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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3336",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Hot Topics in Endocrine and Endocrine-Related Diseases",title:"Hot Topics in Endocrine and Endocrine-Related Diseases",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book covers a selected number of hot topics in endocrine and hormone-related pathologies, discussed by eminent scientists and clinicians coming from different countries of the world. 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Now she is a group leader at the Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) of the National Council of the Research (CNR) in Italy and her main interest is the role of chromatinic proteins in cancer.\nHer main scientific achievements are the isolation and characterization of the putative tumor suppressor gene PATZ, the demonstration of the oncogenic activity of the chromatinic proteins HMGA1 and HMGA2 in vitro and in vivo, and the discovery of their critical role in the development of pituitary adenomas.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1012",title:"Neuroendocrinology",slug:"medicine-endocrinology-neuroendocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"44441",title:"Hereditary Neuroendocrine Tumor Syndromes",doi:"10.5772/53841",slug:"hereditary-neuroendocrine-tumor-syndromes",totalDownloads:2064,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Antongiulio Faggiano, Valeria Ramundo, Luisa Circelli and\nAnnamaria Colao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44441",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44441",authors:[{id:"38728",title:"Dr.",name:"Antongiulio",surname:"Faggiano",slug:"antongiulio-faggiano",fullName:"Antongiulio Faggiano"}],corrections:null},{id:"43501",title:"New Insights in the Pathogenesis of Pituitary Tumours",doi:"10.5772/56028",slug:"new-insights-in-the-pathogenesis-of-pituitary-tumours",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marie-Lise Jaffrain-Rea, Sandra Rotondi and Edoardo Alesse",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43501",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43501",authors:[{id:"160469",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie-Lise",surname:"Jaffrain-Rea",slug:"marie-lise-jaffrain-rea",fullName:"Marie-Lise Jaffrain-Rea"}],corrections:null},{id:"44442",title:"Aging and Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction",doi:"10.5772/55194",slug:"aging-and-subclinical-thyroid-dysfunction",totalDownloads:2557,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Corrêa V. 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\r\n\tCryptococcosis, caused by the opportunistic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in persons immunocompromised by advanced HIV disease. Cryptococcal meningitis is the leading cause of meningitis among adults with sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, C. gattii has been responsible for major outbreaks in North America. There is a growing interest in the epidemiology of cryptococcal infection and disease in HIV-negative individuals, particularly in those with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and recipients of solid organ transplants.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in cryptococcosis and its etiologic agent Cryptococcus, featuring original research and up-to-date reviews that focuses on the most important evidence-based developments in this critically important area.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"6adf859eddfe43065fbc848c710013aa",bookSignature:"Dr. Felix Bongomin",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10781.jpg",keywords:"Cryptococcal Antigen Screening, Lateral Flow Device, Advanced HIV Disease, Cryptococcal Meningitis, Cryptococcaemia, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Amphotericin B, Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Resistance",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 16th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 15th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 4th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Practicing clinician, clinical mycologist, and lecturer at Gulu University School of Medicine who authored over 50 papers and book chapters. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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In fact, MD and thermal distillation are temperature-dependent processes in which work is based on vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and needs heat source to be supplied to attain the requisite latent heat of vaporization of the feed solution. To avoid misapprehensions, a workshop was held in Rome on May 5, 1986, in order to find a unique name for a process previously known by different names such as transmembrane distillation, thermo-pervaporation (PV), and membrane evaporation. Terminology committee consisted of six different members including V. Calabro (Universita della Calabria, Calabria, Italy), A.C.M. Franken (Twente University of Technology, Enschede, Netherlands), S. Kimura (University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan), S. Ripperger (Enka Membrana, Wuppertal, Germany), G. Sarti (Universita di Bologna, Bologna, Italy), and R. Schofield (University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia) who chose membrane distillation term for a distillation process in which two sides of membrane (liquid and gas phases) are detached by a porous membrane [1]. Generally, MD must be referred for nonisothermal membrane separation process in which the driving force is partial pressure difference induced by temperature gradient across the membrane that fulfills the following properties: (i) high porosity, (ii) high wetting resistance, (iii) does not change the VLE of the species, (iv) separates liquid and gas phases, and (v) condensation must not occur in membrane pores.
For the first time, on June 3, 1963, MD process was defined by Bodell to which he filed US patent describing an apparatus producing potable water from impotable aqueous mixture [2]. He invented an apparatus which was impermeable to water molecules but permeable to water vapor molecules. After Bodell’s invention, on 1967, new findings were reported by Weyl (filed on May 14, 1964) to which he recorded a US patent describing an improved apparatus for recovery of water from impotable salty water [3]. Unlike Bodell who used silicon rubber as membrane (0.64 mm outer diameter and 0.30 mm inner diameter), Weyl used a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane (average pore size of 9 mm) to produce potable water. He also stated other hydrophobic polymers such as polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and also hydrophilic polymers coated by hydrophobic materials can be applicable for fabrication of MD membranes. After recording of the first MD patent, it took 4 years to publish the first MD paper by Findley on 1967 in the international journal
From an industrial viewpoint, MD has attracted little attention, yet, due to its rate of productivity which is not competitive enough compared with other industrial technologies. On the contrary, research interest in MD has grown considerably within the academic community. The number of MD publications in referred journals has increased almost 40 times in 2018 since 1995. Figure 1 shows growth rate of MD publications from 1995 to 2018.
