\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5791",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'This monograph focuses on the level of management culture development in organizations attempting to disclose it not only with the help of theoretical insights but also by the approach based on employees and managers. Why was the term "management culture" that is rarely found in literature selected for the analysis? We are quite often faced with problems of terminology. Especially, it often happens in the translation from one language to another. While preparing this monograph, the authors had a number of questions on how to decouple the management culture from organization\'s culture and from organizational culture, how to separate management culture from managerial culture, etc. However, having analysed a variety of scientific research, it appeared that there is no need to break down the mentioned cultures because they still overlap. Therefore, it is impossible to completely separate the management culture from the formal or informal part of organizational culture. Management culture inevitably exists in every organization, only its level of development may vary.',isbn:"978-1-78923-009-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-008-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-244-7",doi:"10.5772/65483",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",numberOfPages:448,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a6be6376f37f454a42616dd3698b1966",bookSignature:"Pranas ?ukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitien?",publishedDate:"April 18th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5791.jpg",numberOfDownloads:37014,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:41,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:6,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:74,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 5th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 26th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 23rd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 23rd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 22nd 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Authored by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"196006",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranas",middleName:null,surname:"Žukauskas",slug:"pranas-zukauskas",fullName:"Pranas Žukauskas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196006/images/7756_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Habil. Dr. Pranas Žukauskas is a professor and habilitated doctor of social sciences. Since 2002, he has been the Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Management\nof Vytautas Magnus University, the Professor at the Department of Management and the member of the VMU Council and Senate. Pranas Žukauskas is the author and co-author of 4 monographs and has published more than 120 scientific articles. He has read over 25 papers in the national and international scientific conferences: in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, India, the USA and others.\nHe takes part in international scientific research projects and conducts applied research in Lithuania and abroad. Pranas Žukauskas is the editor-in-chief of the scientific journal Taikomoji Ekonomika: Sisteminiai Tyrimai (Applied Economics: Systemic Research), as well as a member of editorial boards of four scientific periodicals.\nHe has supervised 10 successfully defended doctoral dissertations. He has served as a chair, member and opponent of over 30 doctoral dissertation defence councils. He is a member of the Management Research Field Joint Doctoral Committee at Vytautas Magnus University, Mykolas Romeris University, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Klaipėda University and Šiauliai University. The author did internship in more than 20 universities in Western Europe and the USA, is the professor of Torun (Poland) Higher\nBanking School, is a member of the European Management Association Board, is a member of the European University Foundation “Campus Europae” business and budget committee and is a permanent expert of the Science Council of Lithuania, the Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education. He has been invited to perform inspections in the Government of the Republic of Lithuania and in the Ministry of Economy.\nHe teaches international marketing and other subjects.\nHis main research interests are international economic relations, international business, international marketing and human resource management.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179629/images/system/179629.jpg",biography:"Prof. dr. Jolita Vveinhardt – a chief researcher of the Vytautas Magnus University, a professor at the Management Department of the Faculty of Economics and Management at the Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania). The scientist is heading three scientific groups: 'Neuro-Relationships” (Lithuanian Sports University (LSU)), 'Managerial Solutions to Violence in Sport” (LSU), 'The Group of Interdisciplinary Research on Working Environment” (Vytautas Magnus University (VMU)). Jolita Vveinhardt is the author and co-author of three monographs, four scientific studies, one textbook, and five educational books. The scientist is the editor of three books published by InTech publishing house 'Congruence of Personal and Organizational Values” 2017, 'Organizational Culture” 2018, 'Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility” 2018). For the past several years she explores the phenomena of mobbing and nepotism, climate of the organisation and other aspects related to human resource management. She has published more than 200 scientific articles, 90 of which were published in peer reviewed journals of Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics) database and read more than 50 papers in national and international scientific conferences. She is a member of editorial boards of 14 scientific periodicals. Prof. Dr. Jolita Vveinhardt is a member of 15 associations and societies. She teaches the following subjects for Master’s degree programme students: Contemporary Organization Theories (VMU) and Novelties of Management Science (LSU). Her main research interests are destructive relationships among employees (mobbing, bullying, nepotism, favouritism, social loafing, social ostracism, organizational cynicism, cronyism, protectionism), business ethics, organizational culture, management culture, organizational climate, personal and organizational values, value congruence, corporate social responsibility, decision-making, neuromanagement, etc.",institutionString:"Vytautas Magnus University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"22",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Vytautas Magnus University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"196007",title:"Dr.",name:"Regina",middleName:null,surname:"Andriukaitienė",slug:"regina-andriukaitiene",fullName:"Regina Andriukaitienė",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196007/images/7755_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Regina Andriukaitienė is an associate professor, and since 2001, she has been a lecturer at the Business and Economics Department of Marijampolė College; since 2012, she has been a lecturer at the Sport Management, Economics and Sociology Department of Faculty of Sports Education at the Lithuanian Sports University.\nRegina Andriukaitienė is a co-author of an educational book; she has published 19 scientific articles. She has read more than 15 papers in national and international scientific conferences.\nShe takes part in the national scientific research project and conducts applied research in Lithuania. She teaches business management, human resource management, personnel management and service ethics subjects. Her main research interests include corporate social responsibility, management culture, business ethics and human resource management",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lithuanian Sports University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1342",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility"}],chapters:[{id:"58869",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Level of Management Culture Development When Aiming for Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70623",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-level-of-management-culture-development-when-aiming-for-implementation-of-c",totalDownloads:1129,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58869",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58869",authors:[{id:"196006",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranas",surname:"Žukauskas",slug:"pranas-zukauskas",fullName:"Pranas Žukauskas"},{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"},{id:"196007",title:"Dr.",name:"Regina",surname:"Andriukaitienė",slug:"regina-andriukaitiene",fullName:"Regina Andriukaitienė"}],corrections:null},{id:"58885",title:"The Theoretical Aspect of Management Culture as Part of Organizational Culture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70624",slug:"the-theoretical-aspect-of-management-culture-as-part-of-organizational-culture",totalDownloads:1854,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter introduces the theoretical concept of the management culture. The management culture is discussed as an integral element of organizational culture, which ensures a qualitative functionality of the processes within the organization and enables the changes in the organizational culture and the competitive advantage. Management culture is not identical to organizational culture, as it covers certain parts of formal and informal organizational culture. Management, educational, information, communication, standardization and regulatory, and other functions of the management culture and the categories comprising this phenomenon of the organization are distinguished.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58885",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58885",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58883",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility as the Organization’s Commitment against Stakeholders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70625",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-as-the-organization-s-commitment-against-stakeholders",totalDownloads:3136,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Depending on society culture, traditions, and era, understanding of companies’ social responsibility might vary. In this part, we distinguish definitions of companies’ social responsibility and discuss the roles of stakeholders. Relations between the stakeholders are discussed in the context of social capital development. We emphasize that commitment against the interested subjects can be a long-term company policy, dictated by values of an organization, rather than the strategy in the activity market. Often in the implementation practice of companies’ social responsibility, there can be attention focus on one or even several very significant activities, which indicated that the organization has not yet assimilated the valuable content of this idea and is developing its activity by ignoring a very important principle of inner maturity.