Daily load consumption of a house
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Storage significantly adds flexibility in Renewable Energy (RE) and improves energy management. This chapter explains the estimation procedures of required storage with grid connected RE to support for a residential load. It was considered that storage integrated RE will support all the steady state load and grid will support transient high loads. This will maximize the use of RE. Proper sized RE resources with proper sized storage is essential for best utilization of RE in a cost effective way. This chapter also explains the feasibility analysis of storage by comparing the economical and environmental indexes.
Most of the presently installed Solar PV or Wind turbines are without storage while connected to the grid. The intermittent nature of solar radiation and wind speed limits the capacity of RE to follow the load demand. The available standards described sizing and requirements of storage in standalone systems. However standards available for distributed energy resources (DER) or distributed resources (DR) to connect to the grid while considering solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine and storage as DR. Bearing this limitation, this chapter followed the sizing guidelines for standalone system to estimate the required storage for the grid connected RE applications.
Solar PV is unable provide electricity during night and cloudy days; similarly wind energy also unable to follow load demand. Moreover PV and/or wind application is not able to follow the load demand; when these RE generators are just in the stage to start generating energy and when these RE are in highest mode of generating stage while load demand falls to the lowest level. Therefore it can be said that RE is unable to generate energy by following the load demand which is a major limitation in energy management. Storage can play this critical role of proper energy management. Moreover storage helps in reducing the intermittent nature of RE and improve the Power Quality (PQ). This study considers regional Australia as the study area also considered residential load, solar radiation and wind speed data of that location for detailed analysis. Figure 1 shows the daily load profile (summer: January 01, 2009 and winter: July 01 2009) of Capricornia region of Rockhampton, a regional city in Australia. Ergon Energy [1] is the utility operator in that area. However load demand of the residential load in that area depends on the work time patter which is different than the load profile of Figure 1. Overall electricity demand is very high in the evening and also in the morning for the residential load however PV generates electricity mostly during the day time therefore residents need to purchase costly electricity during peak demand in the evening. Similarly wind energy also unable to follow the residential load profile. Therefore properly estimated storage needs to be integrated to overcome this situation.
Daily load profile of Capricornia region in 2009 (Summer & Winter)
This chapter explores the need of storage systems to maximize the use of RE, furthermore estimates the required capacity of storage to meet the daily need which will gradually eliminate the dependency on conventional energy sources. Estimation of storage sizing is explained in section 3. This chapter also conducts the feasibility assessment of storage in terms of economic and environmental perspective which is explained in section 4.
Solar and Wind are the two major sources of RE. Australia is one of best places for these sources. In regional areas of Australia, roof top Solar PV is installed in many residential houses either in off-grid or grid connected configurations and most residential wind turbine are for specific applications in off-grid configuration. In grid connected solar PV systems where storage is not integrated, the energy output from this system does not satisfy to the desired level. Currently installed most of the residential PV systems are designed in an unplanned way that even with battery integrated system is not able to support the load in reliable way. Figure 2 illustrates a typical situation when whole system in jeopardize as the estimation of storage system was not done correctly.
Typical condition of failure in storage integrated RE system
The adoption of storage with the PV system certainly incurs additional cost to the system but the benefits of adding storage has not been clearly assessed. Therefore this chapter aims to achieve two objectives. One is to estimate the required storage for the grid connected PV system or grid connected wind turbine or combination of grid connected PV and wind turbine system to achieve the maximum daily use of RE. Second objective is to identify the effects of storage on the designed system in terms of environment and economic by comparing the same system with and without storage. The feasibility of the designed system is expressed as, the Cost of Energy (COE) is closer to the present system while providing environmental benefits by reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission and improving the Renewable Fraction (RF).
Data was collected for the Capricornia region of Rockhampton city in Queensland, Australia. Load data was collected for a 3 bed room house by estimating all the electrical appliances demand and average usage period considering its ratings. Daily load profile drawn from hourly load data and total daily load was estimated by calculating the area under the daily load profile curve using trapezoidal method. Weather data was collected for the year 2009 from [2] for this location and calculated the energy output from PV array and wind turbine. Figure 3 shows the solar radiation and wind speed of Rockhampton for the year 2009. Hourly energy output curve of PV and wind was drawn and compared with the load profile to estimate the required storage. For estimation, choice was taken considering the worst month weather data and it was observed that May to July is worst period when solar and wind have lower energy density as shown in Figure 3.
Solar radiation and wind speed in Rockhampton in 2009
PV array considered as a device that produces DC electricity in direct proportion to the global solar radiation. Therefore, the power output of the PV array can be calculated by Equation 1[3-4].
If there is no effect of temperature on the PV array, the temperature coefficient of the power is zero, thus the above equation can be simplified as Equation 2 [3-4].
where
Kinetic energy of wind can be converted into electrical energy by using wind turbine, rotor, gear box and generator. The available power of wind is the flux of kinetic energy, which the air is interacting with rotor per unit time at a cross sectional area of the rotor and that can be expressed [5] as per Equation 3:
where,
The swept area of a horizontal axis wind turbine of rotor diameter (D) in meter (or blade length = D/2) can be calculated by Equation 4.
As power in the wind is proportional to the cube of the wind speed therefore increase in wind speed is very significant. One way to get more power is by increasing the tower height. Hourly wind speed at different height above ground level can be calculated by the vertical wind profile Equation 5 [6-7]:
where v1 and v2 are the wind speeds at heights H1 and H2 and α is the wind shear component or power law exponent or friction coefficient. A typical value of α is 0.14 for countryside or flat plane area. Equation 5 commonly used in United States and the same is expressed in Europe by Equation 6 [7]:
where z is the roughness length in meters. A typical value of z for open area with a few windbreaks is 0.03m.
Temperature has effect on air density which changes the output of wind turbine. Average wind speed globally at 80m height is higher during day time (4.96m/s) than night time (4.85m/s) [8].
However German physicist Albert Betz concluded in 1919 that no wind turbine can convert more than 16/27 or 59.3 % of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy by turning a rotor. This is the maximum theoretical efficiency of rotor and this is known as Betz Limit or Betz\' Law. This is also called “power coefficient” and the maximum value is:
The following subsections describe the residential load, solar & wind energy of Rockhampton area and also describe the importance of storage.
Preferred method of determining load is bottom-up approach in which daily load is anticipated and summed to yield an average daily load. This can be done by multiplying the power rating of all the appliances by the number of hours it is expected to operate on an average day to obtain Watt-hour (Wh) value as shown in Table 1. The load data collected from a 3 bed room house in Kawana, Rockhampton in Australia and total land area of the house is 700m2 where 210m2 is the building area with available roof space. For grid connected household appliances daily average load can also be obtained from monthly utility bills.
Refrigerator | 602kWh/year (300W) | Whole day | 1 | 1650 |
Freezer | 88W | Whole day | 1 | 880 |
Electrical Stove | 2100W | Morning & Evening (1-2hrs) | 1 | 2100 |
Microwave Oven | 1000W | Morning & Evening (30 min to 1 hr) | 1 | 500 |
Rice cooker | 400W | Evening (30 minutes) | 1 | 200 |
Toaster | 800W | Morning (10 - 30 minutes) | 1 | 80 |
Ceiling Fan | 65W | Summer night (4 -5 hrs) & Holidays | 5 | 1300 |
Fluorescent light | 16W | Night (6 - 8 hours) | 20 | 320 |
Washing machine (vertical axis) | 500W | Weekends (1hr/week) | 1 | 71 |
Vacuum Cleaner | 1400W | Weekends (1hr/week) | 1 | 200 |
Air conditioner (Window) | 1200W | Summer night & Holidays (1hr) | 3 | 1200 |
TV 32” LCD (Active/Standby) | 150/3.5W | Morning & night (4 hrs) | 1 | 670 |
DVD player (Active/Standby) | 17/5.9W | Night (2 hrs) | 1 | 50 |
Cordless phone | 4W | Whole day | 1 | 96 |
Computer (Laptop) | 20W | Night (4 - 5hrs) | 1 | 80 |
Clothe iron | 1400W | Night & Holidays (15 - 30 minutes) | 1 | 350 |
Heater (Portable) | 1200W | Winter night & Holidays (30 minutes) | 1 | 600 |
Hot Water System | 1800W | Whole day( 3- 4 hrs) | 1 | 5400 |
Daily load consumption of a house
Load profile of a residential house varies according to the residents work time pattern. Working nature of the residents of Kawana suburb is such that most of the residents start for work between 7:00AM to 8:00AM and returns home between 5:00PM to 6:00PM during weekday from Monday to Friday. A 24 hour load profile of a particular day as shown in Figure 4. It was found that maximum load demand was in the evening from 6:00PM to 10:00PM and in the morning 7:00AM to 9:00AM.
Daily load profile of a Residential house
Hourly load is a time series data and total daily load can be estimated by calculating the area under the load profile curve using Equation 8.
Where
Where pt1 = Load (in kW) at time t1 =1 in hour, pt2 = Load (in kW) at time t2 = 2 in hour, T12 = time difference b/w t1 and t2 in hour.
Following Equation 8 total daily AC (Alternating current) load is the area under this load curve which is 15.7kWh and the equivalent DC (Direct current) load is shown considering efficiency of the converter as 85 % which is 18.47kWh.
