Description of the characteristics of family asthma educational interventions.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9815",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cystic Fibrosis - Facts, Management and Advances",title:"Cystic Fibrosis",subtitle:"Facts, Management and Advances",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder in children and young adults, is a multisystemic disease that mainly affects the lungs. Advances and improvements in the diagnosis and management of this condition have led to increased overall and symptom-free survival in cystic fibrosis patients. This book examines recent advances in the field and presents an evidence-based approach to the management of cystic fibrosis.",isbn:"978-1-83881-074-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-073-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-075-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87623",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cystic-fibrosis-facts-management-and-advances",numberOfPages:124,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"69745423f00df1a6b73be06d7ae13601",bookSignature:"Prashant Mohite, Anna Reed and André R. Simon",publishedDate:"June 9th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9815.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2047,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 6th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 2nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 1st 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 20th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 18th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"286049",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",middleName:null,surname:"Mohite",slug:"prashant-mohite",fullName:"Prashant Mohite",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/286049/images/system/286049.png",biography:"Prashant Mohite is trained as a cardiac surgeon in India and works as a Locum Consultant in Cardiac Retrieval at Golden Jubilee National Hospital. He was involved in the development of several programs at Harefield Hospital, England, including Organ Care Systems for heart and lungs, ex vivo lung perfusion, awake extracorporeal life support (ECLS), ECLS as a bridge to lung transplant, and donation after cardiac death (DCD) heart transplantation. He is an avid researcher having published in well-known journals and presented at multiple national and international meetings as an invited speaker as well as through voluntary abstract submissions.",institutionString:"Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"313411",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Reed",slug:"anna-reed",fullName:"Anna Reed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313411/images/system/313411.png",biography:"Dr. Anna Reed is a consultant in respiratory and transplant medicine, based at Harefield Hospital, England. She graduated from Leeds University in 1998 and obtained a Ph.D. in Pulmonary Vascular Pharmacology from Imperial College London in 2011. She maintains an active research interest in areas such as surfactant flux in primary graft dysfunction, ECMO bridging to lung transplant, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations of commonly used anti-infectives on extracorporeal life support, Aspergillus disease and the immunological impact on the transplanted lung, and more. She has authored multiple manuscripts in high-profile journals and has reviewed numerous journal articles.",institutionString:"Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"301441",title:"Dr.",name:"André",middleName:"R.",surname:"Simon",slug:"andre-simon",fullName:"André Simon",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301441/images/system/301441.jpg",biography:"André R. Simon is a consultant cardiac surgeon and director of heart and lung transplantation and ventricular assist devices at Harefield Hospital, England. He is also an honorary senior lecturer at Imperial College London. He has written more than 100 peer-reviewed papers, reviews, and editorials. He has also contributed chapters to several textbooks. He has raised more than £2 million in funding for research into transplantation immunology, cardiac imaging, and ventricular assist devices. Dr. Simon is the founder and president of HeartHelp, a charitable non-government organization.",institutionString:"Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1047",title:"Pulmonology",slug:"pulmonology"}],chapters:[{id:"76709",title:"Introductory Chapter: Basics of Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97537",slug:"introductory-chapter-basics-of-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:202,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Prashant N. Mohite and Vicky Gerovasili",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76709",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76709",authors:[{id:"286049",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",surname:"Mohite",slug:"prashant-mohite",fullName:"Prashant Mohite"},{id:"416266",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicky",surname:"Gerovasili",slug:"vicky-gerovasili",fullName:"Vicky Gerovasili"}],corrections:null},{id:"72407",title:"Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes (CFRD)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92767",slug:"cystic-fibrosis-related-diabetes-cfrd-",totalDownloads:374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is the most frequent comorbidity in CF. The prevalence is age-dependent and abnormalities in/of glucose homeostasis start early in life. As CFRD has an impact on pulmonary function and life expectancy, early diagnosis and treatment is mandatory. Screening is needed because initially, most patients with CFRD do not show any typical symptoms of diabetes. The question of which screening method gets the best results is still under discussion. For treatment insulin is recommended but a relevant percentage of patients do not use it, and even if insulin is used, there is no consensus on what the best insulin regime in the case of CFRD is. Recently, oral antidiabetic drugs were shown to be as effective and safe as insulin in the initial treatment of CFRD. This treatment might reduce the additional treatment burden for patients with CFRD. The best way to monitor CFRD is also under discussion (HbA1c and/or continuous glucose monitoring; CGM). The threshold of HbA1c might be lower than for other types of diabetes. As patients with CF become older, the duration of CFRD will also increase and typical diabetes complications will occur. So far, these are mainly microvascular complications. The new CFTR modulators might influence not only pulmonary function but potentially also glucose homeostasis.",signatures:"Manfred Ballmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72407",authors:[{id:"314947",title:"Prof.",name:"Manfred",surname:"Ballmann",slug:"manfred-ballmann",fullName:"Manfred Ballmann"}],corrections:null},{id:"72572",title:"Detection and Management of Early Glucose Abnormalities in Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92847",slug:"detection-and-management-of-early-glucose-abnormalities-in-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:483,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"With advances in technology, it is now possible to detect the emergence of glucose abnormalities in cystic fibrosis with improved sensitivity, and from a very early age. These abnormalities are increasingly recognized as predictors of clinical decline, raising the possibility that early intervention may slow or prevent this deterioration. In this chapter, we will review the available literature on methods of detecting glucose abnormalities in cystic fibrosis (random and fasting glucose, HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance testing, and continuous glucose monitoring), and detail their advantages and possible limitations in the interpretation of glycemic data. We will also discuss treatment outcomes of early intervention, prior to the diagnosis of diabetes as currently defined.",signatures:"Katerina Theocharous, Bernadette Prentice, Charles F. Verge, Adam Jaffé and Shihab Hameed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72572",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72572",authors:[{id:"196333",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernadette",surname:"Prentice",slug:"bernadette-prentice",fullName:"Bernadette Prentice"},{id:"197023",title:"Dr.",name:"Shihab",surname:"Hameed",slug:"shihab-hameed",fullName:"Shihab Hameed"},{id:"197024",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles F.",surname:"Verge",slug:"charles-f.