Recent studies of a separation membrane consisting of chitosan.
\r\n\tMany tried to define it, and its definition is always related to those who are in power, that being explained by the fact that this power and the abuse of it precisely, gives the access to being corrupted and practicing the acts that fall under corruption.
\r\n\r\n\tWe can find various types of corruption such as bribery, lobbying, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Also giving or accepting bribes or inappropriate gifts, double-dealing, under-the-table transactions, manipulating elections, diverting funds, laundering money, and defrauding investors.
\r\n\tNo government is immune to corruption. According to the World Bank, “the causes of corruption are always contextual, rooted in a country's policies, bureaucratic traditions, political development, and social history”.
\r\n\tThis indeed has consequences for increasing inequality, impacts government expenditure and services, shadow economy, and crime.
\r\n\tThis book will be a collection of chapters on Corruption. It welcomes contributions related to the nature of corruption its types and how corruption is undertaken in a certain context and the ways to deal with corruption will be part of this book. We value including materials on Corruption in organizations and ways to solve it. The origins of corruption and the way to deal with corruption, how to provide solutions, and any new insights on corruption will be part of this book.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-696-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-695-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-697-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"9cda6d2feaa52a6d523da74f2e2d7ffb",bookSignature:"Dr. Josiane Fahed-Sreih",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11772.jpg",keywords:"Corruption, Origins, Types, Corporate Governance, Organizational Performance, Solutions, Corruption Index, Private Sector, Lebanon, Accountability, Anti-corruption, Public Policy",numberOfDownloads:4,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 23rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 20th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 19th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 7th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 6th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Fahed-Sreih is the director of the Institute of Family and Entrepreneurial Business and a chairperson in the Department of Management. She obtained a Ph.D. from Sorbonne University, France, and received the 2007 FFI International Award for outstanding achievement in furthering the understanding of family business issues between two or more countries. She is on the editorial board of the Journal of Family Business Management and a keynote speaker for corporate governance conferences.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103784/images/system/103784.jfif",biography:"Dr. Josiane Fahed-Sreih is a full-time associate professor of Management in the School of Business, Lebanese American University. She is the founder and director of the Institute of Family and Entrepreneurial Business and a chairperson in the Department of Management at the same university. She was previously the assistant dean. She obtained a Ph.D. from Sorbonne University, Paris, France. Dr. Fahed-Sreih is the Middle East Coordinator for the Family Firm Institute (FFI), the USA, and a family wealth and family business consultant. She received the 2007 FFI International Award for outstanding achievement in furthering the understanding of family business issues that occur between two or more countries. She has participated in and organized international conferences, workshops, and seminars. She has presented at major conferences locally and internationally and consulted on management issues in many countries, including Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Jordan, Qatar, Kuwait, Syria, Bahrain, Oman, France, Cyprus, and Lebanon. She currently sits on five boards of directors as a shareholder, two as a chairman of the board, and one as an independent director in the private sector. She is also an advisor on boards of community service organizations. \n\nShe speaks regularly to trade and professional groups and presents her research at academic conferences worldwide. She is frequently invited as a keynote speaker to the recognized family business and corporate governance conferences. Her research interests are in management, family business, the functioning of boards of directors, and corporate governance. She has published three books, several book chapters, and academic articles in international journals. She is on the editorial board of the Journal of Family Business Management and is a reviewer for Family Business Review, Corporate Governance, and Journal of Management.",institutionString:"Lebanese American University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Lebanese American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lebanon"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"82095",title:"Bribery Practices of Three MNCs in the Host Countries: An Examination of the Issue from HRM Perspective",slug:"bribery-practices-of-three-mncs-in-the-host-countries-an-examination-of-the-issue-from-hrm-perspecti",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6926",title:"Biological Anthropology",subtitle:"Applications and Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bbb192dffd37a257febf4acfde73bb8",slug:"biological-anthropology-applications-and-case-studies",bookSignature:"Alessio Vovlas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313084",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessio",surname:"Vovlas",slug:"alessio-vovlas",fullName:"Alessio Vovlas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6942",title:"Global Social Work",subtitle:"Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222c8a66edfc7a4a6537af7565bcb3de",slug:"global-social-work-cutting-edge-issues-and-critical-reflections",bookSignature:"Bala Raju