Research interest on membrane distillation up to December 31, 2018, represented as a plot of number of papers published in refereed journals per year.
MD is a well-suited technology for separation processes in which water is the major component of the feed solution. In MD, at least one side of a microporous hydrophobic membrane is in direct contact with an aqueous solution. Partial pressure difference induced by temperature gradient between two sides of membrane causes mass transfer through membrane pores. During MD process, liquid molecules are not allowed to infiltrate due to the hydrophobicity of the membrane, and only water vapor molecules are able to pass through the membrane walls. Based on partial pressure difference, evaporation of volatile compounds occurs; the vapor molecules pass across the pores and are condensed/evacuated on the permeate side of the membrane. Various MD configurations are applied to maintain the driving force on two sides of the membrane [13]. However these configurations can only be distinguished by their condensation procedure (Figure 2).
A condensing fluid (usually pure water) colder than feed stream flows across the permeate side of the membrane by means of circulating pump. At the time, the volatile component (water or volatile organic compounds) evaporates at the hot liquid/vapor interface, passes through the pores, and condense in the condensing fluid inside the MD cell. This type of configuration is known as direct contact membrane distillation due to direct contact between condensing fluid and the membrane surface. Among various MD configurations, DCMD is the most extensively investigated due to its ease of setup in laboratory scale and higher permeate flux than other configurations. Generally, DCMD is an appropriate method for desalination or production of fruit juice in which water is the main permeate component [14].
In this configuration, vacuum is applied in the permeate side of the module by vacuum pumps in which vapor molecules are sucked out through membrane pores. To maintain driving force, the applied vacuum pressure must be lower than the saturation pressure of volatile components separating from the hot feed solution. In this type of MD, condensation occurs outside of the condensing chamber by means of an external condenser. This type of configuration is known as vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) due applied vacuum in the permeate side of the module.
A stagnant air layer is placed between the permeate side of the membrane and condensing wall to reduce heat loss by conduction. In this configuration, vapor molecules pass across both the membrane wall and air layer and eventually condense over a cold surface of condensing wall inside the MD cell. At last, condensed component exits from the condensation chamber by the use of the gravity. This type of configuration is called air gap membrane distillation.
In sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD), a cold inert gas is blown into the condensation chamber and sweeps permeated vapor molecules taking them out of the MD cell. In this method, condensation just like VMD takes place outside the module. Due to heat transfer between hot permeated vapor and blown inert gas, the temperature of sweeping gas increases continuously along the condensing chamber length. To minimize the effect of heat transfer between hot and cold stream, a cold wall is improvised in the permeate side of the module. This recently introduced method is called thermostatic sweeping gas membrane distillation (TSGMD). Table 1 presents details of various MD configurations.
Schematic of various MD configurations.
MD configuration | Application area | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|---|
Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) |
|
|
|
Vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) |
|
|
|
Air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) |
|
|
|
Sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) |
|
|
|
Properties of various MD configurations.
As stated earlier, the main characteristics of MD membrane are porosity and hydrophobicity. MD membrane can be supported and unsupported and also might be fabricated in the form of single-layer membrane, composite dual-layer membrane (hydrophobic/hydrophilic), and composite triple-layer membrane (hydrophobic/hydrophilic/hydrophobic). The surface mean pore size of the membrane applied in MD is between 100 Å and 1 μm.
Generally, MD membranes can be fabricated by track etching, sintering, phase inversion, electrospinning, etc. Among these procedures, phase inversion is the most applied method. Also, several types of membranes are fabricated by combining the abovementioned methods. In 2013, Zhu et al. fabricated novel hollow fiber membrane by combining extrusion, sintering, and stretching [15]. Phase inversion method is based on solidification of a homogenous polymeric solution by such several procedure such as non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS), evaporation-induced phase separation (EIPS), thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), and vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) in a controlled way [16]. NIPS and TIPS are the most commonly used techniques to fabricate MD membranes. In NIPS method, the polymer is dissolved in appropriate solvent, and then the polymeric solution is casted on a glass plate or non-woven support. After casting, the polymeric film is immersed into the non-solvent bath. After a while, two phases are formed: a polymer-rich phase and a solvent-rich phase. Solvent/non-solvent exchange continues until the whole polymer component becomes solid. To fabricate membranes by TIPS technique, a solution containing polymer/diluent must be prepared and then is casted via favorable procedure. After precipitation of polymer component by cooling method, diluent extraction causes pore formation [17, 18, 19, 20]. In recent years, electrospinning technique has been suggested by many researchers to prepare well-suited MD membranes [21, 22, 23]. To prepare electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs), a polymeric solution must be poured into a needle-equipped syringe. Electrospinning apparatus consists of a high-voltage electric source, needle-equipped syringe, syringe pump, and a collector. After overcoming the surface tension, polymeric jet is directed toward a collector (often rotating drum) in the shape of cylindrical nanofibers. To obtain uniform membrane structure, syringe pump has axial movement [13]. The schematic of electrospinning process is shown in Figure 3. The properties of commercial membranes used in MD are presented in Table 2.