-verge",fullName:"Charles F. Verge"},{id:"320031",title:"Ms.",name:"Katerina",surname:"Theocharous",slug:"katerina-theocharous",fullName:"Katerina Theocharous"},{id:"320928",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",surname:"Jaffe",slug:"adam-jaffe",fullName:"Adam Jaffe"}],corrections:null},{id:"71325",title:"Microbial Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91628",slug:"microbial-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:319,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic disease in Caucasians that increases the mortality rate. This disease retards the passage of water and salt through the cells and therefore affects the vital functions of different organs. Pulmonary cystic fibrosis is the most common and responsible for the majority of symptoms, burden of care, and mortality. The gene that causes the disease has now been identified and sequenced. The lung diseases with CF are usually have three pathological elements; mucus obstruction, inflammation, and infection. In the last century, the relationship between CF, respiratory microbiology, and inflammation has been understood with increased longevity and development of new treatments and laboratory techniques. In this chapter, we will illustrate causes of CF lung diseases and modern therapeutic strategies.",signatures:"Waleed Mohamed Abdulkhair and Mousa Abdullah Alghuthaymi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71325",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71325",authors:[{id:"175713",title:"Dr.",name:"Waleed Mohamed Hussain",surname:"Abdulkhair",slug:"waleed-mohamed-hussain-abdulkhair",fullName:"Waleed Mohamed Hussain Abdulkhair"},{id:"315906",title:"Dr.",name:"Mousa",surname:"Alghuthaymi",slug:"mousa-alghuthaymi",fullName:"Mousa Alghuthaymi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74734",title:"Lung Transplantation in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94523",slug:"lung-transplantation-in-patients-with-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:334,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common indications for lung transplant (LTx) and nearly one-third of the LTx worldwide are performed in people with CF (PwCF). Due to vast developments in diagnostic modalities, antibiotic therapies, and management of associated comorbidities in dedicated and experienced centres, over the past few decades, more PwCF are reaching adulthood than ever before. This has increased the burden on transplant programs particularly in a universal donor shortage scenario. To improve the donor pool a diligent and proactive donor care management, acceptance of marginal organs and utilisation of ex-vivo lung perfusion systems for organ preservation, assessment, and improvement is being advocated widely. LTx is not a readily available therapy and the average waiting time is 18 months in the UK. Therefore, it is essential that PwCF are referred for LTx assessment when their disease is stable, before respiratory deterioration leads to overall deconditioning of the patients. Once listed for LTx, it is crucial to control waiting list mortality by prioritising rapidly deteriorating patients through schemes like the lung allocation score, national urgent and super-urgent waiting lists, and institutional highlighting of deteriorating patients that do not meet other urgent criteria. LTx in PwCF is challenging due to colonisation of the respiratory tract with multi-drug resistant organisms, associated comorbidities such as diabetes, liver disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) and CF-specific technical difficulties (adhesions due to prior pneumothoraces or pleurodesis, or bronchial collaterals that increase surgical time). Hilar lymphadenopathy and bronchial collaterals may increase surgical time, organ ischemia time, intra and post-operative bleeding, and blood transfusions. Advances in immunosuppression, prophylactic anti-viral and anti-fungal therapies, early ambulation and rigorous physiotherapy, and meticulous postoperative follow up with spirometry, x-rays, and bronchoscopies to detect rejection at the early stage followed by its efficient treatment have helped to improve post-LTx survival in the CF patients. Constant development in the surgical field with adoption of off-pump transplantation, sternal sparing bilateral thoracotomy approach, and utilisation of mechanical circulatory assist as a bridge to transplant and as a support for primary graft failure strives for better outcomes. However, chronic lung allograft dysfunction, chronic refractory infections, malignancies, and CF associated comorbidities remain major determinants of post-LTx long term survival. Despite this, CF patients are often good candidates for re-do LTx with improving survival outcomes. In this chapter, we are compiling the different aspects of LTx in PwCF emphasising the advances in bridge to transplantation, the surgical approach, management of primary graft failure, and immunosuppression as well as complications post-transplant.",signatures:"Prashant N. Mohite, Kavita Dave, Anna Reed and André R. Simon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74734",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74734",authors:[{id:"286049",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",surname:"Mohite",slug:"prashant-mohite",fullName:"Prashant Mohite"},{id:"313411",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Reed",slug:"anna-reed",fullName:"Anna Reed"},{id:"301441",title:"Dr.",name:"André",surname:"Simon",slug:"andre-simon",fullName:"André Simon"},{id:"329517",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",surname:"Dave",slug:"kavita-dave",fullName:"Kavita Dave"}],corrections:null},{id:"72305",title:"Recent Advances in Targeted Genetic Medicines for Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92434",slug:"recent-advances-in-targeted-genetic-medicines-for-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:335,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene was discovered just over 30 years ago, and soon after, gene therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) has been rapidly and continually developing. Recently, novel gene therapy strategies have been developed, including mRNA delivery, genome editing, and mRNA repair; all these strategies are collectively named “genetic medicines.” The last quarter of the century showed a significant boost in the development of viral and nonviral vectors to deliver genetic treatment. This chapter will provide a brief overview of the CFTR gene and its different classes of mutations as well as a review of the different genetic therapeutic options that are under research. Later in this chapter, drugs that target different CFTR mutation classes and are currently approved to treat CF patients will be briefly presented.",signatures:"Salsabil Elboraie, Konstantinos N. Kafetzis, Rajeev Shrivastava and Aristides D. 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\r\n\tThis book is intended for professionals dealing with diagnostics and treatment of infertility and aims to provide comprehensive information on the current state of assisted reproductive technologies and their directions of development.