Nikku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263576",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",surname:"Nikku",slug:"bala-nikku",fullName:"Bala Nikku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"75157",title:"Innovative Separation Technology Utilizing Marine Bioresources: Multifaceted Development of a Chitosan-Based System Leading to Environmentally-Friendly Processes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95839",slug:"innovative-separation-technology-utilizing-marine-bioresources-multifaceted-development-of-a-chitosa",body:'A separation process, which is often called the “downstream process”, plays a key role of product manufacturing through chemical or biochemical reaction as well as a synthesis process called the “upstream process” [1]. To ensure quality and cost of final products, the separation process is important and has been developed in line with the social demands [2]. For chemical and biochemical industries, the separation process aims to purify objective substances, eliminate undesirable substances, and fractionate each component from their mixture. As environmental awareness around the world increases recently, new separation technologies, such as wastewater treatment [3], advanced desalination [4], air cleaning [5]
Chitin and chitosan obtained from crustaceans possess sufficient environmental adaptability as well as an attractive potential to build various types of functional media, e.g., membranes [6, 7, 8, 9, 10], micro/nanoparticles [11, 12], and nanofibers [13, 14, 15, 16]. Many studies have devoted to develop the novel media adapting separation processes using chitosan. The separation performance of such chitosan media should be strongly influenced from chemical properties characterized by deacetylation degree (
This chapter describes the preparation and physicochemical properties of novel chitosan-based media and demonstrates the promising ability of chitosan with focus on principal studies for environmentally-friendly separation processes. The essential factors which regulate the performance of separation media prepared from chitosan, such as
Chitin and chitosan are known as secondary abundant polymers obtained from the external skeleton of crustaceans such as crab and shrimp [26]. Apart from this, chitin is also found in and produced from the exoskeleton of insects or the cell walls of fungi and yeast [6, 27, 28]; however, this contribution is much less than that from the marine resources. In recent years, chitin and chitosan have gained attention instead of raw materials of petroleum origin owing to the inevitable depletion of fossil fuels and the prevention of climate change [29]. This section looks at the physicochemical properties of chitosan and focuses on the gelling characteristics to build environmentally-friendly separation media.
Figure 1 shows the chemical conversion between chitin and chitosan. The chemical composition of chitin can be described as a long-chain polymer, poly(β-(1 → 4)-
Chemical conversion among chitin, chitosan, and furthermore functional separation media.
Chitosan is insoluble in water at neutral pH or in any organic solvent. Consequently, an acidic aqueous solution, such as acetate buffer solution, is usually employed to dissolve chitosan, whereby the acid dissociation constant of chitosan is found as pKa ≈ 6.5 [30]. Chitosan can be dissolved in acidic solutions by protonation of amino groups in glucosamine units.
Deprotonating a chitosan solution through an acid–base neutralization leads to formation of a water-insoluble gel structure without cross-linker due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding [8]. The salt (
Deacetylation degree (
In these equations,
A chitosan membrane was prepared by the casting method in combination with
Effect of acetic anhydride on
The gelation behavior of chitosan, which has various degrees of acetylation (
A novel model of the water permeation mechanism in an
Chitosan membranes with a controlled degree of deacetylation (
Change in water flux (50 kPa, 298 K, μL = 0.901 mPa s) and total water content of membrane with regulated
SEM images observed at cross-section of the membranes prepared from different DD chitosan [
Schematic illustration of the water permeation mechanism in an
Pressure driven water flux was measured using the ultrafiltration apparatus; it was dependent on the operational pressure, membrane thickness, and the feed solution viscosity, and obeyed the Hagen-Poiseuille flow. At a higher
The antibacterial activity is also explained, because of its long-time practical application. The antibacterial activity of chitosan membranes was investigated by a conductimetric assay using a bactometer [19]. The growth of the gram-positive sample (
Photographical evidence of antibacterial activity of chitosan membrane immersed in mannitol salt agar culture involved with degree of deacetylation: (a)
The molecular weight of chitosan also plays a significant role in the properties of a prepared membrane. It was found that the tensile strength and elongation of membranes prepared from high molecular weight chitosan were higher than those prepared from low molecular weight chitosan; however, the permeability of membranes from high molecular weight chitosan is lower than those prepared from low molecular weight ones [38]. For convenient determination, the viscometric average molecular weight (
For a case, chitosan is dissolved in an acetate buffer composed of 0.2 M acetic acid +0.2 M sodium acetate at 25 ̊C. The parameters in the above relationship were found as
Various types of cross-linkers are often employed for the fabrication of suitable chitosan membranes adapted to separation processes. Glutaraldehyde (GA) is usually used as cross-linker, because it is extremely reactive in cross-linking chitosan polymer chains
Table 1 summarizes the recent studies of a filtration membrane consisting of chitosan or chitosan derivatives. In several membranes, the functional materials are additionally composed to improve the separation ability. The relevant studies are picked up and described below.
