\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10855",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Waste Material Recycling in the Circular Economy - Challenges and Developments",title:"Waste Material Recycling in the Circular Economy",subtitle:"Challenges and Developments",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book highlights current challenges and developments in waste material recycling in the framework of a circular economy. The increase in the standard of living has resulted in the large consumption of several materials, mainly polymers. Therefore the problem of waste recycling, specifically polymer recycling, in an environmentally friendly way is more urgent than ever. Nowadays, more specialized recycling methods are required to manage a wide variety of wastes. Over fourteen chapters in three sections, this book addresses such topics as chemical recycling techniques, recycling of polyethylene, denim production and recycling, valorization of waste materials, urban mining, the circular economy, and much more.",isbn:"978-1-83969-681-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-680-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-682-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95163",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"waste-material-recycling-in-the-circular-economy-challenges-and-developments",numberOfPages:336,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d19317ef8e4a35c32f3af20bd8d5d829",bookSignature:"Dimitris S. Achilias",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10855.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2195,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 10th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 7th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 6th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 25th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 24th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"95620",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitris S.",middleName:null,surname:"Achilias",slug:"dimitris-s.-achilias",fullName:"Dimitris S. Achilias",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/95620/images/system/95620.png",biography:"Dr. Dimitris S. Achilias is Professor of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Greece. He completed his BSc and Ph.D. in the Chemical Engineering Department, AUTH, in 1985 and 1991, respectively. His research on polymer thermo-chemical recycling, synthesis of polymer nanocomposites, and polymerization/degradation kinetics has resulted in the publication of more than 170 research papers. Dr. Achilias has edited two books on recycling and is a member of the editorial board of the journal Polymers. He has participated in several research projects and holds three patents.",institutionString:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"889",title:"Recycling",slug:"recycling"}],chapters:[{id:"79889",title:"Are Reliable and Emerging Technologies Available for Plastic Recycling in a Circular Economy?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101350",slug:"are-reliable-and-emerging-technologies-available-for-plastic-recycling-in-a-circular-economy-",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A spectrum of plastics has been produced in the last 70 years, and plastic production has increased faster than any other manufactured material. Current recycling of all plastic materials is pegged at 10% or less. The social value that plastics enjoys is reflected in its myriad uses for engineered durability to single-use applications. Disposable or single-use plastic items have become a significant problem. Plastic debris has become ubiquitous to the landscape and aquatic resources, leading to human health, ecological concerns, and sustainability issues. Past disposal practices relied on waste plastic flows to certain countries for disposal, but these have been summarily curtailed, needing alternatives as productive and environmentally conscious recycling technology. Waste plastics can be repurposed using purification, decomposition, or conversion processes that are based on established and emerging mechanical and chemical technologies. Plastic recycling technologies, such as thermal, chemical, and biological depolymerization processes, including pyrolytic technologies using plastics-to-fuel strategies, are under development ranging from bench-scale demonstrations to full-scale implementation. The ideal of closed supply chain constraints offers optimal solutions to plastic recycling. Evaluation of new processes requires performance assessment to understand better how plastics recycling technologies contribute to the environment and the sustainable reuse of plastic materials.",signatures:"John A. Glaser, Endalkachew Sahle-Demessie and Te’ri L. Richardson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79889",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79889",authors:[{id:"254294",title:"Dr.",name:"John A.",surname:"Glaser",slug:"john-a.-glaser",fullName:"John A. Glaser"},{id:"357383",title:"Dr.",name:"Endalkachew",surname:"Sahle-Demessie",slug:"endalkachew-sahle-demessie",fullName:"Endalkachew Sahle-Demessie"},{id:"357384",title:"Ms.",name:"Te’ri L",surname:"Richardson",slug:"te'ri-l-richardson",fullName:"Te’ri L Richardson"}],corrections:null},{id:"77840",title:"Recent Advances in Pre-Treatment of Plastic Packaging Waste",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99385",slug:"recent-advances-in-pre-treatment-of-plastic-packaging-waste",totalDownloads:335,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"There is an urgent need to close the loop of plastic waste. One of the main challenges towards plastic packaging waste recycling is the presence of a variety of contaminants. These contaminants include organic residues, additives, labels, inks and also other plastic types that can be present in the waste stream due to missorting or in multimaterial structures (e.g. multilayer films in packaging). In this context, pre-treatment processes are a promising route to tackle the difficulties that are encountered in mechanical and chemical recycling due to these contaminants. This chapter gives better insight on the already existing pre-treatment techniques and on the advances that are being developed and/or optimized in order to achieve closed-loop recycling. Some of these advanced pre-treatments include chemical washing to remove inks (deinking), extraction methods to remove undesired plastic additives and dissolution-based pre-treatments, such as delamination and dissolution-precipitation techniques.",signatures:"Rita Kol, Martijn Roosen, Sibel Ügdüler, Kevin M. Van Geem, Kim Ragaert, Dimitris S. Achilias and Steven De Meester",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77840",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77840",authors:[{id:"95620",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitris S.",surname:"Achilias",slug:"dimitris-s.-achilias",fullName:"Dimitris S. Achilias"},{id:"414071",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Rita",surname:"Kol",slug:"rita-kol",fullName:"Rita Kol"},{id:"414291",title:"Prof.",name:"Steven",surname:"De Meester",slug:"steven-de-meester",fullName:"Steven De Meester"},{id:"421741",title:"Prof.",name:"Kim",surname:"Ragaert",slug:"kim-ragaert",fullName:"Kim Ragaert"},{id:"421889",title:"Mr.",name:"Martijn",surname:"Roosen",slug:"martijn-roosen",fullName:"Martijn Roosen"},{id:"421890",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sibel",surname:"Ügdüler",slug:"sibel-ugduler",fullName:"Sibel Ügdüler"},{id:"421891",title:"Prof.",name:"Kevin M.",surname:"Van Geem",slug:"kevin-m.-van-geem",fullName:"Kevin M. Van Geem"}],corrections:null},{id:"79846",title:"Current Topics in Plastic Recycling",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101575",slug:"current-topics-in-plastic-recycling",totalDownloads:161,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents an overview of current trends in plastic recycling and focuses on specific topics of interest. Firstly, there are presented all methods used for plastic recycling, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Extra attention is paid to chemical recycling and especially, pyrolysis (thermal and catalytic), which is an environmentally friendly method that results in the formation of value-added products. Emphasis is given on three case studies where there are difficulties as regards the recycling of the plastic part: polymeric blends, since the existence of mixed plastic wastes may be challenging for their recycling; plastics originating in multilayer packaging, since the multilayer packaging consists of various materials, including plastics, paper, and metals that may be an obstacle for the recycling of the plastic part; and brominated flame-retarded plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE), since in this case safe handling is required in order to avoid environmental contamination and a pretreatment step before recycling may be of paramount importance. These three case studies along with the mentioned difficulties and suggestions in order to overcome them are presented here, with the aim of offering insights for future studies on the management of plastic materials.",signatures:"Maria Anna Charitopoulou, Eleni Alexopoulou, Panagiotis Alexiou and Dimitris S. Achilias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79846",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79846",authors:[{id:"95620",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitris S.",surname:"Achilias",slug:"dimitris-s.-achilias",fullName:"Dimitris S. Achilias"},{id:"421996",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria Anna",surname:"Charitopoulou",slug:"maria-anna-charitopoulou",fullName:"Maria Anna Charitopoulou"},{id:"422040",title:"Ms.",name:"Eleni",surname:"Alexopoulou",slug:"eleni-alexopoulou",fullName:"Eleni Alexopoulou"},{id:"422042",title:"Mr.