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Chemists know about the reactants and the final products of chemical reactions, but how the molecules and atoms rearrange themselves to produce the reaction products had always remained in the realm of imagination. This is due to the technical difficulties in making these measurements. In solids, chemical reactions occur at the speed of sound (
Recent advances in laser technology have made it possible to produce laser pulses that are femtoseconds and even attoseconds in duration [5]. This has enabled rapid developments in the field of ultrafast science. Typically, a short laser pulse initiates a photo-induced reaction dynamic in a molecular sample, which is then probed by a probe pulse. Probe pulses can be short X-ray pulses [6] in X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) [7] or compressed electron pulses [8] in tabletop experiments [3, 9]. Additionaly, laser pulses can be used in table-top spectroscopy experiments, which temporally probe molecules and atoms but not with the same spatial resolution as X-rays [10, 11]. XFELs are multibillion dollar facilities that are very costly to operate and entail very complex engineering [12]. However, electron beams are generated in table-top experiments. The electrons are usually accelerated via a DC electric field for a short distance in order to avoid rapid expansion due to Coulomb forces between them [13], or they are accelerated via a DC field, then compressed via an RF field [14, 15]. There are also designs where acceleration and compression take place through the same RF field [16]. Furthermore, utilizing relativistic electron sources can also improve brightness and time resolution since they greatly reduce pulse broadening effects [17, 18, 19]. In all cases a short probe pulse is produced. Probe pulses capture molecular dynamics and produce a diffraction pattern. By varying the time delay between pump and probe pulses, the molecular dynamics at different time points can be captured and a’molecular movie’ can be generated. As a result, the time resolution is mainly limited by the technological ability to produce ever-shorter laser and electron pulses [20], both for triggering a photo-induced dynamic rapidly and for imaging it. In other approaches, the probe pulse is dissected to increase time resolution. In the case of electrons, streak cameras [21] that spatially separate a long electron beam into smaller pieces have been developed, enabling higher time resolutions [22]. Another proposed method, known as optical gating [23], uses ultrashort laser pulses to dissect the electron beam and achieve a higher time resolution than was originally possible based on the length and speed of the beam.
For the sake of making this chapter as self-encompassing as possible, we will start with a review of special relativity (SR) and the concepts of time dilation and length contraction. This shall make for a smoother understanding of the core ideas of the proposed novel experiment.
Towards the end of the nineteenth century there was one major inconsistency plaguing the structure of theoretical physics. Newton’s1 equations described very well the mechanics of moving objects ranging from tiny objects on earth to the orbits of planets in space. Maxwell2 had successfully completed the theoretical framework of electromagnetism in 1865, a monumental task that crowned the gradual understanding of electromagnetism throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through the work of scientists such as Coulomb3, Ampère4 and Faraday5. Despite the enormous success of both Newton’s and Maxwell’s frameworks in describing mechanical objects and light, respectively, they were inconsistent with each other. Maxwell’s equations predicted a constant speed of light and Newton’s equations suggest that objects moving at different speeds should measure the speed of light to be different. On a more rigorous level, Newton’s equations are invariant under Galilean6 transformations while Maxwell’s equations are invariant under Lorentz7 transformations. So, each set of equations suggested a different symmetry present in nature. Moreover, in 1887, on the experimental side, Michelson8 and Morley9 tried to detect a difference in the speed of light for observers moving at different speeds but their results were decidedly negative. There were some attempts to resolve this consistency but it was Einstein,10 who, in 1905, successfully presented the correct solution through a radical theory that would change our understanding of nature forever.
To resolve the inconsistency Einstein suggested that:
The laws of physics are invariant in all inertial frames of reference.
The speed of light in vacuum is constant in all frames of reference.
Simply put, he suggested that Newton’s equations were fundamentally wrong and he replaced them with the equations of SR that were invariant under Lorentz transformations. The implications were dramatic: different observers experience different rates of time, lengths can shrink or elongate and many other peculiar effects take place as objects approach the speed of light. Newton’s equations were only a very good approximation as long as objects moved slowly compared to the speed of light.
