List of premature risk factors associated with metabolic bone disorders for both antenatal and postnatal period.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7587",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Hydraulic Structures - Theory and Applications",title:"Hydraulic Structures",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Hydraulic Structures - Theory and Applications conveys a broad understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of various hydraulic structures. Emphasis is given to the analysis and design of different types of hydraulic structures. Various applications of hydraulic structure analysis are also incorporated. This book introduces advanced ideas on hydraulic structures: theory and applications to the international community. It includes five advanced and revised contributions, and covers (1) an introductory chapter on hydraulic structures, (2) the operation and maintenance of hydraulic structures, (3) a bottom discharge conduit for dams, (4) a review of methods of measuring streamflow using hydraulic structures, and (5) geotechnical engineering applied to earth-rock dams. The aim of the book is to provide a text for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Researchers, designers, and operators of hydraulic structures will find the text of interest and a stimulating up-to-date reference source.",isbn:"978-1-83881-996-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-995-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-997-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77330",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"hydraulic-structures-theory-and-applications",numberOfPages:80,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b8ef69ca1e2f0cf3f24f912eb45156fb",bookSignature:"Amimul Ahsan",publishedDate:"September 9th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7587.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6432,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:3,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 18th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 3rd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 2nd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 21st 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 22nd 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"36782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amimul",middleName:null,surname:"Ahsan",slug:"amimul-ahsan",fullName:"Amimul Ahsan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36782/images/system/36782.jpg",biography:"Associate Professor Amimul Ahsan was born in Netrokona, Bangladesh. He received a PhD in Civil Engineering from the University of Fukui, Japan. He has nearly 15 years’ research, teaching, and industry experience. He has published extensively on water and environmental engineering, including nine books, 16 book chapters, and over 131 journal articles. He has received 14 international awards, including 'Who\\'s Who in the World 2015,” 'Leading Engineers of the World 2013,” and the 'Vice Chancellor Fellowship Award (Science and Technology)” from Sultan Selangor (Chancellor, UPM), Malaysia, in 2015. He is editor-in-chief of five journals in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia, and founder of the Journal of Desalination and Water Purification and the Journal of Advanced Civil Engineering Practice and Research. He is involved with several collaborative research projects globally and has a Scopus h-index of 22. He has been involved in organizing more than 40 international conferences as a session chair and co-chair, keynote speaker, invited/session speaker, and organizing/technical program committee (TPC) member in different countries for some time (e.g. 4th GCSTMR World Congress 2019, Dhaka; Global Civil Engineering Conf. (GCEC) 2017 at Malaysia; and 8th Innovation Arabia Conf. in February 16–18, 2015 at HBMSU, Dubai, UAE). He was a former faculty member of the Department of Civil Engineering and key researcher at the Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia (2010–2017). Currently, he is an associate professor in the Department of Civil Engineering, Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and adjunct associate professor in the Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.",institutionString:"Swinburne University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Swinburne University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"710",title:"Hydraulic Engineering",slug:"engineering-civil-engineering-hydraulic-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"71270",title:"Introductory Chapter: Hydraulic Structures for Managing Water Resources Efficiently",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91434",slug:"introductory-chapter-hydraulic-structures-for-managing-water-resources-efficiently",totalDownloads:504,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Amimul Ahsan and Monzur Imteaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71270",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71270",authors:[{id:"36782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amimul",surname:"Ahsan",slug:"amimul-ahsan",fullName:"Amimul Ahsan"},{id:"15106",title:"Dr.",name:"Monzur",surname:"Imteaz",slug:"monzur-imteaz",fullName:"Monzur Imteaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"72208",title:"Operation and Maintenance of Hydraulic Structures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91949",slug:"operation-and-maintenance-of-hydraulic-structures",totalDownloads:1460,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Water is among the most valuable resources that nature has endowed to human beings. Water has cut across all spans of life from cradle to grave. Since time immemorial, man continuously developed methods and techniques to harness the benefits of water and as well to protect himself from the destruction that may be caused by the same water. Therefore, for a hydraulic structure to answer its name, it must be capable of being used smoothly for the purposes it was designed for and also be able to be controlled effectively without the risk of causing any havoc to the environment. Using water, especially for agricultural purposes, cannot be overemphasized. Hence, this chapter discusses the hydraulic structures based on the work they performed, challenges facing hydraulic structures, and management procedures of the hydraulic structures in order to adequately and efficiently serve their purpose.",signatures:"Musa Abubakar Tadda, Amimul Ahsan, Monzur Imteaz, Abubakar Shitu, Umar Abdulbaki Danhassan and Aliyu Idris Muhammad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72208",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72208",authors:[{id:"36782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amimul",surname:"Ahsan",slug:"amimul-ahsan",fullName:"Amimul Ahsan"},{id:"15106",title:"Dr.",name:"Monzur",surname:"Imteaz",slug:"monzur-imteaz",fullName:"Monzur Imteaz"},{id:"321344",title:"MSc.",name:"Musa",surname:"Tadda",slug:"musa-tadda",fullName:"Musa Tadda"},{id:"321345",title:"Dr.",name:"Abubakar",surname:"Shitu",slug:"abubakar-shitu",fullName:"Abubakar Shitu"},{id:"321346",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar",surname:"Abdulbaki