Membrane body | Additive functionalizing material | Cross-linker | Target substances | Expected application | Ref. | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recent studies of a separation membrane consisting of chitosan.
As a common procedure, many types of chitosan-based membranes are prepared using the casting method. Chitosan membranes prepared by the casting method usually has a highly compacted gel structure since hydrogen bonding derived from a lot of hydroxyl groups. The dense membranes are beneficial for the nanofiltration process separating small substances, for instance, salts, organic acids, or organic dyes [41, 43, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54]. For improving the separation ability, combination of organic–inorganic polymeric hybrid membrane is an innovative approach. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were incorporated into the chitosan polymeric matrix to obtain a positively charged membrane surface for cation removal [50]. Montmorillonite clay, which is dispersed uniformly in a porous matrix, enhances chromium removal [53]. Also, carbon nanotubes are combined with the chitosan membrane for improving solution permeability and salt rejection [51, 55].
The chitosan membranes with dense polymeric structures can also be used for gas separation processes. It is reported that a chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-blended membrane exhibited high air filtration with antibacterial activity [56]. Nowadays, CO2 separation technology has caught attention due to the increase in concerns related to climate change because of greenhouse gases. Chitosan-based membranes for CO2 separation membranes are developed to immobilize active sites, such as copper-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (Cu-BTC) [57] and hydrotalcite [58].
Due to a high hydrophilicity derived from abundant hydroxyl groups in glucosamine units, the polymeric membranes consisting of chitosan are suitable for separation between water and organic solvents using pervaporation processes [42, 44, 46, 59]. From its hydrophilicity, the chitosan membrane has also been used as a separation membrane in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) requiring blocking of methanol permeation as well as proton conductivity [60]. Regarding the hydrophilicity of chitosan, removal or blocking of water vapor was tested using a chitosan membrane for a part of a membrane drier apparatus [61] and packaging membrane [62, 63]. As a very recent issue, the interest in biodegradable films for packaging has recently been steadily increasing due to significant concerns on environmental pollution caused by nonbiodegradable packaging materials [64, 65].
Adsorption is frequently used in separation processes to recover worthy substances as well as water treatment due to its advantages, such as easy operation, high selectivity, and low operational costs [66, 67]. Tables 2 and 3 summarize the recent studies of adsorption processes, which employed chitosan or chitosan derivatives as either main body of adsorbent or immobilizing media for other adsorbents (mainly fine particles).
Membrane body | Membrane type | Additional adsorbent | Cross-linker | Target substances | Ref. | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recent studies of adsorption membrane consisted of chitosan or its derivatives.
Matrix body | Additional adsorbent | Cross-linker | Type of adsorbent media | Adsorption process | Target substances | Ref. | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recent studies of adsorption processes using chitosan or its derivatives (without membrane-type processes).
As shown in Figure 1, chitosan has abundant functional groups. Thereby, chitosan and its derivatives also show adsorbent capabilities with various metal ions and organic substances depending on the pH and the concentration of ionic substances [13]. Hence, their adsorption properties are being widely researched [68]. A large portion of the study employed chitosan and its derivatives for adsorption processes devoted to remove heavy metal from polluted water [11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 28, 69, 70, 71]. Considering organic compounds, chitosan can adsorb anionic dyes due to amine groups in a chitosan polymer chain [72, 73, 74]. It has been reported that nonionic compounds like naphthalene [22] are also adsorbed on chitosan. For improving the adsorption ability, fibrous membranes are fabricated to remove ionic substances or heavy metal ions [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 71]. Fibrous membranes with the adsorption ability are beneficial due to not only large surface area but also high permeation flux. Chitosan gel have shown brilliant abilities as immobilizing media to various adsorbent substances not only to enhance absorption performance but also to enlarge coverage of adsorbates [20, 21, 23, 25, 66, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79].
