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It is believed that goat population grows along with the human population. One of the reasons for a growing population of goat farming in Africa is that it is a farming sector that does not require intensive investment. For that reason, most South African farmers see goat farming as one of the strategies to curb food insecurity, for it is in high demand in the informal market.
However, the surprising thing is that goat farming is regarded as a poor man’s trade. It is characterized by informality, lack of industry determination, value addition, and modern distribution channels. Very few farmers sell their goats through abattoirs, because most producers rely on consumers who are driven by cultural and traditional beliefs.
This chapter presents the factors affecting goat farmers’ market participation and the extent of commercialization. The chapter is set out as follows; the next section defines the problem, followed by the methodology. After that, the discussion of results are presented, followed by the conclusion.
There are very few large scale commercial goat farmers in Africa, and most of them are found in South Africa [1]. In South Africa, a large number of indigenous goats are owned by small-scale farmers found mainly in communal areas [2]. The white commercial farmers mainly rear Boer and Angora goats [3]. The goat resource in South Africa, which is mainly owned by non-commercial farmers and mostly of indigenous breeds is large enough to ensure a consistent supply of product to the market.
Goats significantly contribute to the country’s goat population as it is approximately 63% [4]. Goat commercial farming is predominant in the Eastern Cape, followed by Limpopo then Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN) Provinces of South Africa. Eastern Cape has more goats in South Africa accounting for 38% of the total flock followed by Limpopo with 18% and KwaZulu–Natal with 13% [5]. However, there is a potential to develop goat production in KZN as according to [6], more than 50% of cattle, 19% of sheep, and 74% of goats are on communal lands in the KZN province.
It is noteworthy that, goat marketing remains very low and informal in South Africa and this is exacerbated by low participation of goat farmers in formal markets [7]. One of the contributing factors to low market participation is that most goat farmers are mostly in rural areas where goats depend on the natural forage under extensive conditions throughout the year without nutritional supplements during the winter dry season. In general, smallholder farmers’ productivity is low due to factors such as lack of information, lack of market access, and poor access to support services [8, 9, 10].
These factors are challenges in the improvement of smallholder production and thus smallholder producers are finding difficulties in commercializing their production. The major challenge to commercialization is how smallholders can penetrate and participate in markets [11]. [12] also found out that participation in the commercialization process has been difficult for smallholder farmers because of inappropriate policies, insufficient access to technology, institutional obstacles, weak infrastructure, and unfortunate links to markets. In the past 18 years, the South African government implemented several policies and programmes and increased the agricultural sector’s budget by supporting emerging farmers [13, 14, 15]. However, very little is known about smallholder goat farmers or goat production in general. The resistant nature of goats to disease and internal parasites, its adaptability to harsh conditions, less production cost, and easy increase of production because of the high possibility of twining makes goats more sustainable livestock to produce by smallholders thus demanding a commercial approach from farmers.
According to [16], smallholder commercialization is part of an agricultural transformation process in which individual farms shift from a highly smallholder-oriented production towards more specialized production targeting markets for their input procurement and output supply. According to [17] agricultural commercialization is the basis of economic development and integration of farm household into rural economy and society as an integral part of the process. Furthermore, [18] also assert that the transition from subsistence to commercial agriculture represents a key ingredient for low-income countries’ economic development. Therefore achieving goat commercialization will enhance the welfare as well as economic development for smallholder farmers. Notable, commercialization as an agricultural transformation will therefore have a substantial impact on agricultural production, food security, poverty alleviation, and economic contribution to the smallholder farmer at a household and a national level.
Goats are predominantly sold live for cultural and religious ceremonies and traditionally goats have served as a means of ready cash and a reserve against economic and agricultural production hardship [19]. However, the evolution in the meat industry and consumer health requirements are slowly creating an entrance for goats in the formal market since goat meat is now available in some retail stores in Eastern Cape, Gauteng, and in very few outlets in KZN [4]. Most goat products are exported to countries like Asia where they are mostly used and are in high demand than in local use [20, 21]. Despite the exporting marketing opportunities, smallholder farmers still have no access to these markets because of various production and marketing constraints they face. Producing for the formal market requires production resources such as land, water, on farm and off-farm infrastructure, labour force, capital, and good management skills [15, 22]. Poor access to these resources by household farmers affects how they may benefit from opportunities in agricultural markets hence lack of resources also hinders the commercial approach in goat production and marketing.