\r\n\tAssisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) is a key technology for treating infertility, which occurs in 10-15% of the general population in reproductive age. This has been one of the most tumultuously developing interdisciplinary technologies in medicine in recent decades. Thanks to in vitro methods, more than 5 million children were born in the whole world. For 40 years, the success rates of this treatment have increased many times, respectively in the first years from less than 10% to more than 50% in present days (in some groups of patients). The reason for this rapid increase is the introduction of new drugs and stimulation protocols, improvement of embryo culture media, and the use of new types of laboratory equipment that improve the conditions for embryo development. Last but not least, the introduction of modern genetic methods, as well as new gamete and tissue freezing techniques, has improved the methods' diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities.
Asthma is a serious childhood issue that still imposes an enormous burden on children, their families, and health care systems [1]. Currently, 339 million people worldwide suffer from asthma, and approximately 14% of children are affected [2]. In 2019, asthma caused 2.29% of total disability adjusted life years and 3.76% of years lived with disability in children with asthma aged 5–14 years worldwide [3]. Besides, pediatric asthma affects the parents through the loss of productivity at the workplace and family disruption [1, 4].
The Global Atlas of Asthma stated that asthma is one of the main causes of hospitalization in children [5]. Additionally, a recent study noted that children and adolescents with asthma had a higher number of outpatient and emergency department (ED) visits in comparison with non-asthmatic children [6]. The lack of asthma control can place severe limits on the daily life of children and is sometimes fatal. Treatment and effective management of asthma can save lives [7]. Patient education and self-management plans have been convincingly shown to reduce exacerbations requiring hospitalization [5]. Besides, a growing emphasis has been on involving families in health care and assessing their needs. Family education consists of the active involvement of the child and his or her parent in the process of chronic disease management and treatment [8, 9].
A recent systematic review examined the effectiveness of school- and community-based nurse-led educational interventions on asthma management for school-age children and their parents [10]. This literature review included eight studies published from 2014 to 2016, which is a limited sample. It reported that school- and community-based interventions led by nurses improved knowledge and skills related to asthma self-management in school-age children with asthma and their parents. Furthermore, Walter and colleagues systematically reviewed the effect of school-based family asthma education programs on QOL and asthma exacerbations in children with asthma aged 5–18 years. This review reported a limited number of randomized control trials (n = 6) published from 2004 to 2010. It revealed that school-based family asthma educational programs for children and their caregivers can have a positive effect on QOL and asthma management of children with asthma [11].
Numerous studies assessed the impact of family education on asthma major outcomes. The findings of these interventions were controversial. This study aimed to report results from recent studies on the effectiveness of family education on clinical outcomes in children with asthma.
This was a literature review of randomized and non-randomized controlled studies, which assessed the effectiveness of family asthma educational interventions on asthma outcomes. A regional Institutional Review Board approved the study under the approval number DEFMS 01/2018.
The data search was carried out using three electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Trip database. Data collection was conducted from January to December 2021. Studies identified in the references of the selected articles, and that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review (Figure 1).
The studies’ selection procedure. aRCT: Randomized controlled trials.
The keywords used were: asthma, child, adolescent, caregivers, quality of life, education, and disease management.
These terms were combined via the Boolean switch statement “AND” and “OR”, as following: (("Asthma"[Mesh]) AND "Child"[Mesh]) AND "Quality of Life"[Mesh]; ((("Asthma"[Mesh]) AND "Disease Management"[Mesh]) AND "Child"[Mesh]) AND "Caregivers"[Mesh]; (((("Asthma"[Mesh]) AND "Child"[Mesh]) AND "Adolescent"[Mesh]) AND "Education" [Subheading]; (((("Asthma/nursing"[Majr] OR "Asthma/rehabilitation"[Majr] OR "Asthma/therapy"[Majr])) AND ("Patient Education as Topic/education"[Majr] OR "Patient Education as Topic/methods"[Majr] OR "Patient Education as Topic/organization and administration"[Majr])) AND "Family"[Mesh] AND "Child"[Mesh].
Randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies published in English from 2010 to December 2021 were considered.
Studies were primarily selected based on the titles and abstracts. After the exclusion of duplicates, studies were assessed according to the established inclusion criteria. Included studies were quasi-experimental studies or randomized controlled trials conducted in children with asthma aged between 6 and 18 years and their parents, and published (or accepted for publication) in English from January 2010 to December 2021. Abstracts and research protocols were excluded.
For each study included in this literature review, the following variables were identified: country and year of publication, study design, study groups, follow-up assessment, intervention approach, intervention duration, number of sessions, duration of each session, theoretical framework (if applicable), and clinical outcomes and their measurement tools.
After removing duplicates, 81 articles were screened. Forty-two articles were removed since they were published before 2010. After the analysis of the full-text articles, 17 articles were excluded since they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, 22 articles were included in this literature review.
Table 1 shows that 9 studies were randomized controlled trials (RCT). The sample sizes of the reviewed studies ranged from 14 to 167 children with asthma, with a total of 1087 participants. The major target group of the educational interventions was asthmatic school-aged children and their families [13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Some studies included teachers [13], and asthma physicians [20]. Most of the educational sessions were conducted in groups. The duration of sessions varied between 30 and 120 minutes. The assessment time ranged from 2 weeks to 12 months.
The first author, year, country | Study design | Target population | Study groups | Follow-up assessment | Intervention approach | Intervention duration | Number of sessions | Duration of each session | Theory |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clark et al., 2010 [12], USA | RCT | Preteen students (5th to 8th grade) | Open airways at school (n = 468); open airways at school + peer asthma action (n = 416); control n = 408) | 12 months 24 months | School-based, group | 6 weeks | 6 | 60 min | NA |
McGhan et al., 2010 [13], Canada | RCT | Children aged 6–13 years (2nd to 5th grade), their parents, and teachers | The roaring adventures of puff (n = 104); usual care (n = 162) | 6 months 12 months | School-based, group | NA | 6 (children); 1 (parent/teacher) | 45–60 min (children) 2 h (parent/teacher) | The social cognitive theory |
Mosnaim et al., 2011 [14], USA | RCT | Youth (8–12 years) Teenagers (13–18 years) | FAN youth curriculum (n = 275), control (n = 69); FAN teen curriculum (n = 141), control (n = 51) | Posttest | School-based, group | 4 consecutive school days | 4 | 45 min | NA |
USA | RCT | Adolescents aged 14–16 years (9th to 10th grade), their medical providers | Asthma self-management for adolescents (n = 175); control (n = 170) | 6 months 12 months | School-based, group, and tailored individual | 8 weeks (group) 5 weeks (individual) | 3 (group) At least 1/week (individual) | 45–60 min | The social cognitive theory |
Celano et al., 2012 [15], USA | RCT | Children aged 8–13 years | Home-based family intervention (n = 23); enhanced treatment as usual (n = 20) | Posttest 6 months | Home-based, Individual | 4 months | 4–6 | NA | NA |
USA | RCT | Children aged 8–12 years | Modified open airways at school (n = 15); control (n = 17) | 3 weeks 6 weeks | School-based, Group | 3 weeks | 3 | 90 min | NA |
Canada | RCT | 1316 Children aged 6–9 years and their families | The roaring adventures of puff; control | 2 months 12 months | School-based, group | NA | 6 | 45–60 | The social cognitive theory |
USA | RCT | Children of 9th to 12th grade (mean age of 15.6) | Tailored web-based program (n = 204); generic asthma websites (n = 218) | 6 months 12 months | School-based, group | 6 months | 4 | 15–30 | Behavioral theories |
Payrovee et al., 2014 [16], Iran | Quasi-experimental | Children aged 7–11 years and their parents | Family empowerment intervention (n = 14); usual treatment (n = 16) | 2 weeks | Family-based, group | 4 weeks | 4 | 2 h | NA |
Fouda et al., 2015 [17], Egypt | Quasi-experimental | Children age 6–12 years and their parents | Family empowerment intervention (n = 23); usual care (n = 24) | 2 weeks | Family-based, group | 2 weeks | 2 | NA | NA |
Grover et al. [18], India | RCT | Children aged 7–12 years and their parents | Healthy breathing program (n = 24); usual care (n = 16) | 1 month 6 months | Individual parent-child pair | NA | 1 | 1 h | Pedagogical principles |
Arikan-Ayyildiz et al., 2016 [19], Turkey | RCT | Children age 6–12 years and their parents | Asthma education program (n = 26); usual care (n = 21) | 1 month 3 months | Group | NA | 1 | 1 h | NA |
Canino et al., 2016 [20], Puerto Rico | RCT | Children with a mean age of 8.3, their families, and asthma physician | CALMA-plus (child, parent, physician) (n = 167); CALMA (child, parent) (n = 164) | 6, 12, and 18 months | Home-based, individual | NA | 2 | NA | The social cognitive theory |
Yeh et al., 2016 [21], Taiwan | RCT | Children aged 6–12 years and their families | Asthma family empowerment program + self-management intervention (n = 34); self-management intervention (n = 31) | 3 months 1 year | Family-based | 16 weeks | 4 | 50 min | Freire’s empowerment theory |