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Alexiou",slug:"panagiotis-alexiou",fullName:"Panagiotis Alexiou"}],corrections:null},{id:"77881",title:"Chemical Recycling of Polyolefins (PE, PP): Modern Technologies and Products",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99084",slug:"chemical-recycling-of-polyolefins-pe-pp-modern-technologies-and-products",totalDownloads:408,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chemical recycling is one of the most intensively developed potential solutions for the global plastic waste issue. This broadly defined term covers several different technologies that lead to many diverse products. Polyolefins (polyethylene and polypropylene) can be chemically recycled by pyrolysis (cracking) or gasification. These polymers’ chemical composition and structure make them a great potential source of valuable hydrocarbons or carbon atoms for syngas production. Thermal and catalytic cracking of polyethylene and polypropylene can be optimised to maximise specific types of hydrocarbons that, after optional additional processing, such as hydrotreatment, steam cracking or distillation, can be used as intermediates in petrochemical plants, fuels or fuel components, monomers for polymerisation of new, virgin polymers or as specialty chemicals (final market products). Gasification of plastic waste transforms polymers into a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, which can be further used as a source of these gasses, transformed into chemicals and fuels, or used directly to produce energy. This chapter presents all of these process paths with examples of existing technologies and their level of technology readiness and perspectives for scale-up.",signatures:"Daria Frączak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77881",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77881",authors:[{id:"353408",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Daria",surname:"Frączak",slug:"daria-fraczak",fullName:"Daria Frączak"}],corrections:null},{id:"80784",title:"Polyethylenes: A Vital Recyclable Polymer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102836",slug:"polyethylenes-a-vital-recyclable-polymer",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Polyethylene (PE) is a synthetic polymer made from the polymerization of ethylene. It is the most widely used plastic in the world. Its production, processing, usage, applications, and disposal system had made the study of this plastic very significant. The role played by this plastic in the world has made the knowledge of its usage, disposal system, processing, recycling, and applications inevitable. The chapter discussed the general overview of this plastic product, the production, properties, and disposal systems. The processing of recycled polyethylene is vital in its end-use through collecting, sorting, cleaning, separation, and compounding, and this was extensively treated. We also discussed the opportunities, applications, and limitations of polyethylene recycling. At the end of this chapter, one will know the production, processing, recycling, and applications of polyethylene plastic and the dangers posed by this plastic if a proper disposal system is not followed.",signatures:"Macdenis Egbuhuzor, Chima Umunankwe and Peter Ogbobe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80784",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80784",authors:[{id:"354329",title:"Mr.",name:"Macdenis",surname:"Egbuhuzor",slug:"macdenis-egbuhuzor",fullName:"Macdenis Egbuhuzor"},{id:"427973",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Ogbobe",slug:"peter-ogbobe",fullName:"Peter Ogbobe"},{id:"429244",title:"Mr.",name:"Chima",surname:"Umunnakwe",slug:"chima-umunnakwe",fullName:"Chima Umunnakwe"}],corrections:null},{id:"77937",title:"An Evaluation of Recycled Polymeric Materials Usage in Denim with Lifecycle Assesment Methodology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99446",slug:"an-evaluation-of-recycled-polymeric-materials-usage-in-denim-with-lifecycle-assesment-methodology",totalDownloads:271,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Today, World economy is only 8.6% circular, which creates a huge potential in materials reuse. To close the Emission Gap by 2032, this percentage needs to be doubled. The circular economy ensures that with less virgin material input and fewer emissions. With the help of effective recycling technologies, virgin material use can be decreased and especially petroleum based materials impact can fall within planetary boundaries. This book chapter analyzes different chemical and biological recycling technologies, their advantages and challenges in denim production. Moreover, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis will be used to evaluate the environmental impact of recycled polymeric materials usage in denim fabrics. Finally, it concludes by challenges and the future of chemically recycled materials in denim production and opportunities to evaluate waste as a raw material to design circular systems.",signatures:"Sedef Uncu Aki, Cevza Candan, Banu Nergis and Neslihan Sebla Önder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77937",authors:[{id:"172112",title:"Prof.",name:"Cevza",surname:"Candan",slug:"cevza-candan",fullName:"Cevza Candan"},{id:"304795",title:"Prof.",name:"Banu",surname:"Nergis",slug:"banu-nergis",fullName:"Banu Nergis"},{id:"320710",title:"Ms.",name:"Neslihan Sebla",surname:"Önder",slug:"neslihan-sebla-onder",fullName:"Neslihan Sebla Önder"},{id:"357366",title:"Dr.",name:"Sedef",surname:"Uncu Aki",slug:"sedef-uncu-aki",fullName:"Sedef Uncu Aki"}],corrections:null},{id:"78464",title:"Retreatment of Polymer Wastes by Disintegrator Milling",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99715",slug:"retreatment-of-polymer-wastes-by-disintegrator-milling",totalDownloads:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Global introduction of waste utilization techniques to the polymer market is currently not fully developed but has enormous potential. Before reintegration of used material into a new product, it normally requires grinding, that is shredding, crushing, or milling. In traditional grinders, the generated stresses in the material to be ground are equal to or less than the strength of the material. If by traditional methods, the stresses generated are compressive + shift, so by milling based on collision are tension + shift. Due to the high stress-material strength ratio at collision, it is possible to crush not only brittle materials but also ductile materials. This process allows easily combining the grinding of composite materials with their separation into individual constituents. In the current study, the mechanical recycling of the following groups of polymer materials was studied: pure brittle and soft polymers (PMMA, HDPE and IER), blends of plastics (ABS+PMMA, PC + ABS), reinforced plastics (PMMA+GFP); elastomers (rubber and tyres), and printed circuit boards (PCB).",signatures:"Priit Kulu and Dmitri Goljandin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78464",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78464",authors:[{id:"419760",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Dmitri",surname:"Goljandin",slug:"dmitri-goljandin",fullName:"Dmitri Goljandin"},{id:"420640",title:"Prof.",name:"Priit",surname:"Kulu",slug:"priit-kulu",fullName:"Priit Kulu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78500",title:"Effect of Environmental Aging on Tensile Properties of Post-Consumer Recycled (PCR) Polycarbonates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99528",slug:"effect-of-environmental-aging-on-tensile-properties-of-post-consumer-recycled-pcr-polycarbonates",totalDownloads:134,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, tensile properties of different grades of post-consumer recycled (PCR) polycarbonate (PC) plastics have been compared with conventional or virgin PC before and after different aging conditions. 50 and 75% recycled PCs showed comparable yield strength (∼57 MPa), maximum tensile strength (∼70 MPa) and maximum strain (∼190–200%) before aging, when compared to virgin PC of same melt flow rate (MFR of ∼10 g/10 min). From the fractography analysis (optical and scanning electron microscopy) of the both virgin and 50% recycled PC, it is evident that the fracture morphologies are very similar and they are indicative of ductile failure. It is observed that with the presence of temperature and humidity (60°C 90% RH) aging, tensile strength starts to drop over time but most importantly both 50% and 75% PCR grades showed similar aging behavior compared to virgin PC (10–13% strength degradation after 500 hours of aging). Reliability modelling showed comparable B10, Weibull Alpha and Weibull Beta values between Virgin PC and PCR grades after different aging conditions. Fractography analysis of fresh and aged 75% PCR also showed ductile features.",signatures:"Rashed Islam, Syed Zameer, Jacki Laiz, David Chen, Anthony Yu and Ayyana Chakravartula",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78500",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78500",authors:[{id:"32580",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashed",surname:"Islam",slug:"rashed-islam",fullName:"Rashed Islam"},{id:"422950",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacki",surname:"Laiz",slug:"jacki-laiz",fullName:"Jacki Laiz"},{id:"422953",title:"Mr.",name:"Syed",surname:"Zameer",slug:"syed-zameer",fullName:"Syed Zameer"},{id:"422954",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayyana",surname:"Chakravartula",slug:"ayyana-chakravartula",fullName:"Ayyana Chakravartula"},{id:"422955",title:"Mr.",name:"David",surname:"Chen",slug:"david-chen",fullName:"David Chen"},{id:"422957",title:"Mr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Yu",slug:"anthony-yu",fullName:"Anthony Yu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78027",title:"Performance Analysis and Modeling of Microplastic Separation through Hydro Cyclones",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99447",slug:"performance-analysis-and-modeling-of-microplastic-separation-through-hydro-cyclones",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The filtering hydro cyclone is a solid–liquid separation device, generally conical in shape. The hydro cyclone allows the separation of microplastics from water, to facilitate micro-recycling. To test the capabilities of a hydro cyclone at separating microplastics from water, Rietema’s standard sizes, mathematical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling were used. The results show that, even dough the mathematical model in unreliable when considering parameters out-side standard operation conditions, hydro cyclone microplastic separation can be achieved at 98% efficiency. Particles reach the outlet on average in 1.5 s for a flow velocity of 2 m/s, and denser microplastics end up in the underflow.",signatures:"Fabio Borgia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78027",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78027",authors:[{id:"419918",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Borgia",slug:"fabio-borgia",fullName:"Fabio Borgia"}],corrections:null},{id:"77980",title:"Industrial Re-Use of Composites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99452",slug:"industrial-re-use-of-composites",totalDownloads:99,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The amount of obsolete composites is increasing on a global scale, for example yacht hulls from a growing leisure industry and large rotor blades from wind energy production. Until now it has not been possible to recycle or disassemble thermoset composites into their original constituent parts of fibre reinforcement and resins. Subsequently a new method of re-use has been developed. This method involves machining the obsolete composite product into strips or flakes for re-use as reinforcing elements which, when combined with fresh resin and fibre, enable the production of a brand new component. This, in effect, preserves and re-uses the mechanical properties of the original obsolete composite. This method has been proven in manufacturing retaining walls, also guide beams for canals, crane mats and bridge decking, all using the strips or flakes from end of life composite products. For use on an industrial scale, a positive business case is imperative. In order to prove the industrial technology, new products have to contain a sufficiently high percentage of re-used composites in combination with automated processing. This has been achieved with “push-pultrusion” which is in essence a further development of the long established pultrusion process.",signatures:"Albert Ten Busschen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77980",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77980",authors:[{id:"356801",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Albert",surname:"ten Busschen",slug:"albert-ten-busschen",fullName:"Albert ten