\r\n\toxygen-free atmosphere. Biochar has been used for many years as a soil amendment and in general soil applications. Nonetheless, biochar is far more than a mere soil amendment. In this review, we report all the applications of biochar including environmental remediation, energy storage, composites, and catalyst production. In this book, we intend to collect contributions from worldwide experts in the field of biochar production and utilization providing a general overview of the recent uses of biochar in material science, thus presenting this cheap and waste-derived material as a high value-added carbonaceous source. Furthermore, we are aiming to give readers a handy and effective tool to easily understand how this field is interesting and diverse. It is a goal that this book could be easily used by any reader with a strong scientific background ranging from scientific company advisors to academic members. Nonetheless, students enrolled in scientific undergraduate and graduate programs could be consulted to this text for any further and deeper investigation. In the end, we intend to propose a very high scientific content book that could represent the reference text for any consideration and future study about biochar for the next years.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-252-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-251-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-253-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"af29d12de2a10f46f574776213120e9e",bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli, Dr. Mauro Giorcelli and Prof. Alberto Tagliaferro",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11537.jpg",keywords:"Energy Storage, Battery, Environmental Remediation, Catalysis, Reactors, Fast Pyrolysis, Slow Pyrolysis, Microwave Pyrolysis, Porosity, Raman, Monolith, Hard Carbon",numberOfDownloads:79,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 13th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 12th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 31st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 30th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A cutting-edge researcher in waste-to-value technologies for application in drop-in fuels, green chemicals, and material science. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"73087",title:"Experiences of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Professionals Working with Migrant Women Living with Female Genital Cutting in Western Australia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93353",slug:"experiences-of-sexual-and-reproductive-healthcare-professionals-working-with-migrant-women-living-wi",body:'\nFemale genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is practised beyond the borders of countries where it is traditionally reported. Through the influx of asylum seekers and refugees to host countries such as Australia, FGM/C is increasingly creating challenges for healthcare professionals, who may have no or few culturally specific skills to work with its presentation in migrant women [1]. The sexual and reproductive needs of migrant women living with FGM/C are unique, and without culturally specific healthcare frameworks, meeting the healthcare needs of these women may be inhibited by cultural, environmental, and language barriers [2].
\nThe World Health Organisation (WHO) classifies FGM/C into four categories: Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV. Type III is described as the most severe, whilst Type IV is described as only symbolic and not a ritual [3]. There are two forms of Type I. Type Ia involves the intentional removal of the hood of the clitoris and seldomly occurs on its own [4, 5]. Type Ib results in clitoridectomy—a procedure requiring the removal of the clitoral hood. Type Ib is more common and may also include the partial or complete removal of the clitoris together with that of the prepuce [6]. In Type II (excision), the clitoris and labia minora are partially removed with sharp objects, although some cultures partially cut out the labia majora and may apply ashes or herbs to stop the ensuing bleeding [5, 7]. FGM/C Type III (infibulation) involves the removal of all external genitalia, after which the wound is fused with cat gut, thorns or surgical threads (see [8, 9]). The clitoris may be pricked, pierced and scrapped to let blood in FGM/C Type IV. The practice represents the ritual of FGM/C in communities where FGM/C is outlawed ([10, 11]; for other forms of the practice, see [12, 13]).
\nAn estimated 200 million women and girls globally have undergone the FGM/C procedure, with populations with the highest percentages residing in Africa, including 1% in Cameroon, 4% in Ghana and Togo, and above 91% in Egypt and 98% in Somalia UNICEF [5]. In Europe, it is estimated that half a million women and girls are living with FGM/C [14], mostly due to the mobility of women and girls from countries that practice FGM/C [15, 16].
\nThe prevalence of FGM/C in Australia is difficult to determine, although some speculate that it has been around since 1994 [17]. Whilst there appears to be a lack of research and literature around FGM/C in Australia, the increase of migrants into the country from nations where FGM/C is practised may be an indication that FGM/C prevalence is increasing in Australia [18]. It is believed that women who have experienced FGM/C arrive in Australia after the procedure has been done [19]. Tellingly, statistical analysis shows that Australia received 38,299 migrants from 11 African countries where FGM/C is highly prevalent such as Sudan (24,082), Egypt (6258), Somalia (2736) and Ethiopia (5223), with the remainder from other African nations, as reported by Bourke [20, 21]. In 2010, the Melbourne Royal Hospital reported that it had seen 600–700 women living with FGM/C [20, 21]. Mathews [18] argues that the challenge of accurately establishing the prevalence and occurrence of FGM/C in Australia also stems from secrecy of the practice when compared to how it is symbolically portrayed in public ceremonies in countries that observe FGM/C (see also [16]).
\nA 2010 US survey revealed that sexual and reproductive healthcare professionals (SRHPs) may have knowledge about the presentation of FGM/C amongst migrants, but lacked culturally competent skills and adequate information to provide competent healthcare for women living with FGM/C [22]. Hess et al. [22] also found that negative attitudes and cultural insensitivity in SRHPs reinforce stigmatisation and isolation, resulting in poor sexual health amongst migrant women. Further, Berggren et al. [23] conducted a study in Sweden revealing that midwives attending to women living with FGM/C did not have adequate knowledge, which was evident during labour of women with infibulation. They also revealed that cultural insensitivity by healthcare professionals, poor cross-cultural communication and poor management of the labour process resulted in caesarean sections in women with FGM/C more often than was necessary.
\nZaidi et al. [24] found that there is a need for healthcare professionals working with women living with FGM/C to be aware of their own cultural prejudices that may affect the wellbeing of their patients. Other researchers investigating healthcare professionals’ knowledge and management of FGM/C revealed that cross-cultural training of healthcare professionals working with migrant women is imperative to address the knowledge gaps that hinder efficient service delivery to women living with FGM/C [25, 26]. Widmark et al. [27] suggested that the systematic involvement of infibulated women in pregnancy and birth planning frameworks could ultimately establish efficient service delivery and address knowledge gaps.
\nCultural competence amongst healthcare professionals working with women living with FGM/C can also decrease stigmatisation towards these women, ultimately leading to better health outcomes for them and their families [22]. Further, Zaidi [24] cited communication between the healthcare professionals and women living with FGM/C as a major drawback to the achievement of better health outcomes for women living with FGM/C in host countries. This study aimed to investigate the experiences of healthcare professionals providing sexual and reproductive healthcare to women living with FGM/C in Western Australia. A secondary aim of this study was to contribute to the wider body of knowledge regarding healthcare professionals working with women living with FGM/C in Western Australia.