Adsorption processes are liberally categorized into two types which are adsorption conducted in a batch process and adsorption in combination with filtration in a flow process.
Chitosan have been focused as the media immobilizing various adsorbents since it is able to form stable gel structure through pH responsible [15, 20, 24, 71, 80]. From the advantages in both the adsorption process with selectivity and filtration with continuous operation, the membrane-type adsorbents have been recently developed to adopt the flow process. Table 2 summarizes the studies of membrane-type adsorbents consisted of chitosan or chitosan derivatives.
For a large portion of such studies, adsorption abilities are evaluated from isothermal adsorption in batch process to reveal adsorption mechanisms [24, 72]. As a typical case of an adsorption membrane immobilizing adsorbent particles, chitosan membrane incorporating Prussian Blue (PB) was developed for cesium removal from the aqueous phase [20]. The maximum adsorption capacity can be evaluated from the equilibrium adsorption amount of absorbate on absorbent (
Where,
Effect of the mass fraction of PB on (a) the maximum adsorption capacity for the chitosan membrane (left axis) and for the PB immobilized in the membrane (right axis). (b) the effective diffusion coefficient of cesium ions in the initial period of isothermal adsorption (25°C). Reprinted from Fujisaki, Kashima, Hagiri, Imai [
The diffusivity of adsorbate molecules in adsorbent media strongly influences the adsorption rate [81]. The effective diffusion coefficient (
The adsorbed separation in flowing process through the membrane immobilizing adsorbents is more efficiently than equilibrium adsorption in flask. Owing to the adsorption ability collaborated with molecular size screening ability, selective separation is exhibited higher than without adsorbent system. Moreover, adsorption capability of adsorbents is fully utilized in the adsorption in combination with filtration in a flow process whereas the batch adsorption is up to equilibrium by the decrease of solutes concentration in liquid phase [83].
Li and co-workers have prepared chitosan fibrous membrane and investigated the dynamic flow adsorption using filtration apparatus for removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous phase [14]. The study revealed the flow adsorption is advantageous than static batch adsorption for small concentration of feed Cr (VI). In addition, the flow rate of feed solution during the flow process directly influenced on the adsorption behavior. Lower flow rate increases the adsorbed amount of Cr (VI) nearly up to maximum adsorption capacity since the contact time between adsorbent and adsorbate increases.
Separation performance is strongly depended on the membrane structure as well as selection of absorbent. Khajavian and co-workers have demonstrated the removal of Malachite Green known as a cationic dye
Table 3 shows the recent studies of adsorption processes using chitosan or its derivatives. Here, the adsorption studies in membrane-type process, which were already showed in Table 2 are eliminated.
A spherical bead is the basis of the adsorbent media. Chitosan beads can be obtained easily
Adsorbents composed of chitosan and its derivatives incorporated with inorganic substances have been developed to enhance adsorption performance [21, 75, 78, 84]. In addition, it is a notable trend that the studies about the removal of organic dye from aqueous are clearly increasing.
As a very recent approach, Sadiq and coworkers developed chitosan beads incorporating with deep eutectic solvents (DES) which are prepared from choline chloride with urea or glycerol for removing organic dye [79]. The DES is paid attention to possess biocompatibility and low toxicity regardless of similar characteristics with ionic liquids [79, 85, 86].