Globally, livestock production systems are undergoing rapid changes in response to population growth, urbanization, and increasing incomes [23]. The demand for livestock is largely influenced by socio-economic factors such as human health concerns, constantly changing socio-cultural values and rapidly increasing population. As such the increasing demand for the animal products is expected to improve the income and livelihood of smallholder farmers who account for the bulk of production in developing countries [23, 24]. However, most of the increasing livestock production is taking place outside the smallholder sector, which is the same trend with goat production. Goat meat matches consumer preferences for low-fat meat and consumer concerns on health [20, 21]. Therefore goats have the potential for being a diverse reservoir for future use if commercialization is achieved.
The problem investigated in this study relate to the farmers’ choice to participate in goat selling and goat commercialization. Commercialization means a change from a subsistence type of production to a market-oriented to profit maximization [25]. Therefore, commercialization can transform smallholder goat farmers by shifting production practices from current consumption-oriented towards market-oriented thus achieving economic development through income growth. The question which can be asked is whether the household farmers do participate in marketing goats, the level of participation, and which market do they use to sell goats. Therefore, this chapter aim at identifying the factors affecting farmers’ choice to participate in the marketing of goats and determine the extent of goat commercialization in the study area.
This study was conducted in Zululand district municipality, (ZDM) which is situated in the northeastern part of KZN. Zululand District Municipality is the biggest district in the province, making up 16% of its geographical area. The ZDM covers 14810km2 and consisting of 803576 population size in total and 102982 people of the entire population are unemployed hence the level of poverty in the area is very high amounting to 33, 02% [26]. Approximately half of the area is under traditional authorities’ jurisdiction while the remainder is divided between commercially owned farmers and conservation areas [26]. The ZDM district municipality comprises five local municipalities: Ulundi, Abaqulusi, Edumbe, Nongoma, and Pongola.
The target population of the study was the household goat farmers in Zululand district in KZN province. Purposive sampling was performed in this study. One hundred and seventy-five goat farmers were randomly selected from the five local municipalities with 35 goat farmers from each municipality. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data through face-to-face interviews with goat farmers in the Zululand district. As household farmers did not have records, this study counted on farmer’s recall for information.
Frequency and econometric analyses were done to analyze the data. Percentages were used to analyze the demographics of farmers. This study’s socio-economic characteristics include gender, age, race, marital status, level of education, and employment status.
A Probit model was used to estimate the factors affecting the choice of commercialization. [27] asserted that when the Probit model is used to analyze the farmers’ decision to participate in the output market, it has to be estimated as follows:
Where:
Yi is dependent variable, which is the choice to participate or not. It can take 1 if the farmer participate in commercialization and 2 if otherwise.
In order to analyze the factors affecting the extent of commercialization, Tobit regression model was used. This Tobit model was developed by Tobin in 1958. Tobit was chosen because it uses censored dependent variable as the information is available for certain respondents. Some studies have used the Heckman model to fulfil the same objective; however, Heckman is not efficient compared to the maximum likelihood of the Tobit Model. Tobit Model specification is as follows:
Where Yi presents the number of traded goats.
This section presents the results first and foremost. The objective was to assess the factors affecting household goat farmers’ market participation and the extent of commercialization. The first sub-section presents the socio-economic profile of the goat farmers in the study area. The second section provides the empirical results, where tobit and marginal effect results are discussed.
The significant of demographic information in academic research cannot be overemphasized. The socio-economic factors exert pressure on the decision making behaviour of a household. This study’s socio-economic factors are gender, age, marital status, level of education, race, experience, and membership status in the farmers’ association (see Table 1).
Variable | Percentage | |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 75% |
Female | 25% | |
Age group | 16–20 | 2.4% |
21–25 | 6.5% | |
26–30 | 5.9% | |
31–35 | 7.6% | |
36–40 | 7.1% | |
41–50 | 18.8% | |
51–60 | 28.8% | |
61 and older | 22.9% | |
Marital status | Single | 38% |
Married | 59% | |
Widowed | 3% | |
Level of education | Never been to school | 19.4% |
Grade R to 8 | 33.5% | |
Grade 9 to 11 | 22.4% | |
Matriculated | 18.2% | |
Tertiary education | 5.9% | |
Race | African | 98% |
White | 2% | |
Number of years farming | Less than five years | 17.6% |
Five to ten years | 25.3% | |
10 to 20 years | 24.1% | |
More than 20 years | 32.4% | |
Membership to an association | Yes | 12% |
No | 88% |
Socio-economic factors.