Solar radiation varies with time and season. For estimation of available useful solar energy, worst month solar radiation was considered to ensure that the designed system can operate year-round. In Australia yearly average sunlight hours varies from 5 to 10 hours/day and maximum area is over 8 hours/day [2]. From the collected data it was found that in Rockhampton solar radiation over 5.0kWh/m2/d varies from 08:00AM to 16:00PM i.e. sun hour is 8hrs/day.
The daily average solar radiation of Kawana suburb in the Capricornia region of Rockhampton city is as shown in the Figure 5. It was found that annual average solar radiation was 5.48kWh/m2/day. Lowest monthly average solar radiation was 4kWh/m2/day on May and highest solar radiation was from October to December in 2009. PV system designed to supply entire load considering the worst month solar radiation, which will deliver sufficient energy during rest of the year.
For estimating daily solar energy, worst month (May) solar radiation was considered and Figure 5 shows hourly solar radiation for May 07, 2009. Daily total solar energy was estimated by calculating area under the solar radiation curve using Equation 8. Therefore total solar radiation in May 07, 2009 was 1.582975kWh/m2/d. This energy generated by 1m2 PV area. Total solar radiation will increase with the increased area of the PV array.
Daily solar radiation (May 07, 2009) in Rockhampton
Wind speed varies with different natural factors, time and season. To estimate the available useful wind energy, worst month wind speed was considered to ensure that the designed system can operate year-round. From the collected data of Rockhampton it was found that July had the worst wind speed scenario as shown in Figure 3. It was found that in 2009, wind speed of Rockhampton was 6m/s or more for daily average duration of 10 hours. However for the month of July and August it was only 5 hours as shown in Table 2. Therefore wind speed data of July was considered for estimation of daily energy.
Three hourly wind speed data at 10.4m above sea level was collected from [2] for the year 2009, which was interpolated to get hourly data. At rotor height of 10m, 40m and 80m corresponding wind speed as shown in Figure 6. For energy estimation, July 03, 2009 wind speed data was considered and corresponding energy was calculated for 1m2 of rotor wind area at 40m rotor height using Equation 7 as shown in Figure 7. Betz limit, gearbox, bearing and generator efficiency was considered and overall efficiency of the wind turbine was taken 25 %. Total energy output from wind turbine on July 03, 2009 is the area under the curve of Figure 7 (11:00AM to 09:00PM) which is 0.232785kWh/m2/d.
Jan | 06:00 - 20:00 | 14 |
Feb | 03:00 - 17:00 | 14 |
Mar | 00:00 - 15:00, 22:00 - 24:00 | 17 |
Apr | 00:00 - 04:00, 20:00 - 24:00 | 8 |
May | 16:00 - 24:00 | 8 |
Jun | 12:00 - 19:00 | 7 |
Jul | 10:00 - 15:00 | 5 |
Aug | 07:00 - 12:00 | 5 |
Sep | 01:00 - 10:00 | 9 |
Oct | 00:00 - 06:00, 19:00 - 24:00 | 11 |
Nov | 00:00 - 03:00, 15:00 - 24:00 | 12 |
Dec | 13:00 - 24:00 | 11 |
Wind speed period or window (6m/s or more)
Wind speed at 10m, 40m and 80m height in Rockhampton
Energy converted per m2 area at 40m height wind speed in Rockhampton
The ability to store large amounts of energy would allow electrical utilities to have greater flexibility in their operation, because with this option the supply demand do not have to be matched instantaneously [9]. Table 3 shows the benefits and limitations of different storage systems.
Pumped hydro | 80 | 50 | 10 | Location specific. Expensive to build. |
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) | afcef=1.3 bffhr=4300kJ/kWh | 25 | 360 | Location specific. Expensive to build. |
Flywheel | 85 | 20 | 0.1 | Low energy density. Large standby loss |
Thermal energy storage(TES) | 75 | 30 | Tens of minutes | Storage tank is expensive |
Batteries | 80 | 10 | 0.01 | Early stage technology. Expensive |
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) | 90 | 30 | 0.01 | Low energy density. Expensive. |
Capacitor | 80 | 10 | 0.01 | Low energy density. Expensive. |
Hydrogen | 50 | 25 | 360 | Highly flammable |
The role of Energy Storage (ES) with Renewable Electricity generation is mentioned in[10] that the selection of ES system depends on application which is largely determined by the length of discharge. Based on the length of discharge, ES applications are often divided into three categories named power quality, bridging power and energy management applications. Although large scale storage is still expensive but research is going on for inexpensive and efficient batteries [11] suitable for large scale RE applications.
RE can be considered for different kinds of applications i.e. from small stand-alone remote systems to large scale grid-connected solar/wind power application. However development goes on to remote areas and brings the remote areas close to the grid network and eventually connected to the power grid and these RE generator are expected to operate as grid connected Distributed Generator (DG). Grid connected PV/wind with battery as storage can provide future-proof energy autonomy and allow home or office to generate clean energy and supply extra energy to the grid.
A recent study on high penetration of PV on present grid, mentioned that energy storage is the ultimate solution for allowing intermittent sources to address utility base load needs [15]. Storage integrated PV/Wind systems provides a combination of operational, financial and environmental benefits.
Improper sized PV/Wind system is unable to meet the load requirements, sometimes electrical energy from RE wasted which neither can be used by the load nor can be stored in battery. This event occurs when the battery State of Charge (SOC) exceeds its maximum allowable value and the solar/wind power output exceeds load demand. The amount of wasted/lost energy can be avoided or reduced by proper choice of battery and PV/Wind generation sizes. G.B. Shrestha et.al. in [16] mentioned that PV panel size and the battery size have different impacts on the indices of performance and proper balance between the two is necessary. A proper match between the installed capacities with the load demand is essential to optimize such installation.
Brahmi Nabiha et. al. in [17] presents sizing of mini autonomous hybrid grid, including PV, wind, generator and battery. The performance of any battery, expressed essentially by the voltage, load capacity and SOC or the Depth of Discharge (DOD). The usable energy in a battery can be expressed by Equation 9.
where C is battery capacity and V
IEEE Std-1013-2007 [18] provides the recommendations for sizing of lead-acid batteries for stand-alone PV systems. This recommended practice provides a systematic approach for determining the appropriate energy capacity of a lead-acid battery to satisfy the energy requirements of the load for residential, commercial and industrial stand-alone PV systems. IEEE Std-1561-2007 [19]provides guideline for optimizing the performance and life of Lead-Acid batteries in remote hybrid power systems; which includes PV, wind, batteries. It also explains the battery sizing considerations for the application. IEEE Std 1547-2003 [20] provides guideline to connect Distributed Resources (DR), such as PV, wind and storage with the power grid at the distribution level. Grid connected system sizing for storage integrated PV system also explained in [7].
Considering the above sizing practices and guidelines Figure 8 shows the steps for estimation of required storage for steady state residential load. For the easy of this analysis both PV and Wind turbine are considered to produce DC power which than converted to AC by inverter, also considered battery as storage device.
The following steps are summarized for estimation.
Step 1. Determine the daily load of a residential house
Step 2. Determine the required PV or Wind turbine rating for the load
Step 3. Determine daily energy output from the PV array or Wind turbine
Step 4. Estimate PV array size and wind turbine rotor diameter
Step 5. Compare the daily energy output (from PV or wind turbine) with the daily load, find the required load that storage needs to support
Step 6. For the load on storage estimate the required Battery/Storage size in Ah.
The following sub-sections describe the estimation of required storage for grid connected PV, Wind and hybrid systems considering the residential load of Rockhampton as estimated in section 2.1.
Storage size estimation steps
The size of the PV array is determined by the daily average load divided by the available solar window or sun-hours per day. Generally, grid connected PV systems are designed to provide from 10 % to 60 % of energy needs with the difference being supplied from power utility[21]. However PV contribution can be increased to 100 % of average steady state load. Following the steps in Figure 8, the estimation starts by calculating required PV size.
Daily extractable solar energy as calculated in section 2.2 was considered for the estimation of required PV size for the residential load. Daily load of a three bed room house as calculated in section 2.1 is 15.7kWh. Therefore the PV array should support at least 15.7kWh of load everyday at the solar energy rate of 1.582975kWh/m2/day. Solar window is 8 hours or more in Rockhampton [2], therefore the required PV array capacity for the AC load as:
Equivalent DC load on PV array can be found by considering the efficiency as:
η = inverter efficiency * dirty collector * mismatched modules = 85 %
To use battery as storage system, size of the PV array needs to be more than 1.3 times the load [18] in stand-alone configuration. But for the grid connected configuration 1.0 or 1.1 is good enough to avoid over design. For this designed residential load, it was considered 1.1. So the adjusted PV array size for the equivalent DC load becomes:
Therefore, for this three bed room house 2.541kW capacity of PV array with proper sized storage required to support its load for 24 hours a day.
For known PV efficiency and for 1kW/m2 rated PV module required surface area of the PV array can be calculated. The efficiency of crystal silicon PV module is 12.5 % [7], however LG Polycrystalline PV module efficiency is 13.7 % [22], therefore surface area becomes:
Therefore 20.328m2 PV module with PV array efficiency of 12.5 % will support the load with sufficient storage size. This PV area is much smaller than the area of the designed house roof area.