Schematic of electrospinning process. Source: Reprinted from [
Membrane commercial code | Membrane type | Producer | Material | Porosity (%) | Membrane thickness (μm) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TF200 | Flat sheet | Gelman | PTFE/PP | 80 | 178 | [25] |
GVHP | Flat sheet | Millipore | PVDF | 70–75 | 110 | [26] |
MD020TP2N | Tubular | Enka Microdyn | PP | 75 | 1550 | [27] |
Celgard X-20 | Tubular | Hoechst Celanese Co. | PP | 35 | 25 | [28] |
G-4.0-6-7 | Flat sheet | Gore-Tex Sep GmbH | PTFE | 80 | 100 | [29] |
PP 50/200 | Hollow fiber | Accurel Membrana | PP | 0.5 | 200 | [30] |
3 MA | Flat sheet | 3 M Corporation | PP | 60 | 91 | [31] |
Commercial membranes recently used in MD.
Membrane modules are one of the most important parts of MD process which control the operation parameters. Different types of MD module are manufactured so far especially for each kind of MD configurations. MD module must possess required characteristics such as high packing density; high mechanical strength and chemical and thermal stability; low pressure drop; low heat loss; and user-friendly (for cleaning or membrane replacement). As presented in Figure 4, MD modules are divided into three major groups including plate and frame, spiral wound, and capillary (Figure 4).
Plate and frame module is the simplest one among all MD modules. It consists of a series of flat sheet membranes, spacers, and supports which are connected in axial direction. This type of MD module has shown good potential for commercialization due to its tangential flow in which the liquid stream is in direct contact with the membrane surface.
In spiral wound module, supported or unsupported flat sheet membranes are wrapped around a central tube in a spiral formation. Spiral wound module can provide tangential flow and represent high surface to volume ratio which makes it the desirable choice for applying in MD process.
Capillary modules are divided into three main categories: (1) capillary modules, (2) tubular modules, and (3) hollow fiber modules. Capillary, tubular, and hollow fiber membranes are distinguished by their inner and outer diameter which effects on their packing density. The membranes with diameter ranging from 5 to 25 mm are classified as tubular membranes (packing density 300 m2/m3). Capillary membranes often have pores with diameter between 1 and 3 mm (packing density 1200 m2/m3). The diameters of hollow fiber membranes are usually below 1 mm (packing density 500–9000 m2/m3) [33]. These types of membranes are typically assembled and bundled in shell and tube modules. Table 3 summarizes some MD modules used in desalination process.
Different MD modules: (a) plate and frame, (b) capillary, and (c) spiral wound. Source: Reprinted from [
Module producer | Effective membrane area (m2) | Membrane material | Permeate flux (kg/m2h) | MD configuration | Type of module | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SEP GmbH | 4 | PTFE | 2.5–12.5 | DCMD | Spiral | [34] |
GE Osmonics SEPA CF | 0.014 | PTFE | 22.3 | DCMD | Plate and frame | [35] |
Microdyn | 0.1 | PP | 3.6 | VMD | Capillary | [36] |
Enka-Microdyn | 0.036 | PP | 4 | DCMD | Tubular | [37] |
Scarab development AB | 2.8 | PTFE | 6.5 | AGMD | Plate and frame | [38] |
Microdyn | 0.1 | PP | 13 | DCMD | Hollow fiber | [37] |
Commercial MD modules with different configurations.
MD membranes should have such characteristics to show their best performance in MD process. Before conducting MD tests, the applied membranes must be characterized by different methods to abstain from wetting during experiments. MD membrane characterization techniques are as follows: liquid entry pressure (LEP), porosity, thermal conductivity, water contact angle, and membrane thickness.
To abstain from membrane wetting, the MD membrane should have three major properties, simultaneously: high water contact angle, high hydrophobicity, and narrow pore size distribution. However, membrane wetting may take place and effect on membrane performance when the feed solution is in direct contact with membrane surface. When the hydraulic transmembrane pressure oversteps LEP, aqueous solution components will prevail over the surface tension and wet membrane pores. Generally, LEP is the maximum pressure value applied onto the feed solution to be treated before the membrane pore wetting happens. Based on Cantor-Laplace equation, the LEP value depends on surface contact angle (
As can be comprehended from Cantor-Laplace equation, increasing in surface contact angle or decreasing of maximum pore size will enhance LEP value.
Porosity of MD membranes must be as high as possible until the wetting phenomenon does not occur. Porous surface can lead to higher permeate flux. Generally, the ratio of free volume to total volume of the membrane is called porosity. In MD, the ratio between the macrovoid volume and total volume of the membrane is calculated by gravimetric procedure [40]. This technique is based on measuring membrane weights applying a wetting liquid such as 2-propanol, which goes inside the pores, and weighing the membrane before and after wetting:
where
Tendency of membrane surface to be wetted by liquids is often measured by liquid contact angle analysis. In MD, because water is the major component of the feed solution, water contact angle is calculated for determining surface tendency to water droplets. In this technique, the angle between water droplet and membrane surface is calculated. To minimize the errors of calculation, various locations of membrane surface are selected randomly, and the average contact angle is reported as water contact angle. It should be noted that the effect of mean pore size and surface roughness should be considered to specify the exact water contact angle.
Thermal conductivity of MD membranes must be as low as possible. Heat loss in various MD configurations is attributed to the membrane material and existed gases in the membrane pores. Increasing in thermal conductivity could reduce mass flux which is undesirable for MD process. Since the water vapor thermal conductivity is one order of magnitude lower than polymeric materials to be used in MD, increasing membrane surface porosity could lead to heat loss reduction. So, the presence of macrovoids in the membrane surface will result in reducing thermal conductivity. As stated above, the thermal conductivity of MD membranes is related to both thermal conductivity of polymer (
It is worth mentioning that most of the polymers used in MD membranes possess similar conductivity value. For example, thermal conductivity of PP, PTFE, and PVDF is about 0.11–0.16 (W/m2 K), 0.25–0.27 (W/m2 K), and 0.17–0.19 (W/m2 K), respectively [41].