Busschen"}],corrections:null},{id:"78080",title:"Phytomass-Derived Multifunctional Activated Carbon as a “Wonder-Material”: A Paradigm Shift of Filth-to-Wealth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99448",slug:"phytomass-derived-multifunctional-activated-carbon-as-a-wonder-material-a-paradigm-shift-of-filth-to",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Activated carbon (AC) is a wonder-material that finds multifarious applications such as catalytic supports, removal of pollutants, electrodes in energy gadgets, gas storage etc. Surface area, chemical constituents and pore structures are a few traits required in the ACs which largely depend on the source of the precursors and processing methodologies adopted. In this context, the idea of recycling phytomass for producing ACs has attracted researchers seeing that the inexpensive and renewable nature of the phytomass can reduce the overall cost of producing ACs with diversified features and that it does not add CO2 to the atmosphere leading to global warming (plants release only the same amount of CO2 as they consumed while growing). Further, phytomass after their life possess no value but their conversion into ACs would be an economically profitable option leading to inexpensive ACs. As a consequent of these advantages this chapter has been planned and designed to provide certain interesting multifunctional aspects of low-cost phytomass derived ACs. The chapter is expected to provide research insights oriented towards identification of unexplored phytomass or wastes which could lead to carbon with novel properties tunable to the applications. Filth-to-wealth or in other words, recycling of wastes provides a strategy categorized under circular-bioeconomy, which is the want of the hour.",signatures:"Palanichamy Kalyani, Thakku Rangachari Banuprabha, Chinnamayan Sudharsana and Nazim Anvarsha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78080",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78080",authors:[{id:"354772",title:"Dr.",name:"Palanichamy",surname:"Kalyani",slug:"palanichamy-kalyani",fullName:"Palanichamy Kalyani"},{id:"421842",title:"Ms.",name:"Thakku",surname:"Rangachari Banuprabha",slug:"thakku-rangachari-banuprabha",fullName:"Thakku Rangachari Banuprabha"},{id:"421843",title:"Mr.",name:"Nazim",surname:"Anvarsha",slug:"nazim-anvarsha",fullName:"Nazim Anvarsha"},{id:"421845",title:"Ms.",name:"Chinnamayan",surname:"Sudharsana",slug:"chinnamayan-sudharsana",fullName:"Chinnamayan Sudharsana"}],corrections:null},{id:"77763",title:"A Zero-Waste Process for the Treatment of Spent Potliner (SPL) Waste",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99055",slug:"a-zero-waste-process-for-the-treatment-of-spent-potliner-spl-waste",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This work presents a deep analyses of an environmentally friendly process to recover all valuable minerals contained in the spent potliner (SPL) such as graphite carbon and aluminum fluoride (AlF3) and production of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and gypsum (CaSO4) when H2SO4 is used as the leaching agent. The level of emission of hazardous gases such as HCN (weak acid) and HF are minimized by direct scrubbing of the HCN in aqueous AgNO3 solution to produce a stable silver cyanide (AgCN) product. The HF can be recovered as a liquid by condensation and used within the process and/or in production of metal fluorides such as the highly-soluble potassium fluoride (KF); a main source of fluoride in industry. Almost pure CO2 gas is also recovered from the process gas streams.",signatures:"Samir I. Abu-Eishah, Manal D.M. Raheem, Fatma A.S. Aljasmi, Fatima M.O. Alameri, Amna G.R. Alblooshi and Intesar F.R. Alnahdi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77763",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77763",authors:[{id:"51333",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",surname:"I. Abu-Eishah",slug:"samir-i.-abu-eishah",fullName:"Samir I. 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The fast growth of the EEE waste stream and its potential for Urban Mining as well as the inability of WEEE collection to keep up with the growth of the EEE industry is showcased with statistical data. The final section critically analyses the literature the intersection between consumer behaviour and closed-loop supply chains for EEE, identified through a systematic keyword search to ensure replicability. The findings point at a lack of theoretical, methodological and product-case heterogeneity among the identified sources, with most of them employing the Theory of Planned Behaviour and survey methods and focusing on mobile phones or general WEEE. While the literature suggests important behavioural differences across EEE categories, this was not representatively explored. The final section contributes to filling this gap by developing a taxonomy of EEE categories based on characteristics that may predispose consumer behaviour. The identified dimensions are: size, involvement, long-term reliability expectations, value type, internet access, multifunctionality, the quality of being outdated and social meaning.",signatures:"Dimitris Georgantzis Garcia and Sven Kevin van Langen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79052",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79052",authors:[{id:"354270",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Dimitris",surname:"Georgantzis Garcia",slug:"dimitris-georgantzis-garcia",fullName:"Dimitris Georgantzis Garcia"},{id:"357322",title:"MSc.",name:"Sven Kevin",surname:"van Langen",slug:"sven-kevin-van-langen",fullName:"Sven Kevin van Langen"}],corrections:null},{id:"78733",title:"Compost, Social Sustainability, and Circular Economy in Guatemala",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100280",slug:"compost-social-sustainability-and-circular-economy-in-guatemala",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The research presented in this chapter explores a variety of objectives: first, what are the dynamics and associated requirements for initiating a new start-up composting business that would embrace the principles of Circular Economy? Secondly, is there a market for compost both in an urban environment and for farmers regionally in a development world economy such as Guatemala? With this, how can employment opportunities for at-risk youth from the most impoverished neighborhood in Guatemala City be created while adhering to the tenants of social sustainability? And finally, what were the requirements involved in making compost in the challenging high altitude climatic conditions of Guatemala City?",signatures:"Peter A. Kumble",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78733",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78733",authors:[{id:"414076",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Peter A.",surname:"Kumble",slug:"peter-a.-kumble",fullName:"Peter A. 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It is a comprehensive discussion on how today’s ceramics are processed and used in many of today’s critical technologies. It discusses current techniques for synthesizing durable and cost-effective ceramic components with biocompatibility, complexity, and high precision. This book is a comprehensive reference for researchers, engineers, dental clinicians, biologists, academics, and students interested in ceramics.",isbn:"978-1-83881-212-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-204-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-213-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87703",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advanced-ceramic-materials",numberOfPages:296,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"9adbe58d10d5ca2b61e9ff2b6b138f40",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9894.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6035,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfTotalCitations:20,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 29th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 21st 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Mohsen Mhadhbi is a reviewer and editorial board member of different scientific publishers and congresses, as well as a member of a number of international associations, to name a few: American Association for Science and Technology, International Association of Advanced Materials (IAAM).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/228366/images/system/228366.png",biography:"Dr. Mohsen Mhadhbi obtained his Ph.D. degree from the Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Tunisia. He is currently Assistant Professor of Chemistry in National Institute of Research and Physical-chemical Analysis, Tunisia. His research interests include material engineering, modelling, powder technology, and nanomaterials for mechanical and biomedical applications. Her published works in national and international impacted journals and books. He is a teacher in Chemistry. Hence, he supervised several researchers in materials science and nanometerials. 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Mena and M.A. Meraz Ríos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo"},{id:"37331",title:"Prof.",name:"Isidre",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrer",fullName:"Isidre Ferrer",slug:"isidre-ferrer"},{id:"42226",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Mena-López",fullName:"Raul Mena-López",slug:"raul-mena-lopez"},{id:"158882",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamín",middleName:null,surname:"Florán-Garduño",fullName:"Benjamín Florán-Garduño",slug:"benjamin-floran-garduno"},{id:"169865",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Maldonado",fullName:"Alejandra Martinez-Maldonado",slug:"alejandra-martinez-maldonado"},{id:"169866",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ontiveros-Torres",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ontiveros-Torres",slug:"miguel-angel-ontiveros-torres"}]},{id:"46381",type:"chapter",title:"Energy-Dependent Mechanisms of Cholinergic Neurodegeneration",slug:"energy-dependent-mechanisms-of-cholinergic-neurodegeneration",totalDownloads:1978,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Agnieszka Jankowska-Kulawy, Anna Ronowska and Andrzej\nSzutowicz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169624",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Jankowska-Kulawy",fullName:"Agnieszka Jankowska-Kulawy",slug:"agnieszka-jankowska-kulawy"},{id:"169868",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Ronowska",fullName:"Anna Ronowska",slug:"anna-ronowska"},{id:"169869",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Szutowicz",fullName:"Andrzej Szutowicz",slug:"andrzej-szutowicz"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7480",title:"Neurochemical Basis of Brain Function and Dysfunction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"262be213941c1aaa0dd80896713f5e1f",slug:"neurochemical-basis-of-brain-function-and-dysfunction",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. 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With the turn of the 21st century, poor economic performance and lack of a focused national education policy in Zimbabwe, has seen the country hopping from one policy to the next. This has been largely influenced by the country’s unstable politics experienced under the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party since the arrival of independence in 1980.