Danhassan",slug:"umar-abdulbaki-danhassan",fullName:"Umar Abdulbaki Danhassan"},{id:"321347",title:"Dr.",name:"Aliyu",surname:"Muhammad",slug:"aliyu-muhammad",fullName:"Aliyu Muhammad"}],corrections:null},{id:"64738",title:"Bottom Discharge Conduit for Embankment Dams",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82357",slug:"bottom-discharge-conduit-for-embankment-dams",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The structural calculation methods of the conduits that cross the embankment dams can be divided into two approaches. On the one hand, the estimation of the earth’s characteristics is done by the multiparameter subgrade model, and on the other hand, the usual finite element software describes the parameters of the earth based on the modulus of elasticity. The conduits have a moment of inertia value for the cross section that is combined with the modulus of elasticity of the material (concrete, steel) resulting in a great rigidity to the assembly. This stiffness, quantified in the stiffness matrix, is much higher than the rigidity of the soil. This work goes in two directions: on the one hand, it argues that the complex methods of calculating the soil characteristics are not relevant for conduits that cross the embankment dams. Second in the longitudinal direction, the conduit has joints that diminish the rigidity of the assembly and whose effect cannot be included in the FEM calculation, as it is usually done in a plane strain model. A calculation method is proposed that contains an inertial moment adjustment that takes into account joints. Finally, a computational method is used in which FEM is used with the empirically estimated momentum variation.",signatures:"Costel Boariu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64738",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64738",authors:[{id:"255922",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Costel",surname:"Boariu",slug:"costel-boariu",fullName:"Costel Boariu"}],corrections:null},{id:"64627",title:"Review of Methods of Measuring Streamflow Using Hydraulic Structures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82342",slug:"review-of-methods-of-measuring-streamflow-using-hydraulic-structures",totalDownloads:1139,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The measurement of streamflow is very critical to hydraulic engineers and hydrologists as it provides vital information for environmental monitoring issues connected to water resources. The objective of this study is to examine various means of measuring streamflow specifically application of hydraulic structures installed across the direction of flow. Weirs are restricted to small rivers where the provision for sufficient head and constriction in the river is acceptable. Sharp-crested weir is easy to construct, and it is commonly used as a flow measuring device in an open channel. Flumes are self-cleaning due to the fact that the flow velocity through a flume is usually high. Traditionally, flume is used in measuring flow in agricultural systems, and it requires low maintenance cost. It has capacity to measure more flow rates than weir. Accurate streamflow measurement using flume is within ±2–5% while that of weir is ±2%. Generally, flumes are employed to determine discharge where weirs are not useful.",signatures:"Adeniyi Ganiyu Adeogun and Apalando Abdulrasaq Mohammed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64627",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64627",authors:[{id:"257692",title:"Dr.",name:"Adeniyi",surname:"Adeogun",slug:"adeniyi-adeogun",fullName:"Adeniyi Adeogun"},{id:"259903",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Rasak Apalando",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"abdul-rasak-apalando-mohammed",fullName:"Abdul Rasak Apalando Mohammed"}],corrections:null},{id:"66232",title:"Geotechnical Engineering Applied on Earth and Rock-Fill Dams",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84899",slug:"geotechnical-engineering-applied-on-earth-and-rock-fill-dams",totalDownloads:2331,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the importance of geotechnical engineering on the site selection, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of earth-rock dams and earth structures; it emphasizes the geotechnical engineering work related to dam safety during the operation stage. Preliminary geological studies required to select the best dam site are described first. Next, the field and laboratory studies related to the curtain design and dam foundation treatment, as well as geotechnical studies required for the construction, operation, and maintenance of the dam, are discussed. Recent developments in the following three areas are also included: (a) seismic considerations for the design, construction, and maintenance of earth dams; (b) importance of water flow control through the dam embankment and dam foundation, required to avoid internal soil erosion and excessive pore pressure; and (c) dam safety in Mexico and around the world. A case history of a recent failure is used for illustration purposes. In this example, design and construction shortcomings resulted in serious damages on an earth dam. 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Gamboa",authors:[{id:"69766",title:"Prof.",name:"María L",middleName:null,surname:"Sanz",fullName:"María L Sanz",slug:"maria-l-sanz"}]},{id:"31783",title:"Diagnosis and Management of Cows' Milk Protein Allergy in Infants",slug:"diagnosis-and-management-of-cows-milk-protein-allergy-in-infants",signatures:"Elisabeth De Greef, Thierry Devreker, Bruno Hauser and Yvan Vandenplas",authors:[{id:"68130",title:"Prof.",name:"Yvan",middleName:null,surname:"Vandenplas",fullName:"Yvan Vandenplas",slug:"yvan-vandenplas"},{id:"126163",title:"Dr.",name:"Gigi",middleName:null,surname:"Veereman-Wauters",fullName:"Gigi Veereman-Wauters",slug:"gigi-veereman-wauters"},{id:"127716",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Veereman-Wauters",fullName:"Veereman-Wauters",slug:"veereman-wauters"}]},{id:"31784",title:"Natural Rubber Latex Allergy",slug:"natural-rubber-latex-allergy",signatures:"Ana Maria Sell and Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer",authors:[{id:"63282",title:"PhD.",name:"Jeane",middleName:"Eliete Laguila",surname:"Visentainer",fullName:"Jeane Visentainer",slug:"jeane-visentainer"},{id:"64275",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Sell",fullName:"Ana Sell",slug:"ana-sell"}]},{id:"31785",title:"Psychological Factors in Asthma and Psychoeducational Interventions",slug:"psychological-factors-in-asthma-and-psychoeducational-interventions",signatures:"Lia Fernandes",authors:[{id:"67367",title:"Prof.",name:"Lia",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",fullName:"Lia Fernandes",slug:"lia-fernandes"}]},{id:"31786",title:"Obesity, Diet, Exercise and Asthma in Children",slug:"diet-obesity-exercise-and-asthma-in-children",signatures:"Luis Garcia-Marcos and Manuel Sanchez-Solis",authors:[{id:"67592",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Marcos",fullName:"Luis Garcia-Marcos",slug:"luis-garcia-marcos"}]},{id:"31787",title:"Asthma and Health Related Quality of Life in Childhood and Adolescence",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-in-children-with-asthma",signatures:"Esther