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1. Introduction
Greater than 65% of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) die as a result of cardiovascular disease with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia being important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases [1]. Studies have shown that glucose control results in reduction in risk of microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus [2]. The relationship between hyperglycemia and macrovascular complications, however, is not as evident even though subjects with T2DM are two to four times more prone to develop cardiovascular pathology than nondiabetic subjects [3, 4]. Hyperglycemia is a crucial factor contributing to vascular impairment in diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome [2, 5, 6, 7]. Evidence indicates that in hyperglycemic conditions a major contributor to development of large vessel pathology is the endothelial dysfunction [8, 9, 10]. Studies have shown that hyperglycemia impairs insulin induced vasodilatory action by decreasing endothelial cells ability to activate nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide pathway [11]. In hyperglycemic crisis of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperglycemic nonketotic state, where both hyperglycemia and high fatty acids are elevated, levels of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress are stimulated [12].
Both T2DM and atherosclerosis are considered to be inflammatory processes [13]. Human T-lymphocytes (T-cells) have been shown to be components of plaque formation along with endothelial cells in atherosclerosis [13]. Human T-lymphocytes have unique properties in that in their naïve state they are insulin unresponsive but upon exposure to high glucose levels they become activated and develop insulin receptors (INR) with emergence of insulin degrading enzyme and insulin responsive glucose uptake [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Our studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with proinflammatory cytokines such as: Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8); cardiovascular risk markers such as: PAI-1, CRP and Free Fatty Acids (FFA); and counterregulatory hormones such as: IGF-1 and cortisol were all elevated two to three fold above normal with hyperglycemia and returned to normal levels after resolution of hyperglycemia with treatment with insulin and hydration [12]. Our studies have also shown in vitro effects of hyperglycemia (15 and 30 mM) on activation of T-lymphocytes by emergence of IGF-1, INR and Vitamin D receptors and increased levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation [15, 16, 17, 18, 20].
Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) are also unique in that in their native unstimulated state of glucose of 5 mM they are insulin non-responsive, with GLUT1 as the major glucose transporting protein [21, 22, 23]; however, in the presence of high glucose concentrations in a dose dependent manner such as 15 or 30 mM, develop INR and GLUT 4 with glucose uptake [24]. Additionally, high glucose promotes endothelial dysfunction via excessive intracellular glucose accumulation and oxidative stress, leading to increased production proinflammatory cytokines, ROS with induction of the aldose reductase pathway and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) as well as enhanced signaling of protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) [8, 25]. The ROS causes acceleration of cellular growth and promotes synthesis and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 which are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [24, 26, 27].
2. Inflammation and oxidative stress effects of glucose and fatty acids on human T-lymphocytes and HAEC
Since both hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are important contributing risk for cardiovascular events in diabetes and deleterious effects of hyperglycemia have been well documented in vivo and in vitro in both T-lymphocytes and HAEC [12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 28, 29, 30], we studied the effects of various fatty acids on these cells. The saturated fatty acid palmitic acid, the major fatty acid in plasma, and the monounsaturated, oleic (C18:1), polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic (C18:2), omega 3 fatty acid α-linolenic (C18:3), and arachidonic (C20:4) acids were used in 1, 100 and 300 uM concentrations during incubations for 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. These cells were incubated alone or with glucose concentrations of 5 mM, 15 mM and 30 mM or with a combination with linolenic acid. Unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids were not able to activate these cells. These studies showed that palmitic acid, but not oleic, linoleic, linolenic or arachidonic acids, exhibited dose and time dependent responses of deleterious effects of palmitic acid by demonstrating increased levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde- MDA), emergence of receptors for insulin, IGF-1, IL-2, GLUT 4, inflammatory and proinflammatory effects detected by the emergence of interleukin (IL) cytokines IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-2, IL-10, and TNFα. and CD69 in T lymphocytes [31]. There was also increased expression of E-selectin, GLUT 4, INR, ROS, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory and proinflammatory effects detected by the emergence of interleukin (IL) cytokines IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-2, IL-10, and TNFα in the HAEC incubated with palmitic acid and/or glucose. Table 1 shows the effects of the glucose, palmitic and linolenic incubated alone or in combination with the T lymphocytes. The omega 3 fatty acid linolenic acid had a repressive effect on the deleterious effects of the high glucose and palmitic acid. Table 2 shows the effects of the glucose, palmitic and linolenic incubated alone or in combination with the HAEC. The omega 3 fatty acid linolenic acid had a repressive effect on the deleterious effects of the high glucose and palmitic acid in the HAEC as well.
Effect of glucose, palmitic acid, and α-linolenic acid on activation of human T cells, proinflammatory cytokines and IL-10 and oxidative stress (DCF and MDA) at 72 hrs of incubation.
P < 0.05 from baseline.
p < 0.05 from glucose (15 mM) or palmitate (100 uM).
p < 0.05 from glucose (15 mM) + palmitate (100 uM).
Effect of hyperglycemia (glucose), hyperlipidemia (palmitic acid) on activation of human aortic endothelial cells, inflammation (proinflammatory cytokines and IL-10) and oxidative stress (DCF and MDA) and the salutary effect of α-linolenic acid.