\nThe WHO defines FGM/C to include ‘all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons’ ([3], p. 3). FGM/C is performed on children between 0 and 15 years [28]. Traditionally, it is performed at 8 years of age on average but can occur at any age. Kolawole [29] argued that FGM/C is infused with cultural, legal and medical implications, making it difficult to adequately define. Debates regarding terminology and definitions continue across all societies, social groups and cultures. Almroth et al. [30, 31] pointed to concerns amongst scholars regarding the use of terminology and the ritual of FGM/C; in particular, some scholars consider ‘mutilation’ (p. 457) a medically acceptable term for the practice, as it involves the removal of healthy tissue and organs without medical indication, whilst others have argued that this term denotes negative connotations and attitudes towards the procedure, and may be offensive to some cultural groups [31, 32].
\nWe have argued elsewhere [33] that the term ‘female circumcision’ implies an analogy with male circumcision, which is misleading from an anatomical aspect as male circumcision only involves the removal of the glans, which by no means corresponds to the cutting of female genitalia (see also [31, 34])—FGM/C could only be compared with male circumcision if the penis were completely amputated and the surrounding tissue removed, as the cutting experienced by girls is severe, with irreversible effects that inhibit both sexual and reproductive capacities [29].
\nAccording to Bibbings [35], ‘female genital mutilation’ (p. 139–149) suggests torture and violent bodily injury forced on children and unwilling women by men and women from their cultural groups for the benefit of men and their communities or groups. This study shares this viewpoint, and both the term female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) have been used concurrently to take a strong stand against the procedure, whilst acknowledging the theoretical debates on the definition of FGM/C as well as cultural, social and health implications of the procedure (see [36]).
\nSeveral scholars have argued that FGM/C is a strategy that exploits female sexuality for the sexual pleasures of men [37, 38, 39]. Some authors have postulated different reasons for the occurrence of FGM/C, including marriage [39], religion [26], cultural reasons [40], ethnicity [41], maternalism [23], patriarchy, and social pressures [37]. Additionally, community attitudes towards the continuance of the practice are reported to slow and frustrate measures designed to address and potentially end the practice [11, 42].
\nAccording to Almroth et al. [30, 31], there seems to be no known clinical studies that have documented the consequences of FGM/C, and the body of available literature only documents results of survey-based studies [30]. Anecdotal evidence and accounts of the consequences of FGM/C report a correlation between the procedure and adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes [43]. Immediate and long-term sexual and reproductive health conditions have been reported in women living with FGM/C, although the severity of these conditions is believed to be dependent on the extent or the type of the procedure performed.
\nDiouf and Nour [44] argued that the adverse effects of Type I, Type II and Type III FGM/C can be short and long term, and possibly increase the risk factors for an HIV transmission due to the use of non-sterile instruments during the procedure. Wakabi [45] documented how surgical equipment is traditionally used numerous times on more than one initiate during the FGM/C procedure without being sterilised, increasing the risk of HIV and other blood-borne viruses (BBVs) being transmitted. Additionally, [46] argued that excessive bleeding is a complication of the FGM/C procedure, which can increase the need for medical attention (i.e., a blood transfusion); this may again increase the risk of potential HIV transmission. Although untraditional, it is based on adverse medical complications of FGM/C that the procedure came to into existence by emulating western medical practices of male genital cutting/circumcision (MGC/M).
\nThe medicalisation of FGM/C refers to any form of FGM/C being performed by healthcare providers, whether in private or public facilities, in the home or any other place where it may occur, in contrast to the traditional circumcision ceremony, which is usually ritualised and surrounded by public celebrations of the procedure [47]. In Kenya, for example, the medicalisation of FGM/C has become common amongst holidaymakers living in Western countries who originate from this country. Therefore, it is common amongst the Bagusii and the Kuria in the west of the country, where FGM/C is highly prevalent, and Njue and Askew [48, 49] reported that it has become common amongst nurses, midwives and even medical doctors to perform the procedure after consultations with a child’s parents.
\nHowever, we opine that the medicalisation of FGM/C raises moral questions pertaining to whether it is a measure to protect the sexual and reproductive health of girls and women or an imperialistic promotion of a dangerous practice [50, 51]. Furthermore, the minimisation of complications during and after the procedure raises questions as to whether the medicalisation of FGM/C reduces harm or perpetuates an extremely dangerous practice [38].
\nA decade ago, the WHO delivered a joint statement against the medicalisation of FGM/C on the basis that it excuses and perpetuates a harmful practice, and further stated that the medicalisation of FGM/C is a dangerous and criminal practice, requiring strategies to stop healthcare providers from carrying out the procedure [52].
\nThis project was designed as a qualitative study. According to Morse [53] and Sandellowski [54], qualitative research is particularly useful when collecting information about unknown topics, as it has the potential to provide rich and detailed descriptions of a phenomenon. The descriptive phenomenological approach in qualitative research was used as it can provide deep insights, as discussed by Liamputong [55, 56]. Phenomenology is an approach to qualitative research that seeks descriptions of phenomena and how they are experienced by the actors and is effective in bringing to the fore the perceptions and experiences of individuals from their own perspectives [57]. Phenomenology allows researchers to unearth lived experiences of individuals through narratives, whilst the research takes a neutral position with no preconceived ideas of what the outcome might be (see [58, 59, 60]). Lopez and Willis [61] also suggested that the phenomenological approach in qualitative studies can examine subjective human experiences by making enquiry efficient without bias and preconceived knowledge, attitudes and values, which must be shed by the researchers prior to conducting interviews.
\nPurposive sampling was applied as a time-saving technique, to avoid the process of searching for specific information in a potentially broad group of possible informants. Coyne [62] suggested that purposive sampling is the most appropriate method when detailed and abundant data are required to investigate a specific phenomenon [62]. Therefore, participants were chosen based on their experiences working with patients living with FGM/C who were seeking sexual and reproductive healthcare services. The research sample was drawn from different healthcare organisations across the Perth metropolitan area, all of whom worked in various sexual and reproductive healthcare organisations.
\nThe researchers also applied snowball sampling; six participants who met all the inclusion criteria were interviewed. The number of participants in this study was appropriate, as qualitative research does not seek to generalise but to seek and report on phenomena [63]. They ranged in age from approximately 25–60 years, with mean age of 39 years. The participants comprised four midwives, one nurse and one doctor. All worked for the government public health departments of both government and private sectors.
\nFace-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted at the participants’ place of employment. Interviews took 30–60 minutes and were conducted using semi-structured questions to guide the process and ensure relevant topics were covered. Participants were provided with a Participant Information Sheet and signed an Informed Consent Form before the interviews commenced. Signing the Informed Consent Form provided permission for the interview to be audio recorded. One joint group interview of four midwives and two individual interviews, one with a doctor and the other with a community nurse, were conducted. The joint interview was facilitated as participants had extreme time restrictions and the only available time could accommodate a joint interview comprising team members of the maternity ward department of a public hospital.