There are many ways to approach SR from a mathematical point of view. In this chapter we will present the mathematical framework of SR in a simple manner.
Limiting our consideration to one spatial dimension for simplicity, the most general way one can transform between two coordinate systems
Assuming that space is homogeneous and noticing that the principle of relativity requires that
The Galilean transformations coincide with our everyday intuition (
Going back to the general form of the transformations, we have:
By setting
and similarly, by setting
Assuming the speed of light is constant in all inertial frames of reference, we consider a light signal when the origins coincide (
Substituting Eqs. (10) and (11) into Eqs. (6) and (7) yields:
Substituting Eq. (13) into Eq. (12) and using Eq. (8) yields:
Substituting Eqs. (14) and (15) into Eqs. (6) and (7) yields:
By substituting Eq. (16) into Eq. (17) the transformation of time is obtained:
Consider an observer in the frame of reference O at the origin, so
Hence, the clock is ticking slower for the moving observer.
Similar to the peculiar effect of time dilation, a moving observer experiences a contraction in length along the direction of movement. Consider an observer in the frame of reference O that measures a moving ruler to be of length
Now, by symmetry, i.e., a ruler at rest in
in
With that knowledge in mind, we are now ready to discuss the proposed experiment.
This section presents a method for studying molecular and atomic dynamics using time-resolved diffraction or spectroscopy studies with greater time resolution without relying on laser or electron beam technology advancements [24]. In this method, instead of shortening the probe pulse, the ‘internal clock’ of the sample (charged molecule or ion) is slowed down. This can be accomplished by accelerating the sample to relativistic speeds, which can be realized in particle accelerators, such as cyclotrons and synchrotrons. A sample, which is accelerated to speed
relative to the lab frame irrespective of its velocity direction. As a result, the time resolution becomes a function of the sample’s energy rather than being mainly reliant on pump and probe pulse durations. This can easily enable new time resolutions that have never been unlocked before.
To successfully implement any novel method, there are several barriers and challenges to overcome. We will introduce the experimental setup and discuss the experimental challenges and limitations, as well as the physics involved in the proposed setup.
We propose accelerating the samples in a cyclotron or synchrotron and studying them at a fixed energy
Schematic of the proposed experimental setup: Samples are accelerated to a fixed energy. A pump pulse and a probe pulse are directed parallel to each other and perpendicular to the sample direction of motion. The delay between the pump pulse and probe pulse can be controlled by changing the distance between the two beams.
As a result, the signal will reflect the changing dynamics according to the ‘internal clock’ of the sample.
To begin with, this novel method can only be applied to electrically charged ions or molecules so that they can be accelerated to relativistic speeds, and to molecules that are in the gas phase in order to achieve the required energies. To run the experiment for a given time resolution, the higher the mass of the sample, the more energy is needed, so the best candidates for such studies are light, charged molecules, and ions.
The typical number density in gas phase UED [25, 26, 27] and spectroscopy [28] experiments is
It is also necessary for a sample to be stable when subjected to the accelerator conditions. H-anions with a binding energy of
In addition to originally being designed to accelerate only protons and positively charged ions, the LHC ring has recently been used to accelerate partially stripped Pb
At the moment, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN can accelerate protons to energies on the order of 7 TeV [36] and lead ions to 5 TeV collision energies [37], which is enough to boost the resolution of time measurements significantly. As an example, a hydronium molecule (
the time resolution scales proportionally to energy, so an energy of
The effect of relativistic time dilation on dynamical processes will still be extremely fascinating to observe, even if the particle accelerators cannot be commissioned to perform this experiment in the near future. With current laser technology it is possible to observe changes in differential detection, with and without a perturbation, as small as
As in standard ultrafast studies, pulsed pump and probe beams can be used. The time resolution is largely determined by the pulse duration of the pump and probe pulses. In conventional terms, the pulse duration refers to the time during which the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the pulse crosses the sample. The pump pulse determines the trigger speed, and the probe pulse determines the imaging time resolution.