Hafkamp-de Groen and Hein Raat",authors:[{id:"65735",title:"Dr.",name:"Hein",middleName:null,surname:"Raat",fullName:"Hein Raat",slug:"hein-raat"},{id:"134155",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Hafkamp - de Groen",fullName:"Esther Hafkamp - de Groen",slug:"esther-hafkamp-de-groen"}]},{id:"31788",title:"Specific Immunotherapy and Central Immune System",slug:"specific-immunotherapy-and-central-immune-system-",signatures:"Celso Pereira, Graça Loureiro, Beatriz Tavares and Filomena Botelho",authors:[{id:"66336",title:"Prof.",name:"Celso",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Celso Pereira",slug:"celso-pereira"},{id:"66342",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",fullName:"Beatriz Tavares",slug:"beatriz-tavares"},{id:"66343",title:"Dr.",name:"Graça",middleName:null,surname:"Loureiro",fullName:"Graça Loureiro",slug:"graca-loureiro"},{id:"66344",title:"Prof.",name:"Filomena",middleName:null,surname:"Botelho",fullName:"Filomena Botelho",slug:"filomena-botelho"}]},{id:"31789",title:"β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists and Allergic Disease: The Enhancing Effect of β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists on Cytokine-Induced TSLP Production by Human Lung Tissue Cells",slug:"beta2-adrenoceptor-agonists-and-allergic-disease-the-enhancing-effect-of-beta2-adrenoceptor-agonists",signatures:"Akio Matsuda and Kyoko Futamura",authors:[{id:"63896",title:"Dr.",name:"Akio",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuda",fullName:"Akio Matsuda",slug:"akio-matsuda"},{id:"66899",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyoko",middleName:null,surname:"Futamura",fullName:"Kyoko Futamura",slug:"kyoko-futamura"}]},{id:"31790",title:"Microbiota and Allergy: From Dysbiosis to Probiotics",slug:"microbiota-and-allergy-from-dysbiosis-to-probiotics",signatures:"Anne-Judith Waligora-Dupriet and Marie-José Butel",authors:[{id:"65930",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne-Judith",middleName:null,surname:"Waligora-Dupriet",fullName:"Anne-Judith Waligora-Dupriet",slug:"anne-judith-waligora-dupriet"},{id:"69522",title:"Prof.",name:"Marie-José",middleName:null,surname:"Butel",fullName:"Marie-José Butel",slug:"marie-jose-butel"}]},{id:"31791",title:"Natural Products and Dermatological Hypersensitivity Diseases",slug:"naturally-sourced-bioactives-are-a-promising-source-of-novel-allergy-therapies",signatures:"Clayton MacDonald and Marianna Kulka",authors:[{id:"63821",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianna",middleName:null,surname:"Kulka",fullName:"Marianna Kulka",slug:"marianna-kulka"}]},{id:"31792",title:"Preventive Phytotherapy of Anaphylaxis and Allergic Reactions[MSOffice1]",slug:"preventive-phytotherapy-of-anaphylactic-shock",signatures:"Elaine A. Cruz, Michelle F. Muzitano, Sonia S. Costa and Bartira Rossi-Bergmann",authors:[{id:"64710",title:"Prof.",name:"Bartira",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi-Bergmann",fullName:"Bartira Rossi-Bergmann",slug:"bartira-rossi-bergmann"},{id:"119635",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaine",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",fullName:"Elaine Cruz",slug:"elaine-cruz"}]},{id:"31793",title:"Cissampelos sympodialis (Menispermaceae): A Novel Phytotherapic Weapon Against Allergic Diseases?",slug:"cissampelos-sympolialis-menispermaceae-a-novel-phytotherapic-weapon-against-allergic-diseases-",signatures:"M.R. Piuvezam, C.R. Bezerra-Santos, P.T. Bozza, C. Bandeira-Melo, G. Vieira and H.F. Costa",authors:[{id:"64380",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcia",middleName:"Regina",surname:"Piuvezam",fullName:"Marcia Piuvezam",slug:"marcia-piuvezam"},{id:"117360",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Bezerra-Santos",fullName:"Claudio Bezerra-Santos",slug:"claudio-bezerra-santos"},{id:"117362",title:"Dr.",name:"Christianne",middleName:null,surname:"Bandeira-Melo",fullName:"Christianne Bandeira-Melo",slug:"christianne-bandeira-melo"},{id:"117363",title:"MSc.",name:"Giciane",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Giciane Vieira",slug:"giciane-vieira"},{id:"117364",title:"MSc.",name:"Hermann",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",fullName:"Hermann Costa",slug:"hermann-costa"},{id:"117365",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozza",fullName:"Patricia Bozza",slug:"patricia-bozza"}]},{id:"31794",title:"Derived Products of Helminth in the Treatment of Inflammation, Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis",slug:"anaphylaxis-an-overview-of-immune-mechanisms-and-therapeutic-strategies-using-helminth-products",signatures:"C.A. 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Macedo-Soares",authors:[{id:"67870",title:"PhD.",name:"Maria Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo Soares",fullName:"Maria Fernanda Macedo Soares",slug:"maria-fernanda-macedo-soares"},{id:"70139",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Araujo",fullName:"Claudia Araujo",slug:"claudia-araujo"}]},{id:"31795",title:"Parasite-Derived Proteins Inhibit Allergic Specific Th2 Response",slug:"parasite-derived-proteins-inhibit-allergic-specific-th2-response-",signatures:"Hak Sun Yu",authors:[{id:"65987",title:"Prof.",name:"Hak Sun",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Hak Sun Yu",slug:"hak-sun-yu"}]},{id:"31796",title:"Pharmaceutical Treatment of Asthma Symptoms in Elite Athletes - Doping or Therapy",slug:"pharmaceutical-treatment-of-asthma-symptoms-in-elite-athletes-doping-or-therapy",signatures:"Jimmi Elers and Vibeke Backer",authors:[{id:"71053",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Backer",fullName:"Backer",slug:"backer"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7073",title:"Lupus",subtitle:"New Advances and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72a1c80811ab9ff742c3d3ebefada247",slug:"lupus-new-advances-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Sophia Lionaki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213115",title:"M.D.",name:"Sophia",surname:"Lionaki",slug:"sophia-lionaki",fullName:"Sophia Lionaki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7099",title:"Chronic Autoimmune Epithelitis",subtitle:"Sjogren's Syndrome and Other Autoimmune Diseases of the Exocrine Glands",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f4f8334c0cc376a9b3022e256e847f2",slug:"chronic-autoimmune-epithelitis-sjogren-s-syndrome-and-other-autoimmune-diseases-of-the-exocrine-glands",bookSignature:"Maria Maślińska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7099.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Maślińska",slug:"maria-maslinska",fullName:"Maria Maślińska"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7168",title:"Sarcoidosis and Granulomatosis",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af4ff1c85383b3aa8131e3475e235654",slug:"sarcoidosis-and-granulomatosis-diagnosis-and-management",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein K. 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The disorder is primarily caused by abnormalities in the structure of bone or its mass, vitamin D level as well as the presence of certain minerals such as calcium and phosphorus [1].