The need to review a curriculum can arise to: fulfil a new need, a new programmes is needed; goals have changed within the department; a new dean or chair has arrived; the original emphasis has been lost, and it is important to rationalise years of untamed growth [1]; the curriculum must meet newly defined expectation and standards; students are disappointed or dissatisfied; faculty members have a sense that things may or should be improved somehow [2].
Postmodern curriculum has influenced professional considerations that guided decisions made by lecturers in curriculum reform [3, 4]. Thus, an extensive research into the 21st century skills attempt to avail some insight into higher education curriculum [5]. Besides, [6, 7, 8, 9] argue that there are three aspects of postmodern core curriculum. These include a focus on civic teamwork and not band rivalry, a rounded process position rather than distinct parts as well as a multi-layered, cross cutting or interdisciplinary curriculum, which include integration of the societal values. Through different state-controlled mass media channels, the government of Zimbabwe could not run short of superlatives to justify Education 5.0 as endogenous, not loaned out and avant-garde to Western values of higher education delivery in the country. On that basis the state, it was concluded that innovation and technology policy pay attention to the kind of incentives one would eventually get after the creation of a product that actually solves a problem in a particular sector or industry to enrich the lives of ordinary people [9]. However, it appears as though the calibration of the Zimbabwe’s education path has had questionable relevancy. When modifying the curricular, it is significant to consider the difference between making minor and comprehensive alterations to the curriculum review.
[10] posits that Education 5.0 has been informed by the sense of the contemporary competitive markets, application of inducements for exceptional innovations and industrial activities and the process of professional self-regulation. While, belief and esteem for certified decisions must be earned and justified, valuable declaration and validation systems must support, not dent that professionalism. Responsibility to students, employers and government on the one hand, institutional self-improvement enhancement and innovation on the other, must be in sense of balance. It may be argued that a thorough in-ward looking profession, that learn from encounters, active and self-regulated system is sustainable than one which is imposed as well as external. Such education control mechanisms will never be successful. Thus, the ballistic nature of the uptake of Education 5.0 in universities and other tertiary institutions tend to force lecturers to simply scratch the surface. This is so because educators do not to perceive themselves as part of the curriculum reforms.
Many state-run systems have launched a matching set of education policy efforts and reforms meant at tuning what Harvard Professor Elmore termed the hub of learning practice. That is, “how teachers understand the nature of knowledge and the student’s role in learning, and how these ideas about knowledge and learning are manifested in teaching and classwork” [11]. Thus, a complete and collaborative curriculum demand a “full examination of how academics conceive their role and how the curriculum itself is defined, analysed, and changed” in the process of curricula reform especially [12]. Hence, the invention of higher education has evolved over the years from one generation to the next [13]. This is due to changes in the nature of economic problems being faced by people the world over and the need to provide solutions to the challenges. That guided the reason why the postmodern era curriculum has been changing over the years.
As such, [14] note that the postmodern curriculum is ‘a curriculum-in-action’ as it is fluid and flexible in nature. Similarly, [12] assert that curriculum variations are also imaginative and molten. This means that curriculum review and revision is not cast in stone. Elsewhere, curriculum reforms have yielded positive results [15, 16, 17, 18]. Thus, Education 5.0 is non-linear as it is difficult to come up with a master plan and rationale for a fixed core curriculum. This is because global problems change every now and then. By default, they require different creative, innovative, and enterprising ideas and solutions. Public education started off benchmarked on teaching specifically the ‘basics’ around 1780s [19]. Technology was remotely used in this education system as an aide by educators in the teaching and learning process [17]. Research was romped in later in the beginning of the 20th century [20], then community service. The kind of education that depended on these three variables became known as Education 3.0 which later led to the development of Education 4.0 and 5.0 [17], respectively.
In the year 1956, Bloom outlined the taxonomies of foundational stance that can be promoted to effectively make lesson plans in any course at different levels of teaching [21, 22]. The differences and densities of thought branded by Bloom and later updated by other scholars [15, 23], continue to play vanguard in teaching and learning.
An advocacy and lobby entity based in the U.S., the Partnership for 21st Century Skills or Learning (P21) argued that learners need proactive skills, knowledge and professional conduct to successfully enter the current competitive industry. That enables them to provide solutions to the ever-evolving economic challenges of the time. The year 2000 has been an
The 21st Century Skills education discourse was a result of the spread of technologies; more and more globalisation and internatonalisation; and the shift of industrial social communities and knowledge-based social economies. Therefore, demand for innovation and industrialisation and its diversity in education may be informed by variations in developmental situations. Large probable demands of 21st Century Skills should be known at the broader spectrum of development across the globe. The absence of facts about the effective delivery of 21st Century Skills also points to a need to come up with new educational paradigms. To obtain information on the brunt of the sort of the system-wide intrusions linked with their release remains a huge task.
It appears as though innovation and industrialisation are not new 21st Century Skills, but only that may see them as ‘newly important’. Industry today wants workers that are able ‘to find and analyse information from multiple sources and use this information to make decisions and create new ideas’ ([26], p. 631). Way back, Dewey proposed education ‘grounded in experience’ ([27], p. 13). That implies students’ should learn skills for the future usually those that enable them to be inventors so that through interaction with phenomena they can eventually solve the ever evolving people’s problems in life. Furthermore, ([27], p. 14) argue that Dewey was a visionary who defined an educated person as someone who thinks and reflects before acting. As someone who also responds intelligently to a problematic situation and finally assesses the consequences of the shown plan of action. This outlines the nature of the new millennium learner.
In the year 2009, the United States Secretary for Education Duncan was quoted in the press as arguing the 21st century skills ‘…increasingly demand creativity, perseverance, and problem solving combined with performing well as part of a team’ ([19], p. 121). After all, the continuum of the development of the education system transformed slowly while the groundwork for wider change has been on the cards. Major changes came necessitated by developments in technology, social networking, and deeper understanding of educational processes as well as new legal and economic frames of reference resulting in the birth of as alluded to earlier on, Education 3.0 [28]. Education 3.0 was fluid and was strongly distinguished by teaching, research and community service [29]. The system like the former education paradigms treated students as the same, but allows for a mutual learning-community.
It is argued by [30] that this third education landscape was
Also, [29] shared similar views about the state of Education 3.0. They aver that students can be creators of knowledge which they can as well share with society to solve problems. However, the difference between artefacts, people and process turns out to be distorted, as do distinctions of space and time. Higher education institutional positioning, including policies and strategies, change to meet the challenges of prospects presented by changes in the world such as the need to create new products and improve the standard of living. Education 3.0 among other significant factors, tertiary, college or university dispositions allow endorsement of education attained from the same institutions, not just of programme courses taught. Besides, Education 3.0 holds much promise for higher education in general, it poses serious challenges to existing universities including its failure to groom creators of goods and services [29].
Yet [29] argue that administrative challenges intensify as teaching become more and more linked to technology. To offer and share knowledge, e-learning was often used as the technology of utility. Several e-learning platforms such as Moodle, Eagle, and Changamire were developed and ready to use. This development led to a dualised teaching and learning approach. Online routine made use of e-learning and the offline line or the traditional face-to-face teaching and learning, add [29]. This implies that somehow circumstances forced lecturers’ at CUT to design a curricular fit for the virtual mode.
In broad terms, the first, second and third education paradigms downgraded the academic apprentice to a submissive function whereby the student was treated as an empty slate to be filled with knowhow rather than a decisive and inventive crisis resolver [28, 31]. The models force difference in stages of mastery among learners and frowns at guaranteeing proficiency in education for all. Resultantly, the three generations of education grew irrelevant in the current post-industrial society globally and have been accused for ‘failing, or passive and unmotivated learners’ [31]. This is because technology was used by teachers to oil the learning process rather than to change how things were done in teaching. Learning is supposed to be individualised, learner-centred, made to order, and impressionable so that learners can show mastery of skills and knowledge during and after higher education and training.
Over the years, world problems have become so tense. The subsequent upshots of the short falls of Education 3.0 led to the development of Education 4.0 [32, 33, 34]. It evolves right from pedagogy. Through Education 4.0 students are allowed to learn in solitude with the aid of the Internet. That also enables critical and creative thinking as well as societal interface in inquiry-based learning. Creative thinking concerns thinking beyond the bounds of convention so that learners can solve challenges they face in life [20]. Whereas, societal interaction is about how learners’ involve themselves in teamwork or collaborative skills that are needed for the functioning of the communities they live in [35]. Hence, there is need to further break the jinx of the mould of the paradigm past the information age to align with the evolving education reforms to try and mend the fading fortunes of the globe.