Source: Author’s computation (2021).
The Zululand population is predominantly black/African. For that reason, most respondents in the study area were Africans (98%), while the remaining 2% was made up of white respondents (see Table 1). Majority of African farmers were producing for subsistence purposes, while the white farmers were solely producing for commercial purposes.
It is important to note that in most African settings, male gender usually likes to keep livestock compared to females. Females predominantly look after crop production. Hence the results presented in Table 1 reveal that Zululand farmers are made up of 75% male, and 25% females. The findings reveal that goat farming is dominated by males than females in the study area. Furthermore, the greater number of male respondents could also be attributed to the cultural ideology that males are the heads of the families and therefore own livestock and are often the ones answering questions in the survey despite the possibility of a wife being the owner of the goats in the household farm.
This study also reveals that older farmers are dominating goat farming when compared to the younger generation. 53% of respondents were between the ages 50 to 61, while the 31 to 40 age category comprised 33% and 13.5% were in the category of 18 to 25 years. Generally, young people are more likely to migrate in search of non-agricultural jobs whilst older people remain at home and do agricultural activities. Furthermore, the author assumes that youth with higher educational qualifications are always hesitant to engage in agriculture as a primary means of livelihood unless commercially available. In addition, climate change and the rapid increasing population demand for the transfer of food production activities and knowledge to young and literate society members. However, the limited participation of youth in goat farming is a concern for sustainable goat productivity and commercialization considering the level of chronic illnesses threatening the aging farmers and the high rate of youth unemployment.
Though education impacts farming, it is clear in this study that household farmers take it for granted, particularly with goat production as an average number of respondents without formal education participate in goat farming. Most (33,5%) of the respondents of goat farmers in the study area attended primary school, followed by secondary education with 22%, while 18% of the study population had matric and only 6% had tertiary education. 19% of the study population did not have formal education. These findings further confirm that most South African smallholder farmers have limited education and the lack of awareness among rural farmers can be attributed to the high level of illiteracy.
Regarding employment, less than 10% of the respondent were employed, the majority (64%) are getting state grants and not employed, followed by 26% who are unemployed. From these findings, it is clear that unemployment is one of the challenges facing rural goat farmers.
Marital status affects decision making in any household. In most cases, married farmers usually have children to take care of, which affects their decision because they have to invest in their families’ future. This is why most goat farmers in Zulaland are 59% of the Zululand married farmers, while 38% single, followed by those who are widowed (3%). Membership in a farmers’ organization is essential for every farmer’s development. A farmers’ organization is vital because it is where challenges facing farmers are mostly discussed. Results presented in Table 1 show that most farmers in Zululand are not members of an organization.
Table 2 shows the factors affecting goat farmers’ choice to commercialize in the KZN area. These factors range from gender, age, marital status education level, market channels among others.
Variables | Coefficient | Standard error | Z | P > |z| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | −.6785077 | .298715 | −2.27 | 0.023** |
Age | −.0049891 | .0075028 | −0.66 | 0.506 |
a3_race | .2548782 | .843632 | 0.30 | 0.763 |
Marital status | −.168734 | .2115477 | −0.80 | 0.425 |
Education level | .2442871 | .1204557 | −2.03 | 0.043** |
b12b_livestock_goats_number | −.0026207 | .0015519 | −1.69 | 0.001 *** |
c49_market_channels | .4065917 | .405533 | 1.00 | 0.016 ** |
a10_farmers_association | −.0068096 | .393273 | −0.02 | 0.006*** |
c56_determine_price | −.0962389 | .183803 | −0.52 | 0.601 |
_cons | 1.950179 | 1.976423 | 0.99 | 0.324 |
Number of observation: 150 | ||||
LR chi2(8) 14.84 | ||||
Prob > chi2 0.0953 | ||||
Pseudo R2 0.1050 | ||||
Wald chi2(6) | ||||
Log likelihood |
Factors affecting the goat farmers’ choice to commercialize.