This PV size was considered to calculate the total energy from PV array and to estimate the required storage for the load. Batteries last longer if they are shallow cycled. The capacity of the battery bank can be calculated by multiplying the daily load on battery by the autonomy day or the number of days it should provide power continuously. The ampere-hour (Ah) rating of the battery bank can be found after dividing the battery bank capacity by the battery bank voltage (e.g. 24V or 48V). It is generally not recommended to design for more than 12 days of autonomy for off-grid system and for grid connected system one day autonomy is good to design.
Total solar energy generated by the 20.328m2 PV array at the solar radiation rate of Rockhampton is plotted in Figure 9 and calculated as 32.17872kWh which is the area under the PV output curve. Now superimpose the DC load curve on the PV output curve to find the load that needs to be supported by the storage as shown in Figure 9. The common area under the curve is 6.196kWh which is the area of the load that served by the PV array during day time while charging the batteries as well. The remaining load is (18.47 - 6.196) =12.274kWh/day that needs to be served by the storage. This is the daily minimum load on storage. However the design was based on to support total load, therefore the remaining energy from the PV array should be managed by the storage system which is (32.17872 - 6.196) = 25.98272kWh/day. This is the maximum load on storage, if total energy generated by PV array needs to be managed by the storage.
PV output and daily load curve shows the load on storage
Inverters are specified by their DC input voltage as well as by their AC output voltage, continuous power handling capability and the amount of surge power they can supply for brief periods of time. Inverter’s DC input voltage which is the same as the voltage of the Battery bank and the PV array is called the system voltage. The system voltage usually considered as 12V, 24V or 48V. The system voltage for this designed DC system was considered 24V and this system was designed for one day. Considering inverter efficiency of 95 % [23], the required battery capacity can be calculated.
Energy storage in a battery typically given in Ah, at system voltage and at some specified discharge rate. Table 4 shows characteristics of several types of batteries.
Battery type | MDOD | Energy Density (Wh/kg) | Cycle Life (Cycles) | Calendar Life (Year) | Efficiencies | |
Ah% | Wh% | |||||
Lead-acid, SLI | 20% | 50 | 500 | 1-2 | 90 | 75 |
Lead-acid, golf cart | 80% | 45 | 1000 | 3-5 | 90 | 75 |
Lead-acid, deep-cycle | 80% | 35 | 2000 | 7-10 | 90 | 75 |
Nickel-cadmium | 100% | 20 | 1000-2000 | 10-15 | 70 | 60 |
Nickel-metal hydride | 100% | 50 | 1000-2000 | 8-10 | 70 | 65 |
Comparison of Battery Characteristics[7]
The Ah capacity of a battery is not only rate-dependent but also depends on temperature. The capacity under varying temperature and discharge rates to a reference condition of C/20 at 25οC is explained in [7]. Lead-acid battery capacity decreases dramatically in colder temperature conditions. However heat is also not good for batteries. In Rockhampton average temperature is above 20οC. The Maximum depth of discharge (MDOD) for Lead-acid batteries is 80 %, therefore for one day discharge the batteries need to store:
The rated capacity of battery is specified at standard temperature. At 25οC, the discharge rate of C/20 type battery (i.e. discharge for 20 hours), becomes 96 % [7], therefore finally required battery capacity becomes:
Following the similar steps in section 3.1, required wind turbine capacity was calculated and then required storage was estimated for the same load of 15.7kWh/day.
Energy generated by wind turbine at 40m height for 1m2 rotor wind area was calculated in section 2.3, which is 0.232785kWh/m2/d. The output of the wind turbine needs to be improved such that at least 15.7kWh of load should be supported each day. It was found that in July, wind speed was 6m/s or above only for 5hrs/day at 10m height, however at 40m height wind speed was 6m/s or above for 10hrs/day, therefore the rotor height was considered 40m. The required wind turbine size for the load can be calculated as:
This estimation is for required storage which is a DC component; it requires inverter to support the load. DC capacity of the wind turbine can be calculated considering inverter efficiency of 90 %.
Likewise PV assumption, wind turbine capacity is considered 1.1 times the required load in grid connected configuration, to charge batteries while supporting load.
Energy generated by wind turbine on July 03, 2009 was 0.232785kWh/m2/d. To support total load, rotor swept area needs to be adjusted. Equation 7 shows that power output is not linear for increase in rotor diameter. It was found that at 40m rotor height, wind speed varied b/w 6.17m/s to 9.92m/s, therefore average wind speed of 8m/s was considered to calculate the rotor diameter for the rated wind turbine capacity of 1.92kW. The rotor diameter was calculated as 5.58m and calculated total energy is 26.355kWh which is the area under the wind turbine output curve as shown in Figure 10.
Daily load curve was plotted on the daily energy output curve and calculated the common area to estimate the required load on storage to support for the day. It was found that 7.736kWh of load was supported by the wind turbine while charging the storage. The remaining (18.47 - 7.736) = 10.734kWh of load needs to be supported by the storage each day. This is the minimum load on storage. However the design was considering to manage 100 % load therefore remaining (26.355 - 7.736) = 18.619kWh of energy must be managed by the storage. This is the maximum load on storage.
Considering the DC system voltage as 24V, load on battery in Ah can be calculated for one day as:
Wind turbine output and daily load curve shows the load on storage
Energy storage in a battery typically given in Ah, at system voltage and at some specified discharge rate. Consider MDOD for Lead-Acid batteries is 80 %, therefore for one day discharge the battery needs to store the energy as:
The rated capacity of battery is specified at standard temperature. At 25οC, the discharge rate of C/20 (i.e. discharge for 20 hours), becomes 96 % [7], therefore finally required battery capacity becomes:
Many studies indicated that hybrid system is always better than any single RE system. However the practical implementation depends on the availability of adequate solar radiation, wind speed and their seasonal variation. Other critical point is adequate space for hybrid system installation and moreover the overall cost of the installation. The study location of this analysis is suitable for both solar and wind energy. It was found that for little variation of wind speed, convertible energy variation is much higher therefore wind energy fluctuation is higher than solar energy. Considering all the scenarios and for the easy of analysis it was considered that 50 % of load to be supported by solar and 50 % by wind energy.
Following the steps in Figure 8 and earlier sections, required storage is estimated.
For Solar PV: 50 % AC Load is (15.7/2) = 7.85kWh/d
Required PV array capacity becomes:
Equivalent DC load can be found by considering the efficiency of the PV system as:
η = inverter efficiency * dirty collector * mismatched modules = 85 %
For this designed house load, PV capacity considered 1.1 times the load. So the adjusted PV array size for the equivalent DC load becomes:
Therefore it requires 1.27kW capacity of PV array with proper sized storage to support 50 % load for 24 hours a day.
Considering the crystal silicon PV module whose efficiency is 12.5 % [7], therefore the surface area of PV module becomes:
Therefore 10.16m2 of PV area required for this hybrid system. The output energy from this PV module is plotted in Figure 11. For the remaining load the required wind turbine is estimated as:
For Wind turbine: 50 % AC Load is (15.7/2) = 7.85kWh/d
Required wind turbine capacity becomes:
The inverter considered with this wind turbine of efficiency 90 %, therefore the DC capacity becomes:
For this designed house load, wind turbine capacity considered 1.1 times the load. So the adjusted wind turbine size for the equivalent DC load becomes:
Average wind speed of 8m/s was considered to calculate the rotor diameter for the required capacity of wind turbine. For the 0.9592kW capacity wind turbine, the rotor diameter becomes 3.95m and daily energy generated by this wind turbine was plotted in Figure 11.
Total energy generated from this hybrid system is 28.12kWh and compared with the DC load it was calculated that the Hybrid system support directly 8.45kWh of load as shown the common area in Figure 11. Therefore the minimum (18.47 - 8.45) = 10.02kWh of load needs
Hybrid system output and daily load curve shows the load on storage
to be supported by the storage system. However the hybrid system was designed to support 100 % load therefore remaining generated energy (28.12 - 8.45) = 19.67kWh from hybrid system must be managed by the storage. This is the maximum load on storage.
Considering the DC system voltage as 24V, load on battery in Ah can be calculated for one day as:
Considered MDOD of Lead-Acid batteries is 80 %, therefore for one day discharge the battery needs to store the energy as:
Temperature effects are considered in the storage requirements for the hybrid systems. At 25οC for C/20 (i.e. 20 hours discharge) the discharge rate is 96 %, therefore finally required battery capacity becomes:
Therefore in grid connected configuration to support 15.7kWh/day load the required minimum and maximum storage with solar PV, Wind turbine and hybrid system are shown in Table 5. Minimum storage indicates the required storage that needs to support the daily load. However PV, wind turbine or hybrid system generates more energy than the daily required therefore maximum storage is required to manage total generated energy by supporting load or supplying to the grid in suitable time. This design considered PV array efficiency 12.5 % with solar window 8 hours and overall wind turbine efficiency 25 % with wind window 10 hours.