\nThe audio-recorded interviews were transcribed within 2 weeks of collecting the data, each line being numbered and printed to allow easy examination of the content. Data reduction was conducted after the transcribing and the data coded afterwards, allowing for the categorisation of emerging themes. The printed transcriptions were examined and constantly compared with the field notes to identify emerging themes. The initial analysis was open, allowing the researchers to develop hierarchal categories across all data sets, including the field notes, to find repeated patterns of meaning. This was followed by axial coding, which allowed the researchers to connect codes, thereby establishing the relationship between all codes [63].
\nOpen coding was initiated at the beginning of data analysis, with the researchers examining and colour-coding field notes to identify themes and then sequentially numbering all the lines in the transcribed interviews. In coding the data, Nvivo 10 and Microsoft Word were used. This study was approved by the Curtin University Research Ethics Committee.
\nAnis et al. [64] argued that placing patients at ease in an environment so they are able to speak about their FGM/C is a key to provide consistent care and positive outcomes. Participants expressed concerns regarding poor communication between their patients and themselves. The difficulties in communication were both verbal and non-verbal, which included the refusal by patients to respond to questions when asked if they lived with FGM/C. Participants reported that they also refused examinations when they presented at the sexual and prenatal clinics. This led to the late discovery of the presence of FGM/C in women who had presented with pregnancy and labour. The following excerpts are from the interviews conducted with the SRHPs:
\nThey don’t talk about it … but they don’t talk about it … they know what is happening to them … the very first one that I saw I was really shocked, because there was only an opening you could only let a finger in … she knew she had a problem … but she didn’t talk of what had happened to her …
\nAnother midwife made the following statement: ‘they would refuse all vaginal exams … they don’t tell anyone that it has been done to them … and they just arrive … here!’ Another participant commented:
\nWell … hopefully, that should be identified at the antenatal clinic … but as it goes … don’t tell us … if they refuse examination at the antenatal, which a lot of them do, we don’t find out until they are in labour …
\nThe professional health workers expressed how some of the patients were not aware of the FGM/C themselves, that it had been done when they were too young and that they may not have even known that they had it. One of them reported that she saw no need to talk about FGM/C with these patients. She also expressed her view that it was not her place to talk about FGM/C as she feared there could be implications in speaking about it with her patients. She expressed a deep lack of confidence in communication with her patients living with FGM/C:
\nI wonder if it is helpful for me to point out to them that they have a problem which is not in one of my problem categories … yeah … They would be as how they have always been … they won’t actually know any difference … I don’t know what intervention is of benefit … Maybe that is what I need to learn more about … what evidence is there towards intervention? … asking those questions is important but I don’t know how … but I do feel that even if someone says that, this is ok to talk about it … I can still get myself into a lot of trouble … and I think I … bring up a subject that is very sensitive and very difficult … that I actually don’t have very much skill to help with … then I would cause harm … and so often I won’t mention whether they may or may not perceive they have a problem is sometimes more harmful than good … and yet I recognise that I may be missing an opportunity … to discuss … but they may not have the courage to discuss …
\nParticipants reported that they felt inadequately equipped to communicate effectively with women living with FGM/C and suggested that healthcare professionals with the same cultural background as their patients would be appropriate to provide services to women living with FGM/C. It was also suggested that culturally specific healthcare to women living with FGM/C would promote efficient communication between healthcare professionals and their patients. A doctor made this statement:
\nI guess my thinking is that someone who is from the same culture or background would understand that background and would have more ability to … perhaps ask the right questions … so it is that sense of someone who understand me … so I won’t go to a man for a pap smear … someone who understands women’s health … I think the similar would be the case … to talk to someone who thinks this is barbaric … to do that to my daughter … how can I go to that person for help? I need to speak to someone who understands the background and the pressure …
\nAdditionally, participants reported that they were concerned about their patient’s capacity to comprehend the medical information and advice provided. One midwife expressed concern about the ability of the patients to clearly understand what was being communicated to them during service delivery:
\nI’m not 100% sure women will know what we are asking them … you know … have you been cut? … they may not understand what we are asking … and they may not have knowledge of what has been done … a youth worker … had FGM … and she didn’t know because she didn’t know how a normal vagina would look like … She didn’t know she had been cut … a doctor had to examine her to see if she had been cut.
\nAnother participant strongly emphasised the importance of efficient communication between patients and healthcare professionals: ‘Yes. Communication is the key.’
\nCommunication difficulties between participants and their patients were discussed by participants as barriers to efficient sexual and reproductive health service delivery. The reasons for these communication barriers were reported to stem from cultural conflict between healthcare professionals and their patients.
\nSeveral of the participants reported that they viewed the procedure of FGM/C in their patients as barbaric, incomprehensible, oppressive and dangerous and expressed sadness and anger at the pain that women with FGM/C have to endure during delivery. However, despite these feelings of sympathy, they experienced frustration, shock and anger that these women do not speak about FGM/C even when they are asked. A doctor made this statement:
\nit makes me sad that that happens … to people who don’t have the ability to step out of their culture … they don’t go, ‘Oh my God, we are cutting a baby on a sensitive area! That can’t be right!’ And yet, I have days I reflect on tradition and things that have been done for a long time … then there must be some reason behind it even though to my … outsider position I am looking at it, and it is completely wrong.
\nAnother participant stated:
\nThe sensitivity is of course related to sexuality; it is related to cultural identity and that whole sensitivity is multiplied by the fact that we are medical professionals from the other culture … And I think if it was my culture, I would feel I have the right to ask … in the same way a woman can ask a woman about periods and talk about sex in a way that a man doctor can’t ask that question … But I come from a different culture and I am asked questions about a practice that people from that culture, which is new to this country, they realise that the practice is forbidden and that there is overriding condemnation of it. And they may even feel that me asking a neutral question could sound like condemnation.
\nA midwife described with profound sadness how she witnessed a woman suffer during childbirth: ‘Oh, I was upset … when I saw the poor girl … I told you she had an opening only one centimetre. We couldn’t even find her urethra … It is very sad.’
\nAnother midwife was clearly psychologically disturbed by FGM/C in her patients:
\nIt makes me mad … it makes me very sad that the woman has had to endure it … especially if it was done in countries with basic tools … knives, and I think, that is a small child that it was done to and I … the pain and why you do it?
\nRe-infibulation occurs after childbirth and returns de-infibulated women back to the previous state of infibulation; it is argued to have no benefits (e.g., [51, 65]). Statements were made by participants that women requested re-infibulation after childbirth. One midwife described how a doctor carried out re-infibulations after birth, giving him a large clientele of patients who preferred his services, which is in contrast to the typical cultural practice of women who are living with FGM/C, who usually have a preference for female healthcare providers [22, 66]. This midwife said:
\nI know … when I worked at XXXX hospital, one of the doctors used to look after a number of Middle Eastern ladies because he spoke their language, and there was a high proportion of FGM/C in these ladies … and at one stage, I know he was sewing them back as they were … because they were requesting it … before he was talked to about all the legalities …
\nIn non-traditional rituals, as occurred in Western societies, clinicians who support the practice of FGM/C often perform re-infibulation, creating a situation where FGM/C is medicalised [18]. This has been highly controversial within the WHO [52], which has called for prosecutions of clinicians who perform FGM/C, in line with the rationale that there is no excuse whatsoever for the facilitation of any form of FGM/C by medical practitioners [52]. Whilst the campaign against FGM/C has been highly visible within the traditional locations where FGM/C is practised (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa), in Western countries, clinicians are still faced with poor training. A lack of access to and knowledge of clear clinical guidelines for the treatment of women living with FGM/C is evident, which may increase the likelihood of re-infibulation occurring [67, 68].