Besides velocity mismatch [44, 45], which takes place due to the difference in velocity between pump and probe pulses and their different incidence angles, other factors that affect the time resolution are the time of arrival jitter [25] for RF accelerated electron pulses. By the very nature of the experimental geometry, however, a lower resolution due to velocity mismatch or time of arrival jitter is avoided, as both pulses are parallel, so the delay time from time zero is solely determined by the speed of the sample between the pump and probe pulses. According to our proposed setup, the pulse crosses the sample in two directions, and we will thus consider the pulse duration during which the pulse crosses the sample or vice versa, in both directions. To explain the physics we denote the direction, parallel to the direction of propagation of the sample beam,
where
where
The pulse duration in the
The pulse duration in the
as
in the sample frame of reference. This happens because of relativistic angle aberration. In the lab frame of reference a pulse that is emitted at
However, as a quick check, if we assume that the probe beam consists of photons, then
Typical pulses are Gaussian temporally and spatially (
where
Lab and sample frames of reference: Along the
The lab frame of reference is the same as the sample frame of reference in conventional pump-probe experiments. Signals (e.g., diffraction patterns) always reflect interaction time according to the clock rate of the sample, so our proposed setup exploits the involved relativistic effects that result from the differences between two frames of reference.
In order to properly conduct the experiment, it is imperative to understand how the frequency of a laser, x-ray or electron pulse is ‘seen’ by the sample in its own rest frame. Changing the frequency of a laser can cause it to be outside the absorption spectrum of the sample, preventing the intended interaction. The spatial resolution of scattering x-rays and electrons would decrease if they undergo significant redshifts, for example. Furthermore, there is the relativistic effect of time dilation in addition to the classical Doppler effect. Even if the source and receiver are not crossing paths, relativity dictates a frequency shift known as the transverse Doppler effect [46].
If we let
for photons (see derivation in Appendix A) [47]. For other particles, e.g., electrons, one needs to replace
where
Depending on the angle, there could either be a redshift or a blueshift. For one critical angle
The interaction between light and matter can take many different forms (e.g., absorption, scattering, etc.). In this section we present a general scheme for calculating the final observable signal in our proposed experiment.
The main steps are: (1) transforming the incident field from the lab frame of reference to the sample frame of reference by applying the Lorentz transformations; (2) calculating the resultant signal in the sample frame of reference; (3) transforming the signal from the sample frame of reference to the lab frame of reference by applying the Lorentz transformations one more time.
Without loss of generality, for an incident electric field
where
For particles other than photons moving with speed
However, as before
Due to the nature of the angular transformations (see derivation in Appendix B), we expect scattering and diffraction angles to be wider than for the static case, and hence, we recommend detectors that cover as much of the 4
Momentum transfer due to light radiation pressure would have a more negligible effect on changing the ion beam path than in conventional ultrafast gas electron diffraction. Forces perpendicular to the ion beam path would cause acceleration according to
In this chapter, we proposed a novel method for time-resolved studies that relies on taking advantage of relativistic effects rather than on advances in laser technology or electron beam compression. It was shown that by using currently available technology, this method could improve time resolution by
Hazem Daoud would like to thank Prof. R.J. Dwayne Miller for his support, and Prof. Pierre Savaria and Prof. David Bailey for fruitful discussions.
We will derive the relativistic frequency shift formula in two steps. First we will consider a classical example to derive the classical Doppler shift then we will consider the relativistic effects involved in the second step.