Australia | RCT | Children aged 6–16 years | Electronic monitoring devices with reminder alarms (n = 47); electronic monitoring devices without reminder alarms (n = 42) | 3, 6, 9, and 12 months | Individual | NA | 1 | NA | NA |
Kashaninia et al., 2018 [22], Iran | Quasi-experimental | Children aged 6–12 years and their parents | Family empowerment intervention (n = 14); usual treatment (n = 16) | 2 weeks | Family-based, group | 4 weeks | 4 | 2 h | NA |
Mosenzadeh et al., 2018 [23], Iran | Quasi-experimental | Children aged 8–11 years and their parents | Self-care education (n = 35); usual treatment (n = 35) | 8 weeks | Family-based, group | NA | 4 | 45 min | NA |
USA | RCT | Children aged 8–14 years, their caregivers, and school nurses | Telemedicine asthma education intervention (n = 180); usual care (n = 183) | 3, and 6 months | School-based Individual (children) Group (caregivers and nurses) | 5–9 weeks | 5 (children) 2 (caregivers) 1 (nurses) | 30–45 min (children) 60–90 min (caregivers and nurses) | NA |
Netherlands | RCT | Adolescents aged 12–18 years | Interactive mobile health intervention (n = 87); usual care (n = 147) | 6 months | Mobile phone application Individual | 6 months | All-time during 6 months | All-time during 6 months | NA |
Montalbano et al., 2019 [24], Italy | RCT | Children aged 6–11 years and their families | Mobile phone application and multidisciplinary education (n = 25); mobile application (n = 25) | 1 month, 2, and 3 months | m-health program Group | 3 months | 3 | 30–60 min | NA |
Dardouri et al., 2020, 2021 [25, 26], Tunisia | RCT | Children aged 7–17 years and their parents | Family empowerment program (n = 34) Usual care education (n = 34) | 12 months | Family-centered care Group | 2 months | 4 | 60 min | Family empowerment model |
Description of the characteristics of family asthma educational interventions.
RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial; NA: not available.
The topics discussed in almost 90% of the educational sessions were asthma pathophysiology, triggers identification, symptoms recognition, effective response during exacerbations, asthma action plan, types of asthma medications and their correct use, and communication with care providers [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25].
Five interventions were conducted by the research team of the trial [16, 17, 18, 22, 25]. Other interventions were carried out by a multidisciplinary team [24], and certified educators of asthma [15, 20].
Table 2 shows the outcomes assessed in each study and their assessment tools. The Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Pediatric Asthma Caregiver Quality of Life Questionnaire were used to assess the QOL of children and their parents in all studies respectively. Different tools were used for symptoms control assessment. The Asthma Control Test (ACT) was commonly used.
First author, year, country | Child’s QOL | Parent’s QOL | Asthma symptom control | Lung function | ED visit/hospitalization | Adherence to treatment | Inhalation technique |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clark et al., 2010 [12], USA | Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) | Series of questions about the frequency of specific asthma symptoms in the past year during the day and at night | |||||
McGhan et al., 2010 [13], Canada | PAQLQ | Number of ED visits in past year | |||||
Mosnaim et al., 2011 [14], USA | The 8-item FAN Spacer Checklist | ||||||
USA | PAQLQ | Number of symptom days and nights awoken in the last 2 weeks | Number of acute medical and ED visits, hospitalization | ||||
Celano et al. 2012 [15], USA | Number of symptom days in last 2 weeks | Number of ED visits and hospitalizations in the past year | Metered dose inhaler checklist | ||||
USA | PAQLQ | Child Asthma Control Test | SpiroUSB portable spirometry machine | ||||
Canada | PAQLQ | Number of urgent visits | Checklist | ||||
USA | Number of symptom days and nights | Number of ED visits | |||||
Payrovee et al., 2014 [16], Iran | PAQLQ | ||||||
Fouda et al., 2015 [17], Egypt | PAQLQ | PACQLQ | |||||
Grover et al., 2015 [18], India | PACQL | Asthma Control Questionaire | Self-reported adherence | MD, Lupihaler and Rotahaler checklists | |||
Arikan-Ayyildiz et al., 2016 [19], Turkey | Asthma Control Test | Number of ED visits and hospitalizations | |||||
Canino et al., 2016 [20], Puerto Rico | Symptom days and nights | Number of ED visits and hospitalizations | |||||
Yeh et al., 2016 [21], Taiwan | Self-reported asthma symptoms | Portable Spirometer | |||||
Australia | Mini PAQLQ | Asthma Control Questionnaire | Spirometry test | Number of ED visits | Number of daily doses taken | ||
Kashaninia et al., 2018 [22], Iran | Asthma Control Test | ||||||
Mosenzadeh et al., 2018 [23], Iran | PAQLQ | ||||||
USA | PedsQL 3.0 PAQLQ | Symptom free days in past 2 weeks | Spirometry test | ||||
Netherlands | PAQLQ | Medication Adherence Report Scale | |||||
Montalbano et al., 2019 [24], Italy | PAQLQ | Asthma Control Test | Portable spirometer | Medication Adherence Report Scale | |||
Dardouri et al., 2020 [25], Tunisia | PAQLQ | PACQLQ | Spirometry test using ZAN 100 machine | ||||
Dardouri et al., 2021 [26], Tunisia | GINA guidelines | Number of ED visits and hospitalizations | Number of doses used weekly | Inhaler checklist |
Asthma outcomes and measurement tools used by the studies included in the systematic review.
