Max-Mean Problem Solutions obtained with Cplex 12.4.0
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6823",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting",title:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"We are more aware of the need to achieve sustainable development than ever before. One of the main factors to achieve the goal of sustainable development is sustainability assessment and reporting because it is not possible to take precautions without understanding the current situation. And also, undoubtedly, future generations have a right to know what kind of world we will leave them. This book brings together different perspectives on sustainability assessment and reporting. When you look at the chapters, you will understand that sustainability assessment and reporting are addressing interdisciplinary and vast areas. It should be because sustainability assessment and reporting cover all aspects of social, economic and environmental factors. In this five-chapter book, you will see how sustainability assessment and reporting are addressed in different areas.",isbn:"978-1-78923-737-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-736-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-730-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73236",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sustainability-assessment-and-reporting",numberOfPages:108,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4db72204a34eff9b5143955463b293cf",bookSignature:"Soner Gokten and Pinar Okan Gokten",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6823.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5566,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 5th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 26th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 27th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 16th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 14th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"70354",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Soner",middleName:null,surname:"Gokten",slug:"soner-gokten",fullName:"Soner Gokten",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/70354/images/2275_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Gokten is an Assistant Professor at Department of Management - Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey. He received his BSBA form Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences-Baskent University-Ankara, Turkey, MBA Finance and Ph.D. in Accounting and Finance degrees from Graduate School of Social Sciences-Gazi University, Ankara Turkey. He has published several articles, books, book chapters and conference proceedings. He is serving as a referee for national and international journals and Dr. Gokten has investment advisory, project finance and corporate valuation experience in several national and international projects.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Başkent University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"238020",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:null,surname:"Okan Gokten",slug:"pinar-okan-gokten",fullName:"Pinar Okan Gokten",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238020/images/6531_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pınar Okan Gokten is a Research Assistant at International Trade Department - Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. She received her BSBA from Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences-Baskent University-Ankara, Turkey, MBA and Ph.D. in Accounting and Finance degrees from Graduate School of Social Sciences-Gazi University, Ankara Turkey. She has published several articles, books, book chapters and conference proceedings.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"474",title:"Environmental Economics",slug:"environmental-economics"}],chapters:[{id:"61998",title:"Using a Social Accounting Matrix for Analysing Institutions’ Income: A Case from Portugal",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78602",slug:"using-a-social-accounting-matrix-for-analysing-institutions-income-a-case-from-portugal",totalDownloads:1193,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A social acccounting matrix (SAM) is a tool that has specific features for conducting studies in several different areas, as well as for supporting the policy decision process. Following an application for Portugal, a SAM-based approach is adopted for studying (measuring and modelling) the impact of the introduction of a social policy measure of the increase in households’ income on the socio-economic activity of a country, and the associated institutions’ income. Numerical and algebraic versions of a SAM enable the identification of the networks of the linkages of the monetary or nominal flows measured by the national accounts and the corresponding structural features, as well as the associated multiplier effects, which are used to measure the impact on the socio-economic activity. This measurement is at a macroeconomic level, using macroeconomic aggregates and balances.",signatures:"Susana Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61998",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61998",authors:[{id:"244283",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",surname:"Santos",slug:"susana-santos",fullName:"Susana Santos"}],corrections:null},{id:"62872",title:"Sustainability Reporting and Income Smoothing: Evidence from Saudi-Listed Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79219",slug:"sustainability-reporting-and-income-smoothing-evidence-from-saudi-listed-companies",totalDownloads:908,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A unique definition of sustainability, or sustainability reporting, does not exist, but it continues to progress and has emerged as one of the most critical issues in the business area. It is correlated with several contemporary social and disclosure practices, including corporate social responsibility (CSR), environmental disclosure, corporate citizenship, green economy, and sustainable entrepreneurship. All these concepts are studied in an accounting context; in other words, accounting and its branches are adapted to the new phenomena of sustainability. This study focuses on the effect of sustainability reporting in earnings quality, using income smoothing as a proxy of earnings quality. I apply this study to Saudi Arabia because it is a petroleum country where notions of sustainability must be studied. Empirical results show an important level of reporting of sustainability that positively affects the practice of income smoothing.",signatures:"Lassaad Ben Mahjoub",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62872",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62872",authors:[{id:"242339",title:"Dr.",name:"Lassaad",surname:"Ben Mahjoub",slug:"lassaad-ben-mahjoub",fullName:"Lassaad Ben Mahjoub"}],corrections:null},{id:"62818",title:"Methodologies for Assessing Sustainability in Farming Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79220",slug:"methodologies-for-assessing-sustainability-in-farming-systems",totalDownloads:1855,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Development of composite indicators is considered an important approach for evaluating sustainable development. For agriculture, different indicators have been developed such as Delphi, IDEA, MESMIS, MOTIFS, RISE, or SAFE. For its construction, usually bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques were employed. These are pragmatic tools used to simplify the description of complex systems by the use of three functions: to simplify, to quantify, and to communicate easily. Criteria for indicator selection include policy relevance, validity, accessibility, and measurability. However, operational evaluation of agricultural sustainability presents problems, because it requires analyzing the future production of goods and services, which need to be observed on a reasonable time horizon, and other difficulties involve interpreting the combination of indicators required for such analyses. This chapter realizes a review of these methodologies and its applications.",signatures:"Jaime Fabián Cruz, Yolanda Mena and Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62818",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62818",authors:[{id:"101973",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",surname:"Rodríguez-Estévez",slug:"vicente-rodriguez-estevez",fullName:"Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez"},{id:"256388",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",surname:"Mena",slug:"yolanda-mena",fullName:"Yolanda Mena"},{id:"256393",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Fabian",surname:"Cruz",slug:"fabian-cruz",fullName:"Fabian Cruz"}],corrections:null},{id:"62189",title:"Accounting for Mineral Depletion Under the UN-SEEA Framework",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77290",slug:"accounting-for-mineral-depletion-under-the-un-seea-framework",totalDownloads:827,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The scarcity factor of non-renewable resources is absent in conventional accounting methodologies. This chapter proposes an approach for accounting for abiotic resource depletion through the second law of thermodynamics. It is postulated that each chemical element has associated a cycle that should be closed either naturally or technologically. Once a mineral is extracted from the Earth, the cycle starts. The overall process from mining to dissipation is the cradle-to-grave path and is generally well characterized and accounted. However, to close the cycle, we need to account for an imaginary path through the “grave-to-cradle” approach. This semi-circle is a debt we acquire with future generations. It represents the effort that we should invest in returning minerals from a dispersed state to the initial conditions found in nature, and hence, it is a measure of depletion. This is calculated through exergy replacement costs, which indicate the energy effort required to close the cycle from the grave with prevailing technologies. The grave is the model of degraded Earth (called “Thanatia”), which was developed previously. This chapter concludes proposing the inclusion of this approach in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounts (SEEA), converting it into a “Global System of Environmental-Thermo-Economic Accounts” (SETEA).",signatures:"Antonio Valero and Alicia Valero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62189",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62189",authors:[{id:"243686",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",surname:"Valero",slug:"alicia-valero",fullName:"Alicia Valero"},{id:"243689",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Valero",slug:"antonio-valero",fullName:"Antonio Valero"}],corrections:null},{id:"62051",title:"Comprehensive Assessment of the Sustainability of Coastal Systems of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78970",slug:"comprehensive-assessment-of-the-sustainability-of-coastal-systems-of-the-arctic-zone-of-the-russian-",totalDownloads:786,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with the method of comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of coastal infrastructure systems of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, which allows analyzing the socioeconomic development of the Arctic regions of Russia in order to ensure national security, as well as forecasting the environmental and socioeconomic situation in the coastal zone of the Russian Arctic using simulation prediction methods. To account for medium- and long-term climate, environmental, economic, legal, and geopolitical changes in the Arctic in assessing the sustainability of coastal infrastructure systems, it is proposed to use a comprehensive indicator system consisting of five-factor subsystems. As a result of the analysis of the possibilities of accounting for medium- and long-term complex changes, a dynamic model of strategic spatial planning of marine activities is implemented in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the sustainability of coastal infrastructure systems. By this model, values of the indicator were received for each of the factors of stability and the complex integral index of sustainability of coastal infrastructure systems of Russian Arctic for modern, historical, and future periods.",signatures:"Gogoberidze George and Rumiantceva Ekaterina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62051",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62051",authors:[{id:"247558",title:"D.Sc.",name:"George",surname:"Gogoberidze",slug:"george-gogoberidze",fullName:"George Gogoberidze"},{id:"248161",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",surname:"Rumiantceva",slug:"ekaterina-rumiantceva",fullName:"Ekaterina Rumiantceva"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6051",title:"Financial Management from an Emerging Market Perspective",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48fd9d56d82da76c785db97e23ae398e",slug:"financial-management-from-an-emerging-market-perspective",bookSignature:"Guray Kucukkocaoglu and Soner Gokten",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6051.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70354",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Soner",surname:"Gokten",slug:"soner-gokten",fullName:"Soner Gokten"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6000",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",subtitle:"Today and Tomorrow",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa4f840bdfa861be2f1c4b982a1e2cb5",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",bookSignature:"Soner Gokten",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6000.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70354",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Soner",surname:"Gokten",slug:"soner-gokten",fullName:"Soner Gokten"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6490",title:"Energy Management for Sustainable Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5e77ab7a4bfed7a2a1d524b8a3d6a90",slug:"energy-management-for-sustainable-development",bookSignature:"Soner Gokten and Guray Kucukkocaoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6490.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70354",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Soner",surname:"Gokten",slug:"soner-gokten",fullName:"Soner Gokten"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2015",title:"Sustainable Development",subtitle:"Education, Business and Management - Architecture and Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d2fbda1c194835efdcee1c4c58291b7",slug:"sustainable-development-education-business-and-management-architecture-and-building-construction-agriculture-and-food-security",bookSignature:"Chaouki Ghenai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2015.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14569",title:"Prof.",name:"Chaouki",surname:"Ghenai",slug:"chaouki-ghenai",fullName:"Chaouki Ghenai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79787",slug:"corrigendum-graves-disease",title:"Corrigendum: Graves’ Disease",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79787.