Comparisons of demographic data of patients with suicide attempts from height.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5378",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"The Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis",title:"The Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne, parasitic disease with tremendous variety in presentation, biology, and epidemiology. Any book on this disease must acknowledge the nearly impossible task of providing an exhaustive account of leishmaniasis simply because the epidemiology of the disease is so very complex. This book addresses some of this variety with chapters on the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in North Africa, Central America, and South America. The purpose of the book is not to specifically address diagnosis and treatment of the disease, but rather to provide a sample of the differing epidemiologies of leishmaniasis that occur due to variations in local habitats; the presence of different vectors, reservoirs, and agents; and the wide variety of cultures in which this disease occurs.",isbn:"978-953-51-2972-1",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2971-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7346-5",doi:"10.5772/62617",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"the-epidemiology-and-ecology-of-leishmaniasis",numberOfPages:176,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"862e269e0512a4763bba54d355c3c44f",bookSignature:"David Claborn",publishedDate:"March 1st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5378.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13506,numberOfWosCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:37,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:80,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 5th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 10th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 8th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 7th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",biography:"David Claborn is a Professor of Public Health at Missouri State University (MSU), USA, where he teaches courses in environmental health, infectious disease, and international health. He obtained a DrPH from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, with his dissertation on the re-emergence of malaria in South Korea. He has been the director of the Master of Public Health program at MSU since 2013. Prior to his academic career, Dr. Claborn served in the US Navy for 20 years, retiring at the rank of Commander in 2008. His work as a medical entomologist has taken him to several international settings including Japan, Australia, South Korea, Italy, and, during Operation Desert Storm, Saudi Arabia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1134",title:"Population Health",slug:"population-health"}],chapters:[{id:"52357",title:"Living on the Edge: Border Countries Should Have Strict Veterinary and Health Policy on Leishmaniasis",doi:"10.5772/65273",slug:"living-on-the-edge-border-countries-should-have-strict-veterinary-and-health-policy-on-leishmaniasis",totalDownloads:1345,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"First human and canine cases as well as presence of competent Phlebotomine fly vectors are reported for the first time in Slovenia. Number of infected dogs in Slovenia has been increasing in the last few years. Having increased number of infected dogs and a presence of proven Phlebotomine fly vectors at the same time in a climatically suitable region may lead to endemic spread of the disease. And that is the kind of situation calling for governmental regulation. Basic preparedness and rapid response mechanisms should be in place. Leishmaniasis cases should be detected early and reaction should be quick. In epidemic-prone areas and before the anticipated outbreak season, the responsibilities of the outbreak task force members should be defined; the necessary needs for response, surveillance, and control should be assessed; the surveillance system should be reinforced; criteria for epidemic alert should be set up; and all health facilities should be provided with minimum stocks of basic diagnostic and treatment supplies. Successful preventive measures should include regular veterinary checks of all imported dogs and dogs traveling outside the country, vector control, use of effective repellents, sleeping indoors with nets on the windows, and antileishmanial vaccination of dogs.",signatures:"Tina Kotnik and Vladimir Ivović",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52357",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52357",authors:[{id:"186975",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tina",surname:"Kotnik",slug:"tina-kotnik",fullName:"Tina Kotnik"},{id:"188027",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Ivovic",slug:"vladimir-ivovic",fullName:"Vladimir Ivovic"}],corrections:null},{id:"54155",title:"Clinical Manifestations of Visceral Leishmaniasis (American Visceral Leishmaniasis)",doi:"10.5772/67398",slug:"clinical-manifestations-of-visceral-leishmaniasis-american-visceral-leishmaniasis-",totalDownloads:1712,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. It is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries and responsible for about 50,000 deaths annually. It is characterized by irregular fever, progressive pallor, spleen and liver growth, and consequent increase in abdominal volume, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, and weight loss. Some changes in epidermal structures can be observed such as dry, brittle and depigmented hair, while the eyelashes are long and silky, pale skin, and as the disease progresses may arise petechiae, ecchymosis, hemorrhagic suffusion, and sometimes jaundice. Edema appears very often, mainly in lower limbs. Hematologic changes are manifested by the reduction of all blood cells. Hypoalbuminemia is a frequent finding, while globulin increases. The patient suspected of having the disease is the one who has fever and splenomegaly. It is valuable to the diagnosis of epidemiological data, history of irregular fever, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and blood disorders such as pancytopenia and hypoalbuminemia. In the course of the disease, bacterial infections are established, especially in the respiratory tract, sometimes responsible for the death. VL is a consumptive disease that requires specific treatment as early as possible.",signatures:"Celia M.S. Pedrosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54155",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54155",authors:[{id:"187021",title:"Dr.",name:"Celia Maria",surname:"Pedrosa",slug:"celia-maria-pedrosa",fullName:"Celia Maria Pedrosa"}],corrections:null},{id:"53594",title:"Application of the Eco-Epidemiological Method in the Study of Leishmaniasis Transmission Foci",doi:"10.5772/66430",slug:"application-of-the-eco-epidemiological-method-in-the-study-of-leishmaniasis-transmission-foci",totalDownloads:1599,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study of transmission foci involves the clinical characterization of disease within a focus using active surveillance of human cases, characterization of the population group that is most frequently infected or at highest risk of becoming infected, diagnosis and treatment of infected people and identification of the conceptions, attitudes, beliefs and practices related to the disease. An entomological survey is necessary to determine the geographical distribution of species and incrimination of vector species, the ecological characteristics of the zone (macro-focus), times of the year and day of highest biting activity and places in homes in which the most frequent contact between the people and the vectors occurs. A survey of peri-domestic and wild mammals in the area is advisable to try to identify potential reservoir hosts. Using this information, it is feasible to design specific and accurate prevention and effective, rational and economic control measures and define the times of the year and locations in which these measures must be applied. In this chapter, a description of the application of the eco-epidemiological method to the study of leishmaniasis transmission foci is provided. A special emphasis is placed on the methodology, multidisciplinary work and analysis of findings.",signatures:"Iván D. Vélez, Lina M. Carrillo, Horacio Cadena, Carlos Muskus and\nSara M. Robledo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53594",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53594",authors:[{id:"187783",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara M.",surname:"Robledo",slug:"sara-m.