Highly porous media from chitosan gel which have large surface area contributing high adsorption ability have been developed recently [87, 88, 89, 90, 91]. Such highly porous media are frequently called aerogel. Chitosan aerogels can be prepared
Chitosan aerogel prepared with GA has highly porous structure showed by a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) (Figure 8a). The chitosan aerogel prepared with GA adsorbed anionic dye (Methyl Orange: 327 Da) rapidly although cationic dye of similar molecular weight (Methylene Blue: 320 Da) is not removed from their aqueous solutions (Figure 8b). Selective removal of anionic substrates in high adsorption rate can be achieved by static attraction derived abundant amine and sufficient surface area. Moreover, chitosan aerogel can immobilize various functional particles hence it is expected to develop as new adsorbent media [88, 90].
Chitosan aerogel prepared with glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. (a) Morphology observed by FE-SEM. (b) Isothermal adsorption of anionic dye (methyl Orange) and cationic dye (methylene blue) onto chitosan aerogel.
Recently, along with the expanding area of nanotechnologies, the area of nanofibers has been gaining interest [92]. Nanofibers with diameter in the range from several micrometers down to tens of nanometers have useful properties such as high specific surface area, porosity, as well as biocompatibility [93, 94]. Nanofibers made from chitosan have not yet been fully established as compared with other nanofibers [95, 96, 97]. Chitosan nanofibers have diameter around 10 nm and amino groups on its surface with positive charge [98]. Accordingly, chitosan nanofibers possess unique characteristics and advantages that other nanofiber does not have, that has been expected to be used in various sorts of industrial fields, for instance, filtrations, recovery of metal ions, adsorption of proteins, drug release, enzyme carriers, wound healing, cosmetics, and biosensors have been developed [99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106].
In particular, chitosan nanofiber can be expected as an alternative to air filter media (Figure 9). The particle collection performance across chitosan nanofiber media decreased with increase in the amount of chitosan nanofibers on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) non–woven, as shown in Figure 10. In addition, it was found that the particle collection performance of filter media with high weight of chitosan nanofibers (Weight of sheet (
SEM photograph of chitosan nanofibers filter media.
Comparison of the fractional penetrations of various sorts of test filter media.
This chapter described the promising development of utilizing chitosan and its derivatives with the focus on separation processes, and overviewed principal investigations. Reactive molecular chains of chitosan derived from hydroxyl and amino groups serve to form an attractive polymeric gel structure. In the filtration process, dense chitosan membranes separate small molecules of solvents, organic dyes, and toxic ions. The deacetylation degree is found to be the most notable factor for water permeation through membranes and its antibacterial ability. The complexity of chitosan-immobilizing systems with functional materials are found to be available in water purification processes. In recent years, adsorption combined with filtration is being developed for various types of water treatment. In this new type process, both the equilibrium adsorption capability and diffusivity in the absorbent matrix should be mentioned as describe in Section 4.1. Due to the easy operation, high selectivity, and low operational costs, adsorption process with chitosan gel is widely studied. As advanced separation media, highly porous chitosan aerogels and nanofibers, which possess large surface area that contribute to improved separation ability, have been developed recently.
Great demands of a novel biocompatible material and environmentally-friendly processes will continue to increase in future. Innovative separation technology utilizing chitosan obtained from bioresources is promising. The multifaceted development of chitosan-based system will lead to environmentally-friendly processes.
The authors sincerely appreciate the financial support from Mukai Science and Technology Foundation (Japan). Prussian Blue used in this study was kindly provided from Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Mfg. Co., Ltd. (Japan). Authors are also grateful for laboratory students in National Institute of Technology, Oyama College and their great efforts on the studies presented in this chapter: Mr. Tomoyuki Fujisaki for the study on chitosan membrane immobilizing Prussian Blue particles and Mr. Haruki Koya for preparation of chitosan aerogel.
The authors sincerely thank Prof. Norikazu Namiki of Kogakuin University, who provide the experimental set up for evaluating particle collection performance of test filter media. Ms. Yuki Suto of laboratory student in Kogakuin University, who for the study on chitosan nanofibers filter media.