The membrane thickness is one of the most effective characteristics on MD membrane performance. The membrane thickness and membrane permeate flux are inversely related to each other. As the membrane becomes thinner, the permeate flux enhances due to the reduction of mass transfer resistance. On the other hand, when the membrane thickness increases, the heat loss decreases. So, there is a trade-off between advantage (lower heat loss) and disadvantage (lower permeate flux) of thicker membrane. It should be noted that the effect of membrane thickness in AGMD on mass transfer can be passed up, because the stagnant air layer controls mass transfer rate.
The effects of various operational parameters on MD performance must be controlled to achieve the best results. Some of these parameters are as follows: (i) feed temperature, (ii) feed concentration, (iii) membrane type, (iv) feed flow rate, and (v) long operation.
The feed temperature has a powerful effect on the permeate flux. Based on the Antoine equation, by increasing the temperature, the vapor pressure increases exponentially. So, the permeate flux will increase exponentially by increasing of the temperature [42]. When the temperature difference between the feed and permeate side of the membrane is kept constant, the distillate flux will enhance when the temperature of the feed side increases, which means the vapor pressure is more dependent to the higher temperature. In other words, the increase in vapor pressure gradient when the hot fluid temperature increases is more than the time which the cold fluid temperature decreases. Also, some researchers found out that increasing the temperature difference between the feed and permeate side of the membrane will increase diffusion factor positively [43, 44, 45].
When the feed concentration increases, the permeate flux will decrease considerably due to the reduction of vapor pressure and increment of temperature polarization. Generally, when NaCl solution concentration was increased from 0 to 2 mol, about 12% decline was observed in permeate flux [45]. In fact, reduction of vapor pressure induced by concentration increment caused distillate flux reduction. Also, researchers demonstrated that there are three reasons for flux decline as a result of increasing feed concentration, reduction of water activity, reduction of mass transfer coefficient caused by concentration polarization, and reduction of heat transfer coefficient caused by decline in membrane surface temperature [46].
As discussed earlier, MD membranes should have porous surface with high mean pore size. The distillate flux is proportional to the surface pore size and porosity and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane and pore tortuosity. Also, membranes must present high LEP value to prevent membrane wetting. Furthermore, unsupported membranes with a certain pore size showed higher flux than supported membranes with the same pore size [47].
The effects of feed flow rate on SGMD are negligible, while it is considerable in DCMD and VMD. In general, increasing of feed flow rate leads to permeate flux increment. This is due to the improved mixing and the reduction of temperature boundary layer thickness on the feed side of the membrane. By increasing feed flow rate, the laminar flow regime turns into a turbulent regime, and the distillate flux reaches asymptotic values [48]. In fact, by increasing of feed flow rate, Reynolds number and heat transfer coefficient increase which lead to the reduction of temperature polarization.
MD membranes must show stable performance during experiments for days and months. Actually, membrane stability is the most important challenge in MD commercialization. Several experiments showed after membrane compaction, the permeate flux increased at initial hours of the tests [49, 50, 51]. Then, the flux was reduced until reaching a steady state. Partial pore wetting and fouling were conveyed as reasons for the flux reduction during longtime MD experiments [46].
Measurement of heat transfer in MD is extremely complicated because of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. Based on the principal theory of heat transfer, a thermal boundary layer is formed at a fluid/solid interface with different temperatures. In MD module, a hot fluid is in direct contact with solid surface (membrane, with a thickness of
When vaporization takes place at the membrane surface, the latent heat is transferred to the permeate side of the membrane with vapor stream:
where
where
In general, mass transfer mechanism in MD consists of three major categories including Knudsen flow theory, viscous flow theory, and molecular diffusion theory. In MD, surface penetration is ignored because the penetration area of membrane matrix is much lower than the volume of the pores [46]. Moreover, as is stated earlier, MD membrane material has low affinity to water molecules. So, the contribution of transport through the membrane matrix can be ignored. The key parameter to recognize the governing mass transfer mechanism in MD module is Knudsen number (Kn) which is determined as
where
where
where
where
MD is going to be an attractive technology for separation processes due to its unique properties. Dealing with water as a key component of chemical and physical processes and high separation factor are the most attractive characteristics of MD technology. Nowadays, MD is used in environmental, food, pharmaceutical, and nanotechnology industries. Also, MD can be used as a single-step process or can be combined with other separation techniques as a last stage [52]. Some applications of MD are the following:
Desalination of seawater, brackish water, groundwater, and brines brought from other units.
Industrial wastewater treatment including radioactive waste treatment, concentration of nonvolatile acids, volatile acid recovery from industrial effluents, salt recovery by membrane distillation crystallization (MDC), and textile industry effluents.
Preparation of distilled water, pure water, and ultrapure water for medical and pharmaceutical purposes.
Production of liquid food concentrates such as mandarin juice, sucrose solution, whey, and apple juice.
Volatiles removal from fruit juice, alcohols, halogenated VOCs, and benzene by VMD and SGMD.
Dealcoholization of fermented beverages and enhanced ethanol production using DCMD.