P < 0.05 from baseline.
p < 0.05 from glucose (15 mM) or palmitate (100 uM).
p < 0.05 from glucose (15 mM) + palmitate (100 uM).
Values indicate mean ± SE. Measured at 72 hours.
Studies have shown that dietary SFA can induce insulin resistance [32, 33, 34, 35]. We hypothesized that unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) may provide a protective mechanism against the prooxidant effects of hyperglycemia and high SFA such as palmitic acid. Our studies have also shown that SFA palmitic acid induces expression of GPR40 and FATCD/36 involved in inflammation and the unsaturated fatty acid linolenic acid can reverse the production of these receptors in aortic endothelial cells [36].
Thus, linolenic acid may serve as a protective mechanism against the deleterious effects of high glucose and palmitate in human T-cells and HAEC and reduce the inflammatory process observed with high blood glucose and high saturated fatty acid foods as observed in diabetes, prediabetes, cardiovascular disease and other health conditions.
3. High protein and high carbohydrate diets effects on remission of prediabetes, inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk factors
Lifestyle changes of diet and exercise can reduce the risk of developing diabetes by 58% [37]; whereas, pharmaceutical intervention reduces the risk by 32% (metformin) [37] and 72% (pioglitazone) [38]. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are important risk factors of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease; however, no diet had been established for reducing the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Although numerous diets have been recommended for T2DM and non-diabetics [39, 40, 41, 42, 43], and suggested advantages of low-carbohydrate [44, 45] or high protein [46, 47] diets, there had been no consensus on a specific weight loss diet to manage blood glucose in T2DM and converting from T2DM to normal glucose tolerance. We studied the effects of macronutrients in a High Protein (HP) (30% Kcal protein, 40% Kcal carbohydrate (CHO) and 30% Kcal fat) diet versus a High Carbohydrate (HC) (15% Kcal protein, 55% Kcal CHO and 30% Kcal fat) diet in obese, normal glucose tolerance premenopausal women [48] (see Table 3) and in obese prediabetic (Impaired Glucose Tolerant (IGT)) women and men [49] (see Table 4) in randomized, controlled clinical trials. In both studies all food was provided with weekly food pick up with daily menus and weight checks for 6 months. Although our study of IGT subjects [49] and obese, non-diabetic, women [48] had significant weight loss (9–10%) on the HP or HC diets, in both studies the HP diet provided greater improvement in insulin sensitivity, reduced CVR factors, decreased inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, decreased oxidative stress, decreased lipid peroxidation, adipokines markers and increased incretin responses [50, 51]. The HP diet caused a smaller increase in blood glucose with the MTT compared to the HC diet MTT in both obese, normal glucose tolerance premenopausal women (see Figure 1) and in obese prediabetic women and men (see Figure 2), thereby, reducing the hyperglycemia compared to that observed with a HC meal. Lipids are considered a primary risk factor for CV disease and dietary composition can affect the lipid profile and its metabolism. Our studies showed greater decrease in triglycerides in the HP diet demonstrating that increasing the protein in the diet may alter the lipid profile in a beneficial way.
Effect of high protein or high carbohydrate diets on weight loss, insulin sensitivity, Beta cell function, markers of cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation and oxidative stress in obese premenopausal, non-diabetic women.
Indicates Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.
Indicates Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for 6 months HP vs. HC.
Fisher’s exact test.
Significant level for multiple comparison is set at P = 0.01.
Effect of HP or HC diets on remission of prediabetes, weight loss, glucose, insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular risk factors, proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress.
Indicates Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for comparison of Baseline to 6 months.
Indicates Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for 6 months comparison of HP vs. HC.
Figure 1.
Obese premenopausal non-diabetic women mean glucose values for the OGTT and MTT from 0 to 120 minutes for the baseline-HP, baseline-HC, 6 months-HP, and 6 months-HC diets for the 12 HP subjects and the 12 HC subjects. P values are the significance of area under the curve for glucose for the OGTT and MTT comparing baseline-HP with 6 month-HP, baseline-HC with 6 month-HC, baseline-HP with baseline-HC, and 6 month-HP with 6 month-HC diets.
Figure 2.
This figure shows the mean ± SD of glucose for the 2 hour OGTT and MTT for the 12 HP diet subjects and the 12 HC diet subjects. The symbols represent the following: HP diet baseline (HP-Bl) and HP diet at 6 months (HP-6 m) dotted lines. HC diet baseline (HC-Bl) and HC diet at 6 months (HC-6 m) solid lines. P values for the glucose AUC for the OGTT are: HP-Bl vs. HP-6 m = 0.0005; HC-Bl vs. HC-6 m = 0.005; HP-Bl vs. HC-Bl = 0.8; HP-6 m vs. HC-6 m = 0.0001. P values for the glucose AUC for the MTT are: HP-Bl vs. HP-6 m = 0.0005; HC-Bl vs. HC-6 m = 0.005; HP-Bl vs. HC-Bl = 0.01, HP-6 m vs. HC-6 m = 0.0001. AUC, area under the curve; HP, High Protein diet; HC, High Carbohydrate diet.