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58883",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58883",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58889",title:"Regional Tendencies of Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70626",slug:"regional-tendencies-of-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:1012,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Based on the theoretical and empirical studies carried out in eight countries (Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, the Ukraine, and Denmark), tendencies of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the region are presented. Similarities and differences in training of managerial personnel, ethics of activities of organizations, fostering of corporate social responsibility in the government policy, corporate involvement and expectations, communication with stakeholders, and in other aspects are highlighted. In spite of the different tendencies of political and social development, corporate social responsibility formed in the countries of the region and some common problematic tendencies are highlighted.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58889",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58889",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58905",title:"Integrating Role of the Values in the Context of Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70627",slug:"integrating-role-of-the-values-in-the-context-of-management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibil",totalDownloads:1143,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter defines an integrating role of values in the context of the management culture and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Although similar types of organizational culture predominate in the countries with similar historical, cultural, social and economic characteristics, three levels of values are highlighted, the significance of their integration and management standards oriented towards values congruence is substantiated. The developed axiological prerequisites of corporate social responsibility for managerial changes and the conditions of the formation of the value basis based on the idea of congruence are presented.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58905",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58905",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70628",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:14112,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58890",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58890",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58894",title:"Research Ethics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70629",slug:"research-ethics",totalDownloads:3373,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Research ethics is closely related to the ethical principles of social responsibility. This research covers a wide context of working with people, so the researchers raised a task not only to gain confidence in the respondents’ eyes, to receive reliable data, but also to ensure the transparency of the science. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical topics of research, after evaluation of which ethical principles of organization and conducting the research are presented. There is a detailed description of how and what ethical principles were followed on the different stages of the research.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58894",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58894",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59034",title:"Structure of Research Design: Expert Evaluation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70630",slug:"structure-of-research-design-expert-evaluation",totalDownloads:1151,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the research design/plan. Methodological choice of quantitative and qualitative research is substantiated, and principles of design and verification of the research instrument are described. Individual stages of the research are presented in detail by describing their consistency in respect of the main objective. Statistical calculations to substantiate the reliability of the research instrument are presented and key aspects of the organization of research are described.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59034",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59034",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58900",title:"Exploratory Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70631",slug:"exploratory-research",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The exploratory research examined the reliability of the research instrument and suitability for further research. When organizing the testing of the instrument, 159 employees of one organization were interviewed, when the necessary sample size is 155 employees with 95% probability and 5% variance. The obtained high values of Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman-Brown coefficient indicate that the items of the scales of the management culture and social responsibility included in the instrument are closely interrelated. In addition, it was found that most correlation relationships of criteria of the management culture and social responsibility are also closely related, which shows the reliability of the instrument. On the one hand, the exploratory research revealed the specific problems of management culture and corporate social responsibility, and on the other hand, it showed that there is a reliable, direct, and strong relationship between the management culture and corporate social responsibility, and the designed instrument can be used for further research.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58900",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58900",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58874",title:"Corrections of Research Instrument",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70632",slug:"corrections-of-research-instrument",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The stages of formation of the research instrument and the corrections carried out after the expert evaluation, and the exploratory research are described. The purified research instrument consisting of two parts is presented. The part of the management culture of the questionnaire consists of four scales (culture of managerial staff, culture of organization of the management processes, management culture of working conditions, and culture of the documentation system); the part of the social responsibility of the questionnaire consists of two scales (behavior of the socially responsible organization and behavior of the socially responsible employee). At the start, the provision that the management culture and social responsibility are universal categories, including organizations in terms of size and classification of economic activities, is reasoned. The principles of evaluation of the level of management culture are introduced.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58874",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58874",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58895",title:"Theoretical-Hypothetical Model of Management Culture Level Determination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70633",slug:"theoretical-hypothetical-model-of-management-culture-level-determination",totalDownloads:943,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Management culture and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are not separate, but they are two complementary dimensions. This part introduces the theoretical model of evaluation of the level of management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility. It is constructed after the analysis of the concepts proposed by various authors, focusing on factors determining the effectiveness of implementation of corporate social responsibility, the quality of the relationship with stakeholders. The steps of the implementation in companies using internal and external resources are described. By offering a new conceptual model, it is emphasized that the management culture is a deliberately constructed and developed system that can have a significant impact on the quality of organizational performance, providing both an instrumental and an ethical framework for addressing corporate social responsibility objectives given a clear value decision of the majority of the company shareholders.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58895",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58895",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59031",title:"Methodological and Psychometric Characteristics of the Research Instrument: Retest",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70634",slug:"methodological-and-psychometric-characteristics-of-the-research-instrument-retest",totalDownloads:826,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes testing of the key research instrument, by identifying the individual steps, comprised of adaptation and testing of the questionnaire, by using statistical analysis. The selected sample of the research by surveying the employees of the groups of companies operating in Eastern Europe is not only minimal, but also sufficient (error is not greater than 1%), allowing to make sound conclusions of the research. After adaptation of the questionnaire for the larger and multilingual sample, high psychometric characteristics, which confirmed the reliability of the instrument and its suitability for the research, have been found. This shows that the developed questionnaire is appropriate, and it can also be used to measure management culture and corporate social responsibility not only in this research.