Required Storage (at 24V DC system voltage) | |||
Solar PV system | 2.541kW PV with 20.328m2 PV array | 665.90Ah | 1409.64Ah |
Wind turbine system | 1.92kW wind turbine with 5.58m rotor diameter | 582.356Ah | 1010.143Ah |
Hybrid system | 1.27kW PV with 10.16m2 PV array and 0.9592kW wind turbine with 3.95m rotor diameter | 543.62Ah | 1067.544Ah |
Required storage in different configurations
Previous section described the required storage for the residential load in different configurations and this section describes feasibility of the storage in those configurations.
G.J. Dalton et al. in [24] compared HOMER and Hybrids as RE optimization tool and found that HOMER is better in representing hourly fluctuations in supply and demand. This chapter explains the feasibility of storage by analyzing the model output. A model was developed in HOMER version 2.68 [25] as shown in Figure 12. PV array, wind turbine, storage, inverter, grid and diesel generator were used in different size and combinations. The model identified the optimized configuration of storage, PV, wind turbine with grid or diesel generator for the residential load and investigated environmental and economical benefits due to the storage systems. The model was evaluated considering the project life time of 25 years. The performance matrices considered are NPC, COE as economical factor, Renewable Fraction (RF) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission as environmental factor. The model compared in off-grid and grid connected configurations.
Model simulation in different configurations
where TAC is the total annualized cost (which is the sum of the annualized costs of each system component). The capital recovery factor (CRF) is given by Equation 11:
where N denotes number of years and i means annual real interest rate (%). Model considered annual interest rate rather than the nominal interest rate. The overall annual interest rate considered as 6 %.
where Cann,tot is total annualized cost of the system ($/yr), Cboiler is boiler marginal cost ($/kWh), Ethermal is total thermal load served (kWh/yr), Eprim,AC is AC primary load served (kWh/yr), Eprim,DC is DC primary load served (kWh/yr), Edef is deferrable load served (kWh/yr) and Egrid,sales is total grid sales (kWh/yr).
where Com,fixed is system fixed O&M cost ($/yr), Ccs is the penalty for capacity shortage ($/yr) and Cemission is the penalty for emission ($/yr).
where EPV and ETOT are the energy generated by RE and total energy generated respectively. The overall RF (fren) can also be expressed [25] in Equation 15:
where Eren is renewable electric production, Hren is renewable thermal production, Etot is total electrical production and Htot is total thermal production.
For the simulation of the optimization model, residential load data were considered as Rockhampton resident’s average load consumption. Solar radiation and wind speed data were collected from [28]. All required system components are discussed in the following sub-sections.
Daily average steady state load of a 3 bed room house was estimated in section 2.1 which is 15.7kWh/d. Daily load profile of the distribution network of Capricornia region was collected from [1] and according to the electricity bill information [29] the daily average electricity consumption per house is 15.7kWh/day. Model takes a set of 24 hourly values load data or monthly average or hourly load data set of 8,760 values to represent average electric load, therefore yearly residential load (AC) becomes 5730kWh/yr. The load profile is shown in Figure 4.
Solar radiation data is the input to the model and hourly solar radiation data of Rockhampton was collected from [28]. Daily average extractable energy from this solar radiation is explained in section 2.2.
Three hourly wind speed data was collected from [28] which was interpolated to generate hourly data and used as input data in the model. The extractable energy from the wind speed is explained in section 2.3.
For this analysis Trojan L16P Battery (6V, 360Ah) at system voltage of 24V DC is used in the model. The efficiency of this battery is 85 %, min State of Charge (SoC) 30 %.
Table 6 lists the required system components with related costs in Australian currency. PV array, Wind turbine, Battery charger, Inverter, deep cycle battery, diesel generator and grid electricity costs are included for the analysis. PV array including inverter price is available, and found that 1.52kW PV array with inverter costs $3599 [30], also it is found that 1.56kW PV with inverter costs is $4991[31]. However model considered battery charger is included with PV array therefore the PV array cost is listed accordingly in Table 6 and inverter costs considered separately.
Description | Value/Information |
PV array | |
Capital cost | $3100.00/kW |
Replacement cost | $3000.00/kW |
Life Time | 25 years |
Operation & maintenance cost | $50.00/year |
Wind Turbine (BWC XL.1 1 kW DC) | |
Capacity | 1kW DC |
Hub Height | 40m |
Capital cost | $4000.00 |
Replacement cost | $3000.00 |
Life time | 25 years |
Operation & maintenance cost | $120/yr |
Grid electricity | |
Electricity price (Off peak time) | $0.30/kWh |
Electricity price (Peak time) | $.42/kWh |
Electricity price (Super Peak time) | $0.75/kWh |
Emission factor | |
CO2 | 632.0 g/kWh |
CO | 0.7 g/kWh |
Unburned hydrocarbons | 0.08 g/kWh |
Particulate matter | 0.052 g/kWh |
SO2 | 2.74 g/kWh |
NOx | 1.34 g/kWh |
Inverter | |
Capital cost | $400.00/kW |
Replacement cost | $325.00/kW |
Life time | 15 years |
Operation & maintenance cost | $25.00/year |
Storage (Battery) | |
Capital cost | $170.00/6V 360Ah |
Replacement cost | $130.00/6V 360Ah |
System Voltage | 24 volts |
Generator | |
Capital cost | $2200.00/kW |
Replacement cost | $2000.00/kW |
Operation & maintenance cost | $0.05/hr |
Life time | 15000hrs |
Fuel cost | $1.53/ltr |
Technical Data and Study assumptions
SMA Sunny Boy Grid Tie Inverter (7000Watt SB7000US) price is $2823 [32], however Sunny Boy 1700W inverter price is $699 [33]. 1kW BWC XL.1 wind turbine with 24V DC charge controller price is $3560 [34] and 10kW Bergey BWC Excel with battery charging or grid tied option wind turbine cost is $29,250 [35]. Grid electricity cost in Rockhampton is found from Ergon Energy’s electricity bill [36] and for Tariff-11, it is $0.285/kWh (including GST & service). However Government’s decision to impose carbon tax at the rate of $23/ton of GHG emission which will increase this electricity bill as well as the cost of conventional energy sources, therefore off-peak electricity cost is considered as $0.30/kWh for analysis. Trojan T-105 6V, 225AH (20HR) Flooded Lead Acid Battery price is $124.79 [37]. Fuel cost for generator is considered at the current price available in Rockhampton, Australia.
The significance of storage was analyzed from the optimized model to evaluate environmental and economical advantages of storage in off-grid and grid-connected configurations in fourteen different cases. All these cases were analyzed considering same load 15.7kWh/d or 5730kWh/yr.
Case-1: Diesel Generator only
Case-2: PV with Diesel Generator
Case-3: PV with Storage and Diesel Generator
Case-4: Wind turbine with Diesel Generator
Case-5: Wind turbine with Storage and Diesel Generator
Case-6: Hybrid (PV & Wind turbine) with Diesel Generator
Case-7: Hybrid (PV & Wind turbine) with Storage and Diesel Generator
Case-1: Grid only
Case-2: PV with Grid and Diesel generator
Case-3: PV with Storage, Grid and Diesel generator
Case-4: Wind turbine with Grid and Diesel generator
Case-5: Wind turbine with Storage, Grid and Diesel generator
Case-6: Hybrid (PV & Wind turbine) with Grid and Diesel generator
Case-7: Hybrid (PV & Wind turbine) with Storage, Grid and Diesel generator
Simulation was conducted to get optimized configuration of RE resources. Simulation results and findings are discussed below.
In this configuration 10kW Diesel generator was used to support total load of 5730kWh/yr which consumed enough fuel (8440L/yr) and emitted significant amount of GHG & pollutant gas to the air. Generator required frequent maintenance and fuel cost was also high therefore NPC was high and COE was $5.342/kWh. This configuration was the costliest and environmentally most vulnerable.
In this off-grid configuration, model used 12kW PV with 5kW Inverter and 10kW Diesel generator as required resources. Results showed that, although PV generates electricity more than the total load demand but could not meet the load demand during night. Total 12,781kWh/yr electricity was generated from PV and diesel generator. PV alone generates 8908kWh/yr i.e. RF became 69.7 % but most of the energy from PV array was wasted. Diesel generator directly supplied 3873kWh/yr to the load which was 67.6 % of load demand, although compared to the total production; generator contribution was only 30.3 %. The remaining load demand, (5730 -3873) = 1857kWh/yr was supported by PV array through inverter. Therefore a significant amount of electricity from PV array was wasted. Wasted electricity was (8908 - 1857/0.94) = 6932.46kWh/yr which is 54.2 % of total electricity production but compared to the total PV electricity production, the wasted electricity was 77.82 %. To reduce this great amount of loss, this system should have some way to store the energy and could reduce the use of diesel generator.
In this off-grid configuration model 11kW PV, 48 number of Trojan L16P Battery (@ 6V, 360Ah) at 24V system voltage with 5kW Inverter was used. The optimized configuration shaded out diesel generator, therefore 100 % load supported by PV and storage. Results showed that, PV generates electricity more than the load demand and battery stored the excess electricity to maintain the load demand.