In Malaysia, Education 4.0 has been used as the starting point for the revision of tertiary education curriculum [20]. The Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education tabled the Malaysia Education Blueprint (MEB) 2015–2025 with an intention to align the country’s education system with global trends. The purpose of the MEB further aims to revamp the Malaysian higher education paradigm with the desire to “balance between both ethics and morality along with knowledge and skills” [6, 20]. It is in the interests of the MEB that students are supposed to carry the country’s flag high and understand overly the gist of Malaysia’s international relations with other states regionally and overseas. This is one attribute MEB shares with the fifth ontological and epistemological educational approach adopted in Zimbabwe in the year 2020. It is based on indigenous knowledge system (IKS) or local heritage with a desire to produce products using resources that are available in the country [36].
On the contrary, several programmes and technologies have been included in the redesigning of university curriculum in Malaysia. Business communities both local and international were invited to webinars, seminars and workshops that discussed how the country should go technologically and industrially [20]. Malaysia held fruitful stakeholder consultations before the adaptation of the fourth education reforms. That means the reforms blueprint was clear and professionally guided by competent process leaders and curriculum review committees. To that end, in Malaysia, Education 4.0 has been argued as the future for creative education, that responds to the needs and expectations of industry and commerce were people and equipment align to allow new potential. Similarly as early as 1980, Zimbabwe’s first education and culture minister, Dzingai Mutumbuka argued that the post-independence’s government dependence syndrome on theory-based education policy inherited from the Rhodesian government was a time bomb and that there was an urgent need to do away with it. The minister left the post, but his legacy dragged into the 1990s. The Chetsanga Report of 1995 and the Presidential Commission into Education and Training (CIET) also as known as the Nziramasanga Commission (NC) of 1999 were sanctioned by government. The two considerations became keynote efforts meant to revolutionarise the country’s post-independence Western-based education system. By then or at that time, both explorations submitted that the Zimbabwean education should be driven towards production of goods and services. Some of Zimbabwe’s neighbouring countries, for example Zambia and Malawi among other selected few Southern African nations have already adopted the NC recommendations and have proved to be fruitful there. However, Zimbabwe as the think tank of the noble high-end higher education skills has up until now not subscribed to the recommendations of NC. This anomaly has seen the country’s economy fall with a thud. The effects forced government in the year 2020 to fast track the tertiary and higher education sector teaching/training and learning from Education 3.0 to Education 5.0. However, the development coincided with the need to limit or abolish face-to-face teaching and learning and replace it online means and ways – synchronous or asynchronous. Thus, this study sought to establish the relevancy of the Education 5.0 policy in Zimbabwe. It also investigated how VLEs matter in teaching and learning hands-on based higher education graduate programmes.
A qualitative research method was adopted in this study in an attempt to understand the relevancy of new higher education approaches in Zimbabwean HEIs. This kind of research enabled the research to avoid making preconceived judgements as why certain arguments were raised during data collection [37]. The chosen methodology offered deepness and facets as it went after bottomless views through interviews than simply dealing with the rank-and-file of recorded approaches, feelings, and actions of study partakers. Importantly, research quality relied on researchers abilities and own foibles. The target population was lecturers’ from all HEIs.
The entire sample was drawn from CUT and was assumed to be a “representative” of HEIs teaching staff. Their professional practices, morals, skills, and sociopolitical inclinations of teaching profession were the torchlight for the selection, exclusion and inclusion of samples in the research. Individual research participants’ understanding and experience in higher education teaching and learning guided data collection and data analysis. Thematic analysis was utilised to present data and discuss generic views from interviewees. This became possible through coding and indexing of transcriptions. Purposive sampling techniques were used to identify and choose sampling elements. As noted by [38, 39] investigator’s view on the attributes of a representative sample played a central role in probing the samples by focusing on lecturers’ experiences, qualifications and known incidents of exposure to curriculum reform and adaptation to new forms of higher education techniques over the years. Notably, they were found at CUT.
Within a study, there is a need to spell out the sample size to ensure validity and reliability of findings. The DCAD has 12 lecturers. Five (5) of them with varied higher education teaching and learning experience in the DCAD were interviewed. The experience was used to solidify the results of the study. The findings became generic after the fourth interviewee. The fifth was done only to be sure of the saturation of data gathered. Using face-to-face interviews, the researcher solicited for answers to the research questions. However, it was not unqualified or downright which is a prominent weakness of the data collection method.
Generally, all interviewees argued that Education 5.0 and VLEs are a move in the right direction for the tertiary and higher education sector in Zimbabwe. This came as a result of a growing need to provide solutions to mounting economic problems that have lowered standards of living of the ordinary people not only in Zimbabwe, but the world over. Education 5.0 is perceived as a solution to economies waning fortunes. However, lecturers in the DCAD at CUT do not view Education 5.0 policy as novel.
Interviewee 2, noted “I think it’s not new… It has been always been important for graduate students to be impacted with practical skills in addition to theory”. Interviewees 1 noted “It’s what we have been doing in the School of Art and Design (SAD) … The nomenclature speaks for itself. We were ahead of the pronouncement by the government. We are not even surprised or cracking our minds on what to do. We know what to do. We have been doing it”. Interviewee 3 stated “I do not see anything new about Education 5.0 to our School and CUT. It has been the order of the day before all this hype about Education 5.0. It has been the culture at the university”. Interviewee 4 observed “Maybe it’s only the title that has been improved to be specific. In our department we have always been speaking about design, creativity, innovation and commercialization. Again, it’s the university’s motto – technology, innovation and wealth”. Interviewee 5 averred “I can’t distinguish the difference between what we have been doing (Education 3.0) since the School was founded and the new tertiary and higher education teaching and learning crazy or discourse (Education 5.0). Our students have been producing goods. We are an innovation and technology institution”.
On a positive note, all interviewees (100%) agreed and valued the worthy of the dogma of Education 5.0. However, from all viva voce surveys, interviewees also held a general feeling that the MTHESTD imposed the curriculum review. This means that higher education institutions were stripped of their autonomy when it comes to design of degree or diploma programmes according to their understanding of graduate needs and wants.
In Zimbabwe, Education 5.0 builds on the new dispensation’s (Second Republic) political ambitions directed towards the control of all critical sectors of the country’s economy and the need prove difference to the ex-president’s the late Mugabe’s era. Because of this, among other reasons, lecturers’ in tertiary institutions could not receive the new education policy with honour.
The subsequent views from the research participants reflect on the need to produce graduates with high-end skills that are required for Zimbabwe to trigger sound teaching, research, community service, innovation and industrialisation.
In a survey interview, interviewee 1 noted that Education 5.0:
Interviewee 2, asserted that
The sentiments above present the interest of the dogma of Education 5.0 as a panacea to the practical deficit that has been inherit in most universities in Zimbabwe since colonial times. It is with profound scrupulousness that innovation and industrialisation are as argued as ideal missions that can facilitate teaching and learning in HEIs. Beyond the two comments above, generally Education 5.0 is glorified by HEIs educators as it allows the application of theoretical content to produce tangibles and services. The teachers that were interviewed feel that teaching and learning should not end in the articulation of bookish text as that translates to waste of time in the process. However, book learning should be transformed into real products that can be put on the market for sell to quench a need or want of any other person. Production of new goods and services through the facilitation of creativity, innovation and industrialisation in the higher education and training sector may possibly bail out emerging economies like Zimbabwe’s from local and international debt. This in a way is in agreement with [3]’s view that postmodern curriculum reforms have had a significant influence on the development of higher education and training. Hence, [3, 14] have observed that the up-to-date curriculum is ‘a curriculum-in-action’ as it mutates always.
It was found out that students need to be given hands on education that sustains their life in the long run. In addition, failure to nurture higher education students in ways that equip them with practical skills will intensify global economic problems. This explicates the need to modernise our societies via collaboration, all round curriculum reform with an intention to identify problems and provide solutions. That means new ideas are brought up in the process of teaching and learning which has a propensity to lead and oil economic development. This is unlike the third generation of education that did not include creativity, innovation and industrialisation as key in higher education and training. That show how the Zimbabwean higher education curriculum was contrary to Bloom Taxonomies. It short changed the learners. The (revised) Bloom’s Taxonomy states that the purpose of higher education and training is to gain cognitive abilities, affective and psychomotor skills which was not the case with Education 5.0 precursor. Within the context of three tier education philosophy, Zimbabwean higher education learners’ suffer limited post graduate practical skills, which have become the cornerstone of the modem day industry. This identifies with [3, 5, 18] view that the 21st century curriculum reforms tries to promote creativity, innovation and commercialisation through higher education experience.
Lecturers in the DCAD crave to produce graduates that work to solve problems around their communities. Interviewee 4, whose is also a senior lecturer in the DCAD retorted:
However, the interviewees also stated that particularly at CUT, in the DCAD, Education 5.0 was not at all new. The interviewee 4 also notes that “Speaking as a designer, Education 5.0 is almost right in the middle of what I do. We design and come up with new innovations whether its multimedia design or industrial design”.