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a long-known phenomenon widely reported, mainly in eukaryotes [1, 2, 3, 4]. Archaea and Bacteria also release EVs, making their occurrence an evolutionally conserved feature among all three kingdoms [5]. They can be referred as membrane vesicles, microvesicles, ectosomes, exosomes, apoptotic bodies, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), and others, depending on their origin and characteristics [5, 6]. The study of these particles is of great interest, as they are considered a mechanism of cell-free intercellular communication and
The first study regarding bacterial EVs dates back to 1966, when lipid-like structures purified from culture supernatants of
One emerging field of great interest is the involvement of EVs in the infections caused by
General features of
Several models have been proposed to elucidate how bacteria release EVs. Since the study of Gram-negative bacteria OMVs dates to the ‘60s, this phenomenon is better established and documented. Several hypotheses are proposed to explain EVs production, which include one or a combination of many processes [43]. It has been proposed that the accumulation of molecules in the periplasm space alters turgor pressure, promoting OMV release [44, 45]. In another model, alterations in lipid structure and topology could lead to modifications in the membrane curvature, resulting in vesicle bubbling from the outer membrane [46]. On the contrary, EVs biogenesis is still poorly understood in Gram-positive bacteria [47] due to the recent discovery of EV release by these microorganisms [11]. Notably, efforts have been made to better understand how EVs can get through the thick PGN layer present in the Gram-positive bacteria’s cell wall structure.
In
In addition to the importance of PSMs and lipoproteins in staphylococcal EV biogenesis, it was demonstrated that penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and autolysins also influence
Different molecules may be incorporated into EVs during their biogenesis: nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites [5, 8, 60, 61]. Most studies on
Strain | No. of proteins | Function | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
01ST93 | Non-cytotoxic to host cells (Hep-2) | [31] | |
03ST17 | 143 | Non-cytotoxic to host cells (Hep-2, HaCaT) | [31, 38] |
Cytotoxic to host cells (HaCaT) | [62] | ||
Immunomodulation | [38, 62] | ||
Mast cell recruitment and exacerbation of skin inflammation | |||
06ST1048 | Cytotoxic to host cells (Hep-2) | [29, 31] | |
143 | Delivery of Spa protein through EVs (Hep-2) | [29] | |
8325–4 | Induction of the MAPK pathway (THP-1 and MLE-12) | [63] | |
Cytotoxicity to host cells (HeLa) | [64] | ||
Hemolytic activity | [63, 64] | ||
8325-4Δ | Low cytotoxic to host cells (HeLa) | [64] | |
Weaker induction of MAPK pathway (THP-1 and MLE-12) | [63] | ||
ATCC 14458 | 90 | ND | [11] |
Cytotoxic to host cells (HaCaT) | [30] | ||
Immunomodulation | |||
Immunomodulation | [37] | ||
Immunomodulation | [35] | ||
Induce skin inflammation in mice | [30, 37] | ||
Promote lung inflammation in mice | [35] | ||
Protective against lung infections | [42] | ||
Transfer of resistance to β-lactams | [32] | ||
ATCC 25923 | Cytotoxic to host cells (HaCaT) | [65] | |
Immunomodulation | |||
Prevention of biofilm formation by other bacteria | [66] | ||
ATCC 6538 | Non-cytotoxic to host cells (HDMECs) | [36] | |
Induce recruitment of monocytes (THP-1) | |||
Immunomodulation | |||
BWMR22 | Exogenous EVs from vancomycin treated culture promote | [67] | |
CI1449 | Exogenous EVs confer bacterial resistance to whole blood killing | [68] | |
JE2 | 180 | Cytotoxic to host cells (human leukocytes, THP-1 cells, human macrophages MΦ) | [40, 57] |
Immunomodulation | |||
JE2 Δ | Decreased cytotoxicity and immunomodulation (THP-1 cells) | [57] | |
JE2-Δ | 212 | Non-cytotoxic to host cells (human leukocytes, A549, HL60, and rabbit erythrocytes) | [40] |
Non-protective against lethal sepsis | |||
JE2Δ | Non-cytotoxic to host cells (human leukocytes, A549, HL60, and rabbit erythrocytes) | [40] | |
Protective against lethal sepsis | |||
JE2Δ | 198 | Decreased cytotoxicity to host cells (human macrophages) | [57] |
Defective in the induction of IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-6, and caspase-1 activation | |||
M060 | 153 | Cytotoxic to host cells (Hep-2, COS-7 and HaCaT) | [31, 65] |
153 | Immunomodulation | [65] | |
MSSA476 | LB1: 131 BHI2: 617 | Exogenous EVs promotes bacterial survival | [69] |
MW2 | 168 | ND | [34] |
N305* | 222 | Non-cytotoxic to host cells (PS and MAC-T) | [33] |
Immunomodulation | |||
Induction of neutrophil recruitment | |||
ND | [34] | ||
Newman | Immunomodulation | [70] | |
O11* | 164 | ND | [34] |
O46* | 171 | ND | [34] |
RF122* | 160 | ND | [34] |
RN4220 | 92 | ND | [41] |
RN4220 Δagr | 119 | Engineered EVs protect mice against viral infections | [41] |
ST692 | 3: 137 4: 156 | Transfer of resistance to β-lactams | [71] |
USA300 | Immunomodulation | [56] | |
Protective against systemic and skin infections | [69] |
Animal isolates; ND, not determined.