ED: emergency department; PAQLQ: Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire.
As shown in Table 2, five studies assessed the QOL of children with asthma, and three studies assessed the QOL of parents. One RCT [25] and two quasi-experimental studies [16, 17] referred to family empowerment in school-age children with asthma and their parents. Improved QOL scores were observed after implementing family empowerment interventions in Tunisia, Egypt, and Iran. Furthermore, the “Healthy Breathing Program” implemented by Grover and colleagues in children with asthma aged 7–12 years and their parents in India led to a significant improvement in the QOL scores of parents at six-month follow-up in the intervention group (p < .001) [18]. Similarly, the self-care education program contributed to improved QOL scores of children in Iran [23]. Montalbano et al. conducted a therapeutic asthma education that combines a multidisciplinary education with a smartphone application in school-age children with asthma and their parents in Italy. The program contributed to higher scores of QOL in the intervention and the control group at the three-month follow-up (Intervention group, p = .014; Control group, p = .046) [24].
It was demonstrated that family education contributed to a significant decrease in asthma symptoms days and nights [15, 18, 20]. Indeed, family empowerment interventions were significantly effective in reducing asthma symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, and dyspnea (p < .0001) [21], and improving asthma symptom control in school-age children (p < .001) [22, 26, 27]. Besides, the m-Health program of Montalbano et al. was effective in improving the Child-Asthma Control Test scores (p = .0089) in the intervention group [24].
Two family empowerment interventions led to a significant improvement in pulmonary function parameters, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (p < .05) [21, 25]. Moreover, Montalbano et al. revealed that the m-health program combined with multidisciplinary education contributed to a better performance of forced expiratory maneuvers [24].
The
A medication education program for children and their parents contributed to an improvement in inhaler technique and self-reported adherence to the prescribed medication [18]. Besides, Celano et al. showed that, at follow-up, a greater proportion of children who received a home-based family intervention demonstrated adequate technique as compared to children in the usual care group (84%; 44%; p = .019 respectively) [15]. A recent RCT showed that a six-month family empowerment intervention improved inhalation techniques in children with asthma [26]. However, the same intervention was not effective in enhancing medication adherence.
The family, as the core of society, is responsible for providing adequate care for children. Besides, it should have correct information and perception of the child’s disease [28]. According to Piaget’s theory, school-aged children (7 to less than 12) gain the ability to solve concrete problems [25]. For that, they can manage and control asthma by themselves and with their parents’ supervision through education and support. The fact of being responsible for asthma management as a school-age child is a huge development, which provides strength and command over the disease. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) strictly emphasize educating asthmatic children, their parents, and health care professionals [1, 29]. Family education has a crucial role in empowering children and their families to effectively control and manage asthma. Evidence supported pediatric nurses to educate children with asthma and their families [8, 9]. The British guideline on asthma management suggested that family therapy may be a useful adjunct to medication use in children with asthma [30].
In this study, we reviewed the characteristics and the impact of family education on asthma outcomes. The reported asthma clinical outcomes were QOL, asthma symptom control, pulmonary function, ED use/hospitalization, medication adherence, and inhalation technique. This literature review revealed that home- and clinic-based family education was significantly effective in enhancing the QOL of children with asthma and their parents and asthma symptom control. Five family interventions improved pulmonary function, medication adherence, and inhalation technique [15, 18, 21, 24, 26]. One family education program reduced ED use [13].
Indeed, family interventions are needed to develop empowerment skills in families to take care of asthmatic children [21, 25]. The literature revealed that family empowerment education based on empowerment theories enhanced the QOL of children and parents, asthma symptom control, and pulmonary function in asthmatic children, as well as reduced parental stress [16, 17, 21, 22, 25]. Moreover, the use of predetermined open-ended communication, meaningful learning, art therapy, problem-solving, and goal setting principles was advantageous for better medication use, parent’s QOL, and asthma symptom control [18]. Besides, the multidisciplinary intervention that included a pediatrician, a pediatric pulmonologist, a pediatric psychologist, and two experts in the field of Information and Communication Technologies-based tools had a crucial role in improving the QOL of children, forced expiratory maneuvers, and asthma symptom control [24].
The synthesis of the literature demonstrated that it is beneficial to educate children and their parents about the different asthma aspects in group sessions at home, school, or in clinical settings. Asthma aspects can include asthma pathophysiology, triggers identification, symptoms recognition, effective response during exacerbations, asthma action plan, types of asthma medications and their correct use, and communication with care providers. The interventions must be age-appropriate, culture-tailored, and well-designed to satisfy the unmet health care needs of families of children with asthma. These data suggested that family interventions can promote the health of asthmatic children in diverse settings. Furthermore, this study revealed that family asthma educational interventions were widely and successfully implemented in lower- and upper-middle income countries, including Tunisia, India, Egypt, Iran, and Turkey [31].