Consider a resting source emitting a photon with frequency
Hence,
and so,
where
The time interval between consecutive crests in the source frame of reference is
Due to relativistic time dilation, the time interval between consecutive crests in the observer frame of reference is
The time interval between the reception of consecutive crests in the source frame of reference is
The time interval between the reception of consecutive crests in the observer frame of reference is
Consider a probe beam emitted from a source at an angle
In the observer frame of reference (indicated with a prime), using the relativistic velocity transformations, yields:
Hence,
The probe beam speed in the observer frame of reference is
So,
If the probe beam consists of photons, then
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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\n\n\n\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\n\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
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Thus, in order to be more concurrent and to realize innovation that meets required goals and performance expectations, companies have to achieve excellence in managing the innovation process. Delivering innovations with unique benefits and real value to customers separates winners from losers more often than any other single factor. Therefore, the excellence in innovation projects becomes a necessity, and it implies recognition of all critical success elements that can affect and, in some way, do the harm to the process. There are a lot of factors and issues that can influence innovation project success and excellence. In this paper, we chose some of the critical elements, such as innovation strategy, idea management, innovation portfolio, innovation model, and risk management.",book:{id:"5697",slug:"key-issues-for-management-of-innovative-projects",title:"Key Issues for Management of Innovative Projects",fullTitle:"Key Issues for Management of Innovative Projects"},signatures:"Biiljana Stošić and Radul Milutinović",authors:[{id:"196041",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Radul",middleName:null,surname:"Milutinović",slug:"radul-milutinovic",fullName:"Radul Milutinović"},{id:"204847",title:"Dr.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Stošić",slug:"biljana-stosic",fullName:"Biljana Stošić"}]},{id:"55157",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68191",title:"Innovative Solutions for Seawater Use in Mining Operations",slug:"innovative-solutions-for-seawater-use-in-mining-operations",totalDownloads:1688,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter reviews the use of seawater in the mining industry in Chile, especially from the perspective of the current situation and the innovative proposals for its sustainable use. This chapter describes the current use of seawater, with and without desalting, in the mining sector in Chile, as well as its future projection. Descriptions are given for the current desalination systems, mining operations currently using seawater and new projects, current water distribution systems, seawater applications in hydrometallurgy and minerals concentration, their environmental impacts, and difficulties in adapting processes in case of use of seawater without desalination. This is complemented by a description of mining in Chile, its importance for Chile and its relationship to the global mining. Finally, problems and opportunities are identified. A second aspect considered in this chapter is the innovative solutions that are being investigated to solve some of the problems indicated above, including integrated seawater distribution systems, seawater biodesalination, partial desalination using carbon dioxide, adaptation of process to the use of seawater without desalination, and uses of discard brines from reverse osmosis plants.",book:{id:"6027",slug:"case-study-of-innovative-projects-successful-real-cases",title:"Case Study of Innovative Projects",fullTitle:"Case Study of Innovative Projects - Successful Real Cases"},signatures:"Edelmira D. Gálvez and Luis A. Cisternas",authors:[{id:"196790",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Cisternas",slug:"luis-cisternas",fullName:"Luis Cisternas"},{id:"196947",title:"Prof.",name:"Edelmira",middleName:null,surname:"Gálvez",slug:"edelmira-galvez",fullName:"Edelmira Gálvez"}]},{id:"54531",doi:"10.5772/67543",title:"Innovation in Limited Markets: Managing PCP Projects in the UK Defence Industry",slug:"innovation-in-limited-markets-managing-pcp-projects-in-the-uk-defence-industry",totalDownloads:1503,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter will outline guidelines developed to both support and enhance innovation within the context of procuring complex performance (PCP) contracts. Such contracts are currently being employed across a range of sectors where limited market conditions exist. Such contracts and market conditions are set to remain the dominant form of defence procurement strategy for the foreseeable