\nParticipants in this study described how some women would travel for long overseas holidays to perform re-infibulation and also have their newborn daughters circumcised. The following statements were made by participants:
\nXXXX hospital now refer women, any women who have had daughters, to social workers to ensure they don’t disappear for long to circumcise their daughters … and they are trying to introduce it here: any woman that has a female baby is followed up … they have training for social workers … because they have specific training … to ensure these women do not disappear for long periods of time so the same thing is not done on them.
\nAnother midwife made the following statement: ‘she had previous Type III FGM … and the social worker sent me an email saying, “Can you talk to her about it, she has got two daughters and we want to make sure she doesn’t cut them?”’
\nSome of the statements made by the participants identify the need for culturally specific sexual and reproductive healthcare to meet the needs of women living with FGM/C.
\nThe participants expressed the need for women living with FGM/C to have access to culturally specific healthcare, reporting that this was lacking in the public health system in Western Australia. Participants described how healthcare professionals find it difficult to understand the culture of FGM/C and therefore feel inadequate in their capacity to provide sexual and reproductive health services in an efficient manner to women living with FGM/C. A doctor expressed how culturally specific healthcare would minimise conflict in the relationship between women living with FGM/C and healthcare professionals by training professionals with a similar cultural background as the patients to provide efficient healthcare:
\nit is a specialised area and accessing specialised services is important by those people who are fairly trained to help … even within gynaecology, you wouldn’t refer them to any gynaecologist … just those who are more experienced, those who are more able to help. Psychologists would have very little experience within that area, counselling and some would be very well experienced … I think there needs to be more conversations about it, and probably more training by people who are very much from that culture and understand all the in’s and out’s. And then give good advice as to how someone who is not from that culture might approach the issue. Because within our own culture we have many ideas of healthcare, even within one culture every person is different. It isn’t helpful if doctors are trained to provide the wrong approach.
\nIt appears therefore that clinicians with experience and backgrounds where FGM/C is traditionally practised can offer invaluable support to women presenting with FGM/C at sexual and reproductive health services in Western Australia. These clinicians could be targeted for specialised training in numbers that can appropriately cater for sexual and reproductive health needs of women living with FGM/C.
\nAll participants stressed the importance of consistently screening pregnant women for FGM/C and clearly recording the information at the antenatal care stage before women go into labour. The participants stated that this could help prevent complications during childbirth, such as prolonged labour and unplanned caesarean sections and episiotomies. Routine screening and the correct use of information were reported to facilitate appropriate planning and the prevention of trauma during childbirth. However, it was reported that this was often hindered by women’s refusal to be physically examined and by the poor recording of information. This is exemplified in this excerpt from one midwife:
\nOne of the doctors is the one who usually do … the anterior cuts … they actually do cut where they have been stitched … the registrar would decide where the cut’s gonna [sic] be … exactly where they will be placed … someone came in labour and no one knew the woman had FGM … and then it is bit of panic, and what can we do … Type III – a baby is not gonna [sic] come out … normally, if it is Type III, you would do one cut up, and then two up that way, and then afterwards sew the edges … so that it is not bleeding … and then do construction work afterwards.
\nAnother midwife concurred, adding the following:
\nand this poor girl had to have three episiotomies … one anterior and two posterior, to get her baby out. Because the baby was pressing against her vaginal wall I guess … and it started opening that diameter … a centimetre … the baby was never going to come out, so she had three cuts! And we had to get one of our consultants to come and do the delivery, because she needed a lot of work, and repair work done … so she had to go to theatre to get everything repaired, and hopefully, next time she’d have another baby, she should’ve been ok.
\nThese experiences were also reported to affect other important medical procedures. A doctor expressed difficulties when conducting pap smear examinations on infibulated women:
\nso the first lady that I ever met … I was quite convinced that … that was what I was seeing … she had a very severe form of uterine prolapse … which sounds like shouldn’t have happened … cause she had been stitched all up … and when this lady came, I could see that she had been … eh … I am actually sure whether it would have been Type II or Type III, but certainly stitched together for the large part. So the pap smear was difficult … so I didn’t know whether to tell her that’s the reason or I didn’t know whether to tell her whether it is due to menopause … so it is not really not relevant to say why … so say sorry it hurts and I just do what I need to do.
\nCross-cultural training as evidenced in this data is a key to efficient services to women presenting to sexual and reproductive health services with FGM/C. SRHPs’ experiences of caring for women with FGM/C in Western Australia reveal many frustrations and difficulties of providing care for these women. Appropriate training and policy framework and clear clinical guidelines for the care of women living with FGM/C are imperative in meeting the special needs of these women. The value of adequate experience, knowledge and skills in this area cannot be overstated.
\nThe participants reported their concerns regarding the inadequate training available for working with women living with FGM/C. All of the participants stated that the existing training was inadequate and, additionally, that they were not provided with adequate time or support from their employers to participate. They also commented on the lack of an adequate curriculum. One participant said:
\nmore training would be useful … I know there is some training based in XXXX hospital … and I had an opportunity to do some of that training yesterday … and … I mean … it is important to do more training … sometimes I think training would make me understand this is Type II …
\nIt was also suggested by the participants that professionals who have backgrounds working with women living with FGM/C would be ideal if trained as peer educators for women living with FGM/C, improving the processes of service delivery. A doctor made this statement:
\nprobably more training by people who are very much from that culture and understand all the in’s and out’s … And then give good advice as to how someone who is not from that culture might approach the issue. Because within our own culture, we have many ideas of healthcare, even within one culture every person is different. It isn’t helpful if doctors are trained to provide the wrong approach …
\nOther participants stated the need for integrated curricula in tertiary and professional training courses for doctors and midwives to enable them to acquire adequate skills for addressing FGM/C in their practice. One participant commented that the training is extremely basic and only provides limited information on FGM/C:
\nI think focusing less on the types and pictures … and focusing more on the effects that it has on the women’s lives … and how we can talk to people about it, and how we can educate people … but it is more about what can we do … educating ourselves than rather just analysis of FGM … But the fact that a child is screaming … it makes me sad that they are living with it and the effects it has on people. It makes me want to know more and what can I do … I used to examine women but in this role I am currently doing antenatal care … which is why I need to know how to ask these questions.