Luria-Bertani Medium.
Brain Heart Infusion Medium.
Optimal condition.
Sub-inhibitory concentration of ampicillin.
As shown in Table 1,
In this regard, a recent study characterized and compared the proteome of EVs derived from several
Since EVs bud out of the cytoplasmic membrane, it is natural that their composition mainly reflects the physiological state of the producing cells, as it has been shown by several studies characterizing the EV cargo [73, 74]. However, several studies showed strong evidence that protein cargo sorting is a selective regulated process in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria [8, 34, 75, 76]. As mentioned before, OMV biogenesis involves the capture of components associated with the periplasm and the OM. Interestingly, OMVs derived from
Several studies demonstrated that
As mentioned earlier, data regarding the characterization of the other components of staphylococcal EVs apart from proteins are scarce. Although some studies demonstrated that lipids, carbohydrates, or nucleic acids are also associated with
First considered “trash bags” to remove unwanted molecules from cells, nowadays, it is well-established that EVs play essential roles for bacterial fitness. Several described biological functions of OMVs and EVs include offensive and defensive mechanisms, such as quorum sensing, competition, delivery of toxins, resistance to antibiotics, horizontal DNA transfer, and transfer of regulatory RNAs (sRNAs), which can hijack the host immune response altering host-pathogen interactions.
Studies demonstrated that
Besides delivering toxins to host cells,
Various studies also demonstrated the role of
Wang et al. demonstrated that EVs derived from the S. aureus JE2 strain could activate TLR2 signaling of NLRP3 inflammasomes in human macrophages through K+ efflux and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) recruitment [57]. ASC is a key adaptor complex required for caspase-1 activation, which leads to the release of the mature forms of IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines. They also investigated whether EVs derived from a mutant for the
A recent study conducted by Rodriguez et al. demonstrated that nucleic acid associated with
As described above, most studies regarding
Secretion of molecules and virulence factors is an essential component of
Other studies confirmed this role of EVs. For instance, disrupted EVs produced by
As important as the transport of cargo by EVs is how they transfer their cargo to recipient cells. They can act extracellularly through ligand-receptor interactions or intracellularly after their internalization into target cells and cargo release [79]. In the latter case, EVs’ internalization may occur through several pathways, which all subsequently lead to an intracellular release of their cargo. These pathways include membrane fusion, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and lipid-raft-, caveolin- or clathrin-mediated endocytosis [80].