-robledo",fullName:"Sara M. Robledo"},{id:"189117",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan D.",surname:"Velez",slug:"ivan-d.-velez",fullName:"Ivan D. Velez"},{id:"189118",title:"Dr.",name:"Lina M.",surname:"Carrillo",slug:"lina-m.-carrillo",fullName:"Lina M. Carrillo"},{id:"189119",title:"Dr.",name:"Horacio",surname:"Cadena",slug:"horacio-cadena",fullName:"Horacio Cadena"},{id:"189120",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Muskus",slug:"carlos-muskus",fullName:"Carlos Muskus"}],corrections:null},{id:"53752",title:"Visceral Leishmaniasis and Natural Infection Rates of Leishmania in Lutzomyia longipalpis in Latin America",doi:"10.5772/65787",slug:"visceral-leishmaniasis-and-natural-infection-rates-of-leishmania-in-lutzomyia-longipalpis-in-latin-a",totalDownloads:1833,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Leishmaniasis, a neglected disease caused by protozoans of the Leishmania genus, is still present in 98 countries with about two million new cases yearly worldwide. It is transmitted by female phlebotomine sandflies and presents itself as cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral clinical forms, depending on the Leishmania species and the parasite‐host relationship. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi, endemic in 12 countries of Latin America, with 90% of the cases reported in Brazil. VL is characterized by irregular bouts of fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia, being highly fatal with no treatment. The main strategy in limiting the expansion of VL, besides the treatment of human cases, is the control of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis and its reservoirs. There are only few studies on the natural infection of Leishmania species, especially in relation to its endemic distribution. Epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis may indicate the infection rate of parasites in sandflies in order to assess the populations at risk and to direct public health control strategies. In this context, we aimed to review the main features of VL with regard the distribution of disease cases and natural infection rates of Leishmania in Lu. longipalpis in Latin America.",signatures:"Kárita Cláudia Freitas Lidani, Fabiana A. Andrade, Maria R.P.A.\nTizzot, Magda C.V. Costa-Ribeiro, Marcia H. Beltrame and Iara J.\nMessias-Reason",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53752",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53752",authors:[{id:"187223",title:"Dr.",name:"Kárita",surname:"Lidani",slug:"karita-lidani",fullName:"Kárita Lidani"},{id:"189200",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiana",surname:"Antunes De Andrade",slug:"fabiana-antunes-de-andrade",fullName:"Fabiana Antunes De Andrade"},{id:"189201",title:"Dr.",name:"Magda Clara",surname:"Vieira Da Costa-Ribeiro",slug:"magda-clara-vieira-da-costa-ribeiro",fullName:"Magda Clara Vieira Da Costa-Ribeiro"},{id:"189204",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Regina",surname:"Pinheiro De Andrade Tizzot",slug:"maria-regina-pinheiro-de-andrade-tizzot",fullName:"Maria Regina Pinheiro De Andrade Tizzot"},{id:"189205",title:"Dr.",name:"Iara J.",surname:"Messias-Reason",slug:"iara-j.-messias-reason",fullName:"Iara J. Messias-Reason"},{id:"194880",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcia",surname:"Holsbach Beltrame",slug:"marcia-holsbach-beltrame",fullName:"Marcia Holsbach Beltrame"}],corrections:null},{id:"52734",title:"Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Tunisia",doi:"10.5772/65788",slug:"epidemiology-of-cutaneous-leishmaniasis-in-tunisia",totalDownloads:1508,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In Tunisia, Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) represents the most significant leishmaniasis form. The epidemic of ZCL emerged in Central Tunisia in 1982 and expanded to the whole central and southern parts of the country. Tunisian ZCL is caused by Leishmania (L). major zymodeme MON‐25 and transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi. Rodents constitute the reservoir for ZCL. They include Psammomys obesus, Meriones shawi and Meriones libycus. ZCL occurs as seasonal epidemics and the annual incidence ranges from 2 to 10 thousand cases. Transmission of L. major by the phlebotomine sandfly vector occurs during the summer months, and active lesions in humans tend to emerge during the autumn and winter months. The symptoms of the disease are rather polymorphic, ranging from benign self‐limited cutaneous sores to more protracted and extensive lesions that may cause severe disfigurement. Asymptomatic infection occurs frequently in endemic areas indicating a high level of immunity of the residents in these regions. The transmission of ZCL, its drastic increase and its spread are influenced by environmental changes affecting the reservoir and vector geographic distributions and by the lack of efficacy of the control tools available.",signatures:"Bettaieb Jihène and Nouira Meriam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52734",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52734",authors:[{id:"186501",title:"Dr.",name:"Jihene",surname:"Bettaieb",slug:"jihene-bettaieb",fullName:"Jihene Bettaieb"},{id:"194369",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariem",surname:"Nouira",slug:"mariem-nouira",fullName:"Mariem Nouira"}],corrections:null},{id:"52819",title:"Ecoepidemiology of American Visceral Leishmaniasis in Tocantins State, Brazil: Factors Associated with the Occurrence and Spreading of the Vector Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)",doi:"10.5772/65852",slug:"ecoepidemiology-of-american-visceral-leishmaniasis-in-tocantins-state-brazil-factors-associated-with",totalDownloads:1326,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Leishmaniases are considered serious public health problems, and their geographical expansion has enabled their establishment in urban areas of medium and large cities in Brazil. Continuous processes of deforestation, construction of dams, and hydroelectric plants, among others, cause environmental impact and may favor the increase in the number of human cases of leishmaniases, as well as the establishment of epidemic outbreaks. This scenario reflects the reality of some regions of Brazil, such as Tocantins State, which in recent years has recorded high levels of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). This study is aimed to analyze environmental and epidemiological factors related with the spatial and temporal distribution of AVL and with the occurrence of Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis, the main vector of AVL, in the state of Tocantins. The results indicate that the vector is adapted to all environments, especially the ones under human influence, and that anthropogenic environmental impacts can support the development and adaptation of AVL in Brazil. Such information could be applied in control strategies aimed at decreasing AVL incidence.",signatures:"Margarete Martins dos Santos Afonso, Sérgio Augusto de Miranda\nChaves, Mônica de Avelar Figueiredo Mafra Magalhães, Renata\nGracie, Carina Azevedo, Bruno Moreira de Carvalho and\nElizabeth Ferreira Rangel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52819",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52819",authors:[{id:"187580",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete",surname:"Martins dos Santos Afonso",slug:"margarete-martins-dos-santos-afonso",fullName:"Margarete Martins dos Santos Afonso"},{id:"194451",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Moreira De Carvalho",slug:"bruno-moreira-de-carvalho",fullName:"Bruno Moreira De Carvalho"},{id:"194452",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio",surname:"Augusto De Miranda Chaves",slug:"sergio-augusto-de-miranda-chaves",fullName:"Sérgio Augusto De Miranda Chaves"},{id:"194453",title:"Dr.",name:"Mônica",surname:"De Avelar Figueiredo Mafra Magalhães",slug:"monica-de-avelar-figueiredo-mafra-magalhaes",fullName:"Mônica De Avelar Figueiredo Mafra Magalhães"},{id:"194454",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Ferreira Rangel",slug:"elizabeth-ferreira-rangel",fullName:"Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel"},{id:"194457",title:"MSc.",name:"Renata",surname:"Gracie",slug:"renata-gracie",fullName:"Renata Gracie"},{id:"196535",title:"Dr.",name:"Carina",surname:"Azevedo",slug:"carina-azevedo",fullName:"Carina Azevedo"}],corrections:null},{id:"52224",title:"Leishmaniasis in Tunisia: History and New Insights into the Epidemiology of a Neglected Disease",doi:"10.5772/65000",slug:"leishmaniasis-in-tunisia-history-and-new-insights-into-the-epidemiology-of-a-neglected-disease",totalDownloads:1361,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In Tunisia, both cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniases (VL) are historical diseases that have been described since the nineteenth century. Cutaneous form is more prevalent than the visceral one. It is caused by three taxa (Leishmania major, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania killicki synonymous Leishmania tropica) and six zymodemes (MON-1, MON-8, MON-24, MON-25, MON-80, and MON-317). Among these dermotropic zymodemes, sand flies vectors and reservoir hosts were identified for only three ones. Transmission cycles of L. infantum MON-24 and MON-80 and L. killicki MON-317 are still unknown. Zoonotic CL is largely distributed and covers mainly the sub-arid and arid bioclimatic stages. Nevertheless, it has recently spread to the humid and sub-humid stages in northern Tunisia. Sporadic and chronic CL are less prevalent with limited geographical distribution. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is mainly infantile that affects children of <13 years. It is caused by the single taxon L. infantum. Transmission cycle of this parasite is zoonotic but not well elucidated. Three zymodemes are responsible for the genesis of VL (MON-1, MON-24 and MON-80). Only the transmission cycle of L. infantum MON-1 is identified. Geographically, VL is mainly distributed in the humid, sub-humid, and semi-arid bioclimatic stages of the country. Despite the large progress of knowledge in the ecoepidemiology of leishmaniases in Tunisia, many parameters of the transmission cycles of these taxa are still unknown and need further investigations to identify them.",signatures:"Najoua Haouas and Hamouda Babba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52224",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52224",authors:[{id:"174926",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamouda",surname:"Babba",slug:"hamouda-babba",fullName:"Hamouda Babba"},{id:"187609",title:"Dr.",name:"Najoua",surname:"Haouas",slug:"najoua-haouas",fullName:"Najoua Haouas"}],corrections:null},{id:"52898",title:"Eco-Epidemiological and Immunological Features of Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southeastern Mexico: Thirty Years of Study",doi:"10.5772/66130",slug:"eco-epidemiological-and-immunological-features-of-localized-cutaneous-leishmaniasis-in-southeastern-",totalDownloads:1437,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Yucatan Peninsula is considered an important endemic area of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana and mainly the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo where 41.5% of all new cases in Mexico were reported in 2015. People were affected due to the lack of the resources for early diagnosis and treatment and although many aspects of the disease are known, control of LCL is absent in this region. Thus, better case detection and epidemiological surveillance are required. The presence of emerging focus and changes in the clinical form suggest the importance of continuing the eco-epidemiological studies, which could lead to the implementation of a sustainable control on the disease. In this review, we focus on the results of our multi-disciplinary studies carried out in the southeastern Mexico, including LCL burden, clinical aspects, causal agents, vectors, reservoirs and the host immune response to Leishmania (L.) mexicana infection.",signatures:"Fernando J. Andrade-Narvaez, Nicole R. Van Wynsberghe, Erika I.\nSosa-Bibiano and Elsy Nalleli Loria-Cervera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52898",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52898",authors:[{id:"187837",title:"Dr.",name:"Elsy Nalleli",surname:"Loría-Cervera",slug:"elsy-nalleli-loria-cervera",fullName:"Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera"},{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",surname:"Andrade-Narváez",slug:"fernando-jose-andrade-narvaez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez"},{id:"188882",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika Ivett",surname:"Sosa-Bibiano",slug:"erika-ivett-sosa-bibiano",fullName:"Erika Ivett Sosa-Bibiano"},{id:"188883",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicole",surname:"Van Wynsbrghe",slug:"nicole-van-wynsbrghe",fullName:"Nicole Van Wynsbrghe"}],corrections:null},{id:"52588",title:"Survey of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Mexico: Leishmania Species, Clinical Expressions and Risk Factors",doi:"10.5772/65501",slug:"survey-of-cutaneous-leishmaniasis-in-mexico-leishmania-species-clinical-expressions-and-risk-factors",totalDownloads:1388,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania sp., which is transmitted to human beings and reservoirs by phlebotomine sand flies, with worldwide prevalence of approximately 12 million cases with population at risk of approximately 350 million. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most widespread form, causing localized skin lesions (LCL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), or nodular lesions in diffused cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). American CL includes LCL and DCL caused by Leishmania mexicana complex and MCL caused by the Leishmania braziliensis complex. In Mexico, CL is distributed in three endemic areas, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific of Mexico, and Central Mexico. In order to monitor clinical outcome and adequately target treatment as well as epidemiologic studies, diagnostic kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern and dot blotting, and ITS1 PCR-RFLP of Leishmania DNA were evaluated in samples and Leishmania isolates from patients with cutaneous ulcers from several endemic areas. In Mexico, LCL can be caused by the L. mexicana, L. braziliensis, or both complexes. DCL is caused by L. (L.) mexicana or Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) by Leishmania (L.) chagasi and L. (L.) mexicana in immunocompromised patients. The geographic range in which CL is endemic has increased due to urbanization, new settlements, and ecological, social, and educative conditions, which favors its permanence and transmission.",signatures:"Amalia Monroy-Ostria and Gustavo Sanchez-Tejeda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52588",authors:[{id:"187270",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Amalia",surname:"Monroy Ostria",slug:"amalia-monroy-ostria",fullName:"Amalia Monroy Ostria"},{id:"189116",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Sanchez Tejeda",slug:"gustavo-sanchez-tejeda",fullName:"Gustavo Sanchez Tejeda"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3842",title:"Leishmaniasis",subtitle:"Trends in Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"861f3ca84eede677ba6cd863093d62f8",slug:"leishmaniasis-trends-in-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"David M. Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3842.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4475",title:"Topics in Public Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d60e400498e29ac23d4e94d68301024",slug:"topics-in-public-health",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7090",title:"Current Issues in Global Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e4c3c0c459e7615e74cdc125d5b500c",slug:"current-issues-in-global-health",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7090.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10470",title:"Current Perspectives on Viral Disease Outbreaks",subtitle:"Epidemiology, Detection and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c14777459bf484d53004a121bf8c761e",slug:"current-perspectives-on-viral-disease-outbreaks-epidemiology-detection-and-control",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9114",title:"Vector-Borne Diseases",subtitle:"Recent Developments in Epidemiology and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"97b62d395de991b4cd74bd3148aeb535",slug:"vector-borne-diseases-recent-developments-in-epidemiology-and-control",bookSignature:"David Claborn, Sujit Bhattacharya and Syamal Roy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9114.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"313",title:"Health Management",subtitle:"Different Approaches and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"50844b8973e93e755acd2e5a950f2766",slug:"health-management-different-approaches-and-solutions",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Śmigórski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2140",title:"Epidemiology Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30ed18695c28d4af7aa8fe536a765829",slug:"epidemiology-insights",bookSignature:"Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2140.