\nAnother concern was expressed regarding the content of the existing training. It was reported that, for a long time, the same content has been delivered yearly, with nothing new incorporated. A midwife stated:
\nshe [the trainer] would come and talk to our staff, she would literally take you through the types … the medical side, and same thing every year … same PowerPoint presentation, every year. And you knew you were never gaining anything from it … every year, but the same thing … quite a number of years … probably five years … listening to the same thing … being delivered.
\nA midwife agreed and stated that, ‘It’s usually the same information … it hasn’t changed.’ Some of the participants also expressed the need to be provided with training opportunities and supported by their employers if they were to be well equipped to deal with FGM/C in their patients. One midwife said:
\nI used to be a staff development officer at XXXX hospital, and the staff are inundated with ‘you have to do this, you have to do that’ … (lack time for training), and plus you have to do your work …
\nThere is a need for healthcare policies to integrate appropriate modules in curricula for training healthcare professionals to facilitate efficient and appropriate service delivery to women with FGM/C. This has to be based on the cultural diversity in Western Australia and the larger Australian society.
\nThis study focused on the experiences of healthcare professionals providing sexual and reproductive healthcare to women living with FGM/C in Western Australia and aimed to contribute to the wider body of knowledge regarding healthcare professionals working with women living with FGM/C in Western Australia. Individuals reported both unique experiences and commonalities within the context of their interviews. SRHPs providing services to women living with FGM/C in Western Australia identified a gross lack of adequate training services capable of equipping SRHPs to expertly meet the needs of women living with FGM/C. Significant changes are required to provide adequate care for women living with FGM/C in Western Australia.
\nWe wish to acknowledge Curtin University’s School of Public Health where the original thesis that informed this paper was submitted. The work of Mr. Matt Tilley of Curtin University’s School of Public Health who supervised the original thesis is also acknowledged.
\nIntestinal obstruction is a clinical manifestation that occurs since the passage of the intestinal contents, which should be into the distal levels, is prevented in any part of the passage. It is a condition frequently encountered in the emergency department, which gives positive results with early diagnosis and accurate treatment methods but may have negative consequences if it is not managed well. The patients usually present with the complaints of nausea and vomiting, colic abdominal pain, and inability to defecate. Intestinal obstruction accounts for 5–15% of the patients presenting to the emergency department with acute abdomen [1, 2, 3].
In parallel with the development of medical technology and the increasing experience of us, the surgeons, morbidity and mortality rates due to intestinal obstruction have decreased, but difficulties in diagnosis and treatment remain. Now, the cases may present with more complex conditions, and treatment may become more complicated. Nowadays, when minimally invasive and conservative methods are more popular, there is no doubt that nonoperative approach should be the preferred approach for intestinal obstruction. However, unfortunately, surgery should not be delayed, and appropriate intervention should be performed in the presence of a condition that requires absolute surgery in its etiology.
Obstruction can occur at any point in the gastrointestinal tract. Correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the patient is essential. Another important point, especially in surgical treatment, is to prevent brid formation which may cause re-obstruction. In addition, absolute oncological principles should be followed in obstructions caused by tumors, etc.
Intestinal obstructions can be due to very simple benign causes that need to be considered or malignant causes where no intervention apart from palliative surgical interventions can be performed [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Here, we will examine this entity with a wide clinical, treatment, and follow-up margin.
Mechanical intestinal obstructions may be present due to various reasons. Etiology should be learned well to be able to determine the appropriate treatment option. The causes of intestinal obstruction can be broadly classified into three categories [3].
Intraluminal
Intramural
Extrinsic factors
Intraluminal causes can be defined as factors causing obstruction by not allowing intestinal passage. These can be exemplified as gallstones, foreign bodies such as bezoar, and solidified ileal content.
Tumors of the small intestine, inflammatory small bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease, intramural hematoma, invagination, and stricture due to radiotherapy can be considered as intramural causes.
This part, which is classified as extrinsic factors, appears more than the sum of the other two parts. We know that adhesions secondary to previous abdominal surgery account for approximately 75% of small intestinal obstructions. In addition, we encounter with a considerable amount of hernias, congenital anomalies, and carcinomatosis due to intra-abdominal tumors [7, 8].
According to the mechanism of formation, there are also paralytic ileus, spastic ileus, and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction as well as mechanical intestinal obstruction. While paralytic ileus can be observed as a result of insufficient nerve conduction due to excessive analgesic use or electrolyte imbalance, spastic ileus occurs in cases of increased nerve conduction, such as metal poisoning [2, 7, 8, 9].
Small intestinal obstructions usually present with colic abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. If obstruction is at proximal levels, vomiting is more prominent, while if it is at distal levels, abdominal distension is more prominent. Although intestinal sounds, by listening, may increase in the early period, they decrease in later periods. Strangulation or ischemia should be considered if there is severe abdominal pain that is not correlated with mild distention, and the diagnosis and treatment should be made without any delay [9].
Although it is known by the world of medicine that a good anamnesis is necessary for the diagnosis, it has been shown to be more important in the diagnosis of ileus. The presence of previous abdominal surgery and intra-abdominal disease (Crohn’s disease, tumor, etc.) should be questioned in the anamnesis, and the inguinal region should be checked for hernias during the examination.
Plain abdominal radiography in the standing position should be first obtained for the radiological imaging of the patient. Plain radiography is an examination that has been used for about half a century. The radiograph should be checked for enlarged small intestinal loop and air-fluid level. If present, it should be noted whether this is from the small intestine or the large intestine (Figures 1 and 2). It should not be forgotten that obstructions proximal to the small intestine may be overlooked as they may not be able to produce air-fluid level on the radiograph. Nevertheless, it is still used as the cheapest, most practical, and easiest diagnostic method in appropriate patients [3, 10, 11].
Volvulus view on plain radiography (from the archive of Burhan Hakan Kanat).
Enlarged small intestinal loop and air-fluid levels in the radiograph (from the archive of Burhan Hakan Kanat).
Abdominal ultrasonography is an option that may be beneficial in cases where direct radiography is contraindicated such as pregnancy, although it is not in the first place in practice [3, 12].
Computed tomography has a sensitivity and specificity of approximately 80–90% in detecting small intestinal obstructions. Tomography may show the point causing small intestinal obstruction (transition zone), loss of diameter in large loops proximal to the transition zone and loops distal to the transition zone, and decompression in the colon due to lack of ileal content. Closed loop is visible, if present. Hematoma in the small intestinal wall, tumor, and invagination can also be observed if obstruction is due to an intramural cause. Gallstones, bezoars, and foreign bodies, which are among the intraluminal causes, can also be easily observed by computed tomography [10, 11, 12].
In laboratory tests, it should be kept in mind that the patient may be in a hemoconcentrated state following the intravascular volume decrease due to fluid loss to the third space. Dehydration may occur due to loss of intravascular volume. Hypokalemic-hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis may occur depending on the severity of vomiting. Leukocytosis may be added to the condition due to bacterial translocation, and lactate may increase as a finding of ischemia in the presence of closed loop [2, 13, 14].