With an undertone of protest, the interviewee insinuated the non-existence of a clear education policy in Zimbabwe from independence. Creativity, innovation and industrialisation are believed to have been embedded in the Education 3.0 philosophy though they were not distinctively mentioned as missions of the doctrine. The interviewee further avers that:
This view attempts to highlight pang of guilt on the lack of a national education policy in Zimbabwe. The interviewee further laments wholesale curriculum reforms that are influenced by the need to score political goals by different political players that come and go into power in Zimbabwe, or out of the need to be different from one’s predecessor(s) as noted earlier on. Political scores are mentioned by the Interviewee 4 as prime in the manner in which the Second Republic has been trying to govern and control the flow of higher education systems. The current regime came into power following a
The death of STEM came after the coup which dethroned the former and late president Mugabe and being replaced by Education 5.0. However, the argument is an indirect attack on the government for failing to acknowledge publicly that some higher and tertiary institutions were the founders of Education 5.0 opting to claim parenthood of the doctrine without pity. This imply lack of collaboration between the government and the education sector in Zimbabwe. It existed well before STEM came into force in the post-Government of National Unity of 2009 in 2013. However, the interviewee bemoans the lack of a specific higher education policy in Zimbabwe that glorifies the five missions of higher education and training at once. This equally identifies with Burgess [42] who stated that curriculum reviewers should desist from the practice of calibration of teaching and learning to satisfy control mechanism of the day.
From all the interviews done, it was also found out that as a matter of fact, innovation and industrialisation are paramount in cultivating a higher education student to become an asset in society. In simple terms, Education 5.0 is progressive. Interviewee 4 observed that sharing the skills of creativity and industrialisation with learners is essential to the success of the world as a whole and encouraged innovations to be cross-pollinated. This confirms to sentiments by [7], who unveiled that innovation and entrepreneurship in higher education are the centre pin of a holistic graduate in any given community. That takes communities to greater heights when it comes to the depth, breathe and width of creativity, production and commercialisation of ideas that start as academic.
The interviewee 3 observed Education 5.0 is progressive in that:
This research participant went further:
From the arguments above, it can be noted that lecturers in the DCAD are prepared to intensify teaching and learning that is bound to produce goods and services that can be used in peoples’ everyday lives. The views suggest that the process of creativity, innovation and industrialisation at HEIs should be continuous if the gains of Education 5.0 are to be realised in Zimbabwe. Once a product, or good, or idea is developed through higher education and training it should be patented. Thereafter, its production should not seize but needs to be constantly improved or sustained with the input of the learning institution, student and the company that would have adopted it. On the contrary, when learners graduate they may set up their companies or industries that produce and avail the goods on the market – breaking new ground. It is against this backdrop that higher education and training should work illustriously to provide new and competitive goods and services with a view to boost niche or existing business lines. That again extends to the view that universities should closely work with the industry in its bid to sustain high order cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills as provided by Bloom in 1956 among graduates. The feeling agrees to [24, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47] as the way to go towards inculcating hands-on skills among tertiary institutes graduates.
Furthermore, it was discovered from one of the interviewees that ancient or historical development education systems share similarities with Education 5.0. Then, individuals created products such as hoes, bow and arrows without having gone to a formal higher education setting to be imparted with the skills. Those were the few methods of teaching, research, community service, innovation and industrialisation that were apparent during the times. This means that Education 5.0 is an undisputable extension of indigenous knowledge system (IKS) in Zimbabwe. IKSs refers to locally based forms of knowledge production using available resources. However, the bond that exist between Education 5.0 and IKS was raised by a single interviewee during the research. Interviewee 1 explained.
This finding suggests that countries and their education systems evolve at different times. Some countries have already introduced Education 5.0 and developed while some are midway to realise the fortunes of the doctrine. The belief mimic, [9]’s view that innovation and technology policy pay attention to the kind of benefits that will inevitably be earned after the production of a commodity that genuinely solves an issue to enrich the lives of the ordinary citizens. The interviewee further pointed out that:
These arguments by the first interviewee also show that Education 5.0 should not be presented as the Second Republic’s creation or virgin education policy or rather niche idea as it has roots in the primordial society among other epochs of human development. This means that as an education approach, Education 5.0 is a back to basics teaching and learning system. The interviewee feels universities should not make noise about students’ failure to produce something patentable at every level of learning. It is not always that students will come up with new ideas and make products that can be put on the market but the very fact that during teaching and learning they would have produced something applied is commendable. What is important is to ground students with real life experience. This pinpoints to what was projected way back by one renowned education philosopher Dewey [27]. This means that creativity, innovation and industrialisation should not be overly underlined through curriculum reform. But, rather via the ability to develop graduates that have practical skills that can lead them to develop tangibles in the real world. The interviewee also suggested that higher education and training should not put students under pressure to produce patentable products. The same interviewee pointed out that “without the industry you cannot process anything”. From this view, it is evident that students should not just create new things for the sake of display of abilities, but for the purpose of making a living out of it. This research outcome proves to be consistent with [20, 31] who proposed that the predecessor of Education 50, Education 3.0 pacifies higher education learners’ as their learning capabilities do not go beyond documented research which does not at all avail solutions to people’s problems.
Education 5.0 also helps people to appreciate the values related to hands-on education in the 21st century. The fifth interviewee noted
This interviewee also laments that Education 5.0 skipped the grassroots to focus solely on higher and tertiary education. The arguments compliment Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development (MHTESTD) strategic plan pronouncements [37] in the year 2019. It is in the finding of this study that there was need to ensure that it should start from the kindergarten level. This would see students develop with strong values that support innovation and entrepreneurship in their teaching and learning up the ladder. This study also picks from this interview that interaction with creativity, innovation and industrialisation need to be continuous in the teaching and learning cycle. The components should be designed to begin from Early Childhood Development (ECD) to university. At the same time, concern should not be limited to the appreciation of access to finished goods or use of already set up services. Generally, all forms of education should not narrow students’ knowledge acquisition abilities to the existence of finished products such as milk, bread, goods as well as services. Knowing service places like Mosi-oa-Tunya for example do not at all expose students to processes that trigger and led to production. These places have already been captured by investors who are also grappling to survive under the current global problems. The income being realised by these businesses, for instance has not been felt to provide solutions to the country’s evolving economic problems. But through higher education innovation and industrialisation the nation’s economic status can realised. This finding is in agreement with sentiments led by [20] who observed the Malaysian Government came up with education reforms that were not exclusionary of the paediatric teaching and learning.
Among other things, Education 5.0 has been rocked by the need to romp in the unstoppable interaction with and use of technology. All over the world, the insurgence of COVID 19 has made it even more and more possible. The development can be argued as a paradigm shift in the world education order. Resultant lockdowns experienced everywhere, have overhauled the education delivery systems into a mess within a short space of time. Worthy of note, all learning institutions and most industries were temporarily placed under lock and key. The disease made all physical forms of work that did not respect social distancing undesirable including, the education system. Traditional face to face teaching and learning suddenly became immaterial and invalid. While COVID 19 period old school forms of teaching and learning went on pause, predominantly, in Zimbabwe as elsewhere. In no time, midway first semester in the year 2020 all teaching and learning went online. First-years were yet to come in later in August of the same year.
This development prompted all the interviewees to acknowledge that Education 5.0 came with higher order demands. It was observed that initially the curriculum review had started with a focus on face-to-face teaching and learning; nothing more, nothing less. Fate has since taken its toll. At once, the local Education 5.0 decree was caught unaware by the need to embrace the internet of things - online teaching and learning. When asked to clarify how Education 5.0 had responded to the emergence of COVID 19 in teaching and learning, interviewees stated it was problematic.
Interviewee 3 argued that;
Similarly, the first interviewee highlighted that:
The sentiments above, are a direct confirmation that online assisted Education 5.0 in higher education is a long way to go in Zimbabwe. Yet, the need to produce an industrialist through higher education training remains cast in stone. This complements [3] views that the 21st century curriculum reform are mindful of the value of didactic aims and instructional methods that prepare learners’ for real industry experience. That led the MHTESTD to adapt to Education 5.0. Yet, Interviewee 1 further noted that in Zimbabwe, help services for VLEs are low. One scholar, projection that for globalisation and industrialisation to take place, ICTs should be part of everyday teaching and learning [26].
The third interviewee’s view was also inconsistent with [17] and [15] who argued that inclusion of advanced ICTs were prerequisite in higher education and training for innovation and industrialisation to be realised. It was noted that most students do not afford to go online for teaching and learning drives. Among other things, access to the however, use VLEs have proved tricky as an oil of practical requirements of Education 5.0. Both lecturers and students are financially handicapped to ordinarily use VLEs for the purpose of teaching and learning. Network and power outages in Zimbabwe are serious issues that hamper full, efficient and effective use of VLEs even to those few students and lecturers who can afford. Past the reach of many are the technological gadgets they need to help them oil the effectiveness of online teaching and learning such as the computers, and smart phones. Interviewee 1 noted
The interviewee added
The relevancy of VLEs is also hampered by lack of financial support from the government in the form of students’ grants and sponsorship in HEIs for them to learn online makes the adoption of VLEs a toll order. This further points to the fact that Education 5.0 under the COVID 19 circumstances remains largely unattainable. The feeling agrees to [17] projection that African governments still find it difficult to commit resources towards the evolving models of education. Interviewee 1, also admitted all this disaster is being experienced because the government of Zimbabwe imposed upon educational institutions VLEs. However, it was not like CUT was totally taking a new route.