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87931",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",surname:"Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-ribeiro-de-souza-da-cunha",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5115",title:"Health Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6af1c688ae4cf514c5c3ed6e801f6725",slug:"health-management",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Smigorski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5115.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5483",title:"Adiposity",subtitle:"Epidemiology and Treatment Modalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f19b6a0755b8a29538e3b2043d4a854",slug:"adiposity-epidemiology-and-treatment-modalities",bookSignature:"Jan Oxholm Gordeladze",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5483.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36345",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Gordeladze",slug:"jan-gordeladze",fullName:"Jan Gordeladze"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5287",title:"Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases",subtitle:"Attributes of Lifestyle and Nature on Humankind",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8ce64cf0b96dce4c16042b2982ef5bb",slug:"epidemiology-of-communicable-and-non-communicable-diseases-attributes-of-lifestyle-and-nature-on-humankind",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"82323",slug:"corrigentum-to-scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",title:"Corrignedum to: Scientific Swift in Bioremediation: An Overview",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82323.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82323",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82323",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82323",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82323",chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",middleName:null,surname:"Kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",email:"rnkumavath@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",email:"pratap66666@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",middleName:null,surname:"Kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",email:"rnkumavath@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",email:"pratap66666@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11591",leadTitle:null,title:"The Wounds of Our Mother Psychoanalysis - New Models for a Psychoanalysis in Crisis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tPsychoanalysis is facing the most severe crisis in its history. Contemporary epistemology relies on extreme materialistic reductionism. Human sciences seem eager to conform as much as possible to models and procedures stemming from hardcore science and somatic medicine.
\r\n\tThe development of the interpersonal model and the Kleinian school in the second half of the last century allowed the emergence of an original understanding of the unconscious mind. Within the intersubjective paradigm, the psychoanalytic situation is conceptualized as an interpersonal field to which both the analyst and the patient contribute substantially. We have shown elsewhere how the failure to give a full account of such an intersubjective dimension in both psychoanalytic theory and practice amounts to a core liability in contemporary psychoanalytic discourse.
\r\n\tThe present book will focus on a few areas where the insufficient development of our discipline is currently apparent: five wounds that mark the body of the psychoanalytic enterprise.
\r\n\r\n\tNew contributions are particularly needed in the following areas: Current conceptualization of the unconscious mind is mechanistic and not suited to incorporate the full network of interpersonal exchanges which unfolds in the analytic room; Furthermore, the development of interpersonal psychoanalysis and the theory of the object relations warrants a greater appreciation of the impact of extratranference relations (e.g., couple, family, peers) on the patient's inner life both within and without the psychoanalytic situation.
\r\n\r\n\tAn integration of theories and models from other psychological paradigms is clearly in order here; the book will also focus on Barangers’ theory of the bi-personal field that makes traditional unipersonal models of the psychoanalytic process untenable. Also, it will help in the understanding of the reciprocal interactions of the two partners in the psychoanalytic dyad in most psychoanalytic institutes the training format relies naively on models from the academic or the professional domains. This fosters rigidity, conformism, and a hierarchical organizational style in the institutional life; e) all over the long span of his creative life Freud showed consistent interest in the application of psychoanalysis to literature, the arts, religion, and politics. Contemporary psychoanalysis is getting more and shyer and is pressed at the margins of social and political debate. The psychoanalytic theory includes unique lore of knowledge about the conscious and unconscious mind. Without it, a comprehensive understanding of human reality will stay out of the reach of contemporary culture.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-882-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-881-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-883-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c6a104ee38fec8d9ba8aa139a33003ce",bookSignature:"Dr. Paolo Azzone",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11591.jpg",keywords:"Unconscious, Repression, Conformism, Intersubjective Paradigm, Interpersonal Psychoanalysis, Object Relation Theory, Couple Therapy, Family Therapy, Psychoanalytic Process, Transference Interpretation, Resistance, Controtransference",numberOfDownloads:3,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 31st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 3rd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"14 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Paolo Azzone, M.D., is a psychiatrist and a psychoanalyst with over 20 years of experience in mental health topics. He was a tutor for the course in Clinical Psychiatry at the Medical School of the University of Milan and now is responsible for the Forensic Psychiatric Outpatient Program at the ASST-Rhodense Hospital in Milan, Italy. Azzone contributed to the establishment of a psychotherapy research tradition in Italy and is a co-editor and author of multiple works that are linked to psychoanalysis.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"324882",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Azzone",slug:"paolo-azzone",fullName:"Paolo Azzone",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/324882/images/system/324882.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"ASST-Rhodense Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"82322",title:"A Psychoanalytic Approach to Identity Politics",slug:"a-psychoanalytic-approach-to-identity-politics",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453624",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Scerbe",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453624/images/20399_n.jpg",email:"martina.s@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"69322",title:"Suicide Attempts from Height and Injury Patterns: An Analysis of 64 Cases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89477",slug:"suicide-attempts-from-height-and-injury-patterns-an-analysis-of-64-cases",body:'Falls from height cause significant death and disability worldwide, due to the severe traumatic load inflicted on their victims [1, 2, 3, 4]. According to the WHO, the yearly mortality due to suicide worldwide is approximately 800,000 people. What is more important is the fact that it affects mainly young people, suicide being the primary cause of death in the age group of 25–34 years [5]. The mean incidence of suicides across Europe in 2013 was of 11.7 deaths per 100,000 people. Low rates, under 8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants were recorded in Italy, Malta, Cyprus and the United Kingdom. The lowest incidence was observed in Greece (4.8 cases per 100,000 people) [6]. There was a lag between the beginning of the economic crisis in Europe, and the manifestation of its effects on the Greek population. These became evident 3 or 4 years later, in the form of a reduction of household income and an increase in the rate of unemployment [7, 8, 9].