Although some statements like “the sun should not rise” or “the sun should not set on the patient with the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction” have been made before, nonoperative approach is now applied to the patients with obstruction as in all areas of surgery. However, it should be kept in mind that complete obstruction and closed loop obstruction must be excluded for this approach [15].
Laboratory tests should be performed to see if there is an electrolyte imbalance. The dehydrated patient should be started on fluid therapy rapidly, and urinary catheter should be inserted to monitor urine output in the presence of additional diseases such as cardiac disorders. If necessary, central venous catheter insertion and CVP monitoring are among the treatment options for continuation of fluid therapy. When leukocytosis and CRP elevation are observed, prophylactic antibiotherapy should be started to prevent peritonitis secondary to bacterial translocation.
When air-fluid level is observed on standing plain abdominal radiograph, a nasogastric catheter should be inserted, and oral intake should be restricted. As a result of this decompression, aspiration, nausea, and vomiting can be prevented [16].
Computed tomography performed using water-soluble radiopaque materials such as gastrografin can show the location, characteristics of the obstruction, and whether complete obstruction occurred or not. Although it has not yet been proven in the literature, there are some authors who argue that gastrografin accelerating the passage inside the loop helps maintain local fluid-electrolyte balance.
After exclusion of closed loop and intestinal ischemia, the patient can be followed up with nonoperative approach. In this context, the presence of peritonitis and distention should be evaluated during regular abdominal examinations. Intermittent plain radiographs should be performed to see if the air-fluid levels seen in the first radiograph have decreased or replaced. Leukocyte and lactate values, gas-stool discharge, and nasogastric catheter flow rates should be closely monitored. Continuous mobilization of the patient during this follow-up reduces the length of hospital stay.
It was reported that no improvement was seen in approximately 5–15% of the patients within the first 48 h by nonoperative approach. Therefore, laparotomy option should be kept in mind for the patients who do not have significant improvement in their clinical findings after 48 h (Figures 3 and 4). It is known that the surgical decision taken after this 2-day waiting period does not increase mortality [17].
Surgery image of a patient with volvulus (from the archive of Burhan Hakan Kanat).
Bowel loop gone to necrosis due to internal herniation (from the archive of Burhan Hakan Kanat).
With the decrease of nasogastric catheter flow rate and the onset of gas-stool discharge, NG catheter can be withdrawn first, oral intake can be started over time, and food intake can be gradually increased.
Although open surgical technique is found in the first place in practice, there are also studies showing that laparoscopic surgery can be performed in selected cases. Important parameters such as early diagnosis, proximal obstruction, partial obstruction, and the number of previous abdominal surgeries are available [18]. The algorithm can be followed in follow-up and treatment (Algorithm).
Surgeons have an important duty especially in preventable mechanical obstructions due to adhesions. It is needed to pay attention to surgical rules such as minimal touching the intestines during surgery, preferring laparoscopic surgical procedures if possible, and minimizing perioperative fluid resuscitation. Transition to early oral nutrition, minimal NSAID and opioid use, administration of epidural anesthesia if possible, avoiding excessive fluid resuscitation, and close monitoring of electrolytes should be taken into consideration in the postoperative period.
The main goal in the treatment of the patients with intestinal obstruction should be to prevent unnecessary surgeries. Peristalsis-increasing agents may be given to provide anal discharge of gas in the intestine if there is no contraindication (mechanical obstruction, etc.). It is needed to prevent the introduction and production of new gas into the intestine. It may be necessary to insert a nasogastric catheter to allow the introduction of atmospheric air and easy release of air refluxing in the stomach. Although the nasogastric catheter is not very comfortable for the patient, it is very useful in some patients.
Fluid-electrolyte balance can rapidly change in these patients. It is needed to be on the alert for this condition, and the patient should be closely followed up. Fluid-electrolyte imbalance is the most important pathology that prevents physiological gas absorption from the intestinal wall. If fluid-electrolyte imbalance is corrected quickly and accurately, intestinal mucosal cell functions will be improved, and therefore a large amount of CO2 can be transferred through the lumen into the blood.
There are different approaches for some patients especially those with tumor-induced obstruction. Temporary ostomy and definitive surgery can be performed after bowel cleansing in order to keep patient comfort at a better level. Or appropriate surgery can be performed in a single session considering the general condition and additional diseases of the patient.
It is recommended to follow up some of the patients requiring surgery in the secondary or intensive care units in the postoperative period. There are important steps in early follow-up and treatment of the patients. Pulse rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and body temperature should be closely monitored. There is no standard protocol for their monitoring frequency. Many clinics or intensive care units have standardized blood test monitoring. The laboratory values to be controlled are arranged depending on the factors such as size and duration of surgery, intraoperative interventions, renal functions, etc. Blood count, bleeding-coagulation panel, and renal and liver function tests are the most frequently studied parameters. The acid–base balance of the patient is also monitored, especially if the operation is prolonged. The patient’s intake and discharge should be closely monitored, and fluid intake should be adjusted accordingly. Fluid-electrolyte balance is especially important [19].
In these patients, multimodal management of nausea and vomiting, use of nasogastric catheter, application of urinary catheter and withdrawal time, stimulation of gastrointestinal motility, appropriate analgesia, when to feed the patient, and especially early mobilization are important in the postoperative period [20, 21].
The application of nasogastric catheters was first performed by Levine and Paine to reduce nausea, vomiting, and distension occurring after abdominal surgery. It has continued to be used in the same way since those years. Although many recent studies do not recommend its routine use, a considerable number of surgeons apply it traditionally [22]. Nasogastric catheter poses risks in terms of both comfort and complications for patients.
Despite advances in surgical treatment methods and increased experience of surgeons, postoperative pain is the most common symptom experienced by patients and is a condition that adversely affects patient comfort. Postoperative pain has a negative effect on the quality of life of patient and prolongs the period of return to daily activities and hospital stay. Thus, it increases the cost. Postoperative pain management is an issue that needs to be meticulously addressed. It may cause anxiety both in patients and their relatives, especially in hospitalized patients. The aim of providing analgesia is to minimize or prevent the patient’s discomfort, to protect against side effects, to reduce the length of hospital stay, and to prevent recurrence of pain complaints. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are used in postoperative pain management [23, 24].
Malnutrition is one of the most important patient-related factors affecting morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. The most important step in nutrition is to identify the patient with malnutrition or the patient with the possibility of developing malnutrition. There are several screening methods for this. It is essential to provide adequate support when preparing the patient for surgery. Nutritional support can be provided by direct oral intake, enteral feeding tube, and parenteral route both preoperatively and postoperatively. Each alternative has its own advantages and disadvantages. Many hospitals have nutrition teams that follow up patients and provide adequate support. There are also some authors who argue that excessive feeding in the preoperative period triggers the risk of infection due to hyperglycemia [25].