The concentration of extracellular calcium is crucial for several functions at the cellular level, which needs to be retained in restricted levels. The free concentration of calcium is predominantly negatively regulated by the secretion of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to calcium-sensing receptors. A substantial drop in the level of free calcium activates the release and synthesis of PTH, which often leads to calcium reabsorption in the renal tubules, enhanced secretion of calcitriol (vitamin D3) promoting calcium absorption from the intestine, and immediate release of calcium from the skeleton, which contains 99% of calcium in the body. Conversely, in regard to rising levels of calcium in the body, PTH level drops that lead to a decline in the above-stated processes. This balance is seen to be disturbed in various pathological circumstances leading to elevated or low calcium levels. High calcium levels, known as hypercalcemia, and low calcium levels, known as hypocalcemia, are observed in conditions such as hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency.
The most common forms of MBD comprises of osteoporosis, osteomalacia, primary hyperparathyroidism, and fluorosis, while fibrous dysplasia, Paget’s disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, and tumor-induced osteomalacia account for its rare forms.
Osteoporosis is a severe MBD that constitutes to be a serious health issue for older people. It represents a decline in the bone mass per unit volume, leading to significant weaknesses in the bone structure, which ultimately leads to bone deformity/fracture. Osteoporosis is categorized as primary when there is no prominent diagnosis of the disease and secondary when an established contributing cause such as steroid treatment is detectable. Type I (postmenopausal) and type II (age-related) are categorized under primary osteoporosis. Type I osteoporosis incorporates bone loss with the expedited bone mass reduction due to the withdrawal of estrogens [2].
Osteomalacia results from curtailed absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestine due to a deficiency in vitamin D or more rarely due to calcium or phosphate deficiency. Joint pain with fragility in bone and muscular weakness are the common symptoms observed in patients with osteomalacia [3].
Paget’s disease leads to skeletal lesions resulting in progressive bone turnover. The finely constructed bone lacks a natural lamellar framework and has poor quality with effects like bone deformity with prominent fractures and related pain [4].
Hyperparathyroidism results due to excess secretion of PTH, which can be categorized as primary hyperparathyroidism or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs due to the raised concentration of calcium in the serum. Research reports show hypercalcemia with an abnormally high level of alkaline phosphatase and elevated serum PTH [5].
Fibrous dysplasia is categorized as a rare form of metabolic disorder in which the bones are covered with irregular structures, which appear as a scar-like fibrous tissue. This deposited structure affects bone structure and integrity, making it more fragile and fracture-prone.
This chapter discusses in brief about the associated risk factors and diagnosis of MBD along with the preventive measures and the pharmacological approaches for the treatment of MBD.
Several contributing factors that control bone mass are diet, lifestyle, levels of cytokines, level of mobilization and physical activity, hormones, genetic factors, and local growth factors. Table 1 illustrates premature risk factors associated with MBD for both antenatal and postnatal period.
Antenatal | Postnatal |
---|---|
Preclampsia | Liver and kidney disease |
Placental insufficiency | Use of drugs such as loop diuretics, methylxanthines, glucocorticoids |
Prevalence of neuromuscular disorders, intraventricular hemorrhage | Prevalence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
List of premature risk factors associated with metabolic bone disorders for both antenatal and postnatal period.
The amalgamation of various nutritional and biomechanical factors results in the precipitation of MBD. Some of them are discussed below:
Vitamin D is inevitable for retaining the rate of metabolism in bone. The major function of vitamin D is to boost calcium and phosphorus intestinal absorption by its active metabolite 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 along with fostering the continuance of neuromuscular function as well as bone remodeling. Disorders in which this active metabolite is deficient can pose a greater risk of the incidence of bone disorders [6]. Low levels of vitamin D results in decreased absorption of intestinal calcium and phosphorus, with a drop in the level of calcium in serum with an increased synthesis of PTH. A rise in the level of PTH in plasma preserves the level of normal serum calcium by enhancing 1,25-(OH)2D renal development, growing bone yield, and escalating loss in mass of bone. Lack of sufficient intake or a maternal lack of vitamin D is the most leading cause of deficiency of vitamin D. Renal failure or the incidences of hepatic disease, receptor defects, or synthesis of congenital vitamin D are the other instances that cause a vitamin D deficiency. Additionally, two other rare genetic diseases, including vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1 or pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets, are caused due to the mutation in the gene encoding 1α-hydroxylase enzyme (CYP27B1 gene), which is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the bioactivation of vitamin D.
A recent report has evaluated vitamin D status and its relationship with skeletal health in 40 healthy adult Nigerians (aged between 21 and 50 years) [7]. An array of physiological parameters were evaluated, which predominantly included markers of bone health, thyroid function and renal function, levels of parathyroid hormone, calcium excretion rates, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels. The observed results indicated the fact that approximately 70% of the reported cases had an incidence of vitamin D insufficiency with 25% of the subjects indicated osteopenia, while none of the subjects presented with osteoporosis. The bone mineral density (BMD) T-score for osteopenic subjects was significantly lower than for non-osteopenic subjects. It was also observed that osteocalcin levels in serum were considerably higher in osteopenic subjects versus non-osteopenic subjects; however, a 24-hour calcium excretion was comparable between the two groups. Mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D was lower in subjects with osteopenia compared to non-osteopenic subjects, while parameters for thyroid, renal, and calcium-phosphorus were not significantly different in the observed group [7].
Disorders related to homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus results in ultimate clinical consequences for neonates. A fine positive balance between calcium and phosphorus is indispensable for sufficient bone growth and maturation. Neonates with persistent malabsorption are at high prospects of poor absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, or vitamin D, either due to medical or surgical interventions [8].
Some drugs that are frequently used in premature births also support the incidence of MBD. Some of the prominent classes of such drugs are loop diuretics such as furosemides, corticosteroids, methylxanthines, antifungals, and certain antiepileptics. The most probable reason may be activation of osteoclasts and reduction of osteoblast proliferation and decreased absorption, thereby the ultimate elimination of calcium by the kidneys [9].