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59031",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59031",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59023",title:"Sociodemographic Indicators: Employee Attitude",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70635",slug:"sociodemographic-indicators-employee-attitude",totalDownloads:846,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"By presenting the respondents’ sociodemographic data (age, sex, education, etc.) and based on them, multilayer sections of the management culture and corporate social responsibility are carried out. The results of the research show that both social and demographic indicators, as well as respondents’ positions in various companies have a significant impact on the evaluations of both the management culture and corporate social responsibility. In addition, the trends of evaluation of the respondents working in different divisions of companies were highlighted, related to the psychological climate and weak feedback in the management policy. This emphasizes especially the wide range of factors, which the companies implementing corporate social responsibility should pay attention to.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59023",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59023",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59024",title:"Determining the Level of Management Culture Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70636",slug:"determining-the-level-of-management-culture-development",totalDownloads:1032,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This part presents the detailed results obtained while determining the level of development of the management culture and presenting the respondents’ evaluations not only in respect of subscales but also in relation to individual items. It has highlighted significant limitations in managerial competence, as well as the differences in declaration of values and the application of the values in practice, especially in relationships with subordinates, with the emphasis on leadership, interpersonal relationships, communication, sharing of knowledge and responsibility. Competition of managerial staff could be positive while striving for the goals of the organization, but when it is focused on the subjective aspirations, it reduces cooperation and confidence of the employees and disturbs the functionality of the management processes. In addition, uncertainty in regulation of processes due to which the opportunities provided by information technology are underused has been revealed.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59024",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59024",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59035",title:"Determination of Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70637",slug:"determination-of-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:1108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This part describes the evaluation of corporate social responsibility according to such structural elements as behavior of a socially responsible organization and behavior of a socially responsible employee, splitting into smaller components in accordance with the criteria corporate social responsibility consists of. The chosen approach to the analysis of reactions of the employees of companies allows distinguishing the approach to corporate social responsibility in accordance with opinions of external stakeholders which are influenced by the communication strategies, often applied in the studies. This method of approach enables a more sensitive evaluation of the internal processes of the companies when carrying out the internal cuts in order to understand why the staff contributes or does not contribute to corporate social responsibility. This provides valuable knowledge on how to correct the strategy of the company.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59035",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59035",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59467",title:"Establishment of Expression of Management Culture as a Formal Part of the Organizational Culture, Aiming to Implement Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70680",slug:"establishment-of-expression-of-management-culture-as-a-formal-part-of-the-organizational-culture-aim",totalDownloads:915,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In order to establish the factors of occurrence of the management culture as a part of formal organizational culture, which have an influence on the implementation of corporate social responsibility, the survey of managerial staff of the companies was carried out. Corporate policy of formulation of strategic goals, visions, organizational structures, etc. as well as how corporate social responsibility is realised in practice was evaluated. Attention is drawn to the inconsistencies because of which corporate social responsibility, as a concept, is not fully realised in the corporate strategy, but only focused on individual goals. Therefore, there remains a wide untapped field of the managerial potential and the development of structure of the organization.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59467",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59467",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59027",title:"Statistical Verification of Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility Correlation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70638",slug:"statistical-verification-of-management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility-correlation",totalDownloads:827,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The links of management culture and corporate social responsibility in this part are verified and substantiated by statistical calculations. The connections were verified according to such categories as the culture of managerial staff, the culture of organisation of the management processes, the management culture of working conditions, the culture of documentation system, the behaviour of a socially responsible organisation and the behaviour of a socially responsible employee. The results of the research showed the different strength of the relationships of the management culture and corporate social responsibility, which may be significant when organising the changes in the management culture, oriented to the implementation of corporate social responsibility.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59027",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59027",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59022",title:"Management Solutions to Determine the Level of Management Culture Aiming to Implement Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70639",slug:"management-solutions-to-determine-the-level-of-management-culture-aiming-to-implement-corporate-soci",totalDownloads:808,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Based on the results of the research, this part describes the possible management solutions, divided into five conditional steps, each of which consists of solutions of the individual tasks. Three conditions are emphasized as the starting condition. First, it is the shareholders’ decisions, which turn into organization of goal-oriented processes on the following stages, by providing the necessary resources. Second, resulting from the first there is the evaluation (analysis) of the management culture of the organization, the results of which are enacted by organizing the changes. Third, the processes must be described in internal documents, and their control is associated with a continuous monitoring.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59022",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59022",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59021",title:"Summary and Discussion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70640",slug:"summary-and-discussion",totalDownloads:867,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59021",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59021",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6630",title:"Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f6cc315119ed59e44cce41a717d6316",slug:"social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6630.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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The success of the research depends on the suitability of the chosen model. For example, while single-celled organisms such as yeast are a convenient model for the study of basic eukaryotic cell functions such as cell cycle regulation, vesicular transport, protein folding, and DNA repair, simple invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans or Drosophila are regarded as good models in studies examining the coordinated functions of genes related to signal transmission or protein-protein interactions. Simple vertebrates (zebrafish, frogs, etc.) or mammals (rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, etc.) are used to establish human disease models or to explain their effects at the organism level. In addition, the use of experimental animals is quite common in experimental medicine research, especially in pharmaceutical developments and molecular pathway studies.
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So far, he has authored 65 journal papers, 5 book chapters, and 75 other publications. He worked as an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry from 2004 to 2009. He earned the title of Associate Professor of Biochemistry in the field of Health Sciences in 2009. Dr. Karapehlivan was appointed Professor in 2014.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Kükürt has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. 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He worked as an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry from 2004 to 2009. He earned the title of Associate Professor of Biochemistry in the field of Health Sciences in 2009. He was appointed Professor in 2014. He is currently working as a Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. 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During mycobacterial infection, its membrane components have the ability to induce polarization and interaction with this type of cell [4]. The cell wall of
Studies have demonstrated the ability of
The persistence of
Macrophages are specialized cell types present in most mammalian tissue. Recently, many studies have been highlighting the “general” and “tissue-specific” functions of macrophages, including their roles in systemic metabolism, fibrosis, development, cancer, and tissue homeostasis [27]. However, these cells are best known for their role in the innate immunity, which was first addressed by Ilya Metchnikoff in 1884 in his work describing the “phagocytes” [28]. Several subsets of macrophages were described in different pathological conditions and tissues of humans and mice based on their phenotype and biological functions [1, 29, 30, 31]. Despite their high plasticity, macrophages are classically described in two main functionally distinct phenotypes—classically activated or inflammatory macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated or healing macrophages (M2)—reflecting the T helper type (Th) 1 and Th2 response profiles [2, 3, 30].