The most important MD application is desalination of wastewaters including high percentage of salt molecules in order for safe discharge into the environment or to produce drinkable, pure, and ultrapure water. The theoretical 100% rejection of nonvolatile solutes, colloids, and biological matters by MD guarantees the elimination of all unwanted solutes that are often existing in water sources. The treated water by MD shows an electrical conductivity as low as 800 μS/cm with total dissolved solids (TDS) of 0.6 ppm [53].
The principal challenges of MD process are temperature polarization, concentration polarization (CP), and fouling of contaminants on the membrane surface. These challenges must be controlled to avoid underperformance in MD process. One of the most undesirable problems in MD is temperature polarization in which the temperature gradient is created between bulk feed and membrane surface at liquid/vapor interface. In fact, by vaporization of a component, liquid bulk temperature decreases, while vapor temperature increases instead. This phenomenon causes a reduction of temperature difference leading to permeate flux decline. Temperature polarization coefficient (TPC) is often defined as the ratio of boundary layer resistance to the total heat transfer resistance:
where superscripts
Fouling of contaminants on the membrane surface is also a problem in MD process. Although fouling has lower effect on MD than other pressure-driven membrane processes, it often causes underperformance in membrane process. Fouling and contaminant deposition on membrane surface cause the reduction of effective membrane area and membrane wetting resulting in distillate flux decline and low rejection. So, to reach maximum efficiency in MD process, the effects of these problems should be reduced as much as possible.
MD can be combined with other membrane technologies such as RO, microfiltration (MF), and nanofiltration (NF) as well as common distillation systems (i.e., multistage flash (MSF)) and low-cost energy sources [55]. These hybrid systems will offer high-quality products and lower energy consumption both in the system installation and the discharging concentrated brine. In fact, MD hybrid systems are beneficial if they can rectify other system disadvantages.
Generally, MD hybrid systems can be divided into two major groups: (i) integrated MD systems with membrane processes and (ii) integrated MD systems with other processes. The combination of MD with ultrafiltration (UF) for treatment of oily wastewater was investigated by Gryta et al. [56]. DCMD was applied as final purification technique after UF. The hot UF permeate entered into the DCMD cell linked in parallel form. The MD permeate is collected outside the chamber, and the oil concentrate is returned to the UF modules as feed. The product collected from the UF module commonly contains less than 5 ppm of oil. An additional distillation process over the UF permeate leads to a complete elimination of oil from wastewater with a high removal percentage of 99.9% for total dissolved solids. As an another hybrid system, MD was integrated with RO for desalination by Drioli et al. [57]. MD was suggested to desalinate RO brine (75 g/l) at a temperature of 35°C to improve both efficiency and water recovery. Since MD is less sensitive to brine concentration than RO, more potable water can be obtained by RO/MD hybrid system. The results showed that the recovery factor of hybrid system was about 87% which was higher than that of MD (77%) and RO (40%). There are also some reports about using NF/MD and PV/MF/MD hybrid systems to produce high-quality products [53, 58].
As stated earlier, MD can be integrated with other chemical and physical separation processes. Gryta et al. studied the performance of hybrid bioreactor/MD system to produce ethanol [59]. The fermentation of sugar with
As it was stated throughout this chapter, MD process requires an energy source for heating the feed to a specific temperature. The ability of coupling with renewable energy sources such as solar and geothermal energy or industrial waste heat converts MD from expensive laboratory scale process to beneficial industrial one. So, especially in desalination, the water production cost (WPC) will decrease by applying a low-cost energy source. It is worth mentioning that current seawater desalination capacity is about 27 million m3/day which only meets 3% of freshwater demand. In fact, WPCs for industrial units are less than $1/m3, whereas it may vary between $1/m3 and 3/m3 small-scale units. While solar energy-based processes are typically expensive due to the high capital cost, they could slowly become competitive with conventional energy sources in the future. It must be noted that even though the WPCs of solar-powered MD (SPMD) are considerably high, it could be an interesting alternative for water production in remote areas. Generally, lower energy consumption or using low-cost energy sources would reduce the WPC. Table 4 summarizes energy consumption of different separation processes.
Separation process | Production rate | Energy consumption (kWh/m3) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
RO standard | 105,000 m3/day | 4.5 | [63] |
SPMD | 5–27 l/m2 h | 200–300 | [64] |
AGMD | 5.2 l/m2 h | 1 | [65] |
VMD | 0.71 l/m2 h | 3.2 | [66] |
Brackish water RO (BWRO) with photovoltaic (PV) panels | 0.2 m3/day | 1.3 | [67] |
Solar still | 2–6 l/m2 day | 640 | [68] |
Estimated energy consumption of different separation processes used in desalination.