The concentration of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus in premature breast milk is inadequate in regard to the estimated requirement, presuming that they ingest approximately one third that is essential in fetal life [9]. In addition, milk products are high in concentration of the stated minerals but have a lower bioavailability; hence, consumption of mineral fortified milk is essential for preventing and treating MBD.
Biomechanical factors that impact the alteration of bone structure is accountable for the reduction of bone mass caused by reduced activity level. The majority of bone-loading process occurs during the third trimester. Nevertheless, in the absence of bone loading, bone formation stops and further osteoclasts are activated leading to a reduction in bone strength [10]. Neonatal demineralization of the skeleton may result from immobilization due to the prevalence of other disease conditions or neurological implications.
Thyroid hormones are prerequisite for the development of the skeleton and are prime regulators of bone maintenance. Hypothyroidism induces delayed development of the skeleton and growth retardation with delayed bone development owing to inadequate endochondral ossification. Hyperparathyroidism also impacts bone metabolism, which causes significant conditions such as hypercalcemia, demineralization of the bone, and delay in growth and development. Due to these abovementioned-stated issues, a decline in the normal function of kidneys eventually leads to mineral and bone metabolism disturbances culminating in serious skeletal deformities [11].
Since there are no ultimate diagnosis and therapy indications for MBD, and the related sign and symptoms also appear very late, it is, therefore, appropriate to monitor the subjects at risk for the development of the related disorder.
Levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) rise physiologically at about 6–12 weeks of age over the first 3 weeks of life. Regardless of the lack of signs and symptoms, ALP levels > 500 IU/L suggest impaired bone homeostasis and values >700 IU/L is associated with bone demineralisation [12].
Serum phosphate levels <5.6 mg/dl are strongly linked with the prevalence of the radiologically apparent disorder in preterm infants with an average gestational age of 24.7–33.0 weeks [13].
Hypophosphatemia is the most prevalent physiological modification coupled with premature MBD, which causes a reduced release of PTH and thereby increases the reabsorption of phosphate from the renal tubular. Infants born <28 weeks of gestation have a reduced baseline value for phosphate, resulting in increased excretion of phosphate in urine, even in the mere existence of lower levels of phosphate that appear as a significant marker for MBD incidence [14].
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the conventional method used for BMD assessments. DEXA employs the use of low ionizing radiation and measures the calcium content in bone in terms of grams of hydroxyapatite/cm2.
Quantitative ultrasound is another technique that is relatively inexpensive and measures the mineral content of bone as well as the organic matrix. The parameters that are evaluated by the abovementioned technique are the speed of sound and bone transmission time [15].
There are certain non-pharmacological approaches that need to be inculcated in daily life for the prevention of MBD. Some of them are discussed below:
Individuals with MBD should be educated about the potential advantages of physical activity and motivated to be active within their ability and in keeping their values and goals as realistically possible. They should be given training on how to self-monitor for signs and symptoms that should be brought to their healthcare team’s attention and the emergency contact information for this team should be issued [16].
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) prescribes that dietary calcium consumption should be limited to 1000 mg daily for men aged 50–70 years, and 1200 mg daily for women aged 51 years and over [17]. Presently, the impact of calcium supplementation on stone formation is unclear. Large doses of supplemental calcium are likely to lead to stone formation, especially if given separately from a meal. If appropriate, patients with stones should be advised to take a meal with calcium supplements, and further, the disease condition needs to be closely monitored [18].
Vitamin D is a vital component of calcium absorption, which helps in the maintenance of bone health. The IOM recommends 600 IU and 800 IU per day for men and women who are aged 51–70 years and over 70 years, respectively [17]. Earlier reports indicate the fact that combined vitamin D and calcium intake demonstrated a reduction in the risk of fracture in older adults, but the effects varied according to the study setting, i.e., institution versus community dwellers. The risk of fracture among older adults was lower in the community dwellers than for institutionalized elderly people. However, further research is required for appropriate dose and dosing regimens to end up in a conclusive remark [19].
Maintaining an appropriate intake of proteins is vital for maintaining musculoskeletal functioning in postmenopausal women and men over the age of 50 years. The recommended protein intake is 0.8 g/kg/day [20].
The impact of various caffeinated beverages has been inferred as a trigger of osteoporosis and fragility fracture in individuals; hence, it is recommended to restrict the intake of caffeine [21].
The recent decade has witnessed much progress in the introduction of new medications for the treatment of MBD. The treatment modality of this group of disorders comprises two major treatment regimens, antiresorptive and anabolic conventional therapies. Antiresorptive drugs predominantly reduce the bone resorption rate, while anabolic drugs boost the formation of bone. The following medicines for skeletal disorders, including Paget’s disease of the bone, osteoporosis, MBD, and several other rare type of bone diseases, form the basis of our current clinical treatment regimen.
The major class of drugs included in this category includes bisphosphonates, estrogens, calcitonin, and denosumab.
Bisphosphonates, first-line antiresorptive bone agents, are commonly used to treat osteoporosis caused by glucocorticoids and other disorders marked by severe osteoclastic bone resorption, such as humoral malignant hypercalcemia, Paget’s disease, multiple myeloma, and osteolytic bone metastasis [22]. The drugs specifically included in this group for the treatment of MBD comprises of alendronate, risedronate, and zoledronic acid. Such groups of therapeutic agents bind with a high affinity to the bone’s mineral matrix and prevent resorption of osteoclast of the bone, resulting in reduced bone turnover and a significant increase in bone mass [23]. The most prominent side effect related to bisphosphonates administered orally is the upper gastrointestinal discomfort, which majorly includes the erosion of the esophagus leading to ulcer, heartburn, and indigestion.
Calcitonin is approved for the treatment of osteoporosis care in postmenopausal women when alternative therapies are not practicable [24].
Denosumab, the first biological agent available for osteoporosis treatment, is a fully human monoclonal antibody that acts by inhibiting transmembrane protein (RANKL), which has proven results for the formation and functioning of osteoclasts, thereby reducing bone resorption. It is usually recommended for the patients who are unable to be on drug therapy, which are orally administered but are at high risk for the incidence of fractures. Denosumab is well-tolerated, but associated hypersensitivity or dermatological reactions, musculoskeletal pain, infections, and hypercholesterolemia are the major documented adverse effects. It can trigger hypocalcemia, so calcium levels should be fixed before starting treatment [25, 26].