Causes for this mechanism of injury include both accidental falls and deliberate suicide attempts [10]. The latter constitutes a major social problem, with implications for the entire society, but particularly for the affected family. The psychological profile of people committing suicide is complex and unique for each case [11]. Thus, identifying contributing factors that may lead to suicide and establishing strategies for the safekeeping of mental health in communities are of paramount importance.
The type of injuries incurred after a fall constitute a unique pattern of blunt trauma, with a characteristic distribution of damage (multiple lesions in a variety of body areas) [1, 12, 13]. The most common form of trauma are fractures, followed by other areas, such as the head, the thorax, the abdomen as well as the retroperitoneum, being injured by varied degrees [14]. The quantity and the quality of traumatic load absorbed depend on factors like the height from which the fall occurred, the part of the patient’s body that had the first impact, the surface where the impact occurred and the victim’s age, taking into account the associated comorbidity, and reduced physiologic reserve that advanced age implies [15, 16, 17]. Anticipation and prediction of the exact areas being injured are not possible, because of the multitude of factors involved, and the exact unpredictability of the fall’s kinematic [18, 19].
As aforementioned, one can infer that the differential diagnosis of falls from height from other types of blunt trauma (for example, a road-traffic-collision with expulsion of the occupants from the vehicle) is difficult. Thus, a high index of suspicion must be maintained concerning the initial cause in cases of polytrauma in victims with an unknown history [20]. An array of papers have dealt with injury-related deaths in general, while others have differentiated between unintentional and intentional injury-related deaths [21, 22, 23, 24]. There are few studies though that have looked into patients with intentional or unintentional injuries, due to a fall from height, at a single centre [13, 25].
As noted by research in the past, self-harm due to a fall is a rare phenomenon, being responsible for 4–7% of deaths from suicide in the developed world [26, 27, 28, 29]. On the other hand, studies have shown that psychiatric disorders are a frequent finding in patients suffering trauma [30, 31, 32]. Nevertheless, the connection between mental disorders and specific injury patterns has not been adequately described. Furthermore, the elucidation of patterns of injury incurred after accidental falls and after intentional suicide jumps, might be of help to forensic pathologists while investigating the circumstances of a death after a fall from height.
From January 1990 to October 2012, 64 patients (15 males and 49 females) were studied as a result of falls from height. Fall from height ≥ 3 m is classified as high energy trauma in accordance to ATLS guidelines [33]. The mean patient age was 34 years (range 16–65 years). These 64 cases comprised our series and, for comparison, were divided into those without mental disorders (n = 32, group I) and those with mental disorders (n = 32, group II). Group II cases were further stratified according to their psychiatric diagnosis.
The principles of Advanced Trauma Life Support were followed in the management of all patients. Basic laboratory screening included haemoglobin level, prothrombin time, type and crossmatch and arterial blood gas analysis. Data collected included age, gender, associated trauma, injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), haemodynamic status (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg on arrival), length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay.
Also, the following trauma variables were analysed: specific intracranial injuries (epidural, subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhage and brain contusion), spinal injuries (cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine), thoracic injuries, specific intra-abdominal injuries (liver, spleen, kidney, and hollow viscus) and specific fractures (pelvis, femur and tibia). The diagnosis of mental disorder was ascertained by psychiatric specialists using the criteria of the International Classification of Disease Ninth Version Clinical Modification (ICD-9CM).
The mean height of fall was 5.4 m (range, 3–25 m). The patients were separated in two groups: group I, without mental disorders (n = 32), and group II, with mental disorders (n = 32). The demographic data, including age, gender, height of fall, ISS, GCS, initial shock (SBP <90 mm Hg), hospital stay (days), ICU stay (days) and deaths are summarized in Table 1. The mean hospital stay was 29 days (range 19–45) and the mean ICU stay was 9 (range, 5–13) (Table 1).
Data | Patients |
---|---|
Age | 35 (18–65) |
Gender (M:F) | 15:49 |
ISS | 20 (12–58) |
GCS | 9 (6–13) |
Haemodynamic status-SBP <90 mmHg | 34 |
Hospital stay (days) | 29 (19–45) |
ICU stay (days) | 9 (5–13) |
Deaths | 13 |
Comparisons of demographic data of patients with suicide attempts from height.
Concerning their background psychiatric disorder in group II, the diagnosis was schizophrenia in 32 patients, depression in 12, drugs or alcohol abuse in 3, personality disorder in one, manic depression in one, another psychiatric condition in one and 14 cases without a specific diagnosis (generally marital or work related).
Patients due to suicide attempts from height comprised of 15 males and 49 females with a mean of age 35 years (range: 18–65 years). Of those, 16 were single, 14 were married and 2 were divorced. Thirty-three patients were employed, 6 were housewives, 7 were unemployed, 3 were students/pupils and 15 had various occupations. As far as religion was concerned, 48 were Christian Orthodox, one Roman Catholic, one Jewish, one Muslim and 13 of other religions.