After several decades of persistent investigation for understanding the concept of MD and its difficulties, there are still many obstacles that must be eliminated for industrialization. Based on recent development, MD process is able to be used in a vast variety of applications such as desalination and wastewater treatment. Although MD process still suffers from some problems which limited its performance such as high-energy consumption, longtime operation, wetting and fouling, and lack of appropriate module, different reports have been presented to enhance permeate flux and solute retention and decrease energy consumption in MD process, including developed membrane modules and hybrid MD systems. So far, the effects of MD operational parameters have been studied over and over, but some areas related to commercialization field are still overlooked or investigated scarcely. Therefore, a vigorous motivation is required for research on the neglected areas such as membrane module design or scale-up variables both in experimental and modeling fields in which the obtained experimental data will be
membrane distillation vapor-liquid equilibrium pervaporation polytetrafluoroethylene polyethylene polyvinyl chloride reverse osmosis air gap membrane distillation direct contact membrane distillation polypropylene volatile organic compounds vacuum membrane distillation sweeping gas membrane distillation thermostatic sweeping gas membrane distillation non-solvent induced phase separation evaporation induced phase separation thermally induced phase separation vapor induced phase separation electrospun nanofibrous membranes liquid entry pressure Knudsen number membrane distillation crystallization total dissolved solids temperature polarization concentration polarization temperature polarization coefficient concentration polarization coefficient microfiltration nanofiltration multistage flash ultrafiltration water production cost solar-powered membrane distillation brackish water reverse osmosis photovoltaic
Milk is a whitish liquid containing protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamin and trace mineral elements, which are produced by mammary gland of all mature female mammals. Milk production in India increased at a growth of 6.2% in 2020–2021 reaching 209.96 million tonnes [1]. Milk products include butter, ice cream, cheese, paneer etc. These are very important components of human diets because they contain good nutritive value and are thus widely consumed by children and adults, particularly elderly people all over the world. The advancement of industry and agriculture has resulted in the release of numerous heavy metals into the environment which is harmful to the health of both animals and humans. Animals ingest heavy metals from a variety of sources including soil, water, feed and fodder. Because the mammary gland is the most physiologically active component of an animal that resulted into heavy metals are reflected in milk (Figure 1). Central Pollution Control Board found that the presence of higher levels of mercury (above Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) permissible limits) in water from several Indian states and its highly toxic heavy metal & poison with a long retention time in the human body poses a threat to the body. Metals of various types of minerals can be divided into two categories based on their relative abundance in our bodies. i.e., macro minerals are those that the human body requires in relatively large quantities such as sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sulfur whereas micro/trace minerals such as selenium, iron, zinc, copper, cobalt, fluorine, iodine, manganese and molybdenum are required in little amounts. These are found in nearly all cells of the human body where they help to maintain general homeostasis and are necessary for our bodies to function normally. The excess mineral can have a negative impact on human health e.g., daily intake of high levels of sodium can lead to hypertension (Blood pressure).
Source of heavy metal in milk.
A heavy metal is any metallic element with a relatively high density (5 g/cm3) that is unsafe or poisonous even at low. Heavy metal is a broad term that refers to a class of metals and metalloids with atomic densities greater than 5 g/cm3 or five times that of water [2]. Heavy metals are cumulative toxins that can cause harm even at very low levels. The toxicity of these metals is divided into two categories
They have really no known metabolic function but when present in the body, they disrupt the normal cellular processes which causes toxic effects in a variety of organs.
Bioaccumulation or the ability to accumulate in biological tissues [3].
The growth in a chemical concentration in a biological organism over time in relation to the chemical concentration in the environment is referred to as bioaccumulation. The World Health Organization (WHO), CODEX and the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) have determined metal maximum residual limit (MRL) values in food products. Heavy metals that exceed the MRL level in any food or food product harm human health.
Because it contains nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrate and minerals in which milk is considered nearly a complete food in our daily diet [4]. As industrial and agricultural processes expand, which result in the concentration of physical, chemical and biological hazards in the environment grows [5]. A significant quantity of heavy metals found in plants & animals eventually finds their way into food harming both the quality of final products and human health.
Metal levels in cow or buffalo milk are currently being examined intensively, particularly in industrialized & polluted areas of both developing and developed countries. According to reports, the basic ingredients in cow and buffalo milk are rather consistent and only alter slightly based on a variety of conditions such as lactation phase, nutrition quality and environmental conditions, all of which are primarily chemical contaminants.
Because milk and milk products are primarily consumed by infants and children, residues of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury are of great concern. As a result, their levels in food and food products must be monitored and controlled. Heavy metal level measurement is useful not only for determining risk to human health and assessing environmental quality but also for maintaining the high quality of final food and food products [6]. Many studies have been published on heavy metals in milk and their presence in milk and various milk products has been connected to lactating cows being exposed to pollution, consuming polluted feed and water and the manufacturing process of various milk products. Lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium levels in milk from cows grazing in open fields in Kaduna were found to be higher than the WHO recommended limit daily intake (50 ppb) [7].
Heavy metal residues such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) which pose a chemical hazard are described below.
Lead is one of the most dangerous metals for humans, plants and animals and it is among the most common metals in the environment due to human activities. Lead mines, coal combustion, wastewater applications, industrial waste & farmyard manure are the primary reason sources of lead in the environment [8]. Lead is a non-ferrous metal that is widely used in a variety of industries including the manufacture of plastics, storage battery alloys, ceramics, cable sheathing and even paints. The production of anti-knock compounds from petrol results in increased air pollution in the environment. Vehicle exhausts are a major source of lead contamination in the environment affecting the quality of food and food products as well as the health of animals [9]. Inhalation, ingestion and skin contact are the three main routes through which lead enters the human body system. Long-term doses of lead may cause thalassemia, pale skin, decreased muscle activity, stomach pain, vomiting, wrist joint paralysis and decreased fertility and birth abnormalities (Table 1). Prolonged exposure may also cause kidney damage, liver problems, nervous system damage and eventually death in humans [14]. The maximum acceptable concentration of lead for milk and milk products is 250 ppb according to FSSAI and WHO.