Estrogen therapy is FDA approved exclusively for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women who are at high risk, and should only be used when non-estrogenic osteoporotic medications have been deemed inappropriate. Hormonal replacement therapy is no longer recommended as a first choice for treating and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal and premenopausal women due to the overall associated health risks that hugely outweigh the benefits.
While antiresorptive drugs usually display a lower incidence of associated side effects, bone turnover suppression can elucidate the necrosis of the jaw and the incidence of atypical femur fractures that can be documented in patients with long-term bisphosphonate usage [27]. Because antiresorptive agents are unable to preserve bone mass and bone integrity, it continues to be of core interest to identify molecular targets that would promote osteoblast activity and lead to enhanced bone mass with reconstructed skeletal architectures.
Osteoanabolics are another category of drugs, which covers the PTH and parathyroid hormone-related peptide analogs. PTH functions as an efficient endocrine regulator for the maintenance of calcium and phosphate concentrations in extracellular space, vital to the preservation of concentration of calcium in serum and urinary samples within the normal physiological limit. High PTH levels lead to a high bone-turning state with bone resorption exceeding bone formation and ultimately osteoporosis precipitation [28].
Teriparatide was the first anabolic treatment option approved for the treatment of osteoporosis, which has a mode of action similar to that of the PTH hormone. This works by triggering the development of new bone by increasing osteoblastic development when given in low doses [29]. In patients with Paget’s bone disease, elevated concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, prior skeletal radiotherapy, recurrent or metastatic bone malignancy, hypercalcemic disorders such as primary hyperparathyroidism, avoidance of the treatment is suggested [30]. Abaloparatide is another FDA approved drug for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It is further advised to avoid the treatment in patients with preexisting hypercalcemia and disorder such as primary hyperparathyroidism [31].
Another promising investigational drug is romosozumab, which is a sclerostin-neutralizing antibody. Reports have shown elsewhere that it is better alternative bisphosphonate alendronate in women with severe osteoporosis for reducing the risk of prominent clinical fractures. This was accompanied by a boost in bone formation markers with a decline in bone resorption markers, implying the action of both stimulating bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption [32].
Apart from these two major classes of drugs, various herbal medicines are also gaining attention for being used in the treatment of MBD. Some of them include Hachimi-jio-gan and Juzen-taiho-to,
Recent advances in MBD treatment include medications that target calcium-sensing receptors and proteins linked to the hormone parathyroid, leading to the design of cathepsin K and Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors, calcilytics, and monoclonal antibodies against sclerostin or Dickkopf-1 (Table 2).
Class of drug | Investigational drug | Characteristics | Mode of action | Therapeutic efficacy | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcilytics | MK-5442 (Phase II) | Orally bioavailable | CaSR antagonist | Transient PTH pulses and a dramatic rise in the formation of bone markers were noted, with a transitory significant decline in markers of bone resorption. Compared to placebo, no further rise in BMD was reported | [36] |
Cathepsin K inhibitors | ODN | Long half-life, orally bioavailable | Inhibits CatK from binding to its corresponding substrates | Reduced bone turnover in ovariectomized animals and promoted periosteal bone formation was observed | [37] |
ONO-5334 | Synthetic derivative, low molecular weight, oral formulation | Inhibits CatK from binding to its corresponding substrates | In Phase 2 clinical trial in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, there was a substantial enhancement in BMD in the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck compared to placebo. The observed effect on BMD of ONO-5334 was found to have a similar effect as that of alendronate, when administered at a dose of 70 mg once weekly | [38] | |
Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors | Saracatinib (AZD0530) | Oral formulation | Inhibits the enzyme Src kinase competitively | A notable decrease in bone resorption markers without any noticeable effect on bone formation markers and no serious adverse effects was documented, demonstrating a reduction in osteoclast bone resorption effect of saracatinib | [39] |
Monoclonal antibodies against sclerostin/Dickkopf-1 | Romosozumab (AMG-785) | Human monoclonal anti-sclerostin antibody | Monoclonal antibody against sclerostin | A rise in dose-dependent BMD at the lumbar spine and total hip with a decrease in bone resorption markers with marked improvement in bone formation markers after a period of 3 months was reported | [40] |
Recent advances for the treatment of metabolic bone disease.
PTH, parathyroid hormone; CaSR, calcium sensing receptor; BMD, bone mineral density; CatK, cathepsin K.
Nanoenabled systems for the systemic delivery of drugs for the treatment of MBD have attracted huge attention in recent times. A number of formulations were designed for the controlled delivery of medicaments for better therapeutic efficacy with minimal associated adverse effects. Some of the formulations reported in this specified category include tigecycline entrapped calcium phosphate/poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles, titanium implants coated with bisphosphonate encased calcium phosphate nanoparticle, and gold nanoparticles incorporated gelatin-based hydrogel. Reports suggest that surface reconfiguration through nanotechnology has played a significant role in the design and manufacture of better spinal implants [41, 42, 43, 44].
The burgeoning of the incidences of MBD is raising concern worldwide. Proper screening of the disorder is of prime importance in dealing with it. Although bisphosphonates remain the first-line treatment choice for the stated disorder, researchers should work upon the novel drugs with a unique mode of action and appreciable long-term safety profile. Based on the literature, it is pertinent to state that a fine balance between the non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches could help out in dealing with MBD judiciously resulting in its prevention. Therefore, the battle for the search of better drugs for treating patients with metabolic bone diseases continues with an aim to provide better therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
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',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Monograph",metaDescription:"IntechOpen aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-monograph",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"When submitting a manuscript, the Author is required to accept the Terms and Conditions set out in our Publication Agreement – Monographs/Compacts as follows:
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\\n\\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
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\\n\\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\\n\\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\\n\\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\\n\\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
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\n\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\nSubject to the following Article, the Author grants to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright, and any extensions or renewals of that term, the following:
\n\nThe foregoing licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Publication Agreement for any reason.