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79787",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79787",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79787",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79787",chapter:{id:"75553",slug:"graves-disease-clinical-significance-and-management",signatures:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",dateSubmitted:"December 3rd 2020",dateReviewed:"February 4th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 14th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296190",title:"Dr.",name:"Thenmozhi",middleName:null,surname:"Paluchamy",fullName:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",slug:"thenmozhi-paluchamy",email:"thenmozhi.sethu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"75553",slug:"graves-disease-clinical-significance-and-management",signatures:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",dateSubmitted:"December 3rd 2020",dateReviewed:"February 4th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 14th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296190",title:"Dr.",name:"Thenmozhi",middleName:null,surname:"Paluchamy",fullName:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",slug:"thenmozhi-paluchamy",email:"thenmozhi.sethu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9652",leadTitle:null,title:"Capsicum",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Capsicum, also known as chili or bell pepper, is one of the most economically important vegetable crops worldwide due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This book provides information on many aspects of this plant, such as its botanical information, nutritional values, bioactive compounds, pharmacology, cultivation, its use in treating diseases, and its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.",isbn:"978-1-83880-942-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-941-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-943-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87455",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"capsicum",numberOfPages:200,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"094b79463f9dadc5794fc8213727ac72",bookSignature:"Aman Dekebo",publishedDate:"October 14th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9652.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6516,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,numberOfTotalCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 18th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 17th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 5th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 4th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"191684",title:"Dr.",name:"Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Dekebo",slug:"aman-dekebo",fullName:"Aman Dekebo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191684/images/system/191684.jpeg",biography:"Aman Dekebo is currently a professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Adama Science and Technology University, Ethiopia. He obtained his first and second PhDs in Natural Products Chemistry from Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia in 2002 and Bio-organic Chemistry from Ehime University, Japan in 2007, respectively. He worked as a researcher during his sabbatical leave at Andong National University, South Korea (2017–2019). His research interests include isolation and synthesis of bioactive compounds, chemical ecology, and apiculture. He has authored more than fifty peer-reviewed scientific papers and served as editor of the book Plant Extracts (2019). He has also participated and presented his works in several conferences in many countries. He is co-author of Phytochemistry of Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma longa): Isolation and Characterization of Compounds from Foots of Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma longa) (2012). He serves as a reviewer for many reputable journals. He is recipient of best researcher awards and certificates from School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, Korean Society of Applied Entomology, and Korean Apiculture Association.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Adama Science and Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ethiopia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"72985",title:"Diversity and Potency of Capsicum spp. Grown in Indonesia",slug:"diversity-and-potency-of-em-capsicum-em-spp-grown-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:437,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73319",title:"Anthracnose of Chilli: Status, Diagnosis, and Management",slug:"anthracnose-of-chilli-status-diagnosis-and-management",totalDownloads:877,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71304",title:"Hot Water Seed Treatment: A Review",slug:"hot-water-seed-treatment-a-review",totalDownloads:739,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73108",title:"Biological Control in Capsicum with Microbial Agents",slug:"biological-control-in-em-capsicum-em-with-microbial-agents",totalDownloads:502,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"72053",title:"Management of Viruses and Viral Diseases of Pepper (Capsicum spp.) in Africa",slug:"management-of-viruses-and-viral-diseases-of-pepper-em-capsicum-em-spp-in-africa",totalDownloads:752,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[null]},{id:"71870",title:"Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): An Alternative Food to Reduce Micronutrient Deficiencies in Human",slug:"hot-pepper-em-capsicum-annuum-em-l-an-alternative-food-to-reduce-micronutrient-deficiencies-in-human",totalDownloads:444,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"72322",title:"Capsicum: Chemistry and Medicinal Properties of Indigenous Indian Varieties",slug:"-em-capsicum-em-chemistry-and-medicinal-properties-of-indigenous-indian-varieties",totalDownloads:375,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"314279",title:"Dr.",name:"Mithun",surname:"Rudrapal",slug:"mithun-rudrapal",fullName:"Mithun Rudrapal"}]},{id:"71560",title:"Anticancer Effect of Capsaicin and Its Analogues",slug:"anticancer-effect-of-capsaicin-and-its-analogues",totalDownloads:711,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"72029",title:"Capsicum Seeds as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Biological Properties, Extraction Systems, and Industrial Application",slug:"-em-capsicum-em-seeds-as-a-source-of-bioactive-compounds-biological-properties-extraction-systems-an",totalDownloads:667,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"161326",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",surname:"Simal-Gandara",slug:"jesus-simal-gandara",fullName:"Jesus Simal-Gandara"},{id:"317263",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Ángel",surname:"Prieto Lage",slug:"miguel-angel-prieto-lage",fullName:"Miguel Ángel Prieto Lage"}]},{id:"72095",title:"Use of Capsaicin for Nonlethal Technology",slug:"use-of-capsaicin-for-nonlethal-technology",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71447",title:"The Effects of Consumption of Capsicum on Some Neurobehavioural Parameters",slug:"the-effects-of-consumption-of-em-capsicum-em-on-some-neurobehavioural-parameters",totalDownloads:451,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8593",title:"Plant Extracts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93ae18175f7b16937a3dfddc10a51572",slug:"plant-extracts",bookSignature:"Aman Dekebo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8593.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191684",title:"Dr.",name:"Aman",surname:"Dekebo",slug:"aman-dekebo",fullName:"Aman Dekebo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6277",title:"Physical Methods for Stimulation of Plant and Mushroom Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33dff71e3489403e273057ae36bd0dbd",slug:"physical-methods-for-stimulation-of-plant-and-mushroom-development",bookSignature:"Mohamed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6277.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9353",title:"Ginger Cultivation and Its Antimicrobial and Pharmacological Potentials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0f597104b548a6b922696409ab891fa",slug:"ginger-cultivation-and-its-antimicrobial-and-pharmacological-potentials",bookSignature:"Haiping Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9353.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280406",title:"Dr.",name:"Haiping",surname:"Wang",slug:"haiping-wang",fullName:"Haiping Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:"elaeis-guineensis",bookSignature:"Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9715",title:"Botany",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e59225e9e029129a60fe724004b8d24",slug:"botany-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Bimal Kumar Ghimire",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9715.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94560",title:"Prof.",name:"Bimal Kumar",surname:"Ghimire",slug:"bimal-kumar-ghimire",fullName:"Bimal Kumar Ghimire"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9682",title:"Prunus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48dbcfc917e1632fcde9eb4b9f4f1fd7",slug:"prunus",bookSignature:"Ayzin Küden and Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9682.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"200365",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayzin",surname:"Küden",slug:"ayzin-kuden",fullName:"Ayzin Küden"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8502",title:"Plant Science",subtitle:"Structure, Anatomy and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13ca4ffde7bd7a7ce518358e1ac56c6e",slug:"plant-science-structure-anatomy-and-physiology-in-plants-cultured-in-vivo-and-in-vitro",bookSignature:"Ana Gonzalez, María Rodriguez and Nihal Gören Sağlam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8502.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"281854",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"ana-maria-gonzalez",fullName:"Ana Maria Gonzalez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8951",title:"Maize",subtitle:"Production and Use",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f45413e21080c2db0d9711ed758ae2a7",slug:"maize-production-and-use",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8951.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7028",title:"Bryophytes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"726b3024a0b404565b418ec0f13c8845",slug:"bryophytes",bookSignature:"Marko S. Sabovljević and Aneta D. Sabovljević",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7028.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261414",title:"Dr.",name:"Marko",surname:"Sabovljević",slug:"marko-sabovljevic",fullName:"Marko Sabovljević"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7998",title:"Advances in Cotton Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1314df548efed081946065c425eb56b7",slug:"advances-in-cotton-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"42288",title:"Grasp and Path Relinking to Solve the Problem of Selecting Efficient Work Teams",doi:"10.5772/53700",slug:"grasp-and-path-relinking-to-solve-the-problem-of-selecting-efficient-work-teams",body:'
The process of selecting objects, activities, people, projects, resources, etc. is one of the activities that is frequently realized by human beings with some objective, and based on one or more criteria: economical, space, emotional, political, etc. For example, as a daily experience people should select what means of transportation and routes to utilize to arrive at a determined destination according to the price, duration of the trip, etc. In these cases, one must select the best subset of elements based on a large set of possibilities, the best in some sense, and in many cases there is an interest in the selected elements not appearing amongst themselves, if not it is better that they have different characteristics so that they can represent the existing diversity in the collection of original possibilities. Of course at this level people make these decisions intuitively, but commonsense, generally, is not a good advisor with problems that require optimized decision-making, and simple procedures that apparently offer effective solutions lead to bad decisions, thus this can be avoided by applying mathematical models that can guarantee obtainable effective solutions. In other human activities the selection of this subset has economic implications that involve a selection of a more diverse subset, a crucial decision, and difficult to obtain, which requires a correct process of optimization guided by a methodical form.
In the Operations Research literature, the maximum diversity problem (MDP) can be formulated by the following manner: If
In the equation (1) the objective function
Traditionally the MDP has permitted the resolution of concrete problems of great interest, for example: the localization of mutually competitive logistic facilities, for illustration see [3], composition of the panels of judges, [7], location of dangerous facilities, [1], new drugs design [8], formulation of immigration policies and admissions [9].
In the past, a great part of the public’s interest in diversity was centered around themes such as justice and representation. On the other hand, lately there has been a growing interest in the exploitation of the benefits of diversity. Recently, in [6], it a potential case of the application of the selection of efficient work teams is mentioned. In practice, there are many examples when the diversity in a group enhances the group’s ability to solve problems, and thus, leads to more efficient teams, firms, schools. For this reason, efforts have begun on behalf of the investigators to identify how to take advantage of the diversity in human organizations, beginning with the role played by the diversity in groups of people, for example in [10], Page
This chapter is organized in the following manner, beginning with the Section 2 study of concepts relating to diversity, and how it can be measured. Later on, in Section 4 we are introduced to the classic Maximum Diversity Problem, with differing variants, and the new problem Max-Mean, with which we attempted to resolve the first objective described by the equation (1), also revised are the formulations of the mathematical programming for these problems, and its properties are explored. In Section 5 an algorithm is developed based on GRASP with path relinking in which the local search is developed mainly with the methodology based on Variable neighborhood search, in Section 4 there is a documented extensive computerized experimentation.
Similarities are understood to be a resemblance between people and things. Although it is common to accept that diversity is an opposite concept of similarities, both terms perform within different structures, since similarities are a local function for each pair of elements. In contrast, diversity is a characteristic associated to a set of elements, which is calculated with the function of the dissimilarities within all the possible pairings. Where dissimilarities are the exact opposite of the similarities.
To be even more specific, to measure the diversity in
Under this model,
In the literature, one can find the different measurements of similarities that can be applied to groups of people. For example, in [11] it is established that “the measurements of similarities of the cosine is a popular measurement of the similarities”. On the other hand, in [10] it is established that the measurement of dissimilarities to treat the problem of the relation between the diversity and the productivity of groups of people can be established to solve problems. These measurements are developed in section 1.2. In [6] a similar measurement is utilized to solve a real case.