future. The case of the Typhoon combat aircraft programme is presented as an example of a typical, large‐scale, complex procurement programme for the defence industry. The MoD and the UK defence industry have developed new, contractual models for procuring complex equipment, such as aircraft and naval ships. These models involve the contracting for complex performance, which has changed the paradigm in the relationship between the customer(s) (MoD, UK Armed Forces) and the supplier (UK Defence Industry). Outcome‐based contracts for procuring complex performance (PCP) have been employed widely by the defence industry and other sectors in limited or oligopolistic markets. Ten theoretical propositions are presented in this chapter, to help us discuss PCP contracts. The literature review will include servitisation, complex performance models and discuss innovation strategies in the context of limited markets. Lessons learnt from the case, and guidelines for enhancing innovation are presented.",book:{id:"6027",slug:"case-study-of-innovative-projects-successful-real-cases",title:"Case Study of Innovative Projects",fullTitle:"Case Study of Innovative Projects - Successful Real Cases"},signatures:"Shaun Gee, Miles W. Weaver and Grant MacKerron",authors:[{id:"195798",title:"Mr.",name:"Grant",middleName:null,surname:"MacKerron",slug:"grant-mackerron",fullName:"Grant MacKerron"},{id:"200532",title:"Dr.",name:"Miles",middleName:null,surname:"Weaver",slug:"miles-weaver",fullName:"Miles Weaver"},{id:"200533",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaun",middleName:null,surname:"Gee",slug:"shaun-gee",fullName:"Shaun Gee"}]},{id:"55719",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69344",title:"The Arts in Clinical Health Programs for the Recovery of Diseases and to Improve Quality of Life",slug:"the-arts-in-clinical-health-programs-for-the-recovery-of-diseases-and-to-improve-quality-of-life",totalDownloads:1477,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The Psicoballet is a tool, which combines science and art. This method uses art and its different expressions (dance, ballet, theater, and pantomime) to improve the quality of life of people with disabilities and psychiatric problems and, in some cases, to rehabilitate these patients and help them become incorporated into society. In 1984, after analyzing over 25,000 cases successfully treated using this method, the recognition was granted by the UNESCO with the establishment of this organization as the UNESCO Psicoballet Company of Cuba and appointed Georgina Fariñas as its director. Since 1989, in the University King Juan Carlos, we are adapting and validating the Methodology of the Psicoballet to our culture, with clinical applications and social intervention in different contexts: (1) the intervention with victims of gender‐based violence, terrorism, violation, sexual exploitation, all of them with optimal results. (2) Neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson and Alzheimer). The works of investigation of some doctoral thesis directed by the author and realized in collaboration with the IMSERSO. (3) We have verified its efficiency in the problems of corporal image and eating disorders, chronic diseases (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and breast cancer), and people with disability.",book:{id:"6027",slug:"case-study-of-innovative-projects-successful-real-cases",title:"Case Study of Innovative Projects",fullTitle:"Case Study of Innovative Projects - Successful Real Cases"},signatures:"Amador Cernuda Lago",authors:[{id:"196789",title:"Prof.",name:"Amador",middleName:null,surname:"Cernuda",slug:"amador-cernuda",fullName:"Amador Cernuda"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55184",title:"Management of Entrepreneurship Projects from Project‐Based Learning: Coworking StartUPS Project at Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (Salesian Polytechnic University), Ecuador",slug:"management-of-entrepreneurship-projects-from-project-based-learning-coworking-startups-project-at-un",totalDownloads:1600,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the engineering education field, there is an identified need of innovative learning and teaching methods to improve students’ entrepreneurship competencies in order to make connections between engineering and real society. This chapter addresses a management strategy for entrepreneurship projects in the university framework. It is the result of a cooperative experience from the Research Groups of Salesian Polytechnic University (UPS), the Technical University of Madrid (UPM), and the collaboration of other external entities. The management strategy is applied to undergraduate and postgraduate programs at UPS and has been called Coworking StartUPS Project. The research method is made up of different teaching methodologies—project‐based learning, coworking, case studies—and different activities in and out of the university. The data were collected from students who were enrolled in the Coworking StartUPS Project, along