\n\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Author, and any Co-Author, confirms that they are, and will remain, a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Work and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process, including all published versions, is retained by the Author and any Co-Authors.
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\n\nAll rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the specific approval of the Author or Co-Authors.
\n\nThe Author, on his/her own behalf and on behalf of the Co-Authors, will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Work as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Work arising from the translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits as determined by IntechOpen.
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\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of issue of the invoice. The Author or whoever is paying on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
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Generally, the phytochemical constituents of plants fall into two categories based on their role in basic metabolic processes, namely primary and secondary metabolites. Primary plant metabolites are involved in basic life functions; therefore, they are more or less similar in all living cells. On the other hand, secondary plant metabolites are products of subsidiary pathways as the shikimic acid pathway. In the course of studying, the medicinal effect of herbals is oriented towards the secondary plant metabolites. Secondary plant metabolites played an important role in alleviating several aliments in the traditional medicine and folk uses. In modern medicine, they provided lead compounds for the production of medications for treating various diseases from migraine up to cancer. Secondary plant metabolites are classified according to their chemical structures into various classes. In this chapter, we will be presenting various classes of secondary plant metabolites, their distribution in different plant families and their important medicinal uses.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Rehab A. Hussein and Amira A. El-Anssary",authors:[{id:"212117",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab",middleName:null,surname:"Hussein",slug:"rehab-hussein",fullName:"Rehab Hussein"},{id:"221140",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"El-Anssary",slug:"amira-el-anssary",fullName:"Amira El-Anssary"}]},{id:"64851",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80348",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",totalDownloads:14206,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:52,abstract:"African traditional medicine is a form of holistic health care system organized into three levels of specialty, namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. However, the future of African traditional medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision, increase of health care coverage, economic potential, and poverty reduction. Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"54028",doi:"10.5772/67291",title:"Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mentha Species",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",totalDownloads:7474,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:"The genus Mentha L. (Lamiaceae) is distributed all over the world and can be found in many environments. Mentha species, one of the world’s oldest and most popular herbs, are widely used in cooking, in cosmetics, and as alternative or complementary therapy, mainly for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders like flatulence, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, it is well documented that the essential oil and extracts of Mentha species possess antimicrobial, fungicidal, antiviral, insecticidal, and antioxidant properties. The economic importance of mints is also evident; mint oil and its constituents and derivatives are used as flavoring agents throughout the world in food, pharmaceutical, herbal, perfumery, and flavoring industry. To provide a scientific basis for their traditional uses, several studies have been conducted to determine the chemical composition of mints and assess their biological activities. This chapter describes the therapeutic effects and uses of Mentha species and their constituents, particularly essential oils and phenolic compounds; some additional biological activities will also be considered.",book:{id:"5612",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature"},signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi"},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani"},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez"},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane"}]},{id:"58270",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72437",title:"Toxicity and Safety Implications of Herbal Medicines Used in Africa",slug:"toxicity-and-safety-implications-of-herbal-medicines-used-in-africa",totalDownloads:3376,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"The use of herbal medicines has seen a great upsurge globally. In developing countries, many patronize them largely due to cultural acceptability, availability and cost. In developed countries, they are used because they are natural and therefore assumed to be safer than allopathic medicines. In recent times, however, there has been a growing concern about their safety. This has created a situation of ambivalence in discussions regarding their use. Some medicinal plants are intrinsically toxic by virtue of their constituents and can cause adverse reactions if inappropriately used. Other factors such as herb-drug interactions, lack of adherence to good manufacturing practice (GMP), poor regulatory measures and adulteration may also lead to adverse events in their use. Many in vivo tests on aqueous extracts largely support the safety of herbal medicines, whereas most in vitro tests on isolated single cells mostly with extracts other than aqueous ones show contrary results and thus continue the debate on herbal medicine safety. It is expected that toxicity studies concerning herbal medicine should reflect their traditional use to allow for rational discussions regarding their safety for their beneficial use. While various attempts continue to establish the safety of various herbal medicines in man, their cautious and responsible use is required.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Merlin L.K. Mensah, Gustav Komlaga, Arnold D. Forkuo, Caleb\nFirempong, Alexander K. Anning and Rita A. Dickson",authors:[{id:"190435",title:"Dr.",name:"Caleb",middleName:null,surname:"Firempong",slug:"caleb-firempong",fullName:"Caleb Firempong"},{id:"212111",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustav",middleName:null,surname:"Komlaga",slug:"gustav-komlaga",fullName:"Gustav Komlaga"},{id:"217045",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnold Forkuo",middleName:null,surname:"Donkor",slug:"arnold-forkuo-donkor",fullName:"Arnold Forkuo Donkor"},{id:"217049",title:"Prof.",name:"Merlin Lincoln Kwao",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",slug:"merlin-lincoln-kwao-mensah",fullName:"Merlin Lincoln Kwao Mensah"},{id:"217488",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander K.",middleName:null,surname:"Anning",slug:"alexander-k.