In the teaching and learning processes, the feasibility of the government’s statement on the adoption of Education 5.0 was tantamount to the infiltration of VLEs. Further, Interviewee 3 laments the disgust that came after the outbreak of COVID 19 with the imposition of VLEs and Education 5.0. It is close with that of oil and water. It also emerged from interviewee 3 that both students’ and lectures’ lack ICT skills, therefore it is difficult to regularise VLEs at HEIs as fast as the speed of lightning and thunder.
Zimbabwe still has problems when it comes to Internet access countrywide. Students come from different spaced remote areas to study at local HEIs. These areas have little or no internet access facilities installed neither do they have the electronic gadgets needed to oil VLEs. Distance education demand that colleges and universities be technologically rich. The inaccessibility of digital resources makes VLEs irrelevant in the education sector. However, to further guide the overhaul of virtual higher education teaching and learning, the issue emerged as one of the major challenges that impinged upon Education 5.0 after the outbreak of COVID 19.
The interviewees also lamented how VLEs can support the practical constituents of Education 5.0. All the study interviewees held that the government is not concerned with issues of research on the viability of VLEs in Education 5.0 exercises in the country.
In different interviews sessions, Interviewees’ 1 and 2 were worried about the absence of proper research towards the inclusion of Education 5.0 and VLEs. The first interviewee 1 observed;
Interviewee 1 added:
From evidence gathered, the MHTESTD opted to go it alone in deciding again how Education 5.0 should be executed virtually in HEIs. Lecturers’ from different local HEIs should have been taken for exchange programmes on how Education 5.0 and VLEs can be attached. That has been pertinent in countries like Malaysia, Germany, or China. This would have gone a long way in equipping higher education and training educators with VLE skills needed to make them teach online effectively and efficiently, particularly for Education 5.0. Notably, the modernisation of the university curriculum in Malaysia has been characterised with inclusion of a variety of projects and technologies for it to be a success. Unlike, in Zimbabwe as stated by Interviewee 1, Malaysian local and international industry groups were invited to give webinars, seminars and workshops to academic practitioners so that they turn out to be technologically and industrially compliant [20].
The interviewee argued that research is key when it comes to the need to merge VLEs with teaching, research, community service, innovation and industrialisation.
Interviewee 3 argued that;
In the process lecturers will pick were the student is doing it right and were the student is doing it wrong and then they will re-demonstrate again and again. It is not something that can be done through a syntactic manual and you allow the students’ to perfect their skills without the regular intervention of the demonstrator. The situation which will require the demonstrator to spot were the student is failing. And also some of the skills that affect students are skills that require high mental involvement of the student. The use of the mind but at the same time some of the skills require psychomotor skills and they require a combination of the two faculties and with psychomotor obviously there is need for repetition.
The interviewee further noted that:
From the finding above, it looks like online and offline assisted teaching and training is still a long way to go in Zimbabwe. The interviewee hails the need to virtually give students skills that will help them to innovate and industrialise in the future. The first interviewee highlighted that:
At the moment VLEs are not effective and efficient for the purpose of Education 5.0 teaching and learning at CUT. However, 20% of interviewees contended that there was no difference between face-to-face teaching and online teaching. “That you teach face to face or online makes no huge difference to the content that you teach. I teach the same content in both instances” argued Interviewee 1. This implies some lecturers’ have no problems when it comes to conducting both online practical or theoretical lectures. In this instance, VLEs are not wholly a threat at CUT in the DCAD.
The relevance of new higher education approaches in Zimbabwe has been proved to be unstable following the outbreak of COVID 19. Education 5.0 still demand a lot in terms of commitment on the part of the lecturers in HEIs, though they argue it is not a new development in their day to day’s work. It further emerged that Education 5.0 was adopted without taking cognisance of unplanned developments such as COVID 19. The disease changed the status of teaching and learning in no time. It called for the use of VLEs since all teaching and learning has become predominately virtual. The disease has made online teaching and learning mandatory in Zimbabwe. While the cost implications have been itching, a drop in an ocean of learners can afford it. Support digital equipment for the purpose of teaching and learning is expensive. The research concludes that a handful of graduate students may finish higher education and training with the requisite skills needed in the industry. It is therefore recommended that the Zimbabwean HEIs should revert back the previous Education 3.0 model until such a time the global economic cake evens out. This is so because with VLEs it is better achieved than Education 5.0.
What is your professional understanding of Education 5.0 in higher education?
What aspects of Education 5.0 are emphasised in the curricula?
What are its importance?
What strategies did you use to make the Education 5.0 suitable for VLEs?
What are the relevancy of VLEs in higher education and training?
In what ways did your academic experience influence the selection and exclusion process of VLEs?
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Nevertheless, it continues to have challenging dimensions, such as its ongoing dependence upon the use of unclaimed bodies in many societies. These challenges are reminders that anatomy does not remain stationary.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"David Gareth Jones",authors:[{id:"35851",title:"Prof.",name:"Gareth",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"gareth-jones",fullName:"Gareth Jones"}]},{id:"55203",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68775",title:"Innovative Technologies for Medical Education",slug:"innovative-technologies-for-medical-education",totalDownloads:2113,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter aims to assess the current practices of anatomy education technology and provides future directions for medical education. It begins by presenting a historical synopsis of the current paradigms for anatomy learning followed by listing their limitations. Then, it focuses on several innovative educational technologies, which have been introduced over the past years to enhance the learning. These include E-learning, mobile apps, and mixed reality. The chapter concludes by highlighting future directions and addressing the barriers to fully integrating the technologies in the medical curriculum. As new technologies continue to arise, this process-oriented understanding and outcome-based expectations of educational technology should be embraced. With this view, educational technology should be valued in terms of how well the technological process informs and facilitates learning, and the acquisition and maintenance of clinical expertise.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Pascal Fallavollita",authors:[{id:"85455",title:"Prof.",name:"Pascal",middleName:null,surname:"Fallavollita",slug:"pascal-fallavollita",fullName:"Pascal Fallavollita"}]},{id:"66388",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85177",title:"Orexin System and Avian Muscle Mitochondria",slug:"orexin-system-and-avian-muscle-mitochondria",totalDownloads:849,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In mammals, orexin A and B (also known as hypocretin 1 and 2) are two orexigenic peptides produced primarily by the lateral hypothalamus that signal through two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin receptors 1/2, and have been implicated in the regulation of several physiological processes. However, the physiological roles of orexin are not well defined in avian (non-mammalian vertebrate) species. Recently, we made a breakthrough by identifying that orexin and its related receptors 1/2 (ORXR1/2) are expressed in avian muscle tissue and cell line, and appears to be a secretory protein. Functional in vitro studies showed that orexin A and B differentially regulated expression of the orexin system, suggesting that orexins might have autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine roles. Administration of recombinant orexin modulated mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, function, and bioenergetics. In this chapter, we include a brief overview of the (patho) physiological role of orexin, comparative findings between mammalian and avian orexin, and in-depth analysis of orexin’s action on avian muscle mitochondria.",book:{id:"7870",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Muscle Cells",fullTitle:"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Kentu Lassiter and Sami Dridi",authors:[{id:"274577",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kentu",middleName:null,surname:"Lassiter",slug:"kentu-lassiter",fullName:"Kentu Lassiter"},{id:"274579",title:"Dr.",name:"Sami",middleName:null,surname:"Dridi",slug:"sami-dridi",fullName:"Sami Dridi"}]},{id:"66964",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85903",title:"Vascularisation of Skeletal Muscle",slug:"vascularisation-of-skeletal-muscle",totalDownloads:907,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Skeletal muscle is mainly involved in physical activity and movement, which requires a large amount of glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen. These materials are supplied by blood vessels and incorporated into the muscle fiber through the cell membrane. In contrast, metabolic waste is discarded outside the cell membrane and removed by blood vessels. The formation of a functional, integrated vascular network is a fundamental process in the growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle. On the other hand, vascularization is one of the main central components in skeletal muscle regeneration. In order for regeneration to occur, blood vessels must invade the transplanted muscle. This is confirmed by the fact that muscle regeneration occurred from the outside of the muscle bundle toward the inner regions. In fact, it is likely that capillary formation is a key process to start muscle regeneration. Thus, vascularization activates muscle regeneration, and a decrease in vascularization could lead to disruption the process of muscle regeneration. Also, a better understanding of vascularization of skeletal muscle necessary for the successful formation of collateral arteries and recovery of injured skeletal