PV generates 8166kWh/yr of electricity from which a good amount of energy was stored in the battery and used at other time. Total AC load supported directly by PV array during day time and by battery during morning & night. Inverter converts 6096kWh/yr of DC electricity to AC. Battery stored 4281kWh/yr of energy and supplied 3692kWh/yr to support the load. Battery stored 52.42 % of PV generated energy and supported 64.43 % of load while PV directly supports 35.56 % of load. However still 1480kWh/yr of excess energy generated by the PV array and was wasted that could be sold to the grid. This model configuration supports 100 % load by PV array and storage which makes it environment friendly off-grid configuration.
This off-grid configuration used 10kW BWC XL.1 wind generator with 5kW inverter and 10kW diesel generator as required resources to support 5730kWh/yr of load. Result showed that, wind turbine generates much more electricity than the total load demand but could not meet the load demand for 24 hours period.
Total 41,023kWh/yr of electricity was generated from wind turbine and diesel generator, where 38,781kWh/yr from wind turbine i.e. 94.5 % of total production from RE but most of it was wasted as wind turbine supports 3488kWh/yr of load, which is 60.87 % of load demand. Diesel generator contributes 2242kWh/yr or 39.13% of load demand, although compared to the total production; diesel generator contribution was only 5.5 %. Total 35,070kWh/yr or 85.5 % of total electricity production was wasted but compared to the total wind turbine output 90.43 % was wasted. By adding storage this huge loss of electricity could be minimized and that could reduce the use of diesel generator.
This off-grid configuration model used 3kW BWC XL.1 wind generator, 40 numbers of Trojan L16P Battery (@ 6V, 360Ah) at 24V system voltage and 5kW Inverter. This optimized configuration shaded out diesel generator, therefore 100 % load was supported by wind turbine and storage. Result showed that, wind turbine generates electricity more than the load demand and battery stored the excess electricity to support at other time.
Wind turbine generates 11,634kWh/yr of electricity. Inverter converts 6096kWh/yr of DC electricity to AC. Battery stored 2364kWh/yr of energy and supplied 2037kWh/yr to the load. Battery stored 20.32 % of wind turbine generated energy and supported 35.55 % of load. However still 5211kWh/yr of excess energy generated by the wind turbine, i.e 44.79 % of total generated energy was wasted that could be sold to the grid.
This off-grid hybrid configuration model used 3kW PV, 5kW BWC XL.1 wind generator, 5kW Inverter and 4kW diesel generator. Result showed that, although PV and wind turbine generates much more electricity than the total load demand but could not meet the load demand for 24 hours period.
Total electricity generated from RE (PV and Wind turbine) and diesel generator was 24,434kWh/yr where 2,227kWh/yr from PV, 19,390kWh/yr from wind turbine and 2,817kWh/yr from diesel generator. PV contributed 9.1 %, wind turbine 79.35 % and diesel generator 11.53 % of total production, therefore overall RE contribution was 88.5 % of total production. Diesel generator contributed 49.16 % of load demand. Inverter converts 3,099kWh/yr of DC electricity to 2,913kWh/yr of AC electricity from RE generation which was 50.84 % of load demand. A significant amount of electricity (18,518kWh/yr) from RE was wasted which is 75.78 % of total electricity production and 85.66 % compared to the total RE production. Storage could be used to reduce this huge energy loss and to minimize the use of diesel generator.
This off-grid hybrid configuration model used 1kW PV, 3kW BWC XL.1 wind generator, 5kW Inverter and 32 Trojan L16P batteries at 24V system voltage to support the same load. Hybrid system (PV and wind turbine) output with storage supports 100 % load and shaded out the use of diesel generator. Result showed that, storage managed the electricity from hybrid system and met the load demand 24 hours a day, but a significant amount of energy was wasted that could be sold to the grid.
Total 12,376kWh/yr of electricity was generated from hybrid system, where 742kWh/yr or 6 % from PV and 11,634kWh/yr or 94 % from wind turbine. Battery stored 2073kWh/yr and supported 1,788kWh/yr or 31.20 % of load demand. This configuration supplied 100 % load demand from RE, however 5,995kWh/yr was wasted which could be sold to the grid.
The results of standalone configurations can be summarized that storage minimized the use of resources which reduced the project cost, improved load support that reduced GHG emission and reduced the loss of generated RE and showed the scope to sell excess energy to the grid. Table 7 summarizes these findings. Load support describes, percentage of load supported by RE and storage. Energy loss describes percentage of energy loss compared to total RE production.
This is the present configuration of most residential electricity connection. Grid supplies total load demand of 5730kWh/yr. Grid electricity tariff varies with time, season and application [36, 38]. This configuration model considered 3 different price of grid electricity, depending on demand time. These are off-peak (0.30$/kWh), peak (0.42$/kWh) and super peak rate (0.75$/kWh). 6:00PM to 7:00PM considered super peak, 8:00PM to 10:00PM and 8:00AM to 9:00AM considered peak time and rest are off peak time. In this case yearly average COE becomes $0.422/kWh. As grid electricity mainly comes from conventional sources therefore a good amount of GHG and pollutant gas emits to the air.
In this optimized model configuration diesel Generator was shaded out, however PV array still contributed a small portion of load demand. To meet load demand this model used 3kW PV, 5kW Inverter and grid supply. Total 7,182kWh/yr electricity was produced, where grid supplied 4,955kWh/yr or 69 % of total production or 86.47 % of total load demand. PV array produced 2,227kWh/yr or 31 % of total production or 13.53 % of the load demand. Total 549kWh/yr of energy was sold back to the grid and 818kWh/yr of PV generated electricity was wasted due to mismatch in timely demand which could be stored and supplied to the load.
(at 24V DC system voltage) | Load support | RE energy loss | ||||
Case-2 (PV +Gen) | 12kW | - | 5kW | - | 32.40% | 77.82% |
Case-3: (PV+Storage+Gen) | 11kW | - | 5kW | 48 nos. (103.68kWh) | 100% | 18.12% |
Case-4 (Wind turbine+Gen) | - | 10kW | 5kW | - | 60.87% | 90.43% |
Case-5 (Wind turbine+Storage+Gen) | - | 3kW | 5kW | 40 nos. (86.4kWh) | 100% | 44.79% |
Case-6 (Hybrid +Gen) | 3kW | 5kW | 5kW | - | 50.84% | 85.66% |
Case-7 (Hybrid+Storage+Gen) | 1kW | 3kW | 5kW | 32 nos. (69.12kWh) | 100% | 48.44% |
Category-1 or off-grid configuration results
This configuration model is very interesting compared to the earlier case that, by adding sufficient amount of storage, system improved PV contribution for same load demand. To meet load demand this model used 5kW PV, 12 numbers of Trojan L16P battery, 5kW inverter and grid supply. Total 6208kWh/yr of electricity produced where grid supplied 2496kWh/yr or 40 % of total production or 43.56 % of total load demand. PV array produced 3712kWh/yr or 60 % of total production. Loss of energy was very insignificant. Battery stored 1918kWh/yr and supplied 1648kWh/yr to the load or 28.76 % of total load. However PV array directly supported (5730-2496-1648) = 1586kWh/yr of load which was 27.68 % of total load demand.
In this configuration model, wind turbine generates enough electricity but was unable to meet the timely load demand therefore consumed sufficient amount of grid electricity. To meet the load demand this optimized model used 3kW BWC XL.1 wind turbine, 5kW inverter and grid supply. Total 14,389kWh/yr of electricity was produced where wind generator produced 11,634kWh/yr or 80.9 % of total production. Grid supplied 2755kWh/yr or 19.1 % of total production or 48.08 % of load demand. Wind turbine supported (5730 - 2755) = 2975kWh/yr or 51.92 % of load demand and 7121kWh/yr of electricity was sold back to the grid. Total 894kWh/yr of electricity was unused.
This configuration model used 3kW BWC XL.1 wind generator, 16 numbers of Trojan L16P battery, 5kW inverter and grid supply. Total 11,784kWh/yr of electricity was produced where grid supplied only 150kWh/yr or 1.3 % of total production or only 2.6 % of total load demand. Wind turbine produced 11,634kWh/yr which was 98.7 % of total production. Battery stored 2202kWh/yr and supplied 1895kWh/yr or 33.07 % of total load demand. However wind turbine directly supported (5730-1895-150) = 3685kWh/yr or 64.31 % of total load demand. Total 5068kWh/yr or 53.65 % of wind production was sold back to the grid. Significant amount of electricity was sold back to the grid therefore overall GHG emission was reduced.
In this configuration both PV and wind turbine was used. This hybrid configuration model used 1kW PV, 1kW BWC XL.1 wind generator, 1kW inverter and grid supply for the same load of 5730kWh/yr. Results showed that, the hybrid system was optimized such that minimum RE components were required but could not met the load demand for 24 hours period. Total 9,021kWh/yr of electricity was produced where grid supplied 4,401kWh/yr or 76.80 % of load demand or 48.78 % of total production. PV and wind hybrid system produced 4,620kWh/yr or 51.21 % of total production. Hybrid system supplied 1329kWh/yr of electricity or 23.19 % of load demand. However hybrid system generated enough electricity and sold 1,236kWh/yr to the grid, still 1,891kWh/yr of electricity wasted which was 40.93 % of total RE production. This wasted electricity could be utilized and grid use could be minimized by adding storage.