Also, the HP diet subjects had an increase in percent body muscle mass and decrease in percent fat mass at 6 months, whereas, the HC diet subjects had a decrease in percent lean and fat mass. Additionally, the HP group had an increase in their resting metabolic rate (RMR) at 6 months, and an increase in the FGF21 which may be indicative of browning of fat [52, 53]. Epigenetic DNA methylation data showed a change in the methylation with remission of prediabetes in the areas of metabolism, cancer and heart related genes [54, 55].
It has been shown that protein intake by itself induces insulin release and is different in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals [56]. Our study showed a lower insulin response to the HP than the HC diet in both studies. This suggests that HP diets may help preserve the Beta cells by increasing sensitivity and decreasing insulin load per meal. Our studies on the incretin response to HP and HC diets showed an increased release in GLP-1 and GIP with the HP diet compared to the HC diet [57]. Treatment of T2DM subjects with GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors have been found to improve insulin sensitivity [58, 59]. This suggests that our HP diet may be beneficial in treating T2DM and have cardiovascular benefits.
This prompted us to study the effect of the HP and HC diets on remission of T2DM. Our current randomized clinical trial of Remission of Type 2 Diabetes to normal glucose tolerance (NGT) comparing a HP diet to a HC diet has demonstrated a 100% remission of Type 2 Diabetic subjects to normal glucose tolerance who were diagnosed with the past 2 years and were randomized to the HP diet for 6 months.
However, the HC diet was not very effective with only one subject having remission to normal glucose tolerance. T2D adults aged 20–65 years were randomized to a HP or HC diet for 6 months with all food provided. Caloric need for weight loss was determined by Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) -500 calories/day. Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT) were performed at Baseline and 6 months to determine T2D/NGT status. A Baseline glucose ≥126 mg/dl and HbA1c ≥ 6.5% and 2 hr. glucose >199 mg/dl was considered T2D and remission was a baseline glucose <126 mg/ml and HbA1c < 6.5% and 2 hr. glucose <140 mg/dl. DXA was done at baseline and 6 months to determine bone, lean and fat mass. Food pick up and menus were provided weekly for 6 months along with and weekly weight checks. The T2D subjects on HP diet had 100% remission to NGT while the HC diet subjects had 33% remission. Both diet groups had significant weight loss (HP =15.4 ± 5 lb., HC = 19.9 ± 5 lb), improvement in insulin sensitivity determined by HOMA IR [HP (BL 5.3 ± 0.29; 6 months 2.1 ± 0.13)], [HC (BL 5.2 ± 0.27; 6 months 4.4 ± 0.26)] and decrease in HbA1c [HP (BL 7.7 ± .05; 6 mo 5.6 ± .02)], [HC (BL 7.8 ± .04; 6 mo 6.6 ± .06)] and blood pressure improvement S/D [HP (BL 129/85, 6 months 117/78)], [HC (BL 130/85; 6 months 117/78)]. The HP group had a 2.7% ± 0.4% increase in lean body mass and 2.9 ± 0.4% decrease in fat mass while the HC group had a 1.9% ± 0.3 and 3.3 ± 0.9% decrease in lean and fat mass, respectively. The HP diet provided greater improvement in insulin sensitivity, reduced CVR factors, decreased inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, decreased oxidative stress, decreased lipid peroxidation, adipokines markers and increased incretin responses than the HC diet. Both diets resulted in weight loss, improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but only the HP diet produced 100% remission of T2D to NGT [60].
4. Discussion
High glucose levels initiates inflammatory markers, ROS and hyperglycemia induced pathways in both T lymphocytes and HAEC. Hyperglycemia induced pathways of endothelial damage can activate ERK1/2MAPK cascade via PKC or Advanced Glycation End (AGE) products [4, 25]. High glucose can induce formation of AGE products which are proteins or lipids which become glycated due to exposure to glucose. These AGE products are implicated in aging and many degenerative diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, kidney disease and possibly Alzheimer’s disease [61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67]. The glycation of various protein and lipids causes improper function of these molecules, for example, inactivation of anti-aging genes critical to prevent hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia induced inflammation [68, 69]. We have shown that with remission of prediabetes and better glucose control numerous genes have changes in DNA methylation affecting gene expression and translation of which any of these genes are involved in insulin signaling, cardiovascular disease and inflammation [55]. The effects of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia we have shown on the T-lymphocytes will affect the immune system and its function as well as the endothelial cells involved in cardiovascular function. The decrease in inflammation with the decrease in blood glucose and lipids in subjects with the HP diet correlates with the effects of glucose and fatty acids on inflammation and oxidative stress we observed in the in vitro studies of the T-lymphocytes and aortic endothelial cells. This demonstrates the effects of the high glucose and lipids on cells and the whole body. Thus, indicating the importance of good glucose control in diabetic subjects as well as prediabetic and normal subjects to prevent the inflammatory response. Figure 3 is a diagram of the effects of high glucose on cells and tissues which can be controlled with normal glucose and free fatty acids.