muscle may lead to more successful strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration and engineering. So, in this chapter, we want to review vascularization in skeletal muscle.",book:{id:"7870",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Muscle Cells",fullTitle:"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Kamal Ranjbar and Bayan Fayazi",authors:[{id:"143655",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Ranjbar",slug:"kamal-ranjbar",fullName:"Kamal Ranjbar"},{id:"299168",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayan",middleName:null,surname:"Fayazi",slug:"bayan-fayazi",fullName:"Bayan Fayazi"}]},{id:"54586",doi:"10.5772/67897",title:"Human Brain Anatomy: Prospective, Microgravity, Hemispheric Brain Specialisation and Death of a Person",slug:"human-brain-anatomy-prospective-microgravity-hemispheric-brain-specialisation-and-death-of-a-person",totalDownloads:1541,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Central nervous system seems to float inside a craniospinal space despite having miniscule amount of CSF. This buoyancy environment seems to have been existing since embryogenesis. This indicates central nervous system always need microgravity environment to function optimally. Presence of buoyancy also causes major flexure to occur at midbrain level and this deep bending area of the brain, better known as greater limbic system seems to regulate brain functions and site for cortical brainwave origin. These special features have made it as a possible site for seat of human soul and form a crucial part in discussion related to death. Besides exploring deep anatomical areas of the brain, superficial cortical areas were also studied. The brainwaves of thirteen clinical patients were analysed. Topographical, equivalent current dipoles and spectral analysis for somatosensory, motor, auditory, visual and language evoked magnetic fields were performed. Data were further analysed using matrix laboratory method for bilateral hemispheric activity and specialization. The results disclosed silent word and picture naming were bilaterally represented, but stronger responses were in the left frontal lobe and in the right parieto-temporal lobes respectively. The sensorimotor responses also showed bilateral hemispheric responses, but stronger in the contralateral hemisphere to the induced sensation or movements. For auditory-visual brainwave responses, bilateral activities were again observed, but their lateralization was mild and could be in any hemisphere. The conclusions drawn from this study are brainwaves associated with cognitive-language, sensorimotor and auditory-visual functions are represented in both hemispheres; and they are efficiently integrated via commissure systems, resulting in one hemispheric specialization. Therefore, this chapter covers superficial, integrative and deep parts of human brain anatomy with emphasis on brainwaves, brain functions, seat of human soul and death.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Zamzuri Idris, Faruque Reza and Jafri Malin Abdullah",authors:[{id:"42580",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafri",middleName:"Malin",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"jafri-abdullah",fullName:"Jafri Abdullah"},{id:"73844",title:"Prof.",name:"Zamzuri",middleName:null,surname:"Idris",slug:"zamzuri-idris",fullName:"Zamzuri Idris"},{id:"200214",title:"Dr.",name:"Faruque",middleName:null,surname:"Reza",slug:"faruque-reza",fullName:"Faruque Reza"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70162",title:"Rehabilitation of Lateral Ankle Sprains in Sports",slug:"rehabilitation-of-lateral-ankle-sprains-in-sports",totalDownloads:1233,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in athletes. The rate of injury is as high as 70%. The most commonly involved ligament is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), followed by the calcaneofibular (CFL) and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). The common mechanism of injury is inversion with excessive ankle supination in forced plantarflexion when the ankle joint is in its most unstable position. There are three grades of ankle sprains: Grade I, mild with an incomplete tear of ATFL; Grade II, moderate with a complete tear of ATFL with or without an incomplete tear of CFL; and Grade III, severe with complete tear of ATFL and CFL. Grades I and II respond well to functional treatment. Functional treatment includes RICE protocol, i.e., rest, ice, compression, and elevation. It also includes range of motion and strengthening exercises, proprioceptive training, and sports-specific exercises. Bracing and taping of the ankle joint help in preventing the sprains and also reduce the recurrence of the injury. Grade III ankle injury may be treated with surgery if the symptoms persist post functional treatment. The guidelines provided for the treatment of ankle sprains are of general validity, but each athlete is different with different needs. Hence, a personalized exercise protocol should be followed to achieve best results.",book:{id:"9413",slug:"essentials-in-hip-and-ankle",title:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle",fullTitle:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle"},signatures:"Rachana Dabadghav",authors:[{id:"305115",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rachana",middleName:null,surname:"Dabadghav",slug:"rachana-dabadghav",fullName:"Rachana Dabadghav"}]},{id:"55330",title:"Mesencephalon; Midbrain",slug:"mesencephalon-midbrain",totalDownloads:3359,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The mesencephalon is the most rostral part of the brainstem and sits above the pons and is adjoined rostrally to the thalamus. It comprises two lateral halves, called the cerebral peduncles; which is again divided into an anterior part, the crus cerebri, and a posterior part, tegmentum. The tectum is lay dorsal to an oblique coronal plane which includes the aquaduct, and consist of pretectal area and the corpora quadrigemina. In transvers section, the cerebral peduncles are seen to be composed of dorsal and ventral regions separated by the substantia nigra. Tegmentum mesencephali contains red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, thochlear nucleus, reticular nuclei, medial lemnisci, lateral lemnisci and medial longitudinal fasciculus. In tectum, the inferior colliculus and superior colliculus have main nucleus, which are continuous with the periaqueductal grey matter. The mesencephalon serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. The mesencephalic syndrome cause tremor, spastic paresis or paralysis, opisthotonos, nystagmus and depression or coma. In addition cranial trauma, brain tumors, thiamin deficiency and inflammatory or degenerative disorders of the mesencephalon have also been associated with the midbrain syndrome.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu",authors:[{id:"200913",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayla",middleName:null,surname:"Kurkcuoglu",slug:"ayla-kurkcuoglu",fullName:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu"}]},{id:"64758",title:"Introductory Chapter: Histological Microtechniques",slug:"introductory-chapter-histological-microtechniques",totalDownloads:2248,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"7329",slug:"histology",title:"Histology",fullTitle:"Histology"},signatures:"Vonnie D.C. Shields and Thomas Heinbockel",authors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}]},{id:"63843",title:"Salivary Glands",slug:"salivary-glands",totalDownloads:3925,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Saliva is a fluid secreted by the salivary glands that keeps the oral cavity moist and also coats the teeth along with mucosa. The salivary gland possesses tubuloacinar units, and these are merocrine. The functional unit of the salivary glands is the terminal secretory piece called acini with a roughly spherical or tubular shape. It also consists of branched ducts for the passage of the saliva and also plays an important role in the production and modification of saliva. Each type of duct is lined by different types of epithelia, on the basis of its location. Myoepithelial cells are contractile cells with respect to intercalated and secretory endpieces. Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are the major salivary glands. The minor salivary glands are labial and buccal gland, glossopalatine gland, and palatine and lingual glands. Saliva plays an important role in mastication, speech, protection, deglutition, digestion, excretion, tissue repair, etc. Secretion stimulated in response to sympathetic stimulation will differ in protein and electrolyte from that due to parasympathetic stimulation. The concentration of saliva depends only on the rate of flow and not on the nature of stimulus. Saliva guides the clinician toward the optimal mode of treatment and guides the patient toward ultimate prognosis.",book:{id:"7329",slug:"histology",title:"Histology",fullTitle:"Histology"},signatures:"Sonia Gupta and Nitin Ahuja",authors:[{id:"245048",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",slug:"sonia-gupta",fullName:"Sonia Gupta"},{id:"258367",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitin",middleName:null,surname:"Ahuja",slug:"nitin-ahuja",fullName:"Nitin Ahuja"}]},{id:"55062",title:"Human Anatomy: A Review of the Science, Ethics and Culture of a Discipline in Transition",slug:"human-anatomy-a-review-of-the-science-ethics-and-culture-of-a-discipline-in-transition",totalDownloads:2272,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Anatomy has undergone radical changes over its history, and even now its appearance varies between audiences. Within academia, it has frequently been seen as the bastion of medical teaching, even as a handmaid of surgery. To the general public over recent years, it is represented by the enormously popular public exhibitions of plastinated cadavers and body parts. Increasingly within medical teaching, it has acquired a far more humanistic face, epitomized by ceremonies at the start and end of dissection to connect the dead body with the once living individual and his/her families. Modern anatomy has also developed a strong research ethos. These movements can be traced in the many editions of Gray’s Anatomy, from 1858 to the present day. However, the humanistic side of anatomy reminds us that anatomy is not merely a science, since its ethical dimensions are legion as it has transformed from a dubiously moral and barely legal activity to one that now aims to manifest the highest of ethical standards. Nevertheless, it continues to have challenging dimensions, such as its ongoing dependence upon the use of unclaimed bodies in many societies. These challenges are reminders that anatomy does not remain stationary.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"David Gareth Jones",authors:[{id:"35851",title:"Prof.",name:"Gareth",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"gareth-jones",fullName:"Gareth Jones"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"188",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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