Given two individuals
On the other hand, in [10] the authors explain the problem with how diversity presents a group can increase the efficiency to solve problems, in particular in its investigation that authors use the following measurement of dissimilarities:
Where:
This measurement will take a negative value (in the case of similarities) and positives (in the case of dissimilarities). In general terms, we are referring to a
The growing interest in the treatment of diversity also has originated in an effort to study the management of fairness, that is to say that all the practices and processes utilized in the organizations to guarantee a just and fair treatment of individuals and institutions. Speaking in general terms, the fair treatment is that which has or has exhibited fairness, being terms that are synonyms: just, objective, or impartial. Many authors, like French, in [12] the argument is that equality has to do with justice, for example the distribution of resources or of installations or public service infrastructures, and in the same manner the achievement of equality in diversity has been identified within as a problem of selection and distribution. Synthesized, one can say that the equality represents an argument concerning the willingness for justice, understanding this as a complicated pattern of decisions, actions, and results in which each element engages as a member of the subset given.
The other sub problem that should be resolved is how to measure diversity. Given a set
With this calculated measurement of diversity and a subset as the sum of the dissimilarities between all the pairs of their elements; this is to say, the diversity of a subset
In this case of the diversity of a subset given the establishment of how the minimum of these types of dissimilarities between the pairs of elements of the set; this is to say, like in equation (5).
This type of measurement can be useful with contexts that can make very close undesirable elements, and thereby having a minimum distance that is great is important.
For a subset
Notice that this measurement of diversity is intimately associated with the measurement of the dispersion of the sum, that constitutes the numerator of the equation (6). In the literature lately some references have appeared in which the diversity is measured in this manner, for example in [13], in the context of systems Case-based reasoning, CBR, the authors defined the diversity of the subset of some cases, like the average dissimilarity between all the pairs of cases considered. So much so that in [6] diversity of a subset is defined by the equation (6) within the context of the models of the dispersion equation.
Once determined how to resolve the sub problem of estimating the existence of diversity in a set, the following is establishing the problem of optimizing what to look for the determined subset with maximum diversity. Such problem is named in the literature as The Maximum Diversity Problem.
The most studied model probably is the Problem in which it maximizes the sum of the distances or dissimilarities between the elements selected, this is to say the maximum measure of diversity of the sum established in the equation (4). In the literature there is also the problem also known with other denominations, as the Max-Sum problem [14], the Maximum Dispersion problem [15], Maximum Edge Weight Clique problem, [16], the Maximum edge-weighted subgraph problem, [18], or the Dense
Recently another model has been proposed in the context of equitative dispersion models [20], this model is denominated as the Maximum Mean Dispersion Problem (Max-Mean), that is the problem of optimization that consists in maximizing the equation (6), and one of the principal characteristics, that makes is different than the rest of the models of diversity, being that the number of elements selected also is a decision variable.
Given a set
The manner in which diversity is measured in the equation (7) permits constructing the formulations of the different maximum diversity problems.
The Max-Sum problem consists in selecting the subset that has the maximum diversity, measuring the agreement of the equation (4):
Introducing the binary variables:
Therefore, this problem can be formulated as a problem of quadratic binary programming:
This problem can be described as:
Generically speaking, this problem deals with the maximization of the average diversity. A formulation of the mathematical programming with the binary variables is then:
In this problem the objective function (11) is the average of the sum of the distances between the selected elements, the constraint (12) indicates that at least two elements should be selected. Just as presented in [20], this is a fractional binary optimization problem, but can be linearized utilizing new binary variables, this way the problem is formulated for the equations (14) to (19):
Notice that the Max-Mean problem cannot be resolved applying a solution method for any of the other problems, unless applied repeatedly for all the possible values of
This is known as the Max-Sum problem it is strongly NP-hard, as demonstrated in [9]. Recently, it has also been demonstrated in [20] that the Max-Mean problem is strongly NP-hard if the measurements of dissimilarities take a positive value and negative. Here the property 3 is demonstrated, this then indicates that if
The Max-Sum Problem is Strongly NP-hard.
If the dissimilarity coefficients
The Max-Mean problem has a trivial solution
The Max-Mean problem consists in selecting a subset
For all
Adding over all the possible pairs of elements in
But the right side of the last expression is equivalent to
If representing with
Divided by
Adding the term
Finally dividing for
It is evident that an optimal solution can be obtained for the Max-Mean problem in an indirect manner if resolving the Max-Sum model for all the possible values of
This research takes into account two new types of test instances:
Type I: This set contains 60 matrices of sizes:
Type II: There are also 60 symmetrical matrices, with
These test instances are found as available in the web site of the project OPTSICOM, [21].
Figure 1 shows the result of the resolution of the Max-Mean problem in an indirect way, for the test instances of type I and type II, of size
Also, Figure 1 shows that the Max-Mean value of the Max-Sum solution increases as
Evolution of the Optimal Values of the Max-Sum Problem divided for
Table 1 shows, that for each method and for each size of a problem, the average value of the objective function
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t50.334 | \n\t\t\t14.662 | \n\t\t\t66.714 | \n\t\t\t19.164 | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.443 | \n\t\t\t1.443 | \n\t\t\t1.898 | \n\t\t\t1.898 | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t7.400 | \n\t\t\t7.400 | \n\t\t\t7.500 | \n\t\t\t7.500 | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t694.606 | \n\t\t\t41.826 | \n\t\t\t1995.100 | \n\t\t\t59.581 | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.732 | \n\t\t\t1.732 | \n\t\t\t2.207 | \n\t\t\t2.207 | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t9.800 | \n\t\t\t9.800 | \n\t\t\t9.600 | \n\t\t\t9.600 | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t> 5 horas | \n\t102.303 | \n\t> 5 horas | \n182.176 | \n
\n\t\t | \n\tND | \n\t1.875 | \n\tND | \n\t2.383 | \n|
\n\t\t | \n\tND | \n\t10.700 | \n\tND | \n\t10.800 | \n
Max-Mean Problem Solutions obtained with Cplex 12.4.0
Surprisingly, the Max-Sum model applied
It can be concluded that if one desires to resolve the Max-Mean problem in an exact manner it is preferable to use the strategy to solve
Given that the problems of the maximum diversity are NP-hard, it is clear that is required to make a heuristic design to resolve problems of large and medium size. In [6] a algorithm is developed based in GRASP that exploits the characteristics of the Max-Mean problem, and that is hybridized with other successful techniques of intensification, like Path Relinking (PR), and Variable Neighborhood Search, (VNS). This algorithm has resulted as an efficient solution to the medium and large problems.
In this section, we describe a heuristic developing in [6] to solve the Max-Mean problem. This heuristic consists of a phase of construction GRASP, with a local search phase based on the Variable Neighborhood Search methodology subsequently it is improved with incorporation of a phase of post processing, based on Path Relinking.
From the results shown in Figure 1, we can design a new constructive method in which we add elements to the partial solution under construction as long as the Max-Mean value improves, and when this value starts to decrease, we stop the construction. In this way, the method selects by itself the value of
In place of a typical GRASP construction for diversity in which, first, each candidate element is evaluated by a greedy function to construct the Restricted Candidate List (RCL) and then an element is selected at random from RCL we utilizing an alternative design, in accordance with the proposed in recent studies [22] in which we first apply the randomization and then the greediness can obtain improved outcomes. In particular, in our constructive method for the Max-mean problem, we first randomly choose candidates and then evaluate each candidate according to the greedy function, selecting the best candidate, permitting better results.
More so specifically, given a partial solution
Then, for each element
Where
Afterwards, the method selects the best candidate
Figure 2 show the pseudo-code of this phase of construction of the method that one calls heuristic GRASP.
GRASP construction phase
The GRASP construction usually does not obtain a local optimum and it is customary in GRASP to apply a local search method to the solution constructed. As shown in [6], previous local search methods for diversity problems limit themselves to exchange a selected with an unselected element, keeping constant the number m of selected elements. Since we do not have this size constraint in the Max-Mean model and we admit solutions with any value of
We consider the combination of three neighborhoods in our local search procedure:
The order of exploration of the neighborhoods is given to try, in the range of possibility, diminishing the number of selected elements, increasing its diversity as well, which happens when a better solution is obtained in
More specifically: Given a solution,
To accelerate the search in these neighborhoods, one would not make the exploration in a sequential manner over the elements of a specific neighborhood, if not one would evaluate the potential contribution to the partial solution of the following manner: Given a solution
Thus, when exploring
Finally, when exploring
Local search in GRASP
The Path Relinking algorithm was described for the first time in the framework of tabu search method, it operates on a Elite Set of solutions (
Given two solutions,
The path relinking procedure
GRASP with Path Relinking
We also propose a new adaptation of existing methods for several models of maximum diversity problem.
Prokopyev et al. in [20] introduced several models to deal with the equitable dispersion problem and the maximum diversity problem. The authors proposed a GRASP with local search for the Max-MinSum variant in which for each selected element (in
Also, Duarte and Martí in [26] proposed different heuristics for the Max-Sum model. In particular the authors adapted the GRASP methodology to maximize the sum of the distances among the selected elements. We also adapt this algorithm to solve the Max-Mean Model, and we call the entire method (constructive phase + local search) GRASP2.
Adaptation details of these algorithms can be seen in [6]
In the final experiment we target the 20 largest instances in our data set (n=500). Table 3 shows the average results on each type of instances of GRASP1, GRASP2 and our two methods, GRASP and GRASP with Path Relinking described in this Section. Results in Table 3 are in line with the results obtained in the previous experiments. They confirm that GRASP consistently obtains better results than GRASP1 and GRASP2. As shown in the last column of Table 3, Path Relinking is able to improve the results of GRASP in all the instances.
This section contains the results of a large number of numerical experiments that is made to evaluate and calibrate the GRASP algorithm, which was implemented in Mathematica V.7 Mathematica is a computational software program used in scientific, engineering, and mathematical fields and other areas of technical computing. It is developed by Wolfram Research.
In this section a comparison is made of the performance of the heuristic GRASP and the exact optimal reported for small problems. The results are shown in Table 2.