Heavy metals | Application | Human health consequences | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Mercury | Metallurgy industries chemical manufacturing and metal finishing, use in thermometer | Memory issues increased heart rate, tremors, kidney, brain and liver damage | [10] |
Arsenic | Metal plating electroplating leather, dye production | Ulcer, liver problems and kidney damage | [11] |
Lead | Metal plating battery manufacturer automotive and petroleum industries | Abortion on the spur of the moment causes nervous system damage, kidney & brain damage and liver problems. | [12] |
Cadim | Electroplating, fertilizers and battery manufacturing | Cancer, lung insufficiency disturbance in liver and kidney | [13] |
Adverse effect of heavy metals on human health.
Arsenic can be found in water that has been contaminated with industrial or agrochemical waste. Ingestion of arsenic at low doses through food or water is the main route of this metalloid into the organism with absorption taking place in the human stomach and intestines and release into the bloodstream (Table 1). Arsenic can be found in both natural and man-made environments. Arsenic contamination has been documented in a variety of foods and food items including tap water, air, foods and beverages (Table 1). Drinking water contamination is increasing as a result of industrial operations and excessive groundwater withdrawal for irrigation [15].
Almost all mercury compounds are extremely toxic and can harm human and animal health even at very low levels. Mercury is subject to bioaccumulation which is the process by which organisms (including humans) absorb toxins faster than their bodies resulting in mercury levels in their bodies building up over time and causing adverse health effects in humans [16].
Human activities such as the use of fossil fuels particularly coal for heat and energy, the production of metals, cement, caustic soda, the disposal of mercury-containing waste materials etc. are the main sources of mercury in food and the food chain. Human activities that contribute to contaminated air include increased industrialization and small-scale coal burning for heat and automobiles [17]. In many state areas, mercury concentrations have increased as a result of increased atmospheric deposition which harms both humans and animals (Table 1).
Cadmium is a poisonous element that can harm your health. Its existence in water, soil, beverages, herbal medications, milk products and other places has gained recent notice. Phosphate fertilizers, nonferrous smelters, sewage sludge application and fossil fuel combustion are all sources of cadmium in soil and plants. According to FSSAI, the MRL level of heavy metals in milk and various milk products should not exceed 1.5 ppm.
Cadmium is used in plating, alloying, pigments, polymers and batteries among other things which is poisonous to people and animals (Table 1) [18].
The Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI), CODEX and WHO tolerable weekly intake of heavy metals established standards for heavy metals in milk and milk products such as lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium (Table 2).
Heavy metals | Standard for milk and milk product | ||
---|---|---|---|
FSSAI (mg/l) | CODEX (mg/l) | WHO weekly tolerance toxic heavy metal intake (mg/l) | |
Mercury | 1000 | 500 | 5 |
Arsenic | 110 | 20 | 15 |
Lead | 250 | 140 | 25 |
Cadmium | 150 | 200 | 25 |
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), CODEX standard and WHO Weekly tolerance intake for milk and dairy products.
High Sn and Ni contents of some milk products samples from this Arak, iran might be potentially hazardous to consumers [19].
A total of 65 cow and 126 buffalo milk samples were collected from various Haryana districts, covering both industrial and non-industrial areas, and it was discovered that the milk samples collected from various Haryana districts contained Pb, Cd, As, and Hg levels below the maximum contamination level, making them safe for human consumption [20].
The amount of iron, copper, manganese, zinc, lead, cadmium and chromium in cow milk yoghurt had fallen by 0.40–15% and buffalo milk yoghurt had decreased by 0.50–15% according to a study. Nickel, cobalt and tin levels in cow milk yoghurt were down 50–100% while buffalo milk yoghurt was down 25–50%. The level of these metals in yoghurt is dramatically reduced as a result of the high acidity and bacterial activity in the production process [4]. Another study looked at heavy metals like cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic in milk samples collected from the Livestock Production and Management Production Department at NDRI Karnal. They discovered that higher levels of lead, cadmium and mercury in various milk products could be due to high exposure to heavy metal sources in the soil and water near hazardous waste sites while higher levels of arsenic in various milk products were mainly due to use in veterinary medicine for the eradication of tapeworms in cattle (Table 3) [21].
Type of products | Type of heavy metal (ppb) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milk | Paneer | Dahi | Cheese | Khoa | Milk powder | |
Lead | 4.55–8.16 | 3.97–6.28 | 4.12–9.79 | 3.16–10.93 | 11.69–13.89 | 3.99–5.01 |
Cadmium | 9.96–11.89 | 3.38–9.53 | 7.84–11.50 | 9.16–10.90 | 16.91–26.41 | 7.73–10.2 |
Mercury | 4.48–7.23 | 4.23–8.53 | 4.04–8.04 | 4.87–8.68 | 7.46–10.68 | 3.34–5.55 |
Arsenic | 4.87–8.94 | 3.77–8.98 | 4.05–11.32 | 5.01–7.73 | 14.61–21.04 | 6.7–9.7 |
Many studies have looked at removing heavy metal pollution from many sources particularly water sources and this method can be used to disinfect a range of various dairy products mineral absorbents like smectite and Palygorsctite were used to absorb heavy metals in recent times [22]. Some other study was using sepiolite minerals and zeolites as heavy metal adsorbent materials and corrective agents [23]. Another study used a modified rice husk with different sodium bicarbonate concentrations to absorb low levels of cadmium in aquatic settings [24]. Penaud
Nurdin
Heavy metals bind to lactobacilli-specific proteins (LAB) and are then biologically absorbed and removed [27].
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) became available for the first time in 1962. Since then, there have been several rapid developments such as a variety of fuels and oxidants in atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy such as flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) and hydride vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS).