Figure 3.
This figure shows the relationship and effects of high glucose and lipids (dyslipidemia) on inflammation, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.
Our previous studies of subjects with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) showed the high levels of inflammatory markers. [70, 71]. Reports from the CDC show the deleterious effects COVID-19 has on diabetic subjects indicating that the combined inflammation of the virus plus the high inflammatory markers in diabetic subjects is very detrimental to the subjects. Thus, good glucose control could help decrease the high inflammatory markers observed with the COVID-19.
5. Conclusions
Approximately 65% of patients with T2DM die as a result of cardiovascular disease with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia being important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Both Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and atherosclerosis are considered to be inflammatory processes. Human T-lymphocytes (T-cells) and Human Aortic Endothelial cells (HAEC) have been shown to be components of plaque formation in atherosclerosis. T cells and HAEC are unique in that in their naive state they have no insulin receptors responsive to insulin but become activated in the presence of in vitro and in situ hyperglycemic conditions such as diabetic and/or hyperlipidemia of saturated fatty acids (SFA). The unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) α-linolenic acid partially inhibits the activation of T cells induced by either glucose or SFA palmitate alone or in combination. Thus, linolenic acid may serve as a protective mechanism against the deleterious effects of high glucose and SFAs in human T-cells and reduce the inflammatory process observed with high blood glucose and high saturated fatty acid foods.
A diet which causes a lower blood glucose and lipids after ingestion is beneficial in controlling glucose and lipids as we have shown with the High Protein Diet. The HP diet resulted in 100% remission of pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance while the HC diet resulted in only 33% remission. These results show that high efficacy can be achieved with dietary modification if parameters are rigorously controlled and monitored. The HP group had greater improvement in insulin sensitivity, greater reduction in CVR factors, oxidative stress (ROS) and inflammation than the HC diet group. The HP diet prediabetes group percent lean body mass (LM) increased while percent body FM was decreased; whereas, the HC diet group lost both percent LM and FM. Since all subjects were minimally physically active and there was no physical activity modification during the 6 months on the diets, we were able to study the direct effect of the HP versus HC diets. The HC group sustained higher glucose and insulin levels with both the OGTTs and MTTs compared with the HP diet group after 6 months on the diet. The greater insulin response with the HC diet likely equates to greater stress on β cells. The higher sustained glucose elevation with ingestion of glucose or higher glycemic foods as in the HC diet correlates with increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the HC group compared with the HP group. Antioxidant enzymes induced by repeated intake of excess energy in the form of high-fat, HC diets are not sufficient to block oxidative stress and inflammation in healthy human subjects [72]. Thus, the fact that our HP diet had a significantly greater reduction in blood glucose, free fatty acids, ROS and inflammation markers than the HC diet in prediabetes and normal subjects demonstrates the importance of maintaining good glucose control and is of great health importance.
\n',keywords:"blood glucose, free fatty acids, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, cardiovascular risk factors, T lymphocytes, human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), high protein diet (HP), high carbohydrate diet (HC)",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74151.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74151.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74151",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74151",totalDownloads:292,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 17th 2020",dateReviewed:"October 11th 2020",datePrePublished:"January 26th 2021",datePublished:"September 1st 2021",dateFinished:"November 23rd 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Approximately 65% of patients with T2DM die as a result of cardiovascular disease with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia being important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Both T2DM and atherosclerosis are considered to be inflammatory processes Human T-lymphocytes (T-cells) and aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) have been shown to be components of plaque formation in atherosclerosis. T cells and HAEC are unique in that in their naive state they have no insulin receptors responsive to insulin but become activated in vitro hyperglycemia and in vivo hyperglycemic conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis and non-ketotic hyperglycemic conditions. Our studies show that T-cells and HAEC in the presence of high concentrations of glucose /and or the saturated fatty acid (SFA) palmitic acid become activated and express insulin receptors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokine elevation, and lipid peroxidation in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Whereas, the unsaturated fatty acid α-linoleic, was not able to activate these cells and had a salutary effect on the activation by glucose and palmitic acid. We have demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) may provide a protective mechanism against the prooxidant effects of hyperglycemia and high SFA such as palmitic acid. Therefore, diet alternations may be beneficial for decreasing hyperglycemia and cardiovascular risks. Studies have shown that lifestyle changes of diet and exercise can reduce the risk of developing diabetes by 58%. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are important risk factors of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we studied the effects of a High Protein diet versus a High Carbohydrate diet in obese non-diabetic, prediabetic and diabetic subjects for effects on weight loss, blood sugar, lipid levels, inflammation, and oxidative stress.