Small instances of size
\n\t\t | \n\t\t | \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\tValue | \n\t\t1.87351 | \n\t\t1.874955 | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t10.8 | \n\t\t10.7 | \n\t|
# optimal times | \n\t\t9 | \n\t\t10 | \n\t|
GAP | \n\t\t0.084% | \n\t\t0% | \n\t|
CPU Time | \n\t\t0.35444 | \n\t\t102.303 | \n\t|
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\tValue | \n\t\t2.377163 | \n\t\t2.383 | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t10.3 | \n\t\t10.8 | \n\t|
# optimal times | \n\t\t6 | \n\t\t10 | \n\t|
GAP | \n\t\t0.397% | \n\t\t0% | \n\t|
CPU Time | \n\t\t0.3444 | \n\t\t182.176 | \n\t
Performance of the constructive phase in small problems
Only applying the constructive phase of GRASP one can reach the exact optimum of the problems 90% of the times, for the test instances of type I, and the 80% of the times in the test instances of type II, and in a reduced amount of time (less than a second), also in instances in which the optimum is not found, the GAP is very small.
Being that is no longer possible to compare the optimal solution of these problems, in place of GAP it is reported that a percentage of deviation in respect to the best solutions found in the experiments, the represented value in the tables like deviation, and that it is equal to:
\n\t\t | \n\t\t | \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\tValue | \n\t\t7.71370 | \n\t\t7.7977 | \n\t\t6.6796 | \n\t\t7.0163 | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t139.4 | \n\t\t145.2 | \n\t\t154.4 | \n\t\t157.6 | \n\t|
# Best | \n\t\t0 | \n\t\t10 | \n\t\t0 | \n\t\t0 | \n\t|
Deviation | \n\t\t1.07% | \n\t\t0.00% | \n\t\t14.31% | \n\t\t10.01% | \n\t|
CPU (sec.) | \n\t\t717.3 | \n\t\t688.1 | \n\t\t1414.5 | \n\t\t950.9 | \n\t|
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\tVaue | \n\t\t10.2957 | \n\t\t10.437 | \n\t\t88.98 | \n\t\t92.68 | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t143.2 | \n\t\t144.4 | \n\t\t186.1 | \n\t\t170.4 | \n\t|
# Best | \n\t\t0 | \n\t\t10 | \n\t\t0 | \n\t\t0 | \n\t|
Deviation | \n\t\t1.53% | \n\t\t0.00% | \n\t\t14.74% | \n\t\t11.18% | \n\t|
CPU (sec.) | \n\t\t662.422 | \n\t\t679.641 | \n\t\t804.8 | \n\t\t708.3 | \n\t
Comparison of the obtained results with GRASP+PR in large instances
Table 3 shows that the Path Relinking phase permitted improvements to the results of the heuristic GRASP, GRASP1 (based in [20]) and GRASP2 (based in [26]) in all of the test instances of size
Our local search in the heuristic GRASP utilizes three types of neighborhoods, generated according to the methodology VNS, these neighborhoods are represented by:
Figure 6 depicts a bar chart with the average number of times, in the 20 instances of size
Average number of improvements of each GRASP neighborhood
Curiously, if one calculates the was average contribution to the improvement of the function of the objective that provides the exploration in each one of the types of neighborhoods, one can observe that the neighborhoods of type
In this section the experiments made are described with the 20 test instances of size
Contribution to improving the objective function value for each neighborhood
Search profile of GRASP and GRASP+PR
Finally, to complete the analysis of the comparison of the efficiency of the algorithms that are designed, graphs were made of the profile of search of the algorithms; this is to say, since these heuristics were improving the value of the objective function of the time of execution. In Figure 7 one can observe the amplified details of its profile for a search in the neighborhood of the best values found. The figure clearly shows the GRASP achieves good solutions quickly. The execution of GRASP+PR, the phase of relinking of trajectories is executed after the elite set,
This way, in daily activities of organizations, companies, schools, sport teams, etc. it has been observed through evidence that diversity has an important role on the ability for groups of people to solve problems. Lately, literature investigations have shown formally that this empirical phenomenon is true, proportioning a theoretic justification for this fact, for example in [10]. A consequence of this is that, under certain circumstances, the groups of people that have conformed in a diverse manner can surpass the productivity of the groups conformed by the people individually more capable to resolve these problems; meaning, in a certain way diversity triumphant over the ability.
From a practical point of view, this result implies that, for example, a company that wants to conform a team should not look for simply a selection of individuals with a greater qualification for it, probably the most efficient selection would be to choose a diverse group. In reality the ideal would be that the groups of work be conformed by people with great qualifications and diversity; yet, these two objectives tend to be opposing one another since the diversity of the team formed by the people more qualified tends to be smaller, as demonstrated in [24].
The idea in the background is that we have a population of capable people to realize any task; these people have different levels of ability or of productivity for resolve it, and if one must select the work teams of this population for realizing a task, one can consider two possible groups: in the first only individuals are chosen with high qualifications, and in the second “diverse” individuals are chosen in some sense It turns out that the first finish in some way arriving to the same solution, creating a more difficult and confusing work for each other, on the other hand the second group the diversity created more perspectives and thus more opportunity of avoiding a halt on the search for a solution of the problems, generating in some way the right environment to increase the individual productivity of each one, and therefore of all groups. From a formal point of view what happens in the first group, under certain hypothesis, the people that are highly qualified tend to convert into similar points of view and ways to solve problems from which the set of optimal locations that the group can reach is reduced. Although the second group of diverse members originates a set of optimal locations more widely, and thus has more opportunities to improve.
In terms of a population, understood as “diversity in identity”, or simply “diversity,” to the differences en its demographic characteristics, cultural, ethnics, academic formation, and work experience. On the other hand, “formal diversity” is known as the differences in how these people focus and treat problem solving. An important fact is that these two types of diversity are correlated, since it has been identified experimentally a strong correlation between two types of diversity, just as demonstrated in [25]. Given the connection, it can be deduced that diverse groups in identity are functionally diverse.
In the literature, the focus was employed on a person to resolve a problem is a representation or an encoding of the problem in its internal language, and it can be known as “perspective.” Formally, a perspective
On the other hand, the way in which people attempt to resolve a problem, or how they look for solutions are known as “heuristic.” Formally, a heuristic is a mapping
From an intuitive point of view, the conclusion that diverse groups in identity can surpass groups that are not diverse (homogeneous) due to its grand functional diversity based on the affirmation, well reception, that if the agents inside of the groups have equal individual ability to solve problems, a functional diverse group surpasses a homogeneous group. In [24] it has demonstrated that groups with functional diversity tend to surpass the best individual agents being that the agents in the group have the same ability. This still leaves open an important question: Can a functionally diverse group, whose members have less individual ability, have a superior performance than the group of people that have more abilities individually? In [10] finally resolves in a affirmative manner this question, making a mathematical demonstration to this fact. Even though certain doubts still surge in a natural manner in respect to: How many members should this group have in such a way that the average diversity within the group be at its maximum?, and, can one detect which is the group more functionally diverse?
This way, if considering the actual situation in which an Institution desires to hire people to solve a problem. To realize a good selection the Institution usually gives a test to the applicants, around 500, to estimate their abilities individually to solve a problem. Supposing that all the applicants are individually capable to solve them, then they have the formation and experience necessary, but have different levels of ability. It is doubtful if the Institution should hire:
The person with the highest score obtained on the test;
The 10 people with the highest scores;
10 people selected randomly from the group of applicants;
The 10 people most diverse in identity of the group of applicants;
The group of people most diverse on average of the group of applicants.
Ignoring the possible problems of the communication within the groups, the existing literature suggests that (ii) is better than (i), [25],since most people will be looking in a wider space, having then more opportunities to obtain better solutions, in place of the action of the person graded best that will stay stuck in one of the optimal locations. Recently in [10] it has been demonstrated formally that (iii) is better than (ii).
In this manner, the institution fails based on the group of people with the highest scores, meaning the most prepared individually, go on to form the best work team, and thus the company should hire (ii), since it is demonstrated as under certain hypothesis that (iii) is a better decision, as seen in [10]. The authors have come to determine that a team of people selected randomly have more functional diversity and under certain conditions surpass the performance of (ii). since under the set of conditions identified by the authors, the functional diversity of a group of the people that are individually capable to resolve the problem necessarily becomes smaller, which in the end, the advantage of having best abilities individually is seen as more than compensated by the greater diversity of the randomly selected group.
Figure 8 shows a scheme of the problem of selecting a team, and the options considered.
As the institution should hire?
Notice that the authors in the proof do not even use the equipment with the maximum diversity, if not a randomly selected group, and even then are able to demonstrate that it is better, thanks to the greater diversity inherent in the random group next to the group with the most abilities individually. Here we prove in the corollary of the theorem 2, that if selecting the group with more diversity on average, this is to say hire the group formed according to (iv), this would result more productive than hiring than that formed randomly (iii), and, by transitivity, better than the group formed by the best scores (ii ) and lastly better than simply choosing the best scored (i).
On the other hand, the literature says little or nothing at all about (v), since classically in the problems of diversity have considered the number of elements chosen as a given value, yet in the practice applications it is not clear how to choose the number of elements to be selected, and the best option would be to leave the process itself of optimization the one that demonstrates its value. This way, the focus of our analysis is centered on the dispute between the importance of the abilities of the individuals of each person in the group, their functional diversity (trapped by the diversity of identity), and the size of the ideal group.
A conclusion to all this is that the diversity in the organizations should be encouraged, which implies new policies, organizational forms, and styles of administration. In the context of solving a problem, the value of a person depends on their ability to improve the collective decision, since the contribution of this person depends in great measure to the perspectives and heuristics of the other people that make up the teamwork. The diversity in the focus of the solution of the problem in respect to the other people is an important predictor of its value, and in the end can be more relevant than its individual ability to solve the problem on its own. This was, to estimate the potential contribution of a person in teamwork, it is more important to make an emphasis in measuring how this person thinks differently, before estimating the magnitude of the ability of the person from aptitude tests or intelligence tests.
Although one has to be more conscious of some aspects that have not been considered and that can have influence in the performance of a team of people. For illustration, the groups with diversity in identity can often have more conflicts, more problems of communication, less mutual respect and less trust amongst the members of a homogeneous groups, which can create a diminishment of performance in diverse groups. In (16) it is mentioned that the people with similar perspectives but with diverse heuristics can communicate with one another without any problem, but people with diverse perspectives can have problems when comprehending the solutions identified by the other members of the group, in this sense the best of the organizations would be to find people with similar perspectives but guarantee a diversity of heuristics, in this manner, the organizations can exploit better the benefits of the diversity while minimizing the costs of the lack of communication.
In this section it is stated in theorem 1, demonstrated in [10], that explains the logic behind the fact that a team of people chosen at random, from a database of applicants that are capable to solve problems, it is better than the team formed by the people more individually capable, from there a result is established, that is immediate, being that the team of people with the most diversity surpasses the team formed by the people with the most abilities for solving problems.