This hybrid configuration model used 1kW PV, 3kW BWC XL.1 wind generator, 3kW inverter, 12 Trojan L16P battery and grid supply. This configuration improved RE contribution in supporting load. Total 12,546kWh/yr of electricity was produced where grid supplied only 170kWh/yr which is 1.4 % of total production or 2.96 % of load demand. PV generates 742kWh/yr and wind turbine 11,634kWh/yr i.e. RE production was 98.6 % of total electricity generation. This hybrid system sold back 5,527kWh/yr of electricity to the grid. Storage helped in improving RE utilization & minimized loss. Battery stored 1911kWh/yr and supported 1642kWh/yr of load or 28.65 % of load demand.
The results of grid connected configurations can be summarized that storage improved load support which reduced GHG emission. Storage optimized the RE sources by minimizing grid use and reduced loss of energy. Table 8 summarizes these findings. Load support describes, percentage of load supported by RE and storage. Energy loss describes percentage of energy loss compared to total RE production. Grid sales describes, energy sold to grid compared to total RE production.
Storage (at 24V DC system voltage) | |||||||
Load support | Grid sales | RE energy loss | |||||
Case-2 (PV +Grid) | 3kW | - | 5kW | - | 38.86% | 24.65% | 36.73% |
Case-3 (PV+Storage+Grid) | 5kW | - | 5kW | 12 nos. (25.92kWh) | 56.44% | 0.027% | 0.0% |
Case-4 (Wind turbine + Grid) | - | 3kW | 5kW | - | 51.92% | 61.19% | 7.68% |
Case-5 (Wind turbine + Storage +Grid) | - | 3kW | 5kW | 16 nos. (34.56kWh) | 97.38% | 43.56% | 0.0% |
Case-6 (Hybrid +Grid) | 1kW | 1kW | 1kW | - | 23.19% | 26.75% | 40.93% |
Case-7 (Hybrid+Storage +Grid) | 1kW | 3kW | 3kW | 12 nos. (25.92kWh) | 97.03% | 44.66% | 2.53% |
Category-2 or grid connected configuration results
The optimization was done in two configuration categories and seven cases in each category. Four different factors were compared in each case. These factors were GHG & Pollutant gas emission, RF, COE and NPC. The comparative findings of these factors are explained below.
Figure 13 shows GHG and pollutant gas emissions in different case configurations. It was found that by adding storage in stand-alone system, emission of GHG and other pollutant gas was eliminated. In Grid connected configuration, it was also evident that storage minimized emission by improving RE utilization. By selling excess energy back to the grid storage with wind and hybrid system further helped in reducing GHG emission from grid which is shown in negative values in Figure 13.
RF is the measuring index of how much electricity produced from RE, out of total production. In stand-alone system it was found that storage eliminates the use of diesel generator therefore RF became 100 %. In Grid connected configuration Storage again improves the RE utilization and RF became as high as 98.7 % as shown in Figure 14.
GHG and pollutant gas emission in different cases
Renewable fraction (RF) in different cases
COE is the cost of per unit energy in $/kWh. Stand-alone configuration involving diesel generator was costly therefore COE was very high; however adding storage reduced COE to a reasonable level. In Grid connected configuration in all combination of RE sources, storage reduced the COE and in hybrid system storage reduced COE close to the grid only energy cost as shown in Figure 15.
Cost of energy (COE) in different cases
NPC represents present cost of the system. In standalone configuration NPC was very high however storage helped in reducing NPC to an acceptable level by improving the utilization of RE. In Grid connected configuration, storage helped in reducing NPC in every combination of RE used as shown in Figure 16.
Net present cost (NPC) in different cases
In this model payback was calculated by comparing one system with another. Payback is the number of years in which the cumulative cash flow switches from negative to positive by comparing storage integrated model with without storage model in grid connected configuration. Cash flow in grid connected PV with storage system compared with grid connected PV base system and it was found that payback period is 4.15 year. Similarly grid connected wind generator with storage compared with without storage system and found that payback period is 2.67 years. In case of grid connected Hybrid (PV & wind turbine) system with storage compared with same without storage system and found that payback period is 2.05 years. Storage helped in RE utilization that minimizes the use of grid electricity and increased energy sell back to the grid. Therefore it was confirmed that the investment cost of storage integration returns in very short period of time as shown in Figure 17. In Australia solar bonus scheme awards the price of electricity fed into the grid from RE at a rate of $0.44/kWh [39-40] which is much higher than the utility rate. This ensures that the payback period will be much shorter in Australia.
Payback period of storage in three different cases
Storage integrated RE system was analyzed for a residential load in Rockhampton, Australia. Estimation of required storage for the RE system was calculated. Estimation steps were developed and estimation of required storage was done in grid connected PV, wind and hybrid systems. It was found that to support daily load of 15.7kWh/day in grid connected PV system minimum 665.90Ah of storage, in grid connected wind turbine minimum 582.356Ah of storage and in hybrid system minimum 543.62Ah of storage required at 24V DC system voltage.
Model was developed for feasibility analysis of storage with RE. Model was analyzed in standalone and grid connected configurations. Analysis was conducted to observe the storage influences over the GHG emission, RF, COE and NPC indexes. It was found by analyzing the output data from the optimized model that storage has great influence on improving RE utilization.
It was evident from the analysis that storage helped significantly in reducing GHG & other pollutant gas emission, reduced COE, improved RF and reduced NPC. Comparing without and with storage system model, it was found that in grid connected PV system, storage reduced 43.35 % of GHG and pollutant gas emission and in all standalone systems it was 100 %. In grid connected wind and hybrid system, storage reduced GHG emission more than 100 % by selling extra energy to the grid. In grid connected configuration storage improved RF where with PV, wind turbine and hybrid system RF was 59.8 %, 98.7 %, 98.6 % respectively. Storage reduced COE and in grid connected configuration it was as low as presently available grid electricity cost. In hybrid and wind system COE was $0.316/kWh and $0.302/kWh respectively. Similarly Storage reduced NPC by 8.3 %, 27.13 % and 33.95 % in grid connected PV, wind and hybrid configurations respectively. Moreover payback time of storage is very short therefore storage integrated RE system is more feasible for implementation.
Functional food is concerned with promoting health or protection from diseases [1]. The word functional food can also be used to describe traits that have been purposefully bred into established edible plants, such as purple or gold potatoes with lower anthocyanin or carotenoid content [2]. These foods are prepared for functional benefits and aid in reducing the risk of long term diseases beyond basic nutritional functions and can look like traditional food and be eaten as part of a daily diet [3].
The functional food sector, which includes the food, beverage, and supplement industries, is one of the many sectors of the food industry that has seen significant growth in recent years. The global demand for functional foods is expected to hit 176.7 billion dollars in 2013, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.4%. The functional food sector will grow at a 6.9% CAGR, while the supplement sector will grow at a 3.8 percent CAGR, and the functional beverage sector will grow at a 10.8 percent CAGR [4]. This type of expansion is fueled not only by technological advancements and the introduction of new goods to meet the needs of health-conscious customers but also by health claims that cover a broad range of ailments. Consumer skepticism remains, owing to the fact that the advantages of using the goods can be difficult to discern. Any businesses may be deterred from launching their products if any of the functional food statements are scrutinized closely [5].
Functional foods contain a rich source of bioactive components. When these components are used in reliable, non-toxic, and defined quantities, so these provide a scientifically validated and recorded health benefit for the prevention, control, or treatment of chronic diseases” [6]. However, establishing a formal concept for these foods would help in their commercialization. The inclusion of bioactive compounds, which are biochemical molecules that promote health by physiological processes, improves the idea of functional foods. Functional Food Center (FFC) has advanced the functional food concept to provide clarification and a more detailed understanding of its context [7].
Health benefits are commonly associated with functional foods. Physical performance, psychological activity, organ or system function, emotional, mental, and curing chronic illness are the physiological benefits of functional foods or bioactive compounds [8].
In the early 1980s, a Japanese scholarly society proposed the idea of functional foods. The law for functional foods was first introduced in the 1980s as FOSHU, which stands for “Foods for Specified Health Use.” Functional foods were originally characterized as foods that can modulate body functions and thus help in disease prevention [9]. Functional foods are described by EFSA as “a food that, above sufficient dietary benefits, has a beneficial impact on the multiple body functions in a way that is related to either an enhanced health condition and well-being or a decreased risk of disease”. The FSGs law encompasses a small number of well-defined food groups that are deemed important for human health and certain categories of, especially vulnerable individuals. Processed cereal-based diets and baby food, complete diet substitute for weight loss, infant formula and follow-up formula and food for special medical purposes [6]. A functional food should be a natural food or a portion of food to which an ingredient has been added or extracted using technical or biotechnological methods, and it must represent the effects in amounts that can be fairly believed to be consumed in the food” [10].
The Functional Food Center in the United States (FFC) has defined functional foods as “real or processed foods that contain known or unknown biologically active compounds that, efficient, in defined and non-toxic quantities, recorded health benefit or provide a scientifically validated using unique biomarkers for the prevention, treatment or control of chronic disease or its symbiotic diseases” [11]. There are different definitions of functional food are listed in Table 1.