In summary, M1 macrophages are induced by lipopolysaccharide and IFN-γ in a pro-inflammatory environment promoting a microbicidal and inflammatory phenotype, while polarization to M2 macrophages, induced in response to IL-4 (M2a), immune complexes (M2b) or IL-13 and IL-10 (M2c), is rather anti-inflammatory and associated with healing and tumor progression. In addition, granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) induce the differentiation of macrophages into, respectively, M1 and M2 phenotypes [2, 3, 32, 33]. Previously, it was demonstrated that macrophages differentiated with GM-CSF or M-CSF were able to phagocytose
In 2016, the protein jagged 1 (JAG1) was identified as a potential regulator of macrophage polarization in leprosy [35]. While unstimulated endothelial cells lead to M2 macrophage polarization, in the presence of IFN-γ, endothelial cells induce the differentiation to M1 macrophages. JAG1 is preferentially expressed in the vascular endothelium in skin lesions of paucibacillary tuberculoid patients, stimulating the differentiation of M1 antimicrobial macrophages by the IFN-γ-JAG1 axis [35].
Due to increased systemic pro-inflammatory mediators, a higher frequency of apoptosis was described in paucibacillary tuberculoid patients [36]. Curiously, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the presence of
Macrophage plasticity in tuberculoid skin cells. M1 phenotype prevails in tuberculoid cells. The pro-inflammatory cytokines present in the tissue may contribute to increased host cell apoptosis, and the removal of the apoptotic cells may contribute to changes in macrophage plasticity. M1 macrophages that uptake
Analysis of paucibacillary tuberculoid and reversal reaction (an acute inflammatory clinical condition associated with increased levels of IFN-γ in leprosy patients) patients’ skin lesions demonstrated that macrophage subtypes with microbicidal and homeostatic functions are spatially distributed in tuberculoid granulomas according to the specific microenvironments [38]. The center of the tuberculoid granulomas appears to be populated by pro-inflammatory CD68+ CD163− M1 macrophages, responsible for containing the infection, while the periphery is composed of anti-inflammatory CD68+ CD163+ M2 macrophages, tasked with limiting tissue damage caused by the M1 macrophage antimicrobial activity [39]. Accordingly, Montoya and colleagues [22] proposed two different macrophage functional programs for the polar clinical forms of leprosy. They suggested that in tuberculoid paucibacillary patients, IL-15 induces the vitamin D-mediated antimicrobial program in the macrophages, resulting in killing of the mycobacteria, while in multibacillary lepromatous patients, the higher levels of IL-10 would induce the phagocytic pathway by increasing the expression of CD209 and scavenger receptors as CD163 in the macrophage cell surface, resulting in phagocytosis of
Several studies demonstrated the predominance of M2 markers like CD68, CD209, CD163, SRA-I, HO-1, arginase-1, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, and basic fibroblast growth factor in multibacillary lepromatous patients’ skin lesion macrophages [16, 22, 37, 42, 43, 44]. In the same way, CD163, the hemoglobin (Hb) scavenger receptor, might contribute to the polarization of multibacillary lepromatous macrophages to an anti-inflammatory profile by increasing the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and IL-10, in addition to increasing the internalization of
Lepromatous leprosy macrophage iron metabolism. Skin lesion macrophages of lepromatous patients present high expression of M2 markers as CD163, a scavenger receptor that recognizes hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complex and was previously implied in
A different subset of macrophages, known as M4, was described in skin lesions from lepromatous patients. M4 macrophages in lepromatous skin lesions were described as CD68-positive cells that express myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7 [48]. This particular subset of macrophages is differentiated with the platelet chemokine CXCL4 and is mostly related to the formation of foamy cells present on atherosclerotic lesions due to increased expression of LDL receptors. Macrophages differentiated with this chemokine present a functionally distinct phenotype characterized by increased expression of CD206, CD68, IL-6, TNF, MRP8, MMP7, and MMP12, suppressed phagocytic capacity, and the complete lack of CD163 accompanied by the inability to induce HO-1 in response to Hb-Hp complexes, which is irreversible even after removal of CXCL4 and stimulation with M-CSF or IL-10 [32, 48, 49]. Expression of IL-6 and TNF, cytokines associated with the promotion of microbicidal M1 macrophages responses, was increased on skin lesions of paucibacillary tuberculoid patients [48]. Additionally, in vitro exposure to
One of the most crucial steps in a human innate immune response is how the host cells recognize a microbial pathogen. The TLR family has a vital role in the mycobacterial recognition and subsequently induction of antimicrobial defenses and adaptive immune response [51]. Recognition of
The activation of PRR can induce the antimicrobial autophagy pathway, a biological process regulated by multiple specialized proteins known as autophagy-related proteins (ATG), and can be started in response to various cellular stresses and signals such as nutrient withdrawal, growth factor deprivation, and cytokine stimulation and also by pathogen infection [47]. In addition to the role of autophagy in the elimination of potentially toxic protein aggregates and in the prevention of neurodegeneration [56], autophagy plays a key role in the host’s response to mycobacterial infection, because it is able to reverse the blockade of phagosome maturation, inhibiting the intracellular survival of the pathogen [57]. It has been shown that autophagy is an important innate mechanism associated with leprosy immunopathogenesis [58]. Recently, it was demonstrated that autophagy enhances the ability of
As mentioned earlier, the paucibacillary tuberculoid skin macrophages activate the vitamin D pathway and produce antimicrobial peptides that could be involved in autophagy induction. In addition, Silva and colleagues [58] demonstrated that autophagy is differentially regulated between leprosy polar forms. In paucibacillary tuberculoid skin lesion macrophages, IFN-γ/beclin 1-induced autophagy contributes for
Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding cytosolic lectins that monitors endosomal and lysosomal integrity. These danger receptors can detect bacterial invasion by detecting unusual exposure of glycans to the cytosol and activate antibacterial autophagy [66, 67, 68]. Immunohistochemistry analysis of leprosy lesions revealed a higher expression of galectin-3 protein on lepromatous macrophages than tuberculoid cells. The increased galectin-3 expression in lepromatous cells was associated with the reduction of dendritic cell differentiation and T-cell antigen presentation [69]. Interestingly, galectin-3 was associated with both bacterial control and survival, as well as autophagy activation and inhibition [66, 68], whereas galectin-8 was related to antibacterial autophagy activation [67, 68]. The underlying cellular mechanisms of target
Targeting
Although the innate activation of macrophages orchestrates antimicrobial responses that contribute to host defense against intracellular pathogens such as