To establish a theoretic result, consider the population from where the team will be selected, this is to say the applicants, represented with con
The applicants are trained to solve the problem. Given the initial solution, the applicants can find a better solution, even if it is only a little better;
The problem is difficult, none of the applicants can find the optimal solution always;
The applicants are diverse, and therefore for any potential solution that is not the optimal, at least one applicant can find the best solution;
The best applicant is the only one.
If we consider a team of applicants chosen randomly from
To formulate the theorem 1 more precisely, consider
Each applicant is characterized by the pair
The hypothesis should be satisfies by the applicants
Hypothesis 1 indicates that given the initial solution the people always try to find better solutions, but never select the worst solution, and get stuck in the optimal locale. Hypothesis 2 implies that no one, individually, can reach the optimum always from any point. In hypothesis 3, it is established in a simple manner that the essence of diversity, when a person is stuck in an local optimum always has someone that can find the best due to a different focus. Hypothesis 4 establishes that within the set of applicants considering that a better unique performance exists. With these hypotheses, the theorem 1 is proved in [10].
The theorem shows that a randomly selected group works better than a group formed for the better, is an immediate extender of the results as presented in the following corollary, which is demonstrated here, in which it is established more directly in relation between the diversity and ability.
The proof is immediate, since the theorem is based that the diversity of the set of people randomly selected is more diverse than the set of people with the most individual abilities. This way, if selecting the group of people most diverse, helps this surpass the performance of the group of people selected randomly, due to the major diversity of the first, and for theorem 1, this last group surpasses the performance of the group formed by the people with more abilities individually. It continues as transitivity the result that is shown in the corollary.
Finally, we apply the method solving a real instance. In particular we apply them to obtain a diverse assembly of professors from a set of n=586 in the ESPOL University at Guayaquil (Ecuador). For each professor, we record 7 attributes (tenure position, gender, academic degree, research level, background, salary level, and department), and the similarity measure between each pair of them is computed with the modified difference measure described in the equation 3. The solution obtained with our GRASP+PR method in 127.1 seconds has 90 professors and a similarity value of 1.11. Table 4 it is shown that the results detailed and each one of the 10 trials.
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t|||||
1 | \n\t\t127.094 | \n\t\t1.11542 | \n\t\t101 | \n\t\t116.631 | \n\t\t1.09397 | \n\t\t90 | \n\t
2 | \n\t\t125.081 | \n\t\t1.11393 | \n\t\t100 | \n\t\t113.7384 | \n\t\t1.09487 | \n\t\t96 | \n\t
3 | \n\t\t120.028 | \n\t\t1.10484 | \n\t\t96 | \n\t\t111.7161 | \n\t\t1.07699 | \n\t\t86 | \n\t
4 | \n\t\t115.622 | \n\t\t1.10311 | \n\t\t92 | \n\t\t113.4575 | \n\t\t1.09058 | \n\t\t88 | \n\t
5 | \n\t\t114.616 | \n\t\t1.10251 | \n\t\t94 | \n\t\t119.4957 | \n\t\t1.09844 | \n\t\t101 | \n\t
6 | \n\t\t139.309 | \n\t\t1.10811 | \n\t\t96 | \n\t\t126.6417 | \n\t\t1.08316 | \n\t\t95 | \n\t
7 | \n\t\t123.162 | \n\t\t1.12293 | \n\t\t100 | \n\t\t128.5092 | \n\t\t1.03239 | \n\t\t86 | \n\t
8 | \n\t\t134.082 | \n\t\t1.12600 | \n\t\t100 | \n\t\t119.378 | \n\t\t1.05797 | \n\t\t92 | \n\t
9 | \n\t\t125.688 | \n\t\t1.12033 | \n\t\t101 | \n\t\t109.6741 | \n\t\t1.07982 | \n\t\t97 | \n\t
10 | \n\t\t134.566 | \n\t\t1.11090 | \n\t\t97 | \n\t\t101.3805 | \n\t\t1.05701 | \n\t\t107 | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t
Average results about the 10 successive runs
The main result of this paper provides conditions under which, a diverse group of people will outperform a group of the best. Our result provides insights into the trade-off between diversity and ability. An ideal work team would contain high-ability problem solvers who are diverse.
According to our approach, the problem of designing the most efficient work team is equivalent to the maximum diversity problem, wich is a computationally difficult, In particular we study the solution of the Max-Mean model that arises in the context of equitable dispersion problems. It has served us well as test case for a few new search strategies that we are proposing. In particular, we tested a GRASP constructive algorithm based on a non-standard combination of greediness and randomization, a local search strategy based on the variable neighborhood descent methodology, which includes three different neighborhoods, and a path relinking post-processing.
We performed extensive computational experiments to first study the effect of changes in critical search elements and then to compare the efficiency of our proposal with previous solution procedures.
The principles of the proposed equity measure can be applied to solve the problem of selecting efficient work teams. Therefore, more research is necessary in this area, especially to solve the subproblem to measure diversity. The results from a comparative study carried out with the other algorithms favor the procedure that we proposed, also is able to solve large instances. The focus of our future research will be on the development of multi-objective optimization that attempts to balance efficiency or ability and diversity, namely a study on the selection of the best and most diverse, which gives a flexible and interactive way for decision makers to make the tradeoff between ability and diversity.
In recent years, wireless communication equipment has been rapidly researched and developed such as Internet of Things (IoT), wireless local area network (LAN), and 5G, and it is expected that the demand for wireless communication equipment will become more widespread in the future. Along with this, various microwave circuit elements mounted on wireless communication devices are also required to have higher performance, such as miniaturization, low loss, high integration, and wideband/multiband. The authors are paying attention to the power divider/combiner that divides/combines microwave signals among various microwave circuit elements. The reason is that the power divider/combiner is considered to be an important circuit element that is directly linked to its performance in microwave circuits.
As a power divider/combiner for a three-port network, the Wilkinson power divider (hereinafter referred to as a conventional circuit) composed of two quarter wavelength transmission lines at a design frequency and an absorption resistor connected between two output ports is widely used at several microwave/millimeter-wave circuit system such as a balanced amplifier, a mixer, a phase shifter, an antenna feeding network, and so on [1]. However, since the circuit size depends on the wavelength due to the distributed circuit configuration, there arises a problem that the area occupied by the circuit system becomes especially large in a low-frequency band. As a method for reducing the size of a microwave circuit, a method of replacing a transmission line with a Π-type/T-type circuit equivalent to that at the design frequency is often used, but the equivalence between the two circuits is guaranteed only at the design frequency [2]. Therefore, such a circuit generally has a narrow band characteristic. In addition to that, as a method of shortening the transmission line, methods of loading parallel capacitances or parallel open-circuited stubs at both ends or the center of the transmission line have been reported [3, 4, 5, 6]. In addition, some miniaturization design methods using composite right-/left-handed transmission lines and lumped elements have also been proposed [7, 8, 9, 10]. However, their operation bands are still narrower than that of the conventional circuit. Therefore, it is considered difficult to achieve both miniaturization and wide bandwidth of the circuit at the same time. On the other hand, our research group proposes a configuration using an LC-ladder circuit as a lumped-element circuit type Wilkinson power divider. It has been analytically and experimentally clarified that a configuration using a two-stage LC-ladder circuit on the input side can realize frequency characteristics equal to or higher than those of the conventional circuit. Furthermore, ultra-wideband power dividers, unequal power dividers, and
This chapter shows how to design a power divider that can be matched at arbitrary two frequencies with a simple circuit configuration with 9 lumped elements. The circuit is designed for application in IoT (920 MHz) and 5G (sub6 band: 3.7 GHz). The influence of the self-resonant frequency of the chip element used in the circuit configuration is considered in the SHF-band, so the inductance is realized using a meander line or a bent line. Electromagnetic field simulations and prototype experiments confirm the effectiveness of the two-frequency matching circuit with a quasi-lumped-element circuit configuration. It should be noted that this circuit also has a feature that high-pass or low-pass characteristics can be selected by replacing the inductance L and the capacitance C of the components.
In the circuit configuration described above, the frequency characteristic of either the high-frequency or the low-frequency band becomes a narrow band. Therefore, the number of stages of the LC-ladder circuit was increased, and a circuit with 15 elements in which an LC-ladder circuit and an LR/CR circuit were connected in parallel between the output ports enabled three-frequency matching. It was shown that by moving the matching frequency in the middle of the three matching frequencies closer to the low-frequency side or the high-frequency side, a divider having an absolute constant bandwidth in the low-frequency and high-frequency bands becomes possible.
Furthermore, ultra-wideband characteristics are possible by increasing the number of stages in the LC-ladder circuit. As a method for widening the bandwidth of impedance transformers, quarter wavelength multistage transformers are also described in Pozer’s book and are often used. By using the concept of this multistage impedance transformer [16] and L-type matching circuit [17], a circuit with a relative bandwidth exceeding 100% in the UHF band was realized. Specifically, we have experimentally confirmed an ultra-wideband divider with a relative bandwidth of 100% or more, which covers the 80 MHz–370 MHz band used for public radio in Japan, with a lumped-element circuit configuration.
This section shows a lumped-element power divider that realizes the same frequency characteristics as the conventional Wilkinson power divider. Furthermore, a two-frequency matching divider operating in the UHF and the SHF band will be described.
Figure 1a shows the dual-band power divider with arbitrary two matching frequencies treated in this section [18, 19]. This circuit consists of an LC-ladder circuit (
Circuit configuration. (a) Schematic of two-section LC-ladder divider and (b) its equivalent circuit with onefold symmetry.
When a signal of the same phase and amplitude is applied to each output port Port2/3 of the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 1b, the plane AA’ becomes a magnetic wall. It is not necessary to consider the inflow of current to the L and RLC parallel circuits, and the signal applied to the output port propagates to the input port side while maintaining its potential. Therefore, the equivalent circuit can be simplified as shown in Figure 2a. The following equation expresses the signal non-reflection condition at the input end for conjugate matching of the terminal resistance of Port1 and the input impedance seen from Port1 according to the theorem of maximum power supply.
Equivalent circuits at (a) even- and (b) odd-mode excitations.
For each of the real and imaginary parts, by determining the parameters, so that Eq. (1) is satisfied with two matching frequencies, the circuit parameters on the input side
In the odd-mode excitation in which a signal of opposite phase and the same amplitude is applied to the output port of the circuit shown in Figure 1b, the plane AA’ becomes an electric wall, and when the potential becomes 0 on the plane AA’. Therefore, the inflow of current to the input side can be ignored. Therefore, in this case, the equivalent circuit can be simplified as shown in Figure 2b.
