research will find applicability in the case study of Virgil, where a roboethic approach is contextualized into a cultural heritage field. In this field, it is shown how the ethical approach will bring a benefit to local communities, but at large to any social and cultural strategies involved in the stakeholders’ network.",book:{id:"6003",slug:"robotics-legal-ethical-and-socioeconomic-impacts",title:"Robotics",fullTitle:"Robotics - Legal, Ethical and Socioeconomic Impacts"},signatures:"Luca Giuliano, Maria Luce Lupetti, Sara Khan and Claudio Germak",authors:[{id:"203858",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Germak",slug:"claudio-germak",fullName:"Claudio Germak"},{id:"203861",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Giuliano",slug:"luca-giuliano",fullName:"Luca Giuliano"},{id:"203862",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Luce",middleName:null,surname:"Lupetti",slug:"maria-luce-lupetti",fullName:"Maria Luce Lupetti"},{id:"211018",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"sara-khan",fullName:"Sara Khan"}]},{id:"52100",title:"Ethical Publications in Medical Research",slug:"ethical-publications-in-medical-research",totalDownloads:1919,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Ethics in medical sciences research may not always translate into ethical publications. Unfortunately due to lack of regulatory bodies, publication misconduct is now a global menace for the scientific community. Publication misconducts are not only restricted to research fraud or data manipulations alone but also seriously include plagiarism, duplicate publications especially on figures and tables, authorship disputes and conflict of interests. As global scientific research is expanding particularly in the field of health sciences hence possibilities of more rise of unethical practices from research to publications are very high, authors suggest a strong peer-reviewing system, use latest technological support, strong publication ethics policies, active monitoring, protection of whistle blowers and more liaisons between journals and research institutions or universities possibly to prevent publication misconduct effectively. This chapter discusses how medical publications might have abused various ethical norms not only while conducting research but also during the publication process. The review also discusses the possible preventive measures against unethical practices of research publications.",book:{id:"5418",slug:"bioethics-medical-ethical-and-legal-perspectives",title:"Bioethics",fullTitle:"Bioethics - Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives"},signatures:"Kusal K. Das and Mallanagoud S. Biradar",authors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das"},{id:"188854",title:"Prof.",name:"M.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"m.s.-biradar",fullName:"M.S. Biradar"}]},{id:"52301",title:"Pharmacy Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism: A Review of the Literature",slug:"pharmacy-ethics-and-the-spirit-of-capitalism-a-review-of-the-literature",totalDownloads:2280,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter explores the issue of the conflict (real or potential) between the ethical imperatives that should guide the pharmacist in the typical practicing of the profession (i.e. within a pharmacy) and the economic constraints derived from the business dimension of the pharmacy. Marrying service and business in a single profession, pharmacy is supposed to balance harmoniously its two sides, if not to subject business demands to the higher societal, ethical requirements. However, such a balancing exercise is rather like dancing on a rope, and ethics may be trumped by economics, a phenomenon deplored sometimes by pharmacy academics or hospital pharmacists, and by a part of community pharmacists as well. Economics may prevail over ethics in rough forms such as selling health risk products (as it was in the past for tobacco or alcohol) or in more elusive ones, such as longer work hours and shorter counselling times, promoting or dispensing needless or ineffective products (food supplements, cosmetics, etc.), silently refusing to provide or recommend lower cost generics, etc. Ethical research in the field of pharmacy has generally been scarce, and numerous knowledge gaps remain to be filled by future investigations.",book:{id:"5418",slug:"bioethics-medical-ethical-and-legal-perspectives",title:"Bioethics",fullTitle:"Bioethics - Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives"},signatures:"Robert Ancuceanu and Ioana-Laura Bogdan",authors:[{id:"189717",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Ancuceanu",slug:"robert-ancuceanu",fullName:"Robert Ancuceanu"}]},{id:"53299",title:"‘Assisted Dying’: A View of the Legal, Social, Ethical and Clinical Perspectives",slug:"-assisted-dying-a-view-of-the-legal-social-ethical-and-clinical-perspectives",totalDownloads:1695,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Discussion of legislation of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, often euphemistically called ‘assisted dying’, frequently focuses on individual cases promoted by campaigners as the reason that the law to licence doctors to supply lethal drugs to patients requesting them should change under certain conditions. But such legislation has wider consequences that simply for a handful of cases, as the relentlessly increasing numbers of such deaths have shown.",book:{id:"5418",slug:"bioethics-medical-ethical-and-legal-perspectives",title:"Bioethics",fullTitle:"Bioethics - Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives"},signatures:"Ilora Gillian Finlay of Llandaff",authors:[{id:"191502",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilora Gillian",middleName:null,surname:"Finlay of Llandaff",slug:"ilora-gillian-finlay-of-llandaff",fullName:"Ilora Gillian Finlay of Llandaff"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"267",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. 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In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. 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He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. from Integral University, Lucknow, India, with his work titled ‘Development and evaluation of silymarin nanoformulation for hepatic carcinoma’. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics, at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. He has been teaching PharmD, BPharm, and MPharm students and conducting research in the novel drug delivery domain. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than twenty-four original journal articles, two edited books, four book chapters, and several scientific articles to his credit. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/148917",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"148917"},fullPath:"/profiles/148917",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()