Note: *** = 1% significance level, ** = 5‰ and * = 10‰ significance level.
Source: Author’s computation (2021).
Gender plays a crucial role in the decision of whether to produce for commercial purposes or subsistence. This is because of the distribution of economic roles within a household. For example, roles that require physical strength are given to men while those that do not, are given to a females. The results revealed a significant relationship between gender and the decision to commercialize at p < 0.05 (see Table 2). African cultural norms that perpetuate the perception that livestock ownership is a responsibility of men also contribute to this finding. Therefore livestock gender ownership greatly influence goat commercialization.
Furthermore, the results revealed that education level significantly affects commercialization choice at 5%, positively. The influence of education in adopting new technologies by farmers is generally prominent [28]. On the same note, [29] argued that education is one of the most significant demographic characteristics for decision-making among farmers, for it directly improves knowledge capacity, the ability to understand and instantly make sense of information. The higher the level of education the more the chances of adopting new technology [30]. In this case, it is clear that the high literacy level can strengthen or enhance goat production because literate communities are more likely to take risks and thus more inclined to commercialize and quickly adopt new technologies.
This study’s findings further reveal that the number of goats owned by the household was observed to be an important factor influencing the commercialization of goat for meat production with a statistical significance of P < 0.001. Households with large herds sold significantly more goats on average than those with medium and small herds. Such households presented a significant source of goats for the market and they could, therefore, be a target group for commercialization. These findings are in line with [31]‘s arguments who noted that the insufficient number of goats amongst farmers with small herds restrict sale.
The results also revealed a significant relationship (P < 0.05) between the market channel type and commercialization choice. Thus, large numbers of goats are sold through informal market directly to the available consumer by the household farmer thus allowing the farmer to retain 100% of the selling price in the absence of a formal market. The large use of the informal market for goat sales in this study is not uncommon. There is nevertheless an enormous potential for the sale of goat meat as an additional source of income on farms. According to [24] despite the economic importance of goats, particularly in the sustenance of household food security in rural areas of developing countries, marketing of goats and chevon is not as formalized as that of other livestock.
Tobit results are presented in Table 3, with marginal effect.
Sell goats | Coef. | Std. Err. | T | P > |t| | dy/dx |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | .0928731* | .0506815 | 1.83 | 0.071 | .0928731 |
Age | .0238155* | .0136858 | 1.74 | 0.086 | .0238155 |
Education | .0428948** | .0215988 | 1.99 | 0.051 | .0428948 |
If yes number | .0098008 | .0225234 | 0.44 | 0.665 | .0098008 |
Duration farming | −.0088377 | .0192465 | −0.46 | 0.647 | −.0088377 |
Transport to market | −.0115561 | .0224159 | −0.52 | 0.608 | −.0115561 |
Time of year | −.0321768* | .0190296 | −1.69 | 0.095 | −.0321768 |
Constant | .7903371 | .1592653 | 4.96 | 0.000 | |
LR chi2(7) = 11.47 | |||||
Prob > chi2 = 0.1195 | |||||
Pseudo R2 = −0.3077 | |||||
Log likelihood = 24.364345 |
Tobit results and marginal effects.
Note: *** = 1% significance level, ** = 5‰ and * = 10‰ significance level.
Source: Author’s computation (2021).
Tobit results presented in Table 3 above indicate that gender was statistically significant at 10% with a positive influence on the extent of commercialization amongst the farmers. This positive relationship between gender and the extent of commercialization is inconclusive since any of the gender can commercialize. The marginal effect presents that gender affects the level of commercialization by about 9%. Age was also found to affect the level of commercialization at 10% positively. These results imply that an increase in age of a farmer has a high probability of increasing the extent of commercialization by 23.8% (presented by marginal effect). Many studies have concluded that age signifies the level of experience of a farmer. Moreover, farmers with more experience tend to participate in the market.