Studies showed that
Besides intrinsic bacterial factors, several external factors were also shown to modify EV production. In
Culture conditions also alter EV content since bacteria modulate gene expression and protein secretion to cope with environmental changes. Indeed, comparative proteomic analysis revealed that 131 and 617 proteins were identified in EVs derived from
Additionally, EV content can also be impacted by a combination of several factors. For instance, Andreoni et al. evidenced that EVs produced by lysogenic strains had a significantly higher amount of DNA than those of the cured strains when a DNA-damaging SOS antibiotic was used, while the DNA content was unchanged in EVs purified from cultures treated with β-lactam [68]. This can be explained by the prophage-induced cell lysis caused by SOS-response triggering components, leading to an increase of DNA inside EVs, which does not occur with β-lactams since they target bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. These findings evidence that both intrinsic and external factors impact EV release and content, but much research is necessary to better elucidate EV biogenesis and cargo selection in
Cytotoxicity and immunomodulation of EVs towards host cells vary according to the
On the other hand, the cell lines used
As reviewed above, EVs interact with host cells leading to cytotoxicity, immunomodulation, tissue disruption, and other effects that mimic those caused by living bacteria during infection. These characteristics make EVs interesting vectors for delivering antigens and other components, some of which may have adjuvant properties. These features make EVs good candidates for vaccine development. Several studies have shown that EVs can induce adaptive immunity and confer protection against infections caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria [83, 84, 85]. For instance, mice immunized with 1 μg of
Regarding
In another study, Askarian et al. demonstrated that intraperitoneal vaccination with USA300-derived EVs promoted a high production of antibodies, in addition to the protection of mice against subcutaneous and systemic
Interestingly, Yuan et al. used EVs derived from the
As addressed here, EVs transport various types of biomolecules that have been reportedly associated with bacterial survival and host-pathogen interactions.
This work was conducted in the frame of BactInflam International Associated Laboratory between INRAE (France) and UFMG (Brazil). This work was part of the CARAVEL project financed by the MICA division from INRAE. BSRL was supported by the International Cooperation Program CAPES/COFECUB at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, funded by CAPES – the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education of the Brazilian Ministry of Education (number 88887.179897/2018-00).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review. To maintain these principles IntechOpen has developed basic guidelines to facilitate the avoidance of Conflicts of Interest.
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\\n\\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
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\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\\n\\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
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\\n\\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
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\\n\\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
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\\n\\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
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\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
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\n\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\nNON-FINANCIAL
\n\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Very young children are regular users of smartphones and tablet, so their early digital engagement poses new challenges to parent-child relationships and parental role. First, the chapter introduces the “digital parenting” construct, moving through the literature from “traditional” parenting styles to more recent studies on “parental mediation,” that is, the different behaviors parents adopt to regulate children’s engagement with the Internet and digital media. Second, the chapter reviews empirical researches on different parental mediation practices (active or restrictive behaviors) and how they are adjusted according to the child’s characteristics (age, digital competences, etc.) or parent’s media competence and beliefs. Finally, from a bidirectional perspective of parent-child relationships, the chapter discusses the role of youths’ social involvement, communication, self-disclosure, and digital skills on parent’s beliefs and practices. 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A particular parenting style influences all phases of development and life style of adolescent. Helicopter parents overly protect their children from the difficulties by setting some set of instructions without consideration of the uniqueness of their children. Recent literature has got huge attention on this parenting style and debating the pros and cons on the development of child. Higher life satisfaction and better psychological wellbeing have been found in the children of highly intrusive parents. When there are positive effects of helicopter parenting, there are negative outcome and impacts that have also been studied. The difficulties in emotional regulation, academic productivity, and social skills among children raised by helicopter parenting have been reported in the literature. Low self-efficacy, lack of trust on peers, and alienation from peers have also been associated with helicopter parenting. The chapter highlights the associated aspects of childhood and adolescence, raised by helicopter parenting. As parents have their own concern about raising their children in certain manner, it is important to understand the underlying mechanism of parenting style. Therefore, this chapter also describes the theoretical framework. The associated mental health issues and supportive psychological intervention to be also discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Deepika Srivastav and M.N. 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Building solid healthy relationships at this stage of their lives is of utmost importance to help them cope with the changes and challenges they are experiencing. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the parent-adolescent relationship in the substance dependency field. The focus is on the relationship between parents and their adolescents who have a substance use disorder. Parenting adolescents poses its own set of challenges, making it difficult to build and maintain healthy parent-adolescent relationships. We argue that although adolescent substance use disorder has been extensively researched, the relationship between parents and adolescents with substance use disorder has surprisingly not received the same attention. It is this gap that this chapter seeks to address. With this in mind, the ecological systems theory was employed here to shed light on the importance and significance of developing healthy parent-adolescent relationships. The findings show that the parent-adolescent relationship primarily informs the daily living of both the parents and the adolescents. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. 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Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334239",title:"Prof.",name:"Leung",middleName:null,surname:"Wai Keung",slug:"leung-wai-keung",fullName:"Leung Wai Keung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. 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