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74151",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74151",signatures:"Frankie B. Stentz",book:{id:"9485",type:"book",title:"Sugar Intake",subtitle:"Risks and Benefits and the Global Diabetes Epidemic",fullTitle:"Sugar Intake - Risks and Benefits and the Global Diabetes Epidemic",slug:"sugar-intake-risks-and-benefits-and-the-global-diabetes-epidemic",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Ian James Martins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9485.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-122-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-121-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-167-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"179745",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian James",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",slug:"ian-james-martins",fullName:"Ian James Martins"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"324674",title:"Prof.",name:"Frankie B.",middleName:null,surname:"Stentz",fullName:"Frankie B. Stentz",slug:"frankie-b.-stentz",email:"fstentz@uthsc.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Inflammation and oxidative stress effects of glucose and fatty acids on human T-lymphocytes and HAEC",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. High protein and high carbohydrate diets effects on remission of prediabetes, inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk factors ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'(CDC) CfDC. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2018. wwwcdcgov/diabetes/data/statistics/2018StatisticsReport. 2018'},{id:"B2",body:'DCCT. 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Thirty years of personal experience in hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):1541–52'},{id:"B8",body:'Creager M. Diabetes and Vascular DIsease: Pathophysiology, Clinical Consequences, and Medical Therapy: Part 1. Circulation. 2003;108(1527–32'},{id:"B9",body:'Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, and Mohanty P. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2004;5(3):189–97'},{id:"B10",body:'Hink U, Li H, Mollnau H, Oelze M, Matheis E, Hartmann M, Skatchkov M, Thaiss F, Stahl RA, Warnholtz A, et al. Mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Circ Res. 2001;88(2):E14–22'},{id:"B11",body:'Schnyder B, Pittet M, Durand J, and Schnyder-Candrian S. Rapid effects of glucose on the insulin signaling of endothelial NO generation and epithelial Na transport. 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A review of the experimental and epidemiologic data. Nutr Rev. 2002;60(7 Pt 1):189–200'},{id:"B47",body:'Bray GA, Smith, S.R., de Jonge, L. Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307(1):47–55'},{id:"B48",body:'Kitabchi AE, Stentz FB, McDaniel KA, Wan JY, Nyenwe E, and Sands CW. Effects of high-protein versus high-carbohydrate diets on markers of beta-cell function, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, proinflammatory cytokines, and adipokines in obese, premenopausal women without diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(7):1919–25'},{id:"B49",body:'Stentz FB, Brewer A, Wan J, Garber C, Daniels B, Sands C, and Kitabchi AE. Remission of pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance in obese adults with high protein versus high carbohydrate diet: randomized control trial. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2016;4(1):e000258'},{id:"B50",body:'Stentz F, Kimeish, O, Kitabchi, A. Effect of High Protein vs High Carbohydrate Diets on Incretins, Satiety and Cardiovascular Factors. Diabetes. 2014;62: (Suppl 1):1825'},{id:"B51",body:'Stentz FB, Ammons, A. , Sands, C. Incretin and Cardiovascular Effects of Weight Loss and Remission of Prediabetes. Diabetes. 2018;67(Suppl 1):544'},{id:"B52",body:'Daniels B, Stentz, FB. Efect of Diet Composition on Remission of Prediabetes and Metabolic Parameters. J Investig Med. 2016;65(2):501'},{id:"B53",body:'Fisher FM, Kleiner S, Douris N, Fox EC, Mepani RJ, Verdeguer F, Wu J, Kharitonenkov A, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E, et al. FGF21 regulates PGC-1alpha and browning of white adipose tissues in adaptive thermogenesis. Genes Dev. 2012;26(3):271–81'},{id:"B54",body:'Stentz F, Garber, C., Kitabchi, A, . Efficacy of High Protein vs. High Carbohydrate Diet on Remission of Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) to Normal Glucose Tolerance (NGT). Diabetes. 2015;64(Supppl 1):512'},{id:"B55",body:'Stentz FB, Patel, D. Epigenetic Changes in DNA Methylation with Remission of Prediabetes. Diabetes. 2017;66(1):85'},{id:"B56",body:'Nuttall FQ, Mooradian AD, Gannon MC, Billington C, and Krezowski P. Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose and insulin response to a standardized oral glucose load. Diabetes Care. 1984;7(5):465–70'},{id:"B57",body:'Stentz FB, Mikhael, A., Kineish, O, Christman, J.V, Sands, C. Incretins and Cardiovascular Effects of Weight Loss and Remission of Prediabetes. J Diabet Clin Studies (JDCS). 2020'},{id:"B58",body:'American Diabetes Association. Standard of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S1-S7'},{id:"B59",body:'Eng C, Kramer CK, Zinman B, and Retnakaran R. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist and basal insulin combination treatment for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2014;384(9961):2228–34'},{id:"B60",body:'Stentz FB, Tucker, S. , Sands, C. Remision of Type 2 Diabetes and Improvement of Metabolic Factors with a High Protein Diet Diabetes. 2020;Diabetes website(1862'},{id:"B61",body:'Goldin A, Beckman JA, Schmidt AM, and Creager MA. Advanced glycation end products: sparking the development of diabetic vascular injury. Circulation. 2006;114(6):597–605'},{id:"B62",body:'Vistoli G, De Maddis D, Cipak A, Zarkovic N, Carini M, and Aldini G. Advanced glycoxidation and lipoxidation end products (AGEs and ALEs): an overview of their mechanisms of formation. Free Radic Res. 2013;47 Suppl 1(3–27'},{id:"B63",body:'Chaudhuri J, Bains Y, Guha S, Kahn A, Hall D, Bose N, Gugliucci A, and Kapahi P. The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in Aging and Metabolic Diseases: Bridging Association and Causality. Cell Metab. 2018;28(3):337–52'},{id:"B64",body:'Yan SF, D\'Agati V, Schmidt AM, and Ramasamy R. Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE): a formidable force in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes & aging. Curr Mol Med. 2007;7(8):699–710'},{id:"B65",body:'Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes. 2005;54(6):1615–25'},{id:"B66",body:'Prasad A, Bekker P, and Tsimikas S. Advanced glycation end products and diabetic cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev. 2012;20(4):177–83'},{id:"B67",body:'Srikanth V, Maczurek A, Phan T, Steele M, Westcott B, Juskiw D, and Munch G. Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer\'s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2011;32(5):763–77'},{id:"B68",body:'Martins IJ. Anti-Aging Genes Improve Appetite Regulation and Reverse Cell Senescence and Apoptosis in Global Populations. Advances in Aging Research. 2016;5(9–26'},{id:"B69",body:'Martins IJ. Single Gene Inactivation with Implications to Diabetes and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Symdrome. J Clin Epigenet. 2017;3(3–24'},{id:"B70",body:'Stentz F, Headley, S., Tolley, E., Meduri, G.U.,. The Interaction of Proinflammatory Cytokines (PIC) and NF-kB in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and Response to Treatment with Methylprednisolone(MP). First International Congress on Cytokines/Chemokines in Infectious Diseases. 1999;Bethesda, MD(American Association of Immunologists)'},{id:"B71",body:'Meduri GU, Tolley EA, Chrousos GP, and Stentz F. Prolonged methylprednisolone treatment suppresses systemic inflammation in patients with unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: evidence for inadequate endogenous glucocorticoid secretion and inflammation-induced immune cell resistance to glucocorticoids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(7):983–91'},{id:"B72",body:'Lim S, Won H, Kim Y, Jang M, Jyothi KR, Dandona P, Ha J, and Kim SS. Antioxidant enzymes induced by repeated intake of excess energy in the form of high-fat, high-carbohydrate meals are not sufficient to block oxidative stress in healthy lean individuals. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(10):1544–51'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Frankie B. Stentz",address:"fstentz@uthsc.edu",affiliation:'
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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He was a professor and chairman of the Department of Physiology, Teikyo University Medical School from 1973 to 2004, when he became emeritus professor. Professor Sugi organized international symposia on muscle contraction seven times, each followed by publication of proceedings. He also edited 4 books. 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As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review. To maintain these principles IntechOpen has developed basic guidelines to facilitate the avoidance of Conflicts of Interest.
",metaTitle:"Conflicts of Interest Policy",metaDescription:"As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/conflicts-of-interest-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\\n\\n
A Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\\n\\n
A Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen requires:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Authors to declare all relevant Conflicts of Interest that might have any bearing on research reported in their submitted manuscript.
\\n\\t
Book Editors and Reviewers to declare all possible Conflicts of Interest that might warrant their exclusion from any further handling of submissions.
\\n
\\n\\n
CONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\\n\\n
All Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\\n\\n
CONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\\n\\n
Editors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\\n\\n
Avoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\\n\\n
For manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\\n\\n
If a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\\n\\n
CONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\\n\\n
All Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\\n\\n
EXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\\n\\n
FINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
ownership of relevant stocks or shares;
\\n\\t
past and/or present work or consulting work for the research funder;
\\n\\t
membership of the relevant board;
\\n\\t
payment to the Reviewer/Academic Editor of financial fees by the Author;
\\n\\t
acceptance by the Reviewer/Academic Editor of gifts from the Author;
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other direct or indirect sources of funding or material benefit gained by the Reviewer/Academic Editor through the Author.
\\n
\\n\\n
NON-FINANCIAL
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
professional or personal relationships with institutions and funding bodies, including non-governmental organizations, research institutions and charities;
\\n\\t
membership of relevant company boards or governmental organizations;
\\n\\t
personal relationships, either through friendship, marriage, acting as a mentor, family relationships or being a student of other contributors, whether they are Authors, Reviewers or Academic Editors.
\\n
\\n\\n
Authors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\n
Academic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\\n\\n
All Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\\n\\n
EXAMPLES:
\\n\\n
Authors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\\n\\n
Authors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\\n\\n
Academic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\\n\\n
Academic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\n
A Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\n
A Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\n
IntechOpen requires:
\n\n
\n\t
Authors to declare all relevant Conflicts of Interest that might have any bearing on research reported in their submitted manuscript.
\n\t
Book Editors and Reviewers to declare all possible Conflicts of Interest that might warrant their exclusion from any further handling of submissions.
\n
\n\n
CONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\n
All Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\n
CONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\n
Editors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\n
Avoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\n
For manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\n
If a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\n
CONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\n
All Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\n
EXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\n
FINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\n
\n\t
ownership of relevant stocks or shares;
\n\t
past and/or present work or consulting work for the research funder;
\n\t
membership of the relevant board;
\n\t
payment to the Reviewer/Academic Editor of financial fees by the Author;
\n\t
acceptance by the Reviewer/Academic Editor of gifts from the Author;
\n\t
other direct or indirect sources of funding or material benefit gained by the Reviewer/Academic Editor through the Author.