Levels of education significantly affect the extent of commercialization at 5%. The positive coefficient shows that the more educated a farmer becomes, the high possibility of commercializing their goat production. The results are in line with [24] who stated that educated farmers are more likely to participate in marketing of their products. This is because educated farmers are more likely to know the available marketing channels. Similarly, [32] attest that illiteracy affects one’s ability to access important agricultural market information (such as price updates) and fair marketing commitments. Illiteracy does not involve the inability to read and write only, but also inability to interpret agricultural market information. It is acknowledged that farmers with basic education are more likely to adopt new production technology and this impacts the number of goats produced and consequently market participation. [33] indicate that most of the farmers in South Africa have 5 years of education (an equivalent of grade 5). The modern production technologies needed to increase agricultural production tend to be composite for the illiterate farmers, who are, therefore, less likely to adopt them. Therefore, the level of education has major implications for agriculture production since it is going through a series of innovations and development demanding a better-educated farmer. In addition, education influences the ability of farmers to adopt new marketing information and technology.
The time of the year presented in Table 3 above signifies the season. It is significant at 10% but has a negative influence on the extent of commercialization of goat. The results are in agreement with the fact that goat meat is usually in high demand during traditional ceremonies. These traditional ceremonies usually take place during the holidays of April, June, and December. For that reason, most farmers do not sell their goats when they are not in demand. Domestic consumption of fresh goat meat for only traditional and religious ceremonies is the primary challenge for goat farmers as they are unable to sell throughout the year.
Socio-economic factors have an impact on both farmers’ choice and the extent of commercialization in the study. The study reveals that older farmers with experience are the ones likely to participate in the market. Educated farmers are also highly likely to participate in the market because they can access and be able to interpret marketing information. Age and level of education affect the number of goats owned and market participation. Level of education and experience enables the farmer to effectively manage goats thus achieving high productivity, as it is also easy for educated farmers to adopt new technologies that will improve production. Therefore there is a great positive relationship between productivity and market participation which consequently influences commercialization. It is noted in the study that the farmers use the informal market to sell their goats live and socio-economic issues largely influence the marketing as goats are sold in certain specific months which is the period where certain cultural, tradition or religious ceremonies are performed. There are no formal markets for goats and goats products, this is an issue as farmers depend on the available informal market which is not structured thus farmers in the study area have no choice to whom they sell their goats to.
The study reveals that a skilled and educated goat farmer participates in the market. Therefore, government programs that will train and skill goat farmers must be established to increase productivity and market participation. Market information is an important aspect of agricultural development as it enhances market performance and knowledge of market actors. Furthermore, training programs are important for adopting production and marketing technologies, thus enhancing rural goat farmers’ productivity. Through the training programs, effective goat marketing strategies could be developed to inform consumers about attributes of goats to address the sociocultural stigma attached to goat and allow goat products to be accepted as an alternative protein source and this will allow goat sales to be throughout the year consequently achieving sustainable commercialization of goats. The goat product potential that is somehow overshadowed by cattle, sheep, and pig products will be illuminated by establishing formal markets. Training programs will also assist farmers in understanding the demand, price trend, and dynamics in consumer preferences. The study further reveals a positive relationship between market participation and productivity, therefore it appears that the quantity of goats is among the leading significant drivers thus efforts to increase production abilities are very important to promote commercialization of household farmers.
This study recommends that a pathway be created to support household goat farmers so that viable conditions to shift from subsistence farming to market-oriented farming are established. Government support for goat farmers will be imperative in this regard. The study also recommends establishing formal market structures where goat farmers can sell their goats and goat produce to promote market participation and, consequently, increase food security and poverty alleviation for rural farmers. Government support in establishing the formal market for goats will be of high importance as in return revenue could be collected from farmers thus contributing to the country’s economy. The increasing evolution in consumer preferences and health consciousness is important for diffusion innovation and exploitation of new markets for goat products thus achieving commercialization. Climate change makes goat husbandry the main feasible economic and productive activity in mountain areas of South Africa, where the climatic and soil conditions hinder the sustainability of other livestock-rearing activities. Goats can effectively provide environmental and socio-economic services sustainable if well managed and also if there is a structured market for goats. It is noteworthy that the economic value of goats can be realized through commercial production and marketing of goat as well as through value-adding to goat products. There is therefore a need to explore vast marketing opportunities both local and international and at the same time improving goat production towards a commercial approach so as to ensure reliable supply and sustainability of these new markets.
The authors wish to thank their respective institutions for the material used and intellectual support.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
All authors contributed in writing the paper.