Leprosy remains a major global problem. Early detection of cases and immediate treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT) remain the main intervention strategies [70]. Despite the effectiveness of MDT in controlling the polar forms of the disease, limitations in terms of persistent activity in paucibacillary patients, in combination with the persistence of live and/or dead bacilli in multibacillary patients, have been observed, which has repercussions on the frequency of relapses and reactional episodes after treatment [71, 72]. Recent studies have demonstrated that autophagy is an important molecular mechanism for controlling the viability of mycobacteria in the host cell and of the bacillary load in patients with leprosy [58, 59, 60]. Autophagy can be induced by oxidative stress or by an infectious agent and is closely associated with the immune response and host defense [73, 74]. In addition to its homeostatic role, the autophagic degradation pathway is involved in several human diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases. Given these observations, pharmacological approaches to regulate positively or negatively this pathway are receiving considerable attention. For example, positive regulation of autophagy may be of therapeutic benefit in certain neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Huntington’s disease), while inhibition of autophagy is being investigated as a strategy for treatment of some cancers [75, 76]. The molecular regulators interconnecting autophagy and apoptosis, including BCL2, BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), and beclin 1, have been suggested to act as switching points that are critical for the outcome of tumor cells, and lysosomes have been reported to initiate the cell death pathway in autophagic cells [77, 78]. Regarding leprosy, it was observed that in skin cells of patients with the lepromatous form of the disease there is a blockade of the autophagic flux that can be attributed to the increased expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2, which inhibits autophagy mediated by beclin 1 [58]. Blockade of the autophagic machinery in lepromatous cells may contribute to the persistence of mycobacteria in host cells. Genetic studies on leprosy have shown that several polymorphisms in genes associated with the control of autophagic pathways such as IFN, immunity-related GTPase family M protein (IRGM), NOD, and TLR play a prominent role in susceptibility to the disease, thus demonstrating the importance of understanding, inducing, and controlling this biological process in leprosy [79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85].
When the initial studies aiming at induction of autophagy were conducted, the only known drug capable of inducing autophagy chronically was rapamycin. However, the adverse effects of rapamycin (which were not associated with the induction of autophagy) made this drug unattractive to use. Several drugs and nutritional supplements can induce autophagy, such as verapamil, statins, metformin, resveratrol, vitamin D, and omega 3 [86]. Although it is not known whether these agents exert their beneficial clinical effects through the induction of autophagy or other pathways, there is a considerable overlap between diseases occurring in an environment of poor autophagy and diseases that respond to drugs that may induce autophagy. With regard to infectious diseases, there are limited data on the usefulness of autophagy-inducing pharmaceutical agents as potential therapeutics against human pathogens. Drug screening studies that aim to identify molecules with pro-autophagic effects have been performed, and promising results demonstrated a pro-autophagic effect of drugs capable of inhibiting the growth of
Activation of autophagy by verapamil has been demonstrated by several groups. Initial studies evaluating the effect of verapamil and its analogs on macrophages infected with
Together, these data show the importance of autophagy in the pathogenesis of leprosy, contributing to a better understanding of the mechanisms of mycobacterial control associated with the lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy poles, which may lead to the establishment of new targets and therapeutic strategies to control leprosy. Moreover, the identification of autophagy as an important factor during the establishment of resistant and susceptible forms of the disease opens the door for the development of new therapeutic strategies of disease control through the modulation of autophagy.
Considering the aspects observed during the course of this chapter, macrophages have a crucial role in inducing the immune response to
The authors of this chapter have research support from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), and the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
None.
In recent years, the set of technologies encompassed under the name of the Internet of Things has experienced its greatest evolution and is currently approaching the slope of enlightenment of the hype cycle according to Gartner [1]. It has been applied in numerous areas, notably changing and improving the way in which different tasks and activities, both business and personal, are approached in daily life. Devices such as home assistants, home automation devices, and activity monitors are used more and more widely, providing information and functionalities that can be used quickly and easily.
One of the fields where there is more expectation about the application of this set of technologies is that related to healthcare and telehealth. Currently, there are several problems inherent in the health field that can be addressed thanks to the remote communication offered by the IoT. Advances in telehealth allow medical consultations and follow-up of patients in remote and isolated places, or with the limited mobility [2]. On the other hand, they enable the interconnection between health centers and remote systems that monitor elderly or disabled people who live alone or spend part of the time without company at all times, controlling vital signs or possible events such as falls that could endanger their lives [3].
Likewise, health services can be improved and optimized when health centers are provided with the capacity to integrate and interconnect devices that collect biomedical information with electronic health records [4]. Diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in recovery from illnesses can be benefited in many cases by the continuous collection of these data [5], which complements the information obtained with specific observations that the medical professional can make during consultations, often limited in time. In addition, the data collected are a valuable source of information that can be used by Big Data and Artificial Intelligence applications to make new discoveries.
Although the advantages of these technologies applied to healthcare are clearly beneficial in many areas, there are also many aspects that make their implementation a challenging task. Due to the sensitive nature of the information, the technologies that must be implemented are those with characteristics that allow compliance with data privacy and security policies and standards [6]. On the other hand, they require health systems to have an appropriate infrastructure to accommodate these new technologies, as well as the adaptation of their protocols [7]. The training of health technicians, professionals, and patients to adapt them to these new systems is another relevant factor, and one that is related to usability and user experience [8].