\n
\n\n
NON-FINANCIAL
\n\n
\n\t
professional or personal relationships with institutions and funding bodies, including non-governmental organizations, research institutions and charities;
\n\t
membership of relevant company boards or governmental organizations;
\n\t
personal relationships, either through friendship, marriage, acting as a mentor, family relationships or being a student of other contributors, whether they are Authors, Reviewers or Academic Editors.
\n
\n\n
Authors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\n
Academic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\n
All Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\n
EXAMPLES:
\n\n
Authors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\n
Authors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\n
Academic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\n
Academic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\n
Policy last updated: 2016-06-09
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Woodruff",authors:[{id:"82094",title:"Dr.",name:"Trent",middleName:null,surname:"Woodruff",slug:"trent-woodruff",fullName:"Trent Woodruff"},{id:"91937",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"john-lee",fullName:"John Lee"},{id:"91938",title:"Ms.",name:"Jia",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"jia-lee",fullName:"Jia Lee"},{id:"91939",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",slug:"stephen-taylor",fullName:"Stephen Taylor"},{id:"91941",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Noakes",slug:"peter-noakes",fullName:"Peter Noakes"}]},{id:"26544",doi:"10.5772/31223",title:"The Role of TNF-Alpha in ALS: New Hypotheses for Future Therapeutic Approaches",slug:"the-role-of-tnf-alpha-in-als-new-hypotheses-for-future-therapeutic-approaches-",totalDownloads:3255,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"543",slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Cristina Cereda, Stella Gagliardi, Emanuela Cova, Luca Diamanti and Mauro Ceroni",authors:[{id:"86115",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Cereda",slug:"cristina-cereda",fullName:"Cristina Cereda"},{id:"92101",title:"Dr.",name:"Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Gagliardi",slug:"stella-gagliardi",fullName:"Stella Gagliardi"},{id:"92102",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuela",middleName:null,surname:"Cova",slug:"emanuela-cova",fullName:"Emanuela Cova"},{id:"92103",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Diamanti",slug:"luca-diamanti",fullName:"Luca Diamanti"},{id:"92104",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Ceroni",slug:"mauro-ceroni",fullName:"Mauro Ceroni"}]},{id:"26541",doi:"10.5772/32332",title:"The Kynurenine Pathway",slug:"the-kynurenine-pathway",totalDownloads:7179,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"543",slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Yiquan Chen and Gilles Guillemin",authors:[{id:"91050",title:"Prof.",name:"Gilles",middleName:null,surname:"Guillemin",slug:"gilles-guillemin",fullName:"Gilles Guillemin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73018",title:"Introductory Chapter: Methods and Applications of Neural Signal Processing",slug:"introductory-chapter-methods-and-applications-of-neural-signal-processing",totalDownloads:687,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"8851",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",fullTitle:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing"},signatures:"Dingyi Pei and Ramana Vinjamuri",authors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}]},{id:"68369",title:"Cerebral Spectral Perturbation during Upper Limb Diagonal Movements",slug:"cerebral-spectral-perturbation-during-upper-limb-diagonal-movements",totalDownloads:940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"While it has been suggested that diagonal rhythmical bilateral movements promote improvement in motor and cognitive functions, no study that we are aware of has actually examined electrophysiological changes during diagonal movements. Therefore, we aimed to study cerebral activity during the performance of diagonal and vertical movements (DM and VM, respectively), through EEG recording focusing on theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. Following independent component analysis, we computed time-frequency and source localization analysis. We found that (1) increased frontal theta during the initiation of DM was possibly related to the computational effort; (2) a biphasic pattern of frontoparietal alpha/beta modulations was found during VM; and in addition, (3) source localization showed increased frontal theta during DM generated in the middle frontal cortex. We will discuss the current results and their implications in relation to task difficulty, spatial and temporal computation.",book:{id:"8851",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",fullTitle:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing"},signatures:"Fabio Marson, Patrizio Paoletti, Stefano Lasaponara, Joseph Glicksohn, Antonio De Fano and Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",authors:[{id:"191040",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan"},{id:"195042",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Glicksohn",slug:"joseph-glicksohn",fullName:"Joseph Glicksohn"},{id:"309442",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Marson",slug:"fabio-marson",fullName:"Fabio Marson"},{id:"309443",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Paoletti",slug:"patrizio-paoletti",fullName:"Patrizio Paoletti"},{id:"309444",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Lasaponara",slug:"stefano-lasaponara",fullName:"Stefano Lasaponara"},{id:"309445",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"De Fano",slug:"antonio-de-fano",fullName:"Antonio De Fano"}]},{id:"73674",title:"Basic Electroencephalogram and Its Common Clinical Applications in Children",slug:"basic-electroencephalogram-and-its-common-clinical-applications-in-children",totalDownloads:537,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive neurophysiological study that monitors electrical activity of the brain. EEG is an essential investigational tool to analyze and record