Sources | Definition of functional food | References |
---|---|---|
Functional Food Center (FFC) | “Natural or processed foods containing known or unknown biologically active compounds that provide a scientifically supported and established health benefit for the prevention, management, or treatment of chronic diseases is prescribed, appropriate, and non-toxic amounts” | [11] |
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | “The word “functional foods,” which is recently being used as a marketing idiom for the group, does not have a legal meaning” | [7] |
Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) | “Foods and food ingredients that have health benefits in addition to basic nutrition.” These products provide necessary nutrients in amounts that are often more than what is needed for regular operation, health, and production, as well as other pharmacologically active components that have a positive effect on health.” | [12] |
International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) | “Foods that by virtue of the presence of physiologically active food components provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition” | [13] |
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) | “A food, which beneficially affects one or more target functions in the body, beyond adequate nutritional effects, in a way that is relevant to either an improved state of health and well-being and/or reduction of risk of disease. A functional food can be a natural food or a food to which a component has been added or removed by technological or biotechnological means, and it must demonstrate their effects in amounts that can normally be expected to be consumed in the diet” | [6] |
Different definitions of functional food.
Plant foods contain a variety of functional components such as vitamins (C, A and E) minerals, phenolic compounds, antioxidants and phytochemicals [14]. These Secondary metabolisms produce physiologically active molecules that are helpful for the human body. The various classes of health-promoting substances (phytosterols, carotenoids, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, nondigestible carbohydrates, tocotrienols and organosulfur compounds) are discussed together with the dietary origins as well as the biological and chemical properties that justify their mechanisms of action [15].
Plant-based functional foods (broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, fruit, grapes, tomato, soybean, oat, oranges, flaxseed, garlic, wine, and tea) are played a functional role in the healthy body, as well as the phytochemicals concerned and benefits of health-promoting function. The study stresses the relevance of eating fruits and vegetables for people’s overall wellbeing, as well as certain science and technological prospects in developing countries [16].
Phytochemicals found in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are the most abundant sources of functional components. Conversely, animal products like milk, fermented milk products, and freshwater fish include antioxidants, covalently linked linolenic acid, long-chain omega-3, −6, and − 9 polyunsaturated fatty acids and organic acids [17]. Table 2 lists several food ingredients, their biological roles and their typical origins.
Component | Sources | Biological role | References |
---|---|---|---|
Flavones | Fruits and vegetables | Reducing cancer risk by neutralizing free radicals | [18] |
Catechins | Tea | Tea Catechins improve diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases | [19] |
Anthocyanidins | Fruits | Due to antimicrobial and antioxidative ability anthocyanidins aid in neurological and non-communicable diseases. | [20] |
Flavanones | Citrus fruit | It aids to prevent chronic diseases and Alzheimer’s disease | [21, 22] |
Lignans | vegetables, Flax seeds and rye | Cancer prevention and kidney cure | [23, 24] |
Tannins | Fruits, vegetable, legume seeds, cereal grains and nuts | Reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and improve urinary tract health | [25, 26] |
Lutein | Green vegetable | Reduce the chances of developing muscle degeneration and improve visual problem | [27, 28] |
Alpha-carotene and Beta-carotene | Fruits and vegetables | Free radicals can neutralize which can inflict cell damage | [29] |
Lycopene | Tomato | Reduce the chances of developing prostate cancer | [30, 31] |
Quercetin | Onion, red grapes, cherries and citrus fruits | Improve liver function and prevent obesity | [32] |
Total phenolic content | Blueberries, and pomegranate | Reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases and improve neuron cells | [33, 34] |
Carotenoid | Kiwifruit and kale | Aid in chronic deceases | [35] |
Components, sources and biological role of functional food.
Even though dietary fiber is not a “nutrient,” it is an essential substance of our foods. Fiber is beneficial because it moves through the body without being digest. Dietary fiber is made up of polysaccharides, its present in soluble and insoluble form in different foods. Pectin, mucilages and beta-glucan soluble whereas lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose insoluble are present in various plant foods [36]. These components are not digested or absorbed in the small intestine and passes into the large intestine in an intact form and is immune to enzymatic digestion. Fibers are graded as soluble or insoluble based on their solubility. Fiber fortification also helps dairy foods enhance their sensory qualities, shelf life, and structural properties [37].
The previous indications evaluated that fiber plays a functional role in the human body against various diseases. Because fiber is the non-digestible component that passes through the small intestine to the large intestine without absorbing. In the small intestine nutrients like fat and glucose are absorbed, however, fiber attracts extra fat and glucose, and pushes them to the large intestine, where stool is prepared. Moreover, extra fat and glucose are made part of the stool. However, in this way fiber prevents extra glucose and fat into the blood that’s aids in inhibiting the chances of diabetes and CVD disease [37, 38].
Food fortification with essential micronutrients including vitamins A, D, and E improves human health by ensuring sufficient intake to avoid diseases (such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, a suppressed immune system, cancer, vision loss and heart disease) and enhances life quality and survival. Malnutrition statistics in many populations, especially in developing countries, have increased the need for food fortification with lipophilic vitamins A, D and E. Foods usually contain these vitamins, but in inadequate quantities, and human body absorption is insufficient to achieve the optimal level of health benefits [39].
Some vitamins including A, C and E act as antioxidants. During processing, the oxidation process is started. These vitamins inhibit the oxidation process due to antioxidants activity. When these vitamins enrich foods are consumed then that’s can help in different chronic diseases [40].
Around 2 billion people worldwide are believed to be deficient in one or more micronutrients, placing them at risk of death, illness, or disability. Food fortification and supplementation (i.e., the availability of nutrients in a form other than food) are both effective methods for ensuring adequate daily intakes of minerals and vitamins. A good vitamin or mineral compound for food fortification should have two main characteristics including high bioavailability and no reaction with the food matrix [41].
The minerals have many roles and potentials in metabolism and homeostasis, mineral deficiency can cause a variety of common disorders and disease symptoms. Mineral absorption and bioavailability can be significantly improved by ensuring mineral content details in terms of safe food fortification and processing methods. The most popular minerals used to fortify various food preparations are iron, calcium, zinc, and iodine. The bioavailability of food minerals can be accurately measured using isotope ratio methods. Modern processing techniques have less detrimental effects on the consistency of micro-and macro minerals than conventional process parameters [42].
Food fortification and supplementation are the most cost-effective ways to combat global mineral malnutrition. Because of political, social, infrastructure-related, and technical constraints, most interventions to improve mineral nutrition have been less effective in most developing countries. The most potential solution has been salt iodization (iodine fortification), which has substantially decreased the incidence of goiter and other IDD symptoms in areas where it has been introduced [43].. Selenium (Se) is an effective nutritious antioxidant that exerts natural effects by incorporating it into selenoproteins. Since selenoproteins play a vital role in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox states in practically all tissues. The selenium “improving” the immune system maintained by investigation on aging immunity [44]. Zinc is an important trace mineral and plays a vital role in many physiological functions. Zinc is essential for the growth and function of immune cells in the innate and adaptive immune system. Zinc homeostasis is well controlled in all cells, and any stress-free regulation will result in compromised normal function. In several disease models, such as infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases and cancer, the significances of homeostasis disorders can be detected [45].
Antioxidants are substances that aid in prevent oxidation. Fruits, vegetables, nuts, cereals and beans contained different types of antioxidants. These substances are used as functional ingredients in many foods and food products [46]. As a functional ingredient, antioxidants help to protect from many diseases. In the human body, these functional ingredients played a vital role to protect from chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases [47].
Consumer demands must be taken into account when designing functional foods, which can be found in nearly all food categories. Functional foods have been produced in almost every food category, but their distribution across consumer segments is not standardized, and product preferences different prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic foods, isoflavones, phytosterols, anthocyanins, fat-reduced foods, sugar-reduced foods, and antioxidants are some of the functional food groups [48].
Functional foods have been introduced mainly in the dairy, confectionery, soft drinks, bakery, and baby-food industries, among other food markets. Vitamins and/or minerals such as vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, zinc, iron, and calcium are used to preparation of fortified food. Following that, the emphasis turned to foods fortified with various micronutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, phytosterol, and soluble fiber, to encourage good health and avoid diseases such as cancer [49]. Due to the wide range of health benefits, the producers of food have divided functional food into two groups including Conventional food and modified food that shown in Figure 1. Taken a stand proactive actions to produce foods that provide multiple health benefits in a single serving.
Conventional food and modified food are forms of functional food. It is present in food products natural (whole-food ingredients) and additional (additional ingredients). The vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants are functional components present in different functional foods and food products.
Foods that are composed of natural or whole-food ingredients that provide functional substances such as heart-healthy fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals are called conventional functional food. A safe and organic diet includes more bioactive compounds and less harmful substances including persistent toxins, their metabolites, pesticides, and fertilizers. Organic food helps to maintain a balanced lifestyle and reduces the risk of developing. In the supply chain, the Purpose of these foods is aid to in ensuring the nutritional quality of particular foods or products [50].