Our purpose with this work is to analyze the evolution of IoT applied to healthcare and telehealth in recent years, the trends in application and what challenges currently exist. To address this objective, we will analyze the most relevant works in the recent years to draw conclusions about the global evolution of these technologies, check in more detail the problems they face, and identify whether there are standards, norms, or common complementary technologies to give a solution.
The rest of the article is divided as follows: In section two, the methodology of collection and analysis carried out are presented, detailing the aspects and characteristics on which we focus, in section three the results obtained are presented, and finally, the last section presents the conclusions.
The criteria established for the inclusion of studies in the analysis were that they had to be published in journals that appeared in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) or in conferences included in prestigious journal editorials and digital libraries. The search engine used for the search engine was Google Scholar. The search was limited considering articles published in the last 5 completed years, that is, from January 2017 to December 2021 inclusive. The queries created to be used in the search engine consisted of the combinations of the term “IoT” with “healthcare,” “ehealth,” and “telehealth.” The search for these terms was established to be carried out on the full text of each work, not only on the title and abstract. Since the purpose is to collect current advances and trends, we exclude from the analysis those articles with a scoping review nature. Similarly, we exclude studies that were written in a language other than English.
Regarding the results obtained after carrying out the search, the first three hundred were taken for each year in order of relevance, and one hundred for each of the three keywords considered in combination with “IoT,” that is, “healthcare,” “telehealth,” and “ehealth.” It was established to do a sequential filtering on the set, checking on each result that it meets each of the established inclusion requirements; otherwise, it will be discarded from the final set of results to be considered in the analysis. In the first place, the character of a high-impact journal paper or publication presented at a conference contemplated in prestigious digital libraries was verified, for which those results that were books or book chapters were also discarded. Next, the discarding of articles that were not written in English was applied. We considered that, to have a meaningful sample of current trends, a sample of 25 results would be taken for each combination of keyword and year. The most cited articles were used as a selection criterion. On this sample, studies consisting of bibliographic reviews were discarded. This last-filtering process was carried out firstly by analyzing the title of each publication and secondly by analyzing the abstract. Additionally, it was observed whether any study was replicated in the set or belonged to the same authors and the purpose was the same, in which case the study with the latest publication date was discarded.
For the initial purpose of filtering, basic information about these works was collected, specifically the title of the article, abstract, authors, access link to the publication, the number of citations, and character of the document according to Google Scholar. All the analyses of the information and filtering process were carried out jointly by the authors and verified between them.
Once the filtering process was carried out, the next step was to extract the relevant information for the analysis of the current situation, limitations, challenges, solutions, and current trends of IoT applied to healthcare and telemedicine. Mainly, we focus on extracting the most used communication technologies to provide solutions or address current problems in this area of research. Other relevant characteristics extracted were the scope of application from the point of view of what aspect of healthcare is intended to address or what characteristics of the infrastructure are intended to be addressed in the study. Related to the field, we also extract information on the technological aspects of the solution provided. Additionally, the country of the institution that supports each investigation was taken, in order to identify those countries that have the greatest impact worldwide in IoT for ehealth and telehealth fields.
After the filtering process, 186 [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194] results were obtained, 69 with healthcare and another 69 with ehealth. The article analysis screening process resulted in a greater elimination of works related to telehealth, obtaining 48 results. This is mainly associated with the fact that after analyzing the title and abstract, it was detected that several articles did not fit in the field of healthcare using IoT. However, the cause of the greatest impact on the screening of results was the nature of the scoping review of several studies. Around eight publications per keyword and year on average were removed for this reason. Analyzing by year, the appearance of reviews was greater in the most recent years, discarding approximately 35 of 75 results of the year 2021. This reveals the progress of previous years and the current trend in analyzing the actual scope of IoT and limitations, which is consistent with the status of this area on hype-cycle curve.
Figure 1 illustrates the percentage of publications according to the country of the institution of the corresponding author. In those cases in which the corresponding author was not reflected, the institution of the main author was taken as reference. The graph shows that the institutions with the greatest impact in recent years are India (19.3%) and China (13.4%). The rest of Asian countries (including those located in the Persian Gulf and Russia) contribute 25.8% to this statistic. Approximately 21% corresponds to institutions in European countries, approximately 6% to entities in Africa (mainly Egypt and Tunisia), and 4% to countries in Central and South America. The United States and Canada add 7.5% and Australia and New Zealand approximately 4.8%.
Publications with more impact per country (N = 186).
With the term “scope,” we refer to the topics on which each study focuses on contributing to the area of IoT systems applied to ehealth and telemedicine. After the analysis, we have found studies whose scope is related to the provision of a health service, proposing models, system designs, and/or implementations of a complete system or a component of an IoT system. On the other hand, scopes focused on improving some characteristic of IoT systems that are relevant when applied to healthcare have also been identified.
Figure 2 illustrates the scopes in the analysis. It can be seen that the majority of studies focus on providing solutions for the field of monitoring. The reader should know that a division has been made in this scope, distinguishing between studies that explicitly indicated or from which the character of real-time monitoring could be clearly inferred. The total number of studies that fit this domain was 83. These data show that the main purpose of the application of IoT to healthcare is to monitor patients, ubiquitously or integrated into rooms, for better control of vital signs or physiological parameters. This result is consistent with the main use for which IoT systems are used. Continuing with the analysis focused on areas of application, the next most common are those related to diagnosis. The creation of models that help the medical professional to give a diagnosis stands out mainly Machine Learning models that can be integrated into the system, sometimes complemented with architectures equipped with resources to apply Fog computing, as well as with the decentralization of processing with computing at the edge, trend that is currently increasing with the optimization of hardware and AI frameworks for model integration and consumption reduction [195]. Additionally, the applications are not restricted to the field of healthcare in the personal context, but also in the workplace [196]. To a lesser extent, we also find the use of IoT to facilitate the remote diagnosis of the patient. This last result may be related to the existing limitations to provide appropriate resources to remote centers or isolated areas that allow establishing reliable connections with sufficient transmission quality. The least relevant areas currently are self-care and remote rehabilitation. The first of these two areas mentioned was the one that had the greatest impact at the beginning of the use of IoT for healthcare, currently being on the slope of enlightenment or plateau of productivity in the hype-cycle curve. The low frequency of appearance of rehabilitation as a field of study may be due to the difficulty in carrying out rehabilitation tasks remotely.