Regarding their family status: 20 had children, 6 had only their parents, 3 had only their spouse, 2 had a step family, 2 had parents who were divorced, 6 had parents and/or siblings, one had both parents and children and 24 had no family at all.
The falls had occurred from a roof or balcony in 39 cases, from a window in 12, from a bridge in 7 and inside the house in 6. The mean injury severity score (ISS) was 20 (range 12–58) for all victims of fall. Sixteen patients arrived at the emergency department in shock. The most common body region having sustained severe trauma were the fractured extremities and/or spine, followed by the chest, the head and the abdomen for both groups (Table 2).
Fall from | Patients |
---|---|
Roof/balcony | 39 |
Window | 12 |
Bridge | 7 |
Inside the house | 6 |
Abdominal trauma | 4 |
Thoracic trauma | 32 |
Head injuries | 16 |
Extremity fractures | 199 |
Spinal fractures | 32 |
Location where the fall occurred and associated injuries.
Head injuries were revealed by CT scan in 16 patients. The mean GCS was 9 (range 6–13) for both groups. The most common intracranial injury was brain contusion and subarachnoid haemorrhage, followed by subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma. The incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage in the suicide group was significantly higher than in the accidental group.
Associated abdominal injuries were present in 4 patients. The most common injury was liver laceration, followed by kidney and spleen laceration. One died with an operative finding of a large central retroperitoneal haematoma due to a vena cava rupture. In the remaining 3 patients, ultrasonography showed minimal intraperitoneal blood and these patients were not operated on. Thoracic injuries were present in 32 patients. The most common of these were rib fractures—26 cases. Twelve of these patients had a haemopneumothorax and 6 had a sternum fracture. Conservative treatment with assisted ventilation was necessary in these cases (Table 3).
Skull | 16 (25%) |
Shoulder | 4 (6.2%) |
Scapula | 6 (9.3%) |
Sternum | 6 (9.3%) |
Ribs | 26 (40.6%) |
Humerus | 8 (12.5%) |
Elbow joint | 8 (12.5%) |
Distal radius | 7 (10.9%) |
Hand | 4 (6.2%) |
32 (50%) | |
27 (42.1%) | |
Acetabulum | 9 (14%) |
Femoral neck | 38 (59.3%) |
Femur | 18 (28.1%) |
Knee joint | 17 (26.5%) |
Tibia | 19 (29.6%) |
Ankle joint | 36 (56.2%) |
Calcaneum | 34 (53.1%) |
The distribution of fractures in percentage across body region for the two groups of patients.
Upper extremity fractures were found in 37 patients, while pelvic and lower extremity fractures were found in 198 cases. Spinal fractures were noted in 32 patients. As far as the level of injury was concerned, in 16 cases, it was in the lumbar level, in 9 cases in the cervical, in 5 cases in thoracic and in 2 cases the sacral vertebrae were concerned. Regarding the neurologic deficit, in 23 cases, the injury was incomplete (14 with ASIA C and 9 with ASIA D), and in 9 cases, it was complete (4 with ASIA A and 5 with ASIA B). Further details with our data of 32 patients with spinal cord injury as a result of deliberate self-harm have been published previously [34]. It seems that the neurological complications of spinal injuries were correlated with the increase of the height from which the fall occurred.
Patients with psychiatric disorders were more frequently shocked on arrival at the emergency department than those in the accidental group, the most common reason for death being head injury. Fatalities were more common when patients fell from greater heights (over 4 m), or when their head hit a hard surface, such as concrete.
The final causes of inpatients’ death were: head injury in 8 cases, multiple organ failure in 3 cases, pneumonia in one case and cardiac complications in another one. The majority of patients who died of organ failure had sustained significant head injury. In one case, death occurred after a second suicide attempt 2 years later.
Each patient underwent a psychiatric evaluation by a consulting psychiatrist as soon as his condition and cooperation permitted. The assessment comprised of an interview. Regarding the type of treatment for the spinal fracture—dislocations, instrumentation devices included titanium rods, transpedicular screws, sacral bars and bone grafting in all patients. No new suicide attempt was recorded during the hospital stay.
All patients were discharged from hospital approximately 6–8 weeks after the operation with a custom-made thermoplastic thoracolumbar or lumbosacral orthosis for another 8 weeks and instructions for physical therapy and rehabilitation programs. The mean follow-up was 6 years (12 months to 10 years range). At follow-up, 27 patients were available for evaluation due to the death of 5 patients, 1–3 years post initial injury, because of suicide in one case (patient 7 of group II) and medical complications in 4 cases [renal failure in 3 cases (patients 8, 14 and 30 in group II) and pneumonia in one (patient 21)]. In the remaining patients, new unsuccessful attempts were recorded in 2 cases (7%) due to psychiatric disorders, 1–3 years after the first attempt (patients 10 and 24). All survivors received psychiatric follow-up. The overall mortality was significantly higher in those patients who fell from more than 10 m.
Suicides and suicide attempts constitute a major concern for public health services, with implications for both families and society [35]. Trauma incurred due to falls from height poses a great burden on health services due to its severity. This is particularly important if we take into account the fact that this is a largely preventable mechanism of injury. Prior knowledge of the possible traumatic patterns incurred after a fall from height can prove helpful in the initial evaluation of this group of patients. From an epidemiologic point of view, trauma due to falls may occur across all age groups, but it is the two extremes, the very young and elderly, which are particularly susceptible to it [36].
In this study, we have considered two groups of patients. Group I represented patients with no mental disorders and group II with mental disorders. It is quite difficult to identify someone who is prone to committing suicide. In addition, the observed number of suicides and suicide attempts being committed at a younger age (i.e. adolescence) has been a cause of concern worldwide and particularly in Europe [37]. The male-female ratio of suicide attempts varies across age groups. Thus, in the younger age group (15–24 years old), it is 1:1.9; and in the middle age group (45–54 years old) it is 1:1.7. This ratio further decreases for those older than 55 years to 1:1.4 [38]. In this study, the male-female ratio was 1:3. The female sex was associated with an increased likelihood of death due to a higher amount of energy involved in their attempted fall.