This literature review presented several limitations. First, articles published in languages other than English were not considered. Second, only three databases were used for data search. Due to these facts, some of the relevant articles may not be included in this literature review. Besides, half of the studies included (11 of 22 studies) had small samples, which can limit the generalizability of the results. However, this literature review reported recent interventions in detail. The practice implication for pediatric nurses was noticeable and fitted the guidelines of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and the Global Initiative for Asthma.
Pediatric nurses have a crucial role in promoting family asthma interventions. They are well-positioned to empower families of children with asthma to achieve optimal asthma control. Through family interventions, pediatric nurses can build a strong connection and trusting relationship with children with asthma and their families. Such strategies can improve asthma control and reduce ED use [13, 21, 22]. In family interventions, pediatric nurses should provide families of asthmatic children with unmet health care needs, supportive communication, correct use of medication, and effective ways of exacerbation prevention. Family interventions supported the active involvement and collaboration of families in the asthma therapeutic regimen of their affected children.
Asthma education is a key component of asthma management. Well-established family interventions can promote the health of children and improve the QOL of parents, when conducted at home, school, or in a clinic. The current review added to existent literature that family asthma education was effective in improving major asthma outcomes, including QOL, asthma symptom control, pulmonary function, and inhalation technique. This type of intervention was highly recommended to be applied by pediatric nurses. Scant family interventions reduced ED use and enhanced medication adherence. Family intervention associated with innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence may help children and families to better adhere to their medication and manage asthma crises to reduce ED visits. New asthma research should assess the effectiveness of family education associated with artificial intelligence on medication adherence and ED visits.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Extreme weather conditions and changes in humidity rates significantly affect the concrete compressive strength development. Concrete as one of the substantial material used in residential buildings and infrastructures is subjected to a massive strength change under extreme weather conditions. For understanding, the different concrete’s behavioral aspects, various commercial cement types under different temperatures, and humidity rates are investigated in this chapter. The experiments are aimed to investigate the concrete strength development over time when the material is cast at lower to mild temperatures and different humidity index rates. Results show that reducing the curing temperature more than 15° could result in 20% reduction in total compressive strength, while decreasing humidity rates by 50% leads to less than 10% drop in ultimate strength. To understand the strength developing process, maturity tests are conducted. It is shown that concrete is not able to reach to the expected ultimate strength if the temperature is significantly low regardless of curing time. The effect of temperature change during the curing process is more tangible on strength development compared to cement type and humidity rate values.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Alireza Farzampour",authors:null},{id:"51720",doi:"10.5772/64574",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4840,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"51861",doi:"10.5772/64779",title:"Concretes with Photocatalytic Activity",slug:"concretes-with-photocatalytic-activity",totalDownloads:2832,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This chapter is a short review about the modified concretes with photocatalytic activity. In the beginning, the photocatalysis process is explained; the authors are focused on the mechanism of organic contamination and nitrogen oxide decomposition. Next the three main methods for concretes modification are presented: the first group is when the concrete is covered by thin layer of TiO2 materials, e.g., paints or TiO2 suspensions. The second group is the concretes with thick layer of photoactive concrete on the top. The third group constitutes concretes modified in mass with TiO2. The two main methods for photocatalytic activity of the modified concrete determination were shown: an air purification by a nitrogen oxide decomposition and the self-cleaning properties by dyes decomposition. Also in this chapter the mechanical properties of the modified concrete are presented. In the end, the examples of the buildings made of photocatalytic concretes are shown.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Magdalena Janus and Kamila Zając",authors:[{id:"180824",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}]},{id:"64801",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82489",title:"Bitumen and Its Modifier for Use in Pavement Engineering",slug:"bitumen-and-its-modifier-for-use-in-pavement-engineering",totalDownloads:1547,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter focuses on bitumen specifically. This chapter consists of several parts that can be mentioned, including the history of the appearance of bitumen and the types of constituent elements, as well as its mechanical properties and chemical structure and its thermal sensitivity. In all parts, the effects of bitumen on asphalt are discussed. In the following sections, the bitumen modification mechanism, polymer modifiers, and their behavior on the bitumen resistance to asphalt failures are also discussed. This chapter is very suitable for students and researchers interested in improving polymerization asphalt and bitumen and will help them to carry out research and concepts.",book:{id:"8412",slug:"sustainable-construction-and-building-materials",title:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials",fullTitle:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials"},signatures:"Mehrdad Honarmand, Javad Tanzadeh and Mohamad Beiranvand",authors:[{id:"268734",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mehrdad",middleName:null,surname:"Honarmand",slug:"mehrdad-honarmand",fullName:"Mehrdad Honarmand"},{id:"271251",title:"Prof.",name:"Javad",middleName:null,surname:"Tanzadeh",slug:"javad-tanzadeh",fullName:"Javad Tanzadeh"}]},{id:"64787",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82525",title:"A Decade of Research on Self-Healing Concrete",slug:"a-decade-of-research-on-self-healing-concrete",totalDownloads:1453,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The main findings of a decade of research on the design and development of the first self-healing concrete are summarized in this chapter. The autonomous healing concept is introduced, and plethora of design campaigns is enlisted. Healing agent encapsulation and agent tubes vascular networks are reported as the most efficient healing configurations for laboratory-scale and real-size applications, respectively. Crack formation, closure after healing and further damage are phenomena tracked by using advanced