Organic foods, rather than traditional foods, have become increasingly popular in recent years. Fruits (dry and fresh), vegetables (leafy green and non-leafy), nuts, seeds, legumes, herbs and spices are the conventional functional foods as show in Figure 1. Conventional functional foods contain bioactive substances that beneficial effects on health [51].
Food or food products in which add additional ingredients (vitamins, minerals, probiotics and fiber) for specific health purposes are called modified foods. Fortified food products such as fortified juices, dairy products (milk and yogurt), fortified milk alternatives (almond, rice, coconut, and cashew milk), fortified grains (bread and pasta), fortified cereal and granola and fortified eggs are modified functional food products that show in Figure 1. The progress of modern biotechnological achievements has culminated in genetic modification or genetic engineering in the form of genetically modified plants and genetic modification, and eventually the outcomes in the form of genetically modified food. Which has the potential to end world hunger, poverty and malnutrition [52].
“Food fortification” refers to the addition of nutrients at levels greater than those found in the original food. Enrichment is associated with fortification. The term “restoration” refers to the addition of nutrients to food to compensate for the nutrients lost during processing. Food fortification is usually done at the industrial level, but it can also be done at the household or group level [53].
Nutritional fortification is one of three approaches used to resolve public health problems of micronutrient deficiency. When designing a micronutrient fortification program, a variety of factors must be taken into account. Trends in global micronutrient deficiency, dietary patterns, production and marketing of potential food vehicles, government policies, and regulations are all factors to consider. A five-step procedure, which can be visualized as a linked loop, is usually followed when constructing a fortification intervention (Figure 2). The measures can be performed in any order or even simultaneously. The cycle will begin at a different stage depending on what relevant information is already available in the region or country [54].
Fortification cycle.
Although fortification has the potential to be a successful strategy, there is little evidence of its effectiveness in the developing world. Programs must monitor the direct impact of fortification on morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 billion people are deficient in key vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin A, iodine, iron, and zinc. The majority of these individuals are from developing countries, where multiple micronutrient deficiencies (MMN) are normal [53].
From definition to effective consumer execution, functional food production includes several distinct phases. Consumers enthusiastically support food products with health claims attesting to a practical capacity to promote health beyond the provision of essential nutrients, which is likely to result in lower morbidity and mortality, as well as the improved overall quality of life in the general population [55].
The FDA’s approval of qualifying health claims for many ingredients when used in specific quantities has aided the growth of the functional food industry and raised consumer awareness of nutraceutical ingredients like omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, plant sterols, and soy protein. In the last decade, the number of functional food product releases with unique target health categories has increased. Gut health, cardiac health, immune function, bone health, and weight control have all been the subject of functional health statements [56].
For a successful product development process, a thorough understanding of the fundamental science of the heart, as well as a thorough understanding of the materials and processes available, is required. To create a cost-effective and tailor-made suitable for its intended use (final food product), the final product shape (liquid or dry) and demand (size and value) must be defined at the outset. These variables may have a huge impact on the products, formulations, and methods available. This is the time to verify physical performance and characteristics, core stability, and possible interactions with other ingredients during the formulation and operation [57].
Functional foods have been developed in almost every food group. From the standpoint of a commodity, the functional property can be used in a variety of ways. According to a different classification, certain functional products “bring good to your life,” such as improving normal stomach and colon functions (pre-and probiotics), or “improve children’s lives,” such as promoting their cognitive ability and providing a conducive learning environment. On the other hand, finding good biomarkers for cognitive, behavioral, and psychological functions is challenging. Another form of functional food is designed to assist people in managing a pre-existing health condition, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. The third group includes items that “make your life easier” (for example, lactose-free and gluten-free products) [48].
The creation of indicators that could validate the effects of modern food ingredients and could be used during their protection evaluation is enabled by scientific knowledge of how particular Food ingredients have an influence on body processes that affect well-being and health [58]. The production of functional ingredients using cutting-edge food science and biochemical approaches will benefit consumers by improving their health and lowering their disease risk. These trials must be properly designed and carried out in order to provide empirical justification for the acceptance of health assurances and the effective modification of existing functional foods. The advancement of functional foods and their associated health benefits will be accompanied by advancements in food security, which will ensure the legitimacy of the claims and also the food’s protection. Technology cannot be governed in and of itself, and practical food science only serves as the systematic foundation for these legislation [59].
A food that is useful may be a normal food, one with which a diet element has been inserted or one through which a part has been omitted for particular health purposes, one in which a material has been changed by technical or biochemical processes to have a particular health benefit, one where the bioactivity of a product has been changed, or a mixture of all of these [60].
While the words “nutraceutical” and “functional food” are widely used across the globe, there is no general agreement about what they mean. The following concepts have been suggested by the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences of Health Canada’s Food Directorate: A functional food resembles or is related to a traditional food, is eaten as part of a daily diet, and has been found to have metabolic advantages and/or lower the risk of developing chronic diseases beyond specific dietary functions. Nutraceuticals are foods that have been found to provide biochemical effects that offer protection against a chronic illness that are marketed in powders, tablets, and other medical products not typically associated with fruit. A nutraceutical, a pharma food, or a nutritional supplement are obviously not the same thing as a functional meal. It is a substance, not a drug, and it has health benefits that are typically disease prevention rather than medicinal [61].
It is concluded that functional food prepared by a conventional or modified procedure, has a functional role in human health. Some natural foods like plant-based food including fruits, vegetable, nuts, herbs, cereals and beans, seafood for example fish, and dairy product like milk are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, fiber, phenolic compound and omega-3 fatty acid, these all components have kept the specific functional role in human health against diseases. Conclusively statement shows that functional foods are designed to improve health and chronic diseases.
These Terms and Conditions outline the rules and regulations pertaining to the use of IntechOpen’s website www.intechopen.com and all the subdomains owned by IntechOpen located at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom.
',metaTitle:"Terms and Conditions",metaDescription:"These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of IntechOpen Website at https://intechopen.com and all its subdomains owned by Intech Limited located at 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
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\\n\\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\n\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\n\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\n\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\n\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
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\n\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\n\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Polymorphism at the DNA level includes a wide range of variations from single base pair change, many base pairs, and repeated sequences. Genomic variability can be present in many forms, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs, e.g., mini- and microsatellites), transposable elements (e.g., Alu repeats), structural alterations, and copy number variations. Different forms of DNA polymorphisms can be tracked using a variety of techniques; some of these techniques include restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) with Southern blots, polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), hybridization techniques using DNA microarray chips, and genome sequencing. During the last years, the recent advance of molecular technologies revealed new discoveries of DNA polymorphisms. DNA polymorphisms are endless, and more discoveries continue at a rapid rate. Mapping the human genome requires a set of genetic markers. DNA polymorphism serves as a genetic marker for its own location in the chromosome; thus, they are convenient for analysis and are often used as in molecular genetic studies.",book:{id:"6719",slug:"genetic-diversity-and-disease-susceptibility",title:"Genetic Diversity and Disease Susceptibility",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity and Disease Susceptibility"},signatures:"Salwa Teama",authors:[{id:"249329",title:"Dr.",name:"Salwa",middleName:null,surname:"Teama",slug:"salwa-teama",fullName:"Salwa Teama"}]},{id:"58467",title:"Generation of Antibody Diversity",slug:"generation-of-antibody-diversity",totalDownloads:3163,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Because of the huge diversity, the immunoglobulin repertoire cannot be encoded by static genes, which would explode the genomic capacity comprising about 20,000–25,000 human genes. The immunoglobulin repertoire is provided by the process of somatic germ line recombination, which is the only controlled alteration of the genomic DNA after meiosis. It takes place in mammalian B lymphocyte (B cells) precursors in the bone marrow. The genome germ line sequence of undeveloped B cells is organized in gene segments and compromise V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments constituting the variable domain of the heavy chain and only V and J genes for building up the variable domain of the light chain. The rearrangement of the variable region follows a strict order. The following processes that participate in the generation of antibody diversity were summarized—allelic, combinational, and junctional diversity, pairing of IgH and IgL, and receptor editing—which all together produce the primary antigen repertoire (pre-antigen stimulation). When a B cell encounters a foreign antigen, affinity maturation and class switch are induced. Thereby the antibody repertoire increases. The resulting secondary immunoglobulin repertoire reveals in humans at least 1011 specificities for different antigens.",book:{id:"5784",slug:"antibody-engineering",title:"Antibody Engineering",fullTitle:"Antibody Engineering"},signatures:"Oliver Backhaus",authors:[{id:"177685",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Backhaus",slug:"oliver-backhaus",fullName:"Oliver Backhaus"}]},{id:"61204",title:"Polymorphisms",slug:"polymorphisms",totalDownloads:2057,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Polymorphism or variation in DNA sequence can affect individual phenotypes such as color of skin or eyes, susceptible to diseases, and respond to drug, vaccine, chemical, and pathogen. It occurs more often than mutations (frequency ≥ 1%). The common polymorphism is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which is a single base change in a DNA sequence that occurs most commonly in the human genome. SNPs have been used as molecular markers in a wide range of studies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) searches for SNPs that occur more frequently in person with a particular disease than in person without the disease and pinpoint genes or regions that may contribute to a risk of disease. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/137020",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"137020"},fullPath:"/profiles/137020",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()