Scope of the studies considered in the analysis.
Focusing on areas related to the improvement of system features, studies focused on maintaining the security of the IoT system are more frequent, that is, on avoiding transmission failures, network hacks, or data corruption. Additionally, we find studies focused on providing encryption protocols to ensure the authenticity and privacy of the patient. These last two scopes are often intrinsically related to system security. These results reveal the great challenges that exist in the integration of IoT systems in the Electronic Health Records of health systems: to be able to relate the data to the patient without compromising their privacy, as well as to manage the enormous amount of information collected avoiding losses, falsification information, and other security breaches. Very close in relevance we find the improvement of the performance of the system, that is, looking for better response times in the transmission and processing of information. Again, it is a challenging topic, especially in combination with equipping the system with authentication, privacy, and security protocols, which slows down IoT systems, which must be addressed for this type of system to be useful in terms of practicality.
In the results, we also observe that the studies related to the study of interoperability and the analysis of usability, user experience, and degree of acceptance have very little impact. These types of studies are not frequent, and yet, they address determining aspects in the adequacy of IoT systems to the health environment; its correct application depends on the fact that the implemented system is practical and perceived as useful. The little research on these issues may be the greatest limitation of these systems in the future.
Figure 3 shows the trend of these areas in the years considered for the analysis. Although a drop in the number of papers is perceived in 2021, this may be due to the fact that there has not yet been a stabilization in the number of citations on studies that contribute novelties to the field of research. Both graphs show how in recent years there has been a decrease in the impact of research aimed at providing solutions with IoT systems, and instead, there has been an increase in interest in research that focuses on improving some characteristics of the system architecture, mainly in security and privacy. This result again reveals indications of the situation of these systems in the hype-cycle curve, seeing reduced interest in deepen for new applications and consolidating their use by focusing on the greatest limitations that this set of technologies has, that is, aspects of security, privacy, and performance.
Scope trends. At top, classification grouped by year analyzed in the study. At left, scopes related to the system’s application approach. On the right, scopes focused on improving the characteristics of the IoT system.
Paying attention to communication technologies, the charts in Figure 4 reveal a varied set of alternatives. In these graphs, only those studies that have used and revealed the technologies applied in the implementation of IoT systems are taken into consideration. As a result, 87 articles were considered. The charts highlight the use of Bluetooth technology, in both its older versions and BLE, and Wi-Fi. Despite being a technology adapted to IoT, the use of LoRa is not frequent. GSM and GPRS technologies continue to be used, mainly because they have a greater network infrastructure for these technologies and because they are more in line with the user profile that these systems are aimed at, mainly older people or those who are not familiar with new technologies.
Most common communication technologies in studies that carry out an implementation of an IoT system (N = 87). Top-right chart considers only those studies whose sensing acquisition devices are wearable (N = 36).
Among the studies that reveal the communication technologies used, only 36 focus on the use of systems with exclusively wearable devices for data acquisition. In these studies, a lower use of MQTT is revealed in favor of the use of technologies such as Zigbee. Wi-Fi technology is still the most frequently used; however, there is a remarkable decrease.
The most frequent technologies identified in the analyzed studies include Machine Learning and Deep Learning for the fields of monitoring and diagnostic support. In the fields of security, privacy, and authentication, the use of Blockchain stands out. On the other hand, Fog computing and edge computing are the technologies for which the greatest interest is shown in the field of performance improvement. This is one of the most current trends, driven by systems equipped with more specialized hardware processing units [197].
The results obtained from the analysis of impact studies in recent years regarding IoT in healthcare show that Asian and Middle Eastern countries contribute to this area to a greater extent, especially India and China. With regard to the areas with the greatest impact today, we find the application to monitoring as the greatest representative. However, this type of study has reduced its relevance in recent years and instead has grown interest in the integration of security, privacy, and authentication measures to IoT systems, which gives indications of the stabilization of IoT technologies, and there is a tendency to investigate the improvement of the most important weaknesses. Infrequent and low-impact study topics are the analysis of the perceived usefulness of these systems, as well as interoperability, which may imply limitations and obstacles in the future in the implementation and use of these systems. The most used communication technologies are Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, with a smaller representation of technologies such as LoRa, Zigbee, and mobile data transfer technologies. The design and implementation of systems exclusively equipped with wearable acquisition devices is reduced. Machine Learning, Blockchain as well as edge and fog computing are the most trending technologies.