experimental monitoring methods and their performance is critically revised. The effect of self-healing technology on concrete mechanical response, durability and long-term response to damage are critically discussed. The study contributes to the open discussion in the scientific research community regarding self-healing concrete upscaling feasibility and finally it aims to contribute as a base for the future studies dealing with concrete design optimization.",book:{id:"8412",slug:"sustainable-construction-and-building-materials",title:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials",fullTitle:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials"},signatures:"Eleni Tsangouri",authors:[{id:"263163",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eleni",middleName:null,surname:"Tsangouri",slug:"eleni-tsangouri",fullName:"Eleni Tsangouri"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70605",title:"Designing a Tunnel",slug:"designing-a-tunnel",totalDownloads:2725,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Designing a tunnel is always a challenge. For shallow tunnels under cities due to the presence of buildings, bridges, important avenues, antiquities, etc. at the surface and other infrastructures in the vicinity of underground tunnels, parameters like vibrations and ground settlements must be tightly controlled. Urban tunnels are often made in soils with very low values of overburden. Risks of collapse and large deformations at the surface are high; thus negative impact on old buildings are likely to occur if appropriate measures are not taken in advance, when designing and constructing the tunnel. For deep tunnels with high overburden and low rock mass properties, squeezing conditions and excessive loads around the excavation can jeopardize the stability of the tunnel, leading to extensive collapse. The aim of the chapter is to give details on advance computational modelling and analytical methodologies, which can be used in order to design shallow and deep tunnels and to present real case studies from around the world, from very shallow tunnels in India with only 4.5 m overburden to a deep tunnel in Venezuela with extreme squeezing conditions under 1300 m overburden.",book:{id:"7690",slug:"tunnel-engineering-selected-topics",title:"Tunnel Engineering",fullTitle:"Tunnel Engineering - Selected Topics"},signatures:"Spiros Massinas",authors:[{id:"295762",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Massinas",slug:"spiros-massinas",fullName:"Spiros Massinas"}]},{id:"70990",title:"Engineering Geology and Tunnels",slug:"engineering-geology-and-tunnels",totalDownloads:1946,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Currently, knowledge and understanding of the role of geological material and its implication in tunnel design is reinforced with advances in site investigation methods, the development of geotechnical classification systems and the consequent quantification of rock masses. However, the contribution of engineering geological information in tunnelling cannot be simply presented solely by a rock mass classification value. What is presented in this chapter is that the first step is not to start performing numerous calculations but to define the potential failure mechanisms. After defining the failure mechanism that is most critical, selection of the suitable design parameters is undertaken. This is then followed by the analysis and performance of the temporary support system based on a more realistic model. The specific failure mechanism is controlled and contained by the support system. A tunnel engineer must early assess all the critical engineering geological characteristics of the rock mass and the relevant mode of failure, for the specific factors of influence, and then decide either he or she will rely on a rock mass classification value to characterise all the site-specific conditions. Experiences from the tunnel behaviour of rock masses in different geological environments in Alpine mountain ridges are presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"7690",slug:"tunnel-engineering-selected-topics",title:"Tunnel Engineering",fullTitle:"Tunnel Engineering - Selected Topics"},signatures:"Vassilis Marinos",authors:[{id:"298713",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassilis",middleName:null,surname:"Marinos",slug:"vassilis-marinos",fullName:"Vassilis Marinos"}]},{id:"51720",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4840,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"77899",title:"Review of Existing Methods for Evaluating Adhesive Bonds in Timber Products",slug:"review-of-existing-methods-for-evaluating-adhesive-bonds-in-timber-products",totalDownloads:227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Gluing is an integral part of the majority of production processes in the timber industry. The effectiveness of adhesive application, glue bond development and glue penetration into the wood structure is becoming more and more important as more structural glued timber products are used in construction and other applications. The continued increase in utilisation of mass timber products (MTPs) such as CLT, glulam and LVL in tall timber buildings requires an accurate and in-depth understanding of adhesive roles and their performance effectiveness during the life span of any of those products in relation to the type of loading applied, environmental effects (e.g. RH and temperature) and in-service condition of elements (e.g. exposure to major wet events and degradation from decay). This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of existing imaging and other visualisation methods used to assess the glue line properties and examine the performance of glue lines in relation to factors such as species, product type and environmental conditions during manufacture and in-service life.",book:{id:"10584",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",fullTitle:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction"},signatures:"Maryam Shirmohammadi and William Leggate",authors:[{id:"346973",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Shirmohammadi",slug:"maryam-shirmohammadi",fullName:"Maryam Shirmohammadi"},{id:"426650",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Leggate",slug:"william-leggate",fullName:"William Leggate"}]},{id:"78315",title:"Engineered Wood Products as a Sustainable Construction Material: A Review",slug:"engineered-wood-products-as-a-sustainable-construction-material-a-review",totalDownloads:395,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Engineered wood products are considered as best building materials due to environmentally friendly. Huge change to the way in which wood has been utilized in primary application of construction in the course of the most recent 25 years are in light of decreased admittance to high strength timber from growth forests, and the turn of events and creation of various new design of manufactured wood products. Engineered wood products are available in different variety of sizes and measurements like laminated veneer lumber, glued laminated timber, finger jointed lumber, oriental strand board etc. It is utilized for rooftop and floor sheathing, solid structure, beams and the hull of boats. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. 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His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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