This research received no external funding.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
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It describe the bioactive compounds derived from natural resources, its phytochemical analysis, characterization and pharmacological investigation. It focuses on the success of these resources in the process of finding and discovering new and effective drug compounds that can be useful for human resources. From many years, natural products have been acting as a source of therapeutic agents and have shown beneficial uses. Only natural product drug discovery plays an important role to develop the scientific evidence of these natural resources. Research in drug discovery needs to develop robust and viable lead molecules, which step forward from a screening hit to a drug candidate through structural elucidation and structure identification through GC–MS, NMR, IR, HPLC, and HPTLC. The development of new technologies has revolutionized the screening of natural products in discovering new drugs. Utilizing these technologies gives us an opportunity to perform research in screening new molecules using a software and database to establish natural products as a major source for drug discovery. It finally leads to lead structure discovery. Powerful new technologies are revolutionizing natural herbal drug discovery.",book:{id:"8290",slug:"pharmacognosy-medicinal-plants",title:"Pharmacognosy",fullTitle:"Pharmacognosy - Medicinal Plants"},signatures:"Akshada Amit Koparde, Rajendra Chandrashekar Doijad and Chandrakant Shripal Magdum",authors:[{id:"268668",title:"Dr.",name:"Akshada",middleName:"Amit",surname:"Koparde",slug:"akshada-koparde",fullName:"Akshada Koparde"}]},{id:"48805",title:"Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics",slug:"biopharmaceutics-and-pharmacokinetics",totalDownloads:26121,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"4491",slug:"basic-pharmacokinetic-concepts-and-some-clinical-applications",title:"Basic Pharmacokinetic Concepts and Some Clinical Applications",fullTitle:"Basic Pharmacokinetic Concepts and Some Clinical Applications"},signatures:"S. Lakshmana Prabu, T.N.K. Suriyaprakash, K. Ruckmani and R.\nThirumurugan",authors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"},{id:"128690",title:"Dr.",name:"Suriyaprakash",middleName:null,surname:"Tnk",slug:"suriyaprakash-tnk",fullName:"Suriyaprakash Tnk"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"219",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81238",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: An Overview",slug:"artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare-an-overview",totalDownloads:31,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102768",abstract:"The healthcare industry is advancing ahead swiftly. For many healthcare organizations, being able to forecast which treatment techniques are likely to be successful with patients based on their makeup and treatment framework is a big step forward. Artificial intelligence has the potential to help healthcare providers in a variety of ways, including patient care and administrative tasks. The technology aims to mimic human cognitive functions, as it offers numerous advantages over traditional analytics and other clinical decision-making tools. Data becomes more precise and accurate, allowing the healthcare industry to have more insights into the theranostic processes and patient outcomes. This chapter is an overview of the use of artificial intelligence in radiology, cardiology, ophthalmology, and drug discovery process.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Syed Shahwar Anwar, Usama Ahmad, Mohd Muazzam Khan, Md. Faheem Haider and Juber Akhtar"},{id:"79411",title:"Phospholipid Based Nano Drug Delivery Systems of Phytoconstituents",slug:"phospholipid-based-nano-drug-delivery-systems-of-phytoconstituents",totalDownloads:121,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101040",abstract:"The development of phytochemistry and phyto-pharmacology has enabled elucidation of composition and biological activities of several medicinal plant constituents. However phytoconstituents are poorly absorbed due to their low aqueous solubility, large molecular size and poor membrane permeability when taken orally. Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems can be used to improve the dissolution rate, permeability and stability of these phytoconstituents. The current chapter aims to present the extraction of phytoconstituents, their identifications, and development/utilization of phospholipid based nano drug delivery systems (PBNDDS). The content of the chapter also provides characteristic features, in-vitro, in-vivo evaluations and stability performance of PBNDDS. The results from the UHPLC and GC-MS showed different phytoconstituents in the extracted samples with quantitative value. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) data showed PBNDDS of different phytoconstituents in the range of 50–250 nm with PDI value of 0.02–0.5, which was also confirmed by the electron microscopic data. Phytoconstituents loading or entrapment for PBNDDS was in the range of 60–95%. PBNDDS exhibited better in-vitro and in-vivo performance with improved Physico-chemical stability.