According to other studies [39, 40], young males tend to repeat suicide attempts more frequently than females and the methods used by them lead to an increased mortality. A suicide attempt in the past is a red flag for a possible attempt in the future; so, there is a strong correlation between suicide attempts and deaths from suicide both regionally and nationally, and particularly in young males [41]. Also, there is a strong correlation between repeated attempts and completed suicide, especially in the group of males who have used a violent method [42, 43].
The study by Dickson et al. had the aim of establishing a correlation between mortality and various factors, such as the patients’ injury severity score (ISS), the height from which the fall took place, the patient’s intention and the body regions that were injured. In addition, the height of the fall strongly correlated with the patient’s ISS and was an important predictor of mortality [44]. Head and/or chest injuries, if due to a fall from height, were strongly associated with an increased incidence of death. According to the authors, this mechanism of injury should be a triage priority when tasking ambulances. In addition, the best way of treating these injuries is their prevention. No other significant predictors of mortality were found in this study.
In the case series by Kent and Pearce, 282 suicide attempts were studied, 13 of which were completed. Of those, 8 happened at home, all patients were older than 49 years; and in 7 out of 8 deaths, ladders were implicated [45]. The retrospective study by Petratos et al. analysed in detail the musculoskeletal traumatic pattern resulting from falls from height, and focused particularly on the correlation between specific fracture patterns and the height from which the fall happened, as well as on the causation of the fall (suicide attempt vs. accident). According to their findings, with an increase in the height from which the fall occurred, the frequency of limb, thoracic and pelvic fractures also increased. Such a correlation was not evident for head injuries. Nevertheless, the anatomical regions having sustained fractures (including the cranium) varied in accordance with the height of the fall. Thus, we can infer a mechanism of injury that is varying proportionately to the height of the fall. There was no significant difference between the patients who attempted suicide and those who fell by accident as far as the number of fractures incurred or the regions having been injured were concerned. Nevertheless, with regard to our results that have been published previously, patients who attempted suicide had a significantly greater number of bilateral lower limb fractures than their accidental fall counterpart. In addition, logistic regression analysis shows a significant correlation between the cause of the fall and the presence of lower limb fractures. According to the authors, further research is necessary in order to establish a correlation between incurred traumatic pattern, the height of the fall and the patient’s intention [46].
Choi et al. in his recent study attempted to differentiate the characteristics of traumatic pattern between intentional and non-intentional falls [47]. In addition, he attempted to determine prognostic factors for suicide attempt-related injury and promote adequate measures for the prevention and management of such injuries. In this study, 8992 patients with an accidental fall (non-intentional group) and 144 patients who committed a suicide attempt (intentional group) were included. Falls from a height greater than 4 metres were more frequently encountered in the intentional group. Death prior to patient’s arrival in the accident and emergency department occurred in 54.9% of the cases of suicide attempt. Patients within the intentional group, having sustained increased traumatic load, had fallen from higher, were older and were more likely to be of lower educational level (high-school graduates, instead of college). Due to the fact that injuries sustained after an intentional fall were more likely to have a reserved outcome, the authors highlighted the importance of prevention. Such measures include telephone support and counselling lines, the installation of signs advising against suicide in high risk areas for an intentional fall, such as bridges, along with suggestions for government-coordinated programs aiming for the education of the public and the improvement of social conditions generally and the support of the community and family in particular.
The reasons behind a suicide attempt are multifactorial, hard to quantify and unique in every case. Nevertheless, the study of multiple suicide attempts puts into evidence some risk factors that would lead to such a decision. These are common across all age groups and include: the presence of mental illness, either currently or in the past, a history of alcohol or drug dependence, as well as the presence of depression [10]. Epidemiologically, one out of five persons who have attempted suicide will try once more within a year, and 10% of them will succeed in the end. Drug ingestion is the most common mechanism for a suicide attempt. Violent mechanisms such as hanging, falls from height and use of weapons are not common [48]. The persons who have attempted suicide by falling from height usually become polytrauma patients. The types of injuries incurred are two: deceleration injuries due to inertial phenomena, usually at viscera with vascular pedicles, and direct impact injuries [49].
The severity of fractures incurred will depend on factors like the area over which the impact is applied [50]. The smaller the area of spread of the impact, the greater the local load. Therefore, patients landing on their legs tend to suffer more severe injuries than those who have landed on their flanks, or prone, or supine [51]. Patients due to accidental falls mostly suffered spinal fractures and upper extremities fractures in an attempt to protect themselves. Patients due to suicidal high falls attempts suffered mostly of lower limb fractures, pelvis, spinal fractures and head injuries. Distal radius and hand was the most common affected region in upper extremities in patients with non-intentional falls, in an attempt to protect mainly the head and grab something stable to prevent further fall. In patients with intentional falls, kinetic energy is absorbed mainly by the lower limbs, pelvis, spine and head, leading to characteristic fracture patterns [52]. The most common cause for death is head injury [51, 53, 54] and this is accordance to our results. Turk and Tsokos reviewed 68 medicolegal autopsy cases (22 females, 46 males, age range 13–89 years) of fatal falls from height from 1997 to 2001 [55]. The cause of instant death was head trauma in 24 (35%), internal blood loss in 9 (13%) and polytrauma in 30 (44%) cases. Other causes of death, when the individuals survived the trauma for a longer period, included septic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and pulmonary embolism. In general, suicides were from greater heights than accidents (mean height 22.7 m for suicides and 10.8 m for accidents, respectively). Strikingly, severe head injuries predominantly occurred in falls from heights below 10 m (84%) and above 25 m (90%). Head trauma was the cause of death in 11 of the 19 cases that were from 9 m or less (58%). Of all cases, 51 (75%) died within a few minutes. A survival time of several hours up to 1 day was observed in 8 cases. Nine patients survived for several days (up to 16 days). Five of them fell from heights below 10 m. Patients with intentional fall from height have a higher early mortality than patients due to accidental fall from height [56].