By satisfying Eq. (2) for the real and imaginary parts and designing it to operate as an impedance transformer at the design frequency, the circuit parameters on the output port side
The above operation can derive all parameters, and it is possible to design an equal power divider that matches at arbitrary two frequencies. Table 1 shows the normalized circuit parameters for some design frequency ratios.
Frequency ratio | 0.8/1.2 | 0.6/1.4 | 0.4/1.6 |
---|---|---|---|
1.23 | 1.52 | 2.46 | |
1.20 | 1.11 | 0.90 | |
1.20 | 1.11 | 0.90 | |
0.61 | 0.76 | 1.23 | |
0.54 | 0.96 | 1.85 | |
1.74 | 2.14 | 3.46 | |
1.93 | 1.24 | 0.83 | |
1.62 | 1.12 | 0.92 |
Normalized circuit parameters for each design frequency ratio.
The normalized circuit parameters obtained by the above procedure are
Frequency characteristics of scattering parameters for two-section LC-ladder dividers with several matching frequency ratios. (a) Input/output port reflection, (b) isolation, and (c) power division characteristics.
In order to confirm the validity of the circuit design method, we designed a broadband power divider in the 920 MHz band using a commercial electromagnetic simulator (Sonnet em). The design conditions are a dielectric substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.2, a thickness of 0.787 mm, and each port has a microstrip line configuration with a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω. Since the commercially available 1005 size chip inductor has a self-resonant frequency in the UHF/SHF bands, it is difficult to use it in circuit design above the UHF band. Therefore, as a lumped element model, the circuit pattern is designed using a spiral inductor that directly reproduces the metal pattern on the dielectric substrate and a commercially available chip capacitor. In addition, the circuit pattern was determined by trial and error to reduce the influence of the land pattern on the characteristics while securing the land pattern for soldering required for the chip element. In addition,
Experimental results for broadband divider. (a) Simulation pattern, (b) its analysis result, (c) photograph of fabricated circuit, and (d) measured S-parameters.
Considering the practical application of the proposed circuit, a prototype experiment was conducted under the same conditions using the circuit pattern shown in Figure 4a. A conductor pattern was formed on the dielectric substrate Rogers/Duroid 5880 using a substrate processing machine (ProtoMat S63) made by LPKF. The chip elements used are the same 1005 size commercially available chip capacitors (GRM series) and thick film chip resistors (MCR series) used in the simulation and soldered to the conductor pattern. In addition, the via hole part of the simulation pattern is short-circuited with the ground conductor by making a hole with a diameter of 0.3 mm at the desired position, inserting silver paste, and sintering it. Figure 4c shows a prototype circuit photograph. Figure 4d shows the frequency characteristics of the scattering matrix of the prototype circuit measured using a vector network analyzer. From the figure, the measured results are almost the same as the electromagnetic simulation results, but the relative bandwidth with reflection characteristics and isolation characteristics of −18 dB or less is about 45.9%, and some deterioration can be seen. This is thought to be due to the tolerance of each chip element and manufacturing error of the spiral inductor. However, in the actual measurement, it was confirmed that the two frequencies were matched, and the power division characteristics were flat around the matching frequency band, and the maximum output phase difference was 2.6°.
On the other hand, by separating the matching two frequencies, it is possible to realize a divider that operates in two bands. Here, the results of electromagnetic field simulations and prototype experiments for the divider shown by the green line in Figure 3 are introduced. The two matching frequencies are selected as 920 MHz and 3.68GHz used in IoT and 5G (sub6 band). Figure 5a shows the simulation pattern and its analysis results, and Figure 5b shows the prototype circuit photograph and measurement results. It can be confirmed that the matching frequency on the low-frequency side is slightly shifted to the higher side, and the matching frequency on the high-frequency side is slightly different. However, the measurement results and the simulation results are in good agreement.
Experimental results for dual-band divider. (a) Simulation pattern and its analysis result and (b)photograph of fabricated circuit and its measured S-parameters.
This section has proposed a design method for a Wilkinson-type dual-band power divider with a new configuration using an LC-ladder circuit. It is known that a power divider using lumped elements in order to reduce the circuit area in a relatively low-frequency band generally has a narrow band frequency characteristic. We conducted a trial experiment of a power divider with lumped elements design in the 920 MHz band and showed that a wide operating frequency band with a relative bandwidth of about 45.9% could be obtained. Furthermore, it was shown that a divider operating in two separate bands (920 MHz/3.68GHz) could be realized. The proposed circuit is useful in reducing the circuit area in the UHF/SHF band. Next, we will conduct a prototype experiment in the 5G (Sub6) band to confirm its usefulness further.
Since research on circuits and devices that support multiband systems is also actively conducted [20, 21], this section describes power dividers that can be matched at arbitrary three frequencies. Further, as an application thereof, it is shown that a dual-band power divider having an absolute constant bandwidth can be realized by moving the middle frequency closer to the low-frequency side among any three matching frequencies.
Figure 6a shows the circuit configuration of a power divider with three sections of LC-ladder circuits at the input port side [22]. The circuit parameters are normalized as described above. In designing a circuit using the even-/odd-mode excitation methods, consider an equivalent circuit having a onefold symmetry with respect to the plane AA’ in Figure 6b. Each input/output port is represented as a terminal resistor. When the circuit structure is vertically symmetrical,
(a) Schematic of LC-ladder divider with three matching frequencies and (b) its equivalent circuit with onefold symmetry.
Since the circuit in Figure 6b is also symmetric with respect to the plane AA’, the even-/odd-mode analysis can be applied as in 2.2.1 and 2.2.2. Figure 7 shows equivalent circuits at even-/odd-mode excitations. The conditional equations for obtaining the circuit parameters are as follows.
Equivalent circuit of
All parameters can be derived by the above operation, and an equal power divider with arbitrary three matching frequencies can be designed.
If the three normalized matching frequencies
Frequency ratio | 0.4/0.6/1.6 | 0.4/0.8/1.6 | 0.4/1.0/1.6 | 0.4/0.45/1.6 |
---|---|---|---|---|
2.07 | 1.75 | 1.42 | 1.51 | |
1.11 | 4.62 | 2.41 | 0.93 | |
0.97 | 1.40 | 1.83 | 1.24 | |
1.92 | 2.74 | 2.55 | 2.49 | |
2.12 | 7.61 | 8.13 | 1.87 | |
2.02 | 1.64 | 1.43 | 1.52 | |
1.26 | 1.02 | 0.81 | 0.64 | |
0.65 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.09 | |
1.49 | 1.43 | 1.38 | 1.49 | |
0.57 | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.46 | |
1.49 | 1.15 | 0.84 | 0.21 | |
1.05 | 0.89 | 1.01 | 1.04 |
Normalized circuit parameters for LC-ladder divider with various three matching frequencies.
Scattering matrix of LC-ladder divider with three matching frequencies. (a) Reflection, (b) power division, and (c) isolation characteristics.
Scattering matrix of LC-ladder divider with constant absolute bandwidth.
Based on the circuit analysis using the even-/odd-mode excitation method mentioned above, we are studying the circuit pattern on the dielectric substrate by an electromagnetic analysis as a preliminary step to the trial production. The circuit pattern is shown in Figure 10a. The design frequency is 0.4/0.45/1.6 with a frequency ratio to the center frequency of 2.3 GHz, that is, 920 MHz/1.03 GHz/3.68 GHz, and the conditions for the electromagnetic simulation are the same as in Section 2.3. Assume the use of GRM Series and MCR series for capacitors and resistors, respectively. Assuming the influence of the self-resonant frequency of the element on the circuit characteristics, the inductor is arranged by the bending pattern of the line instead of the chip element. In Figure 10a, the circuit size is 7.0 × 9.3 mm2 excluding the input/output ports. The frequency characteristics of the scattering matrix obtained by the electromagnetic simulation of the circuit pattern in Figure 10a are shown in Figure 10b. In addition to good reflection/isolation characteristics and division characteristics at the desired design frequency, the absolute constant bandwidth based on the center frequency in the UHF/SHF band is about 8.6%/7.4%. A prototype experiment is being conducted under the same conditions for the circuit pattern examined by the electromagnetic simulation above. A circuit is realized by forming a conductor pattern on a dielectric substrate using a commercially available substrate processing machine (ProtoMat S63/LPKF) and soldering each element to a predetermined position. A conductor pin is inserted into the via hole with a diameter of 0.3 mm and sintered to connect to the ground conductor. Figure 10c shows a photograph of the prototype circuit. The frequency characteristics of this circuit were measured using a vector network analyzer. The results are shown in Figure 10d. Good characteristics are almost identical to the analysis results, and the absolute bandwidth of 5.6%/4.8% can be confirmed in both operating bands.
Experiment of LC-ladder divider with constant absolute bandwidth. (a) Simulation pattern, (b) its analysis results, (c) photograph of fabricated divider, and (d) experimental results.
As mentioned above, the usefulness of the circuit that can be designed by arbitrarily determining the three matching frequencies using the LC-ladder type configuration was examined. It was analytically and experimentally shown that a dual-band power divider with an absolute constant bandwidth in the UHF/SHF (sub6) band can be realized by closing the two matching frequencies to each other on the low-frequency side. The design method in this study is considered to be very useful in the situation where the use of the SHF band becomes more active due to social factors such as the spread of 5G. In the future, we plan to conduct an experimental study on the design of power dividers in the higher frequency range, such as the X-Band.
By increasing the number of stages of the LC-ladder circuit, the operating band can be expanded, corresponding to the number of stages. In this section, the number of stages of the LC-ladder circuit on the input side is set to 8, and the ultra-wideband (relative bandwidth 100% over), an equal power division circuit with characteristics, will be described.
As a design method that uses lumped elements and realizes wideband characteristics while avoiding an increase in circuit size, there is a method that uses an LC-ladder impedance transformer. Here, we show the design method of the multiband LC-ladder divider proposed by Okada et al. and focus on the viewpoint of wideband and multiband. Figure 11a shows a multiband power divider consisting of multiple LC-ladder circuits and an RL series circuit on the output side. The figure shows an
(a) Schematic of N-section LC-ladder divider and (b) its equivalent circuit with onefold symmetry.
Frequency characteristics of scattering parameters for N-section LC-ladder dividers: (a) four-section, (b) six-section, and (c) eight-section LC-ladder dividers.
Figure 13 is a photograph of the prototype circuit of the circuit shown in Figure 12 and the measurement result of its
Photographs of fabricated circuits and their measurement results for N-section LC-ladder dividers: (a) four-section, (b) six-section, and (c) eight-section LC-ladder dividers.