with students and researchers from the three University Branch Campuses in the cities of Cuenca, Quito, and Guayaquil. The Coworking StartUPS Project links teaching & research activities with entrepreneurship are founded in cooperation and interaction, offering multiple possibilities for entrepreneurial skills development in the international context. This preprofessional experience promotes students to integrate the knowledge they have learnt and apply the new knowledge in an entrepreneurship project.",book:{id:"6027",slug:"case-study-of-innovative-projects-successful-real-cases",title:"Case Study of Innovative Projects",fullTitle:"Case Study of Innovative Projects - Successful Real Cases"},signatures:"Juan Pablo Salgado Guerrero, Ignacio de los Ríos Carmenado and\nMiriam López González",authors:[{id:"189497",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"De Los Rios-Carmenado",slug:"ignacio-de-los-rios-carmenado",fullName:"Ignacio De Los Rios-Carmenado"},{id:"204639",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Salgado Guerrero",slug:"juan-pablo-salgado-guerrero",fullName:"Juan Pablo Salgado Guerrero"},{id:"204640",title:"MSc.",name:"Miriam",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez Gonzalez",slug:"miriam-lopez-gonzalez",fullName:"Miriam Lopez Gonzalez"}]},{id:"55510",title:"Innovative Management and Implementation of Applied Research Project “Green Cost-Efficient Package Selection”",slug:"innovative-management-and-implementation-of-applied-research-project-green-cost-efficient-package-se",totalDownloads:1927,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Cost-effectiveness is one of main criterions of innovation. In the current research, the generic mechanisms of university-enterprise collaborative project realization are included, which can be used to introduce the fresh ideas to industry. Such projects are useful for both partners: enterprise and university. Professors receive applied research projects experience and can publish the results of research, the students, involved in the project, can use received knowledge in their master or bachelor theses, and enterprises can employ new and active engineers. The aim of the project was to develop the green cost-efficient package for electronics industry, which should replace the previously used package. The target of this chapter is to bring the project team experience to the broader audience, who can successfully apply it for similar research project management and practical implementation. Today, the companies frequently use expensive package, which exceeds required quality specifications. That means the quality standards used by the company have too high requirements for the product types that package should protect. Purpose of current research project was to reduce the total cost of the packaging process and to select the environmentally friendly materials. Research team has elaborated the methodology for assessment of possible package variants.",book:{id:"6027",slug:"case-study-of-innovative-projects-successful-real-cases",title:"Case Study of Innovative Projects",fullTitle:"Case Study of Innovative Projects - Successful Real Cases"},signatures:"Eduard Shevtshenko, Tatjana Karaulova, Meelis Pohlak, Kashif\nMahmood, Martin Tamm and Kaupo Leht",authors:[{id:"196019",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Karaulova",slug:"tatjana-karaulova",fullName:"Tatjana Karaulova"},{id:"196022",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Shevtshenko",slug:"eduard-shevtshenko",fullName:"Eduard Shevtshenko"},{id:"196023",title:"Dr.",name:"Meelis",middleName:null,surname:"Pohlak",slug:"meelis-pohlak",fullName:"Meelis Pohlak"},{id:"196024",title:"MSc.",name:"Kashif",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmood",slug:"kashif-mahmood",fullName:"Kashif Mahmood"},{id:"204536",title:"MSc.",name:"Kaupo",middleName:null,surname:"Leht",slug:"kaupo-leht",fullName:"Kaupo Leht"},{id:"204537",title:"MSc.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamm",slug:"martin-tamm",fullName:"Martin Tamm"}]},{id:"56005",title:"The New Panama Canal",slug:"the-new-panama-canal",totalDownloads:1684,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The canal of Panama is one of the most emblematic constructions in the world, for that reason, for Sacyr, the construction of the Third Set of Locks has been a great challenge and huge pride. The chapter details the technical specifications and innovative breakthroughs that have been used in the work. Detailing the hydraulic filling and drainage system, gate system, control systems, and auxiliary systems. The final result shows the innovation capacity of the technicians who have participated in this work, who have been one of the keys to be able to overcome the challenge that Sacyr committed to Panama and the rest of the world.",book:{id:"6027",slug:"case-study-of-innovative-projects-successful-real-cases",title:"Case Study of Innovative Projects",fullTitle:"Case Study of Innovative Projects - Successful Real Cases"},signatures:"Ana