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammad Hossain Shariare and Mohsin Kazi"},{id:"79292",title:"Aliphatic Polyester Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"aliphatic-polyester-nanoparticles-for-drug-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:109,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100977",abstract:"Drug delivery systems using aliphatic polyester nanoparticles are usually prepared via an emulsion process. These nanoparticles can control drug release and improve pharmacokinetics. Aliphatic polyesters are linear polymers containing ester linkages, showing sensitivity to hydrolytic degradation. The byproducts then promote autocatalytic degradation. These byproducts could enter the Krebs cycle and be eliminated from the body, resulting in the high biocompatibility of these nanoparticles. The properties of these polyesters are linked to the drug release rate due to biodegradation, i.e., polymer crystallinity, glass transition temperature, polymer hydrophobicity, and molecular weight (MW), all of which relatively influence hydrolysis. Mathematical equations have been used to study the factors and mechanisms that affect drug dissolution compared to experimental release data. The equations used as models for predicting the kinetics of drug release include the zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, and Korsmeyer-Peppas equations. Aliphatic polyester-based controlled drug delivery has surrounded much of the current activity in the estimation parameters of nanoparticles and stimulated additional research. Polymeric nanoparticles have potential in a wide range of applications, such as in biotechnology, vaccine systems, and the pharmaceutical industry. The main goal of this chapter is to discuss aliphatic polyester nanoparticles as drug carrier systems.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Narumol Kreua-ongarjnukool, Nopparuj Soomherun, Saowapa Thumsing Niyomthai and Sorayouth Chumnanvej"},{id:"78844",title:"Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery System to Colon Cancer",slug:"targeted-nano-drug-delivery-system-to-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:122,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100059",abstract:"Cancer has been considered as the most cause of death in world. Employing of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems provide a platform for delivering drugs with increasing the anti-cancer efficacy, enhancing bioavailability of drugs, reducing side effects, enhancing the circulation half-life of drugs, improving the distribution of drugs and overcoming drug resistance. A number of nanocarriers have been studied as drug delivery systems for improving the treatment of cancer including liposomes, micelle, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC). In order to enhance recognition and internalization of nanocarriers by the target tissues, their surfaces can be modified with targeting ligands such as integrins, transferrin, folic acid, polysaccharides and antibodies. In this chapter, we are going to introduce the targeted nanocarriers for improving the cytotoxic action of drugs with further attempt of decreasing dose to achieve higher anticancer activity. Targeted nanocarriers would provide a promising therapeutic approach for cancer.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Eskandar Moghimipour and Somayeh Handali"},{id:"78619",title:"Strategies to Develop Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for Smart Drug Delivery",slug:"strategies-to-develop-cyclodextrin-based-nanosponges-for-smart-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:127,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100182",abstract:"In recent years, the development of various cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanosponges (NSs) has gained great importance in the controlled and-or targeted release of drugs due to their versatility and simple preparation. In this chapter, an introduction of different administration routes is explained. Further, different ways to obtain CD-NSs and their classification are shown with a brief explanation of the characterization of the inclusion complexes. Finally, illustrative examples in diverse processes or diseases will be reviewed and explained to demonstrate the potential of CD-NSs. Therefore, this division will serve to compile information on CD-NSs in recent years and to illustrate to readers how to generate and apply different derivatives of interest.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Gjylije Hoti, Silvia Lucia Appleton, Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo, Claudio Cecone, Adrián Matencio, Francesco Trotta and Fabrizio Caldera"},{id:"78313",title:"Smart Drug-Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current, Future Perspectives",slug:"smart-drug-delivery-systems-in-the-treatment-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-current-future-perspectives",totalDownloads:204,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99641",abstract:"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by cellular infiltration in synovium causing joint destruction and bone erosion. The heterogeneous nature of the disease manifests in different clinical forms, hence treatment of RA still remains obscure. Treatments are limited owing to systemic toxicity by dose-escalation and lack of selectivity. To overcome these limitations, Smart drug delivery systems (SDDS) are under investigation to exploit the arthritic microenvironment either by passive targeting or active targeting to the inflamed joints via folate receptor, CD44, angiogenesis, integrins. This review comprehensively deliberates upon understanding the pathophysiology of RA and role of SDDSs, highlighting the emerging trends for RA nanotherapeutics.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Largee Biswas, Vikas Shukla, Vijay Kumar and Anita Kamra Verma"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:7},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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