As mentioned above, it has been shown that the operating band of the power divider is expanded by increasing the number of stages of the LC-ladder circuit. Setting eight stages, an ultra-wideband circuit with a relative bandwidth exceeding 100% becomes possible. The effectiveness was also shown experimentally in a prototype experiment in the VHF band. With a wideband characteristic of over 100%, it is available for public radio in Japan.
By using a multistage impedance transformer and an L-type matching circuit design method to downsize the microwave power divider, the characteristics are equal to or higher than those of the conventional Wilkinson power divider designed based on the distributed circuit theory. First, it was shown that in a circuit capable of dual-band operation, a wideband circuit or two-frequency operation is possible by moving the operating two frequencies closer to or further away from each other. Next, a circuit configuration that enables three-frequency matching is shown, and by utilizing the feature that the frequency at the center of the three matching frequencies can be arbitrarily selected, a divider having an absolute constant bandwidth in the UHF/SHF band was made possible. Finally, it was shown that the operating band can be expanded by increasing the number of stages of the LC-ladder circuit and that an ultra-wideband circuit exceeding 100% can be realized if the number of stages is 8. These results have been clarified analytically and experimentally.
Edited by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, ISBN 978-953-51-3020-8, Print ISBN 978-953-51-3019-2, 336 pages,
\nPublisher: IntechOpen
\nChapters published March 22, 2017 under CC BY 3.0 license
\nDOI: 10.5772/61430
\nEdited Volume
This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\\n\\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\\n\\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\\n\\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\\n\\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\\n\\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\\n\\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\\n\\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\\n\\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\n\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\n\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\n\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\n\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\n\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\n\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\n\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\n\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17715}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134176},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"702"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4430},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"948",title:"Radiochemistry",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-radiochemistry",parent:{id:"158",title:"Metals and Nonmetals",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:27,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"948",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5154",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c62d30f57e8bc9f643e3a774bb752d61",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",bookSignature:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman and Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab O.",middleName:"O.",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-o.-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50376",doi:"10.5772/62434",title:"Tungsten-Based Composites for Nuclear Fusion Applications",slug:"tungsten-based-composites-for-nuclear-fusion-applications",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"This chapter provides a comprehensive knowledge about the potential role of tungsten-based composites in fusion reactors and the research work which has been done in this very important area of nuclear materials. The characteristics of tungsten, which make it the most potential candidate for plasma-facing applications, have been presented along with the shortcomings in pure tungsten. The research work that has been done so far in the field of tungsten-based composites to overcome the problems with pure tungsten has been included. The fabrication, characterization, types of reinforcements and the classes of composites have been reviewed. The behavior of tungsten-based composites under various kinds of loads (i.e. mechanical and thermal) and environments (radiations and oxidizing etc.) has been summarized.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Owais A. Waseem and Ho Jin Ryu",authors:[{id:"178474",title:"Prof.",name:"Ho Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",slug:"ho-jin-ryu",fullName:"Ho Jin Ryu"},{id:"184864",title:"Mr.",name:"Owais Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Waseem",slug:"owais-ahmed-waseem",fullName:"Owais Ahmed Waseem"}]},{id:"50182",doi:"10.5772/62594",title:"Developing Tailor-Made Microbial Consortium for Effluent Remediation",slug:"developing-tailor-made-microbial-consortium-for-effluent-remediation",totalDownloads:1586,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The work describes a biofilm-based soluble sulphate reduction system, which can treat up to 1600 ppm of soluble sulphate within 3.5 hours of incubation to discharge level under ambient condition using a well-characterized sulphate-reducing bacterial (SRB) consortium. This system ensures the treatment of 1509 litres of sulphate solution in 24 hours using a 220-litre bioreactor. Performance of the system during series operation was compromised, indicating the presence of inhibitor in solution at a toxic level. A single unit bioreactor would be the ideal configuration for this consortium. Modified designs of bioreactors were tested for optimization of the process using response surface methodology (RSM), where the system could function optimally at an initial sulphate concentration of 1250 ppm with a flow rate of 1.8 litre/hour. The time course of sulphate reduction yielded a parabolic profile (with coefficient of determination r\n2 = 0.99 and p value < 0.05). The rate of sulphate reduction was found to be independent of seasonal variation as well as the specific design characteristic.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Shaon Ray Chaudhuri, Indranil Mukherjee, Debabrata Datta,\nChaitali Chanda, Ganesh Prasath Krishnan, Swati Bhatt, Paulami\nDatta, Shashi Bhushan, Sourav Ghosh, Pinaki Bhattacharya, Ashoke\nRanjan Thakur, Debanik Roy and Parthasarathi Barat",authors:[{id:"179765",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaon",middleName:null,surname:"Ray Chaudhuri",slug:"shaon-ray-chaudhuri",fullName:"Shaon Ray Chaudhuri"},{id:"195429",title:"Dr.",name:"Debanik",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"debanik-roy",fullName:"Debanik Roy"},{id:"364809",title:"Dr.",name:"Indranil",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"indranil-mukherjee",fullName:"Indranil Mukherjee"},{id:"364810",title:"Dr.",name:"Debabrata",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",slug:"debabrata-datta",fullName:"Debabrata Datta"},{id:"364811",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaitali",middleName:null,surname:"Chanda",slug:"chaitali-chanda",fullName:"Chaitali Chanda"},{id:"364812",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Prasath",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnan",slug:"ganesh-prasath-krishnan",fullName:"Ganesh Prasath Krishnan"},{id:"364813",title:"Dr.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatt",slug:"swati-bhatt",fullName:"Swati Bhatt"},{id:"364814",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulami",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",slug:"paulami-datta",fullName:"Paulami Datta"},{id:"364815",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashi",middleName:null,surname:"Bhushan",slug:"shashi-bhushan",fullName:"Shashi Bhushan"},{id:"364816",title:"Dr.",name:"Sourav",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"sourav-ghosh",fullName:"Sourav Ghosh"},{id:"364817",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinaki",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"pinaki-bhattacharya",fullName:"Pinaki Bhattacharya"},{id:"364818",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashoke Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Thakur",slug:"ashoke-ranjan-thakur",fullName:"Ashoke Ranjan Thakur"},{id:"364819",title:"Dr.",name:"Parthasarathi",middleName:null,surname:"Barat",slug:"parthasarathi-barat",fullName:"Parthasarathi Barat"}]},{id:"51035",doi:"10.5772/62856",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Current Trends in Nuclear material Research and Technology",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-current-trends-in-nuclear-material-research-and-technology",totalDownloads:2163,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",authors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab O.",middleName:"O.",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-o.-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman"}]},{id:"51107",doi:"10.5772/63652",title:"Gamma Uranium Molybdenum Alloy: Its Hydride and Performance",slug:"gamma-uranium-molybdenum-alloy-its-hydride-and-performance",totalDownloads:2301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The high density metastable gamma uranium molybdenum alloy (γ‐UMo) is being qualified as a nuclear fuel for the conversion of high enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuels in research nuclear reactors. γ‐UMo, with compositions between 7 and 10 wt.% molybdenum, has excellent properties to allocate fission gases but unacceptable behavior in contact with aluminum in the matrix of dispersed fuels. Development and processing alternatives are welcome to decide final working paths and new nuclear fuels design. A historical introduction on the development of materials testing reactors (MTR) nuclear fuels is presented to illustrate comings and goings to reach desired qualification objectives. Several studies performed on UMo probes, miniplates and full size plates are mentioned to contribute to the knowledge of fuel properties and to incorporate new process technologies. Focus is directed to the discovery of the gamma uranium molybdenum hydride and the hot rolling colamination of monolithic UMo with nonaluminum claddings. A scalable process of hydriding, milling and dehydriding (HMD) to comminute the ductile UMo was developed. Monolithic UMo miniplates with Zircaloy‐4 (Zry4) cladding was colaminated for the first time and under irradiation conditions showed excellent performance after high burn‐up.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Enrique E. Pasqualini",authors:[{id:"178951",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique E.",middleName:null,surname:"Pasqualini",slug:"enrique-e.-pasqualini",fullName:"Enrique E. Pasqualini"}]},{id:"51079",doi:"10.5772/62708",title:"Oxidation, Embrittlement, and Growth of TREAT Zircaloy-3 Cladding",slug:"oxidation-embrittlement-and-growth-of-treat-zircaloy-3-cladding",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter analyzes the effects of oxidation, embrittlement, and cladding growth on the Zircaloy-3 alloy used for 25 mil thick TREAT fuel assembly cladding. The fuel cladding is a protective shell which is used to prevent damage to the enclosed fuel. Therefore, its integrity is important to guarantee this protection. The above three factors which can affect the Zircaloy-3 cladding are considered in this chapter and investigated. Limits to operation are determined. The oxidation of Zircaloy-3 in air is of interest to air-cooled reactors and Zircaloy-2 and 4 for accidents in fuel storage pools. The temperature range of interest is from room temperature where the fuel is stored for long periods of time, through the temperature range encountered in normal operation (400 to 600°C) to the highest temperatures which are possible in extreme accident situations. This temperature range is considered in this chapter to be from room temperature to 1200°C.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Charles W. Solbrig, Anthony LaPorta, Katelyn M. Wachs and James\nR. Parry",authors:[{id:"92727",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Solbrig",slug:"charles-solbrig",fullName:"Charles Solbrig"},{id:"367080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"LaPorta",slug:"anthony-laporta",fullName:"Anthony LaPorta"},{id:"367081",title:"Dr.",name:"Katelyn M.",middleName:null,surname:"Wachs",slug:"katelyn-m.-wachs",fullName:"Katelyn M. Wachs"},{id:"367082",title:"Dr.",name:"James R.",middleName:null,surname:"Parry",slug:"james-r.-parry",fullName:"James R. Parry"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50261",title:"Monte Carlo Simulations of Nuclear Fuel Burnup",slug:"monte-carlo-simulations-of-nuclear-fuel-burnup",totalDownloads:2766,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the operation of a nuclear power plant, it is very important to determine the time evolution of material composition and radionuclide inventory during the entire operation of the plant. In the experiments, the Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) code was found to be accurate in predicting the uranium fuel depletion, the plutonium production and the buildup of most of the fission products in a nuclear reactor. The goal in this chapter is to analyze the effect of different nuclear fuel grades on the total radioactivity of the reactor core by employing nuclear burnup calculations for the three different fuels: mixed oxide fuel (MOX), uranium oxide fuel (UOX) and commercially enriched uranium (CEU), utilizing simulations with MCNPX code. The calculated results indicate that there is a buildup of plutonium isotopes for UOX and CEU, whereas there is a decline in the plutonium radioisotopes for MOX fuel with burnup time. The study of reactor neutronic parameters showed UOX fuel performs better relative to MOX and CEU. Zircaloy, with low thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high thermal conductivity, produced better results for the effective multiplication factor Keff and hence proved to be a much more effective clad material.