Belén Berrocal Menarguez and Juan Pous de la Flor",authors:[{id:"196512",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Pous",slug:"juan-pous",fullName:"Juan Pous"},{id:"210071",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Belen",middleName:null,surname:"Berrocal Menarguez",slug:"ana-belen-berrocal-menarguez",fullName:"Ana Belen Berrocal Menarguez"}]},{id:"55660",title:"Fundamentals of Innovation",slug:"fundamentals-of-innovation",totalDownloads:2190,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"To write a book about the Management of innovative projects is a challenge, because innovation goes beyond the usual, normal things, is not a standard behaviour and is difficult to propose techniques and methods to manage the creativity, but, in the same time, represents a very good initiative – to provide a specific guide for a project manager. At the moment, innovation is part of our everyday life and all the projects have innovative elements; these are the “details that make the difference” between a common, mediocre project and a good and efficient one. The management of the innovative projects needs a basic theoretical frame in which to find explanations of all fundamentals concepts. The chapter will present the main fundamentals concepts and prepare the reader for more complex approaches in the field of project management. The chapter will be structured as follows: definitions of innovation; explanation of the differences between innovation and invention; the typology of innovations; factors that influence and drive to innovation; a detailed comment about the models of innovation (five generations of innovation identified by prof. Roy Rothwell); introduction of the concepts of “open innovation” and “closed innovation”, the effects of open innovation on economic growth, business and development.",book:{id:"5697",slug:"key-issues-for-management-of-innovative-projects",title:"Key Issues for Management of Innovative Projects",fullTitle:"Key Issues for Management of Innovative Projects"},signatures:"Angela Albu",authors:[{id:"195388",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Albu",slug:"angela-albu",fullName:"Angela Albu"}]},{id:"56003",title:"Evaluation of the Project Management Team Members by Using the MCDM",slug:"evaluation-of-the-project-management-team-members-by-using-the-mcdm",totalDownloads:1467,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Modern trends in human resources show the necessity to quantitatively express employees’ evaluation and their complex assessment. The competency models are more and more involved in the evaluation process. They can significantly contribute to the objectification of the rewarding system. The evaluation process was introduced to the project team members from one of the high‐tech companies. The company’s primary focus is on a creation of the web sites and e‐commerce. The competency models were tested for various positions, such as a project manager, graphic designer, web developer and tester, with an application of the multi‐criteria decision‐making methods (MCDMs). Using Saaty’s method based on expert evaluation, groups of competencies were evaluated.",book:{id:"5697",slug:"key-issues-for-management-of-innovative-projects",title:"Key Issues for Management of Innovative Projects",fullTitle:"Key Issues for Management of Innovative Projects"},signatures:"Blanka Bazsova",authors:[{id:"196009",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Blanka",middleName:null,surname:"Bazsova",slug:"blanka-bazsova",fullName:"Blanka Bazsova"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"437",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:7,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 6th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"313921",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan M.",middleName:null,surname:"Heshmati",slug:"hassan-m.-heshmati",fullName:"Hassan M. Heshmati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313921/images/system/313921.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hassan Massoud Heshmati is an endocrinologist with 46 years of experience in clinical research in academia (university-affiliated hospitals, Paris, France; Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA) and pharmaceutical companies (Sanofi, Malvern, PA, USA; Essentialis, Carlsbad, CA, USA; Gelesis, Boston, MA, USA). His research activity focuses on pituitary tumors, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancers, osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity. He has extensive knowledge in the development of anti-obesity products. Dr. Heshmati is the author of 299 abstracts, chapters, and articles related to endocrinology and metabolism. He is currently a consultant at Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC, Anthem, AZ, USA.",institutionString:"Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC",institution:null},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. 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