electrical impulses of the brain and considered to be the gold standard electrophysiological test which can be used to help diagnose epilepsy. EEG can also be used to diagnose and evaluate other conditions such as sleep disorders, neurometabolic diseases with encephalopathy and neuropsychiatric disorders. It is also an essential ancillary test in other conditions such as brain death assessment. However, it is essential not to entirely rely on EEG for an absolute diagnosis of epilepsy as the main indication of EEG in general and in Pediatric age group in particular is to categorize different types of seizure and epilepsy syndromes for further evaluation and management.",book:{id:"9629",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",title:"Electroencephalography",fullTitle:"Electroencephalography - From Basic Research to Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Raafat Hammad Seroor Jadah",authors:[{id:"314907",title:"Dr.",name:"Raafat Hammad Seroor",middleName:null,surname:"Jadah",slug:"raafat-hammad-seroor-jadah",fullName:"Raafat Hammad Seroor Jadah"}]},{id:"75015",title:"Periodic EEG Patterns in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU): Definition, Recognition and Clinical Significance",slug:"periodic-eeg-patterns-in-the-intensive-care-unit-icu-definition-recognition-and-clinical-significanc",totalDownloads:409,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Periodic electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns are frequently recorded during ICU EEG monitoring in patients with altered mental status; these EEG features represent electrical discharges, ictal in appearance, occuring at regular intervals. They are known as lateralized periodic discharges (LPDs), bilateral independent periodic discharges (BIPDS), generalized periodic discharges (GPDs), continuous 2/s GPDs with triphasic morphology or triphasic waves (TWs) and Stimulus Induced Evolving Lateralized Rhytmic delta activity or Si-Evolving LRDA (previously SIRPIDS); other periodic, rhythmic patterns are Occasional frontally predominant brief 2/s GRDA (FIRDA previously), Lateralized rhythmic delta activity (LRDA) and Brief potentially ictal rhythmic discharges or B (I)RDs. The role of most (not all) of these EEG patterns is controversial; there is no consensus on which patterns are associated with ongoing seizure injury, which patterns need to be treated, and how aggressively they should be treated. Many authors consider these patterns as an unstable state on an ictal-interictal EEG continuum; the aim of the present chapter is to gain knowledge of these EEG features, show their association with known neurologic pathologies/syndromes and finally how to manage them.",book:{id:"9629",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",title:"Electroencephalography",fullTitle:"Electroencephalography - From Basic Research to Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Boulenouar Mesraoua, Musab Abdalhalim Ali, Rola Hosni Mohamed Hashem Khodair, Yazan Nofal, Dirk Theophiel O. Deleu, Hassan Jasim Al Hail, Osama Robin Elalamy, Gayane Melikyan, Covanis Athanasios and Ali Akbar Asadi-Pooya",authors:[{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua"},{id:"272600",title:"Prof.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Deleu",slug:"dirk-deleu",fullName:"Dirk Deleu"},{id:"272602",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"Jassim",surname:"Al Hail",slug:"hassan-al-hail",fullName:"Hassan Al Hail"},{id:"272604",title:"Dr.",name:"Gayane",middleName:null,surname:"Melykian",slug:"gayane-melykian",fullName:"Gayane Melykian"},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios"},{id:"344489",title:"Dr.",name:"Yazan",middleName:null,surname:"Nofal",slug:"yazan-nofal",fullName:"Yazan Nofal"},{id:"346437",title:"Dr.",name:"Musab",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"musab-ali",fullName:"Musab Ali"},{id:"346438",title:"Dr.",name:"Rola HM",middleName:null,surname:"Khodair",slug:"rola-hm-khodair",fullName:"Rola HM Khodair"},{id:"346439",title:"Dr.",name:"Osama",middleName:null,surname:"Elalamy",slug:"osama-elalamy",fullName:"Osama Elalamy"}]},{id:"74154",title:"EEG Measurement as a Tool for Rehabilitation Assessment and Treatment",slug:"eeg-measurement-as-a-tool-for-rehabilitation-assessment-and-treatment",totalDownloads:660,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In recent years, neuroscience-based rehabilitation, also known as neurorehabilitation, has been attracting increasing attention worldwide. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in clinical practice as a tool for the evaluation and treatment of rehabilitation because of its noninvasive and simple measurement of human brain activity. EEG-electromyography coherence is a method to analyze the synchronization between the motor cortex and muscle activity during movement and to quantitatively assess how the motor cortex controls muscle activity. In addition, recent advances in analysis and measurement techniques have made it possible to estimate the source of EEG signals, thus serving as a method to evaluate rehabilitation. The brain-machine interface, which integrates medicine and engineering, has been widely applied in the treatment of rehabilitation and for improving the quality of life. This chapter provides an overview of EEG, and its uses as a tool for rehabilitation assessment and treatment.",book:{id:"9629",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",title:"Electroencephalography",fullTitle:"Electroencephalography - From Basic Research to Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hideki Nakano",authors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1178",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
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\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. 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Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. His research interests include biochemistry, oxidative stress, reactive species, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, reproductive hormones, phenolic compounds, female infertility.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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