This work has been supported by “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional” (FEDER) and “Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad” of the Junta de Andalucía, under Programa Operativo FEDER 2014-2020 (Project US-1263715).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1669,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",abstract:"Universities are the main actors that deliver community service in Ethiopia. Community service is among the three pillars of the university’s business along with teaching and research tasks. Employing a qualitative case study design, this research inspects the practices of community services against the ascribed principles and identifes the pitfalls of community service in Debre Markos University. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data were collected through key informants interviews, semistructured interviews, and non-participant observation. Thirteen participants, five through key informant interview and eight through a semistructured interview were addressed. Participants were purposively selected from both the university and the nearby community. Lecturers, vice-presidents, and directors have participated in the interview. Articles, books, different reports, newspapers, and magazines were reviewed and used as sources of secondary data. Thematic data analysis technique was employed to analyze the primary data, and document analysis was used to analyze the data gained from secondary sources. The results show that, though community service is rendered since 2006 at Debre Markos University, there are still limitations in adhering to the principles of community service. These include shortage of budget, low level of University-Industry Linkage (UIL), less commitment of the staff, and the low level of monitoring and evaluation.",book:{id:"11602",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg"},signatures:"Adane Mengist"},{id:"83053",title:"Apologies in L2 French in Canadian Context",slug:"apologies-in-l2-french-in-canadian-context",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106557",abstract:"This article presents the results of an analysis of apology strategies in native and non-native French in Canadian context. The data used were obtained through a Discourse Completion Task questionnaire that was completed by a group of native French speakers (FL1) and a group of learners of French as a second language (FL2). The goal was to identify and compare pragmatic and linguistic choices made by both groups when apologizing in three different situations. Several differences and similarities emerged between the two groups regarding the use of exclamations to introduce apologies, direct apologies, indirect apologies, and supportive acts. For instance, it was found that the FL1 speakers used “expressions of regret”, “offers of apology” 15 and “requests for forgiveness” to apologize directly, while the FL2 speaking informants used 16 only “expressions of regret” and “offers of apology”. While the respondents of both groups 17 mostly chose “offers of repair” to apologize indirectly, they displayed divergent preferences 18 regarding the use of other indirect apology strategies. Differences were also documented 19 with respect to the use of intensification devices in direct apologies and the use of supportive acts. Implications of the findings for L2 French pedagogy were also discussed.",book:{id:"11480",title:"Second Language Acquisition - Learning Theories and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11480.jpg"},signatures:"Bernard Mulo Farenkia"},{id:"83049",title:"An Ethnographic Study on Sense of a Community: The “Awramba” Experience",slug:"an-ethnographic-study-on-sense-of-a-community-the-awramba-experience",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105953",abstract:"The study was conducted on “Awramba” Community who are living in “Amhara” region, south “Gondor” Zone, Ethiopia. The general objective of this study was to capture an understanding of sense of community in “Awramba” community. The study tried to answer the following questions: How the community was established? What are the criteria to be part of the community? What are the shared values of social practice that has survived for the test of time? What is the historical background of the “Awramba” Community? The researcher used realist ethnography method to achieve the above objective and to answer the questions. In-depth interview and observational guide techniques were applied to collect reliable data for the study. The observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed qualitatively. The study showed the following themes: Membership criteria of the community are based on adhering to the community norm. They have a strong sense of community based on shared story, cooperative work, marriage and mourning values, religious view, gender equality, commitment to be honest, and solving their problem by themselves. The emotional connection of the “Awramba” community is strengthened by their common celebration of the yearly anniversary of New Year and scheduled meeting.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Nassir-Maru Yesuf"},{id:"83027",title:"Coping Strategies and Meta-Worry in Adolescents’ Adjustment during COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"coping-strategies-and-meta-worry-in-adolescents-adjustment-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106258",abstract:"With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several limitations and stressful changes have been introduced in adolescent’s daily life. Particularly, Italian teenagers were the first among western populations to experience fears of infection, home confinement, and social restrictions due to a long lockdown period (10 weeks). This study explores the role of coping strategies (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance coping) and meta-beliefs about worry as vulnerability factors associated with adolescents’ anxiety. A community sample of adolescents (N = 284, aged 16–18 y.o.) answered questionnaires assessing anxiety symptoms (RCMAS-2), meta-cognitive beliefs and processes about worry (MCQ-C), and coping strategies (CISS). Results show that 37% of participants report clinically elevated anxiety. Emotion-centered coping predicted higher anxiety, whereas task-centered coping resulted associated with decreased anxiety. Cognitive monitoring about their own worry contributes, but to a lesser extent, to higher levels of anxiety. The implications for the intervention are discussed, especially the need to enhance the coping skills of adolescents and mitigate the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could last for a long time.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto, Ilenia Schipilliti and Massimo Ingrassia"},{id:"83023",title:"Gestational Tryptophan Fluctuation Underlying Ontogenetic Origin of Neuropsychiatric Disorders",slug:"gestational-tryptophan-fluctuation-underlying-ontogenetic-origin-of-neuropsychiatric-disorders",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106421",abstract:"Neuropsychiatry underlies personality development and social functioning. Borderline personality disorder exhibits high trait aggression and is associated with tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphisms. The acute tryptophan depletion reduces plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan availability and brain serotonin concentrations, leading to alterations in personality and trait-related behaviors. Tryptophan is essential for fatal neurodevelopment and immunomodulation in pregnancy. Gestational tryptophan fluctuation induced by maternal metabolic disorders or drug administrations may account for the maternal-fetal transmission determining neurogenesis and microbial development, consequentially shaping the long-standing patterns of thinking and behavior. However, it is not possible to assess the gestational tryptophan exposure effects on fetal brain and gastrointestinal system in humans for ethical reasons. The maternal–fetal microbe transmission in rodents during gestation, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding is inevitable. Chicken embryo may be an alternative and evidence from the chicken embryo model reveals that gestational tryptophan fluctuation, i.e., exposed to excessive tryptophan or its metabolite, serotonin, attenuates aggressiveness and affects peer sociometric status. This chapter discusses the gestational tryptophan fluctuation as a risk factor of personality disorders in offspring and the prevention of personality disorders by dietary tryptophan control and medication therapy management during pregnancy.",book:{id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg"},signatures:"Xiaohong Huang, Xiaohua Li and Heng-Wei Cheng"},{id:"83014",title:"Culture: A Pillar of Organizational Sustainability",slug:"culture-a-pillar-of-organizational-sustainability",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106523",abstract:"Sustainability is a concern that permeates all levels of society and is premised on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. More recently, policies and research have emerged that guide organizations to align their activities with the broader sustainable development agendas, including cultural issues, not just economic, social, and environmental ones. Culture is the material and immaterial attribute of society. It incorporates social organizations, literature, religion, myths, beliefs, behaviors and entrepreneurial practices of the productive segment, use of technology, and expressive art forms on which future generations depend. Thus, cultural sustainability is a fundamental issue and is configured as the fourth pillar of sustainability, equal to social, economic, and environmental issues, which has to do with the ability to sustain or continue with cultural beliefs and practices, preserve cultural heritage as its entity, and try to answer whether any culture will exist in the future. The importance of cultural sustainability lies in its power to influence people. Their beliefs are in the decisions made by society. Thus, there can be no sustainable development without including culture.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Clea Beatriz Macagnan and Rosane Maria Seibert"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:282},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. 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