Nutritional status of the patient should be closely monitored, and necessary support should be provided for early recovery. It is recommended to gradually start oral intake after sarcoma surgeries, if there is no intervention to the gastrointestinal organs. The preferred and recommended route is the enteral route as in any patient.
Every surgical intervention has a skin scar that appears from the outside. What about inside? Adhesion formation after surgery is inevitable but it is possible to minimize it. Minimally invasive surgery (robotic, laparoscopic, endoscopic), to which traditional open surgery is gradually giving way, can be considered as the first step to reduce adhesion formation. Minimally invasive surgery is very valuable in reducing brid formation by shortening the duration of surgery, eliminating intestinal contact, and reducing the amount of bleeding.
Bleeding during surgery and insufficient clearance of bleeding-related clots and inadequate intra-abdominal washing are predisposing factors for postoperative adhesions. On the other hand, the amount of contact with the intestines during abdominal surgery is correlated with brid formation.
Surgical planning should be made as soon as possible in infective pathologies (perforation, appendicitis, etc.). The elapsed waiting time will increase postoperative adhesion formation.
After surgery, intestinal function usually returns to normal within 5 days. If it persists for longer than this, it is considered a paralytic ileus. Recovering from an ileus depends on getting the proper treatment for the underlying cause. Ileus is a relatively common condition that is easy to treat. It is especially prevalent in those who have undergone recent abdominal or pelvic surgery. An awareness of the symptoms is key to improving the outlook and reducing the risk of complications. It is essential to seek prompt medical treatment as soon as symptoms appear.
The cornerstone of nonoperative management of small bowel obstruction caused by adhesions is starvation and stomach decompression using a nasogastric tube and fluid resuscitation. This approach seems uniform for younger and older patients. Nonoperative management should further include correction of electrolyte disturbances and nutritional support, especially in the frail older patient to avoid delirium, functional decline, and complications as a result of starvation and malnutrition. Nonoperative management is effective in approximately 70–90% of patients with adhesive small bowel obstruction in general. Though it has a significant failure rate, the nasogastric tube remains relevant in the conservative treatment of small bowel obstruction to initially relieve symptoms and avoid aspiration. An ongoing debate in the management of small bowel obstruction is the duration of nonoperative treatment that is deemed mandatory to resolve the bowel obstruction before the decision to operate. Most authors apply the 72-h safe-time rule for duration of initial nonoperative therapy irrespective of age [26, 27, 28, 29].
The term acute mechanical intestinal obstruction describes the condition of preventing the progression of the contents in the intestinal lumen for mechanical reasons [30]. Complaints and clinical findings can be quite guiding in the diagnosis of obstruction and can be meaningless or misleading. The accuracy rate of direct abdominal X-ray in the diagnosis of obstruction is approximately 50–70% among the initial examinations of patients with acute abdominal pain. However, it is possible to say the level and degree of obstruction in diagnostic direct abdominal X-rays and even the presence of some complications (such as perforation) [31, 32]. Today, computed tomography is the gold standard imaging method. It not only makes a diagnosis but also provides important information on determining the etiological cause, determining the level and degree of obstruction, presence of strangulation, monitoring, and treatment [33, 34].
Emergency colonoscopy, which has recently become prominent in distal intestinal obstructions, offers important diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. Although colonoscopic examination performed in emergency conditions is more likely to not be performed optimally or fails and requires more experience, it not only shows the cause, level, degree, and presence of ischemia in cases where it is successful but also enables endoscopic treatment [30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. There are many endoscopic methods used in the treatment of large bowel obstructions; the most preferred among these are procedures that reduce tumor size, tube administration, stenting, dilation, and detortion.
Endoscopic stenting is a frequently preferred method for both malignant and benign bowel obstructions. Stenting has two important advantages in malignant obstructions:
It is also known as bridging treatment, by eliminating the emergency, giving the patient the chance to perform elective surgery with much lower morbidity and mortality rates.
It provides palliation in patients with stage 4 disease or poor candidate for surgery, after the removal of the emergency after stenting, so that the patient does not have to live dependent on stoma in the remaining life [30].
Emergency colonoscopy should be in the first place for patients who are considered to have mechanical obstruction especially for the colon.
Although intestinal obstruction is rare in pregnancy, it is seen in the ratio of 1/10–16 thousand. Intestinal obstruction is most common in pregnancy at the beginning of the second trimester, at the end of pregnancy, and in the puerperium. The time of its appearance is parallel to the displacement of the intestines. Pregnancy can change or mask the signs and symptoms of the disease, so its diagnosis is more difficult [38, 39].
The most important cause of pregnancy intestinal obstructions is brids. Volvulus and intussusception are other common causes. It should be remembered that malignant and benign tumors can also be seen [40]. For diagnosis, abdominal ultrasonography should be the first choice since it does not contain radiation. If it is still preferred, computed tomography should be preferred instead of X-ray [39]. Colonoscopy may be preferred in patients who are considering volvulus. In treatment, surgery should be avoided as much as possible. However, there are the same treatment options as normal patients, if necessary [38].