AAS which measures ppb levels in various milk product samples which are exceedingly sensitive. The spectra formed when the sample is excited with radiation from a hollow cathode lamp. Transitions to higher energy levels occur as a result of absorbing ultraviolet or visible light and then measure the amount of energy in the form of photons of light absorbed by the sample and sends the signal to the detector. In this procedure, the wavelengths of light transmitted by the sample are measured and compared to the wavelengths that passed through it originally (Figure 2). Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for identifying an element\'s concentration in a sample by measuring the intensity of external absorbed radiation by a sample atom at a wavelength characteristic of the element. The absorption of electromagnetic radiation by well-separated atoms or ions in the gaseous state is quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The emission of radiation from atoms stimulated by heat or other methods is measured using atomic emission spectroscopy (AES).
Atomic absorption spectroscopy.
In this system, the atoms of various elements absorb light at different wavelengths. When analyzing a sample containing a given element, light from excited atoms produces the proper wavelength combination to be absorbed by any elements present in a sample. A lamp containing atoms emits light from excited atoms resulting in a spectrum of wavelengths absorbed by any atoms in the sample is a way to find determining atom concentration in samples (Figure 2). Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes the sample by converting ground state free atoms to a vapour state and passing a beam of electromagnetic radiation generated by excited atoms through the vaporized sample. The sample unique atoms absorb some of the radiation because more light is absorbed the maximum number of atoms are in the vapor which transfers the signal to the detector (Figure 3).
Basic principle of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
There are various techniques which can be used in AAS for the estimation of heavy metal residue in milk and milk products, which are described below:
Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS).
Metals in solution or samples can be easily recognized using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS). The approach is simple, quick and may be used to estimate metals in a variety of environmental samples including groundwater, household & industrial wastes, extracts, soils, sludge, sediments and other wastes. Except for dissolved ingredient analyses, all samples in this system must be digested before being analyzed.
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is similar to flame AA in that the cloud of atoms is generated by heating a tiny electrically heated graphite tube or cuvette to a temperature of 3000–3200°C. The increased atom density and tube residence length improve furnace AAS detection limits allowing detection in the ppb or level range (Figure 5). A comparative study between the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS) is described in Table 4.
Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Flame atomization | Graphite atomization | |
---|---|---|
Amount of sample required | 1 ml | 5–20 μL |
Atomization principle | Atomized through the heat of flame | Atomized by heat generated when a current is passed through a resistance bulb |
Sample usage (Atomization efficiency) | Approx. 10% | Approx. 90% |
Shape of adsorption signal | Stationary signal | Peak shaped signal |
Reproducibility | <RSD 1% | Approx RSD 2–5% |
Sensitivity | PPM Level | PPB Level |
Measuring timing | Short (10–30 seconds) | Long (1–5 min) |
Difference between flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Aspiration of the liquid sample followed by mixing with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and hydrochloric acid (HCL).
The reaction produces a volatile hydride of the analyte metalloid.
Fill the optical cell system with gaseous hydride.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is a widely used technique for determining mineral elements in samples. However, some elements mostly metalloids have been developed due to interferences, low repeatability and inadequate detection methods. However, it is more expensive than atomic absorption spectroscopy (Figure 6). In AAS, a nebulizer is required but not in HGAAS.
Hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Heavy metals are frequently thought to be extremely hazardous and harmful for the environment. People nowadays are concerned about food safety issues such as microbial, chemical, and physical risks. Heavy metal residues such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and others are major pollutants in chemical hazards. Heavy metals do not naturally arise in milk as a consequence of human activities such as industrial and agricultural processes, but they can naturally occur in milk as a result of human activities such as industrial and agricultural processes. Polluted soils are a major source of Cd and Pb which can build up in milk through the food chain. Heavy metals have become pollutants in food for a variety of reasons resulting in a concern of health issues. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to determine the amount of heavy metal contamination in milk and milk products.
Sincere thanks are extended to the Institution of Eminence (IoE) scheme, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) India for support under Incentive to Seed Grant under IoE Scheme (Devt Scheme No 6031 & PFMS Scheme No 3254).
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Lignocellulosic residues are mixed and burnt with coal to generate electricity. Presently, crude oil is replaced by bioethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass substrate. Some special class of chemicals can be derived from biomass that can subsequently replace the usage of non‐renewable resources of oil and coal. Pyrolysis of woody biomass to obtain pyroliginous acid was started hundreds of years ago, which has versatile applications. The range of products that can be derived from biomass is huge, prompting extent of research using different types of thermal conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, torrefaction, anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal processing. This chapter provides insights about the stages of reaction during pyrolysis and the outcome of reaction conditions on the products. 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Lignocellulosic residues are mixed and burnt with coal to generate electricity. Presently, crude oil is replaced by bioethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass substrate. Some special class of chemicals can be derived from biomass that can subsequently replace the usage of non‐renewable resources of oil and coal. Pyrolysis of woody biomass to obtain pyroliginous acid was started hundreds of years ago, which has versatile applications. The range of products that can be derived from biomass is huge, prompting extent of research using different types of thermal conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, torrefaction, anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal processing. This chapter provides insights about the stages of reaction during pyrolysis and the outcome of reaction conditions on the products. 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He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"90",type:"subseries",title:"Human Development",keywords:"Neuroscientific research, Brain functions, Human development, UN’s human development index, Self-awareness, Self-development",scope:"