-anning",fullName:"Alexander K. Anning"},{id:"223959",title:"Prof.",name:"Akosua Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Dickson",slug:"akosua-rita-dickson",fullName:"Akosua Rita Dickson"}]},{id:"26489",doi:"10.5772/28224",title:"Alternative and Traditional Medicines Systems in Pakistan: History, Regulation, Trends, Usefulness, Challenges, Prospects and Limitations",slug:"alternative-and-traditional-medicines-systems-in-pakistan-history-regulation-trends-usefulness-chall",totalDownloads:9199,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"542",slug:"a-compendium-of-essays-on-alternative-therapy",title:"A Compendium of Essays on Alternative Therapy",fullTitle:"A Compendium of Essays on Alternative Therapy"},signatures:"Shahzad Hussain, Farnaz Malik, Nadeem Khalid, Muhammad Abdul Qayyum and Humayun Riaz",authors:[{id:"73162",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahzad",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"shahzad-hussain",fullName:"Shahzad Hussain"},{id:"82266",title:"Dr.",name:"Farnaz",middleName:null,surname:"Malik",slug:"farnaz-malik",fullName:"Farnaz Malik"},{id:"124185",title:"Dr.",name:"Humayun",middleName:null,surname:"Riaz",slug:"humayun-riaz",fullName:"Humayun Riaz"},{id:"124186",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Qayyum",slug:"muhammad-abdul-qayyum",fullName:"Muhammad Abdul Qayyum"},{id:"125340",title:"Mr.",name:"Nadeem",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"nadeem-khalid",fullName:"Nadeem Khalid"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64851",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",totalDownloads:14207,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:52,abstract:"African traditional medicine is a form of holistic health care system organized into three levels of specialty, namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. However, the future of African traditional medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision, increase of health care coverage, economic potential, and poverty reduction. Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"61866",title:"Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants",slug:"plants-secondary-metabolites-the-key-drivers-of-the-pharmacological-actions-of-medicinal-plants",totalDownloads:8875,totalCrossrefCites:56,totalDimensionsCites:140,abstract:"The vast and versatile pharmacological effects of medicinal plants are basically dependent on their phytochemical constituents. Generally, the phytochemical constituents of plants fall into two categories based on their role in basic metabolic processes, namely primary and secondary metabolites. Primary plant metabolites are involved in basic life functions; therefore, they are more or less similar in all living cells. On the other hand, secondary plant metabolites are products of subsidiary pathways as the shikimic acid pathway. In the course of studying, the medicinal effect of herbals is oriented towards the secondary plant metabolites. Secondary plant metabolites played an important role in alleviating several aliments in the traditional medicine and folk uses. In modern medicine, they provided lead compounds for the production of medications for treating various diseases from migraine up to cancer. Secondary plant metabolites are classified according to their chemical structures into various classes. In this chapter, we will be presenting various classes of secondary plant metabolites, their distribution in different plant families and their important medicinal uses.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Rehab A. Hussein and Amira A. El-Anssary",authors:[{id:"212117",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab",middleName:null,surname:"Hussein",slug:"rehab-hussein",fullName:"Rehab Hussein"},{id:"221140",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"El-Anssary",slug:"amira-el-anssary",fullName:"Amira El-Anssary"}]},{id:"77433",title:"Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants and Herbs",slug:"extraction-of-bioactive-compounds-from-medicinal-plants-and-herbs",totalDownloads:1266,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Human beings have relied on herbs and medicinal plants as sources of food and remedy from time immemorial. Bioactive compounds from plants are currently the subject of much research interest, but their extraction as part of phytochemical and/or biological investigations present specific challenges. Herbalists or scientists have developed many protocols of extraction of bioactive ingredients to ensure the effectiveness and the efficacy of crude drugs that were used to get relief from sickness. With the advent of new leads from plants such as morphine, quinine, taxol, artemisinin, and alkaloids from Voacanga species, a lot of attention is paid to the mode of extraction of active phytochemicals to limit the cost linked to the synthesis and isolation. Thus, the extraction of active compounds from plants needs appropriate extraction methods and techniques that provide bioactive ingredients-rich extracts and fractions. The extraction procedures, therefore, play a critical role in the yield, the nature of phytochemical content, etc. This chapter aims to present, describe, and compare extraction procedures of bioactive compounds from herbs and medicinal plants.",book:{id:"10356",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",fullTitle:"Natural Medicinal Plants"},signatures:"Fongang Fotsing Yannick Stéphane, Bankeu Kezetas Jean Jules, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Iftikhar Ali and Lenta Ndjakou Bruno",authors:[{id:"224515",title:"Dr.",name:"Fongang Fotsing",middleName:null,surname:"Yannick Stéphane",slug:"fongang-fotsing-yannick-stephane",fullName:"Fongang Fotsing Yannick Stéphane"},{id:"227816",title:"Dr.",name:"Bankeu Kezetas",middleName:null,surname:"Jean Jules",slug:"bankeu-kezetas-jean-jules",fullName:"Bankeu Kezetas Jean Jules"},{id:"227817",title:"Prof.",name:"Lenta Ndjakou",middleName:null,surname:"Bruno",slug:"lenta-ndjakou-bruno",fullName:"Lenta Ndjakou Bruno"},{id:"349790",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaber",middleName:null,surname:"El-Saber Batiha",slug:"gaber-el-saber-batiha",fullName:"Gaber El-Saber Batiha"},{id:"357350",title:"Dr.",name:"Iftikhar",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"iftikhar-ali",fullName:"Iftikhar Ali"}]},{id:"26491",title:"Homeopathy: Treatment of Cancer with the Banerji Protocols",slug:"homeopathy-treatment-of-cancer-with-the-banerji-protocols",totalDownloads:54048,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"542",slug:"a-compendium-of-essays-on-alternative-therapy",title:"A Compendium of Essays on Alternative Therapy",fullTitle:"A Compendium of Essays on Alternative Therapy"},signatures:"Prasanta Banerji and Pratip Banerji",authors:[{id:"79939",title:"Dr",name:"Prasanta",middleName:null,surname:"Banerji",slug:"prasanta-banerji",fullName:"Prasanta Banerji"},{id:"79943",title:"Dr.",name:"Pratip",middleName:null,surname:"Banerji",slug:"pratip-banerji",fullName:"Pratip Banerji"}]},{id:"54028",title:"Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mentha Species",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",totalDownloads:7474,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:"The genus Mentha L. (Lamiaceae) is distributed all over the world and can be found in many environments. Mentha species, one of the world’s oldest and most popular herbs, are widely used in cooking, in cosmetics, and as alternative or complementary therapy, mainly for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders like flatulence, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, it is well documented that the essential oil and extracts of Mentha species possess antimicrobial, fungicidal, antiviral, insecticidal, and antioxidant properties. The economic importance of mints is also evident; mint oil and its constituents and derivatives are used as flavoring agents throughout the world in food, pharmaceutical, herbal, perfumery, and flavoring industry. To provide a scientific basis for their traditional uses, several studies have been conducted to determine the chemical composition of mints and assess their biological activities. This chapter describes the therapeutic effects and uses of Mentha species and their constituents, particularly essential oils and phenolic compounds; some additional biological activities will also be considered.",book:{id:"5612",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature"},signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi"},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani"},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez"},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"991",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. 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