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Raghava R. Kommalapati, Fiifi Asah-Opoku, Hongbo Du and Ziaul\nHuque",authors:[{id:"179935",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghava",middleName:"R",surname:"Kommalapati",slug:"raghava-kommalapati",fullName:"Raghava Kommalapati"},{id:"180165",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Du",slug:"hongbo-du",fullName:"Hongbo Du"},{id:"180166",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziaul",middleName:null,surname:"Huque",slug:"ziaul-huque",fullName:"Ziaul Huque"},{id:"180167",title:"Mr.",name:"Fiifi",middleName:null,surname:"Asah-Opoku",slug:"fiifi-asah-opoku",fullName:"Fiifi Asah-Opoku"}]},{id:"51107",title:"Gamma Uranium Molybdenum Alloy: Its Hydride and Performance",slug:"gamma-uranium-molybdenum-alloy-its-hydride-and-performance",totalDownloads:2301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The high density metastable gamma uranium molybdenum alloy (γ‐UMo) is being qualified as a nuclear fuel for the conversion of high enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuels in research nuclear reactors. γ‐UMo, with compositions between 7 and 10 wt.% molybdenum, has excellent properties to allocate fission gases but unacceptable behavior in contact with aluminum in the matrix of dispersed fuels. Development and processing alternatives are welcome to decide final working paths and new nuclear fuels design. A historical introduction on the development of materials testing reactors (MTR) nuclear fuels is presented to illustrate comings and goings to reach desired qualification objectives. Several studies performed on UMo probes, miniplates and full size plates are mentioned to contribute to the knowledge of fuel properties and to incorporate new process technologies. Focus is directed to the discovery of the gamma uranium molybdenum hydride and the hot rolling colamination of monolithic UMo with nonaluminum claddings. A scalable process of hydriding, milling and dehydriding (HMD) to comminute the ductile UMo was developed. Monolithic UMo miniplates with Zircaloy‐4 (Zry4) cladding was colaminated for the first time and under irradiation conditions showed excellent performance after high burn‐up.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Enrique E. Pasqualini",authors:[{id:"178951",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique E.",middleName:null,surname:"Pasqualini",slug:"enrique-e.-pasqualini",fullName:"Enrique E. Pasqualini"}]},{id:"50376",title:"Tungsten-Based Composites for Nuclear Fusion Applications",slug:"tungsten-based-composites-for-nuclear-fusion-applications",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"This chapter provides a comprehensive knowledge about the potential role of tungsten-based composites in fusion reactors and the research work which has been done in this very important area of nuclear materials. The characteristics of tungsten, which make it the most potential candidate for plasma-facing applications, have been presented along with the shortcomings in pure tungsten. The research work that has been done so far in the field of tungsten-based composites to overcome the problems with pure tungsten has been included. The fabrication, characterization, types of reinforcements and the classes of composites have been reviewed. The behavior of tungsten-based composites under various kinds of loads (i.e. mechanical and thermal) and environments (radiations and oxidizing etc.) has been summarized.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Owais A. Waseem and Ho Jin Ryu",authors:[{id:"178474",title:"Prof.",name:"Ho Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",slug:"ho-jin-ryu",fullName:"Ho Jin Ryu"},{id:"184864",title:"Mr.",name:"Owais Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Waseem",slug:"owais-ahmed-waseem",fullName:"Owais Ahmed Waseem"}]},{id:"50829",title:"Dedicated Monte Carlo Procedures Applied in Gamma-ray Spectrometry Used in Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities",slug:"dedicated-monte-carlo-procedures-applied-in-gamma-ray-spectrometry-used-in-decommissioning-of-nuclea",totalDownloads:1900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Because the experimental efficiency calibration is limited to several measurement geometries and cannot be applied directly to all measurement configurations, the efficiency transfer method for the efficiency computation was applied using ETNA software. An approach using efficiencies measured with point sources combined with theoretical procedures was applied for obtaining the peak efficiency ε(E) for disk sources measured with a NaI(Tl) detector. The transfer method was applied for the computation of the efficiency of an HPGe detector using as a reference a point source placed at 10 cm height from the face of the detector. The method was applied both for point sources and volume sources with varied compositions and densities. To correct the experimental values of the efficiencies, coincidence summing effects were evaluated using GESPECOR Monte Carlo code. The study of the response function characterization of the ISOCART and Segmented Gamma Scanner WS1100 gamma-ray spectrometry systems was related. GEANT 3.21 Monte Carlo code was used to simulate the spectra expected to be obtained for the photon energy range from 50 to 2000 keV. A big volume represented by a 220l cylindrical source was considered to be measured with the two systems. The full energy peak efficiency and the total efficiency were evaluated.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Daniela Gurau",authors:[{id:"178770",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Gurau",slug:"daniela-gurau",fullName:"Daniela Gurau"}]},{id:"51079",title:"Oxidation, Embrittlement, and Growth of TREAT Zircaloy-3 Cladding",slug:"oxidation-embrittlement-and-growth-of-treat-zircaloy-3-cladding",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter analyzes the effects of oxidation, embrittlement, and cladding growth on the Zircaloy-3 alloy used for 25 mil thick TREAT fuel assembly cladding. The fuel cladding is a protective shell which is used to prevent damage to the enclosed fuel. Therefore, its integrity is important to guarantee this protection. The above three factors which can affect the Zircaloy-3 cladding are considered in this chapter and investigated. Limits to operation are determined. The oxidation of Zircaloy-3 in air is of interest to air-cooled reactors and Zircaloy-2 and 4 for accidents in fuel storage pools. The temperature range of interest is from room temperature where the fuel is stored for long periods of time, through the temperature range encountered in normal operation (400 to 600°C) to the highest temperatures which are possible in extreme accident situations. This temperature range is considered in this chapter to be from room temperature to 1200°C.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Charles W. Solbrig, Anthony LaPorta, Katelyn M. Wachs and James\nR. Parry",authors:[{id:"92727",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Solbrig",slug:"charles-solbrig",fullName:"Charles Solbrig"},{id:"367080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"LaPorta",slug:"anthony-laporta",fullName:"Anthony LaPorta"},{id:"367081",title:"Dr.",name:"Katelyn M.",middleName:null,surname:"Wachs",slug:"katelyn-m.-wachs",fullName:"Katelyn M. Wachs"},{id:"367082",title:"Dr.",name:"James R.",middleName:null,surname:"Parry",slug:"james-r.-parry",fullName:"James R. Parry"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"948",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"114318",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Rodeiro",slug:"david-rodeiro",fullName:"David Rodeiro",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2a8QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-22T08:29:52.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Santiago de Compostela",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"114073",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg",middleName:null,surname:"Freiling",slug:"jorg-freiling",fullName:"Jörg Freiling",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2UPQA0/Profile_Picture_1642580983875",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bremen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"202681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Duh",slug:"mojca-duh",fullName:"Mojca Duh",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD2dQAG/Profile_Picture_1644907300283",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"103802",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Zizlavsky",slug:"ondrej-zizlavsky",fullName:"Ondrej Zizlavsky",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQJQA0/Profile_Picture_1643100292225",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"190913",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert M.X.",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"robert-m.x.-wu",fullName:"Robert M.X. Wu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190913/images/system/190913.jpg",institutionString:"Central Queensland University",institution:{name:"Central Queensland University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",slug:"chee-heong-quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",slug:"monica-violeta-achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",slug:"nahanga-verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",slug:"panagiotis-e.-petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. Petrakis",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzzaQAC/Profile_Picture_1644221136992",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82193",title:"Enterococcal Infections: Recent Nomenclature and emerging trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104792",signatures:"Kavita Raja",slug:"enterococcal-infections-recent-nomenclature-and-emerging-trends",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11578",title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",hash:"3731c009f474c6ed4293f348ca7b27ac",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"225390",title:"Dr.",name:"Asghar Ali",surname:"Kamboh",slug:"asghar-ali-kamboh",fullName:"Asghar Ali Kamboh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health production",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81321",title:"Velocity Planning via Model-Based Reinforcement Learning: Demonstrating Results on PILCO for One-Dimensional Linear Motion with Bounded Acceleration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103690",signatures:"Hsuan-Cheng Liao, Han-Jung Chou and Jing-Sin Liu",slug:"velocity-planning-via-model-based-reinforcement-learning-demonstrating-results-on-pilco-for-one-dime",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Applied Intelligence - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11418.jpg",subseries:{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/347657/images/system/347657.png",biography:"El-Sayed Salama is a professor in the Public Health School,\nLanzhou University, China. He is also a director of the Green Environmental & Energy Laboratory (GEEL) and a distinguished\nexpert of science and technology in the ecological industry, Gansu Province. His GEEL research work focuses on bioenvironmental science and bioenergy. He has several journal publications to\nhis credit.",institutionString:"Lanzhou University, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lanzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196849/images/system/196849.jpg",biography:"Ahmed A. Abdelhafez, PhD, is an associate professor of the Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University. He is one of the leading scientists in the field of biochar in the Arab region. He worked as a researcher at the Department of Environmental Researches, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, for more than 10 years. Dr. Abdelhafez focuses mainly on agricultural production, environmental contamination control, risk assessment and biochar technology. He is a member of the National Committee of Soil Sciences and the Academy of Scientific Research & Technology, Egypt. He has published several research papers related to environmental contamination, risk assessment and potential remediation technologies.",institutionString:"New Valley University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adnan Mustafa and Dr. Muhammad Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/299110/images/system/299110.jpg",biography:"Adnan has completed his Ph.D in Soil Science from Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.\nHe is currently working as an Assistant Professor at Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic. He is simultaneously working as a Researcher with Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University Brno and Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Czechia. \nHis research is focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation mechanisms, plant-microbe interactions, biochar production, and utilization for agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. He is actively involved in bioremediation of contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments in addition to exploiting plant-microbe interactions. He has published over 50 refereed journal articles, many of which sought to explore the effectiveness of innovative soil amendments and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving crop performance and soil resilience under various abiotic stresses. He has been working for several renowned academic societies and enjoys early career in research.",institutionString:"Brno University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/129588",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"129588"},fullPath:"/profiles/129588",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()