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Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]},{id:"45635",title:"Application of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives in Pharmaceutical Industries",slug:"application-of-cellulose-and-cellulose-derivatives-in-pharmaceutical-industries",totalDownloads:10313,totalCrossrefCites:54,totalDimensionsCites:130,abstract:null,book:{id:"3173",slug:"cellulose-medical-pharmaceutical-and-electronic-applications",title:"Cellulose",fullTitle:"Cellulose - Medical, Pharmaceutical and Electronic Applications"},signatures:"Javad Shokri and Khosro Adibkia",authors:[{id:"140056",title:"Prof.",name:"Javad",middleName:null,surname:"Shokri",slug:"javad-shokri",fullName:"Javad Shokri"}]},{id:"57200",title:"Introductory Chapter: Principles of Green Chemistry",slug:"introductory-chapter-principles-of-green-chemistry",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"6067",slug:"green-chemistry",title:"Green Chemistry",fullTitle:"Green Chemistry"},signatures:"Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh and M. Koller",authors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"},{id:"218817",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Koller",slug:"martin-koller",fullName:"Martin Koller"}]},{id:"66517",title:"Microbial Cellulases: An Overview and Applications",slug:"microbial-cellulases-an-overview-and-applications",totalDownloads:3507,totalCrossrefCites:38,totalDimensionsCites:82,abstract:"Cellulases are a complex group of enzymes which are secreted by a broad range of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes. In the natural environment, synergistic interactions among cellulolytic microorganisms play an important role in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polymer materials. In fact, it is the combined action of three major enzymes which determines the efficiency of this process. They are exoglucanases, endoglucanases, and β-glucosidase. Microorganisms produce these enzymes in a diverse nature which determines their efficiency in cellulose hydrolysis. During the cellulose degradation reaction, the enzyme targets the β-1,4-linkages in its polymeric structure. This is an essential ecological process as it recycles cellulose in the biosphere. The application of this same scenario for industrial purposes is identified as an emerging area of research. Biofuel production, textile polishing and finishing, paper and pulp industry, and lifestyle agriculture are among the key areas where cellulase enzyme shows a broader potential. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the structure, function, possible applications, as well as novel biotechnological trends of cellulase enzymes. Furthermore, possible low-cost, enzymatic pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic material in order to use it as an efficient raw material for biofuel production will be discussed.",book:{id:"7363",slug:"cellulose",title:"Cellulose",fullTitle:"Cellulose"},signatures:"Sandhya Jayasekara and Renuka Ratnayake",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"85",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",abstract:"In the present investigation, novel amide derivatives of benzimidazole (4a-f) with different thiophene acids (a-f) coupled in the presence of 1-[Bis (dimethylamino) methylene]-1H-1, 2, 3-triazolo [4, 5-b] pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU) reagent at room temperature and as-synthesized derivatives were characterized by (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) proton and carbon magnetic resonance, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical techniques. The amide derivatives were tested for in vitro antimicrobial and antifungal activity and ciprofloxacin was used as standard. The antifungal activity was tested with Carbendazim and Fenbendazole cell lines using clotrimazole standard drug. The results indicated the potential activity toward S. bacillus with compounds having IC 50 of 4 (a), 4 (b), 4 (d) and 4 (e) against antimicrobial strains with IC50 of 51.8 μm, 57.4 μm, 54.5 μm and 56.5 μm respectively. However, compounds 4 (a), 4 (c) and 4 (d) showed greater inhibitions against Carbendazim fungal cell line with IC50 of 22.9, 26.8 and 28.8 μm. On the other hand IC50 values of the Fenbendazole for compounds 4 (a), 4(c) and 4 (d) were found to be 12.7, 10.2 and 12.7 μm, respectively. The thiophene-substituted benzimidazole amide derivatives are the potential candidate drug for antibacterial and antifungal activity.",book:{id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg"},signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki"},{id:"80168",title:"Benzimidazole: Pharmacological Profile",slug:"benzimidazole-pharmacological-profile",totalDownloads:83,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102091",abstract:"Benzimidazole is a bicyclic heterocyclic aromatic compound in which benzene fused to imidazole moiety. Benzimidazole holds a vital role in the field of medicinal chemistry which possesses wide variety of pharmacological activities like antibacterial, anti cancer, antifungal, antileishmanial, anti tubercular, anti viral and anti malarial respectively, hence the benzimidazole moiety attracting the medicinal chemist to synthesize the different benzimidazole derivatives with wide variety of pharmacological activities. The book chapter mainly discussed the anti cancer, anti HIV, antileishmanial and anti tubercular activites of recently synthesized benzimidazole derivatives.",book:{id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg"},signatures:"Mahender Thatikayala, Anil Kumar Garige and Hemalatha Gadegoni"},{id:"80130",title:"Exploring the Versatility of Benzimidazole Scaffolds as Medicinal Agents: A Brief Update",slug:"exploring-the-versatility-of-benzimidazole-scaffolds-as-medicinal-agents-a-brief-update",totalDownloads:61,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101942",abstract:"Benzimidazole, one of the finest classes of heterocyclic aromatic compounds have the characteristic structure of benzene fused with a five-membered imidazole ring. Despite being made their first appearance in the late 1870s, they are considered as a ‘privileged molecule’. The applications of this wonder molecule range from medicinal chemistry to material science. Benzimidazole being a potent inhibitor for various enzymes has got therapeutic effects like anticancer, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antihistaminic, antipsychotic, etc. It has also made its existence in various branches of medical science viz ophthalmology, neurology, cardiology and more. The applications of benzimidazole are not only limited to the biological field but also expanded to the field of material chemistry as well. This chapter summarizes the pharmacological properties of benzimidazole, illustrated on numerous derivatives since 2016.",book:{id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg"},signatures:"Gopakumar Kavya and Akhil Sivan"},{id:"79964",title:"The Anticancer Profile of Benzimidazolium Salts and Their Metal Complexes",slug:"the-anticancer-profile-of-benzimidazolium-salts-and-their-metal-complexes",totalDownloads:95,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101729",abstract:"Cancer is the most lethal ailment throughout the world in the present era. The development of new anticancer remedies with minor unhealthful effects and an alternate mechanism is crucial. Benzimidazole is a distinguished heterocyclic compound and is now recognized as the privileged scaffold for new drug discovery. This chapter deals with the anticancer capability of benzimidazolium salts and their metal complexes. The benzimidazolium derivatives have been prepared by the introduction of aliphatic and aromatic groups at two nitrogen atoms of the benzimidazole ring. Other modifications include hybridization with other pharmacophores and the preparation of metal complexes. The potent derivatives presented in this review can serve as novel drug candidates against cancer.",book:{id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg"},signatures:"Imran Ahmad Khan, Noor ul Amin Mohsin, Sana Aslam and Matloob Ahmad"},{id:"79835",title:"Advances of Benzimidazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: Bench to Bedside",slug:"advances-of-benzimidazole-derivatives-as-anticancer-agents-bench-to-bedside",totalDownloads:126,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101702",abstract:"Benzimidazole is one of the privileged nitrogen-containing scaffolds known for its versatile diversified role in insecticides, pesticides, dyes, pigments and pharmaceuticals. Due to its electron-rich environment, structural features and binding potency of various therapeutic targets, benzimidazole derivatives exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activity that majorly includes antimicrobial, antifungal, analgesics, anti-diabetic and anticancer agents. Several benzimidazole scaffolds bearing drugs are clinically approved; they are used for various indications. For example, Bilastine, Lerisetron, Maribavir and Nocodazole are the most widely used benzimidazole-based marketed drugs available as an antihistamine, antiviral and antimitotic agent, respectively. Another example is the recently approved anticancer drug Binimetinib and Selumetinib, which are indicated for BRAF mutated melanoma and plexiform neurofibromas. Not only this, many benzimidazole-based anticancer drugs are in late phases of clinical development. Due to the vast therapeutic potential of benzimidazole scaffold in cancer research, medicinal chemists have gained a lot of attraction to explore it more and develop novel, highly effective and target-specific benzimidazole-based potential anticancer drugs.",book:{id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg"},signatures:"Kashif Haider and Mohammad Shahar Yar"},{id:"65119",title:"Introductory Chapter: Polyaniline - From Synthesis to Practical Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-polyaniline-from-synthesis-to-practical-applications",totalDownloads:966,totalDimensionsCites:2,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83397",abstract:null,book:{id:"7503",title:"Polyaniline - From Synthesis to Practical Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7503.jpg"},signatures:"Florin Nastase"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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