The easiest way to underline the suspicion that the mode is suicide is if a suicide note is found at the jumping site; this is, however, closer to being the exception than the rule. Analysing the distance of the body from the site of descent may sometimes also help us determine the manner of death. The distance of the body from the site of descent includes the falling height and the horizontal distance. The falling height in suicide was statistically higher than that in accident [57, 58]. For similar heights, Wischhusen et al. have demonstrated that in passive falls, the horizontal distance is usually farther than jumps [59]. From a mechanical point of view, during a fall from height, potential (dynamic) energy is converted into kinetic and this leads to fractures upon impact. Another important factor of the severity of injuries is the height of fall, as the kinetic energy is increasing due to acceleration during the fall and is maximum at the time of impact [60]. In suicide falls, kinetic energy is absorbed mainly by the lower limbs, pelvis and spine, leading to characteristic fracture patterns. In accidental falls, patients most probably extend their arms and flex their hips, which lead to a damping effect that protects the spine [61]. Hence, the most important determinant of survival after a free fall is the position of the body at the time of impact [49]. There were only 3 patients (cases 1, 22 and 31) in group II who have sustained solely upper extremity fractures. The most common body position at the time of impact is with the patient standing and landing with the lower extremities first. This usually leads to calcaneal or pilon fractures, as well as thoracolumbar fractures. If the impact takes place with the patient seated, then higher thoracic or cervical injuries are more likely to happen, which are associated with a higher rate of mortality. Finally, an unpredictable fracture pattern takes place when the victim suffers multiple secondary impacts, in various postures, after bouncing from the primary impact. The amount of injury incurred will depend on the rate of dissipation and absorption of energy, through the patient’s body.
According to the paper by Teh et al., there is a difference to the traumatic pattern incurred by jumpers compared to fallers [13]. Namely, the jumpers tend to impact their dominant lower limb first, as well as sustaining right sided thoracic injuries in the process. We did not confirm the above-mentioned findings in our study. The severity of spinal cord injuries was more important in the suicide than the accidental group [52]. This was in accordance with studies performed in the past, which also showed the early neurologic involvement in such cases. As far as prognosis of spinal cord injury is concerned, complete injuries will be unaltered both in level and extent in a year’s time. On the other hand, incomplete injuries may show signs of improvement for a period of 2 years after the impact [62]. Our results regarding prognosis for ambulation in ASIA A patients and for functionality in ASIA C patients are in accordance with current knowledge [63].
Anderson et al. performed a retrospective study, regarding the rehabilitation outcome of patients with spinal cord injury, as a result of deliberate self-harm (DSH) [29]. According to them, spinal fractures in the DSH group were mainly the result of falls from height. Underlying causes were revealed, such as psychiatric disorders and substance abuse, necessitating formal psychiatric review. There was no difference in short-term rehabilitation results between the DSH and accidental spinal cord injury group. In addition, DSH seemed to impact the length of stay only in patients with a spinal fracture, but without cord injury.
According to the literature, there are three studies on the subject of acute spinal cord injury following a suicide attempt that stand apart. The first is by Stanford et al. In his paper, 56 cases were followed over a period of 30 years (1970–2000). Fifty five cases were due to a fall from height and one open injury, through the use of a gun. Follow-up of 8 years on average was available for 47 cases (84%). The vertebral levels most frequently injured were C5 and L1. About 23 patients suffered from a complete spinal cord injury and 32 had a severe traumatic load (ISS > 15). The psychiatric background of these patients included personality disorder in 27, schizophrenia in 16, depression in 14 and substance abuse/dependence in 20. Of these patients, 4 were successful in subsequent suicide attempts [28].
The following two studies on this subject are from the UK [26] and Denmark [27]. Both of those are observational and retrospective, with a long follow-up. According to the latter, there is an increasing incidence of suicide attempts and associated spinal cord injury from 1965 to 1987. Approximately one third of the patients who attempted suicide suffered from schizophrenia. According to other papers [64, 65], schizophrenia is strongly correlated with falls from height (from bridges in particular). There were 7 patients in our study who have sustained a fall from a bridge. Damage control surgery principles are followed initially for the treatment of life-threatening injuries and for both limb and spinal trauma [66]. The primary goals of fracture fixation are timely mobilization and safe transfer to psychiatric services. Conservative treatment measures are not usually recommended for this group of patients.
Our findings are in accordance with relevant bibliography [67, 68], regarding the psychiatric background of patients who attempt suicide by falling from height. The spectrum of conditions encountered encompasses bipolar disorder, substance dependence and abuse, personality disorder and schizophrenia.
From an epidemiological point of view, schizophrenia is encountered in 5–10% of cases of suicide attempt. These patients may have well planned their suicide or even suffered from an active self-harm ideation. From the above-mentioned, we gather that management of these patients from a trauma point of view must take into consideration their psychiatric needs. The latter may cause significant disturbance in the delivery of medical care [69]. Most of the patients in this study had a positive response following adequate psychiatric intervention. Hence, we gather that prevention and early identification of persons at risk for a suicide attempt with the use of appropriate screening tools by health care professionals are invaluable.
Education of medical and nursing staff regarding the demands and particularities of care of this population, suffering from both spinal cord injury and psychiatric disorders, cannot be overemphasized. Regular follow-up with multidisciplinary team input and future research are necessary for the provision of high-quality care to this population.
According to the literature, it has been difficult to obtain comparable international data on suicide attempts, owing to disparities in definitions, survey designs and study methods, because the combination of free falls and mental disorders produces a unique group of patients. It has been our experience that psychiatric conditions, and especially the suicidal risk, should be evaluated and treated as early as possible during the orthopaedic or surgical hospitalization. Management requires both psychopharmacological therapy and psychotherapy. It has to be directed towards the achievement of symptomatic relief and, if possible, towards the remission of the primary psychiatric disorder.
The management of these patients in the orthopaedic or surgical ward is difficult, because of restlessness, non-cooperation of the patient and the problem of staff inexperienced in handling the psychiatric patient. When prolonged orthopaedic and rehabilitation management are necessary, it is suggested that the patient be transferred to a psychiatric hospital while continuing the necessary orthopaedic treatment. The outcome data provide critical information concerning those individuals who have attempted suicide and suggests future methods for the identification of suicidal factors.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Mutagenicity is the process of induction of permanent heritable changes in the DNA sequence of living systems [1]. It is caused mainly by the external factors, including chemical and physical agents, or can also occur spontaneously due to errors in DNA repair, replicationand recombination [2]. A number of mutagens have been recognized in our environment recently as many factors which modulate the toxic activities either in vitro or in vivo [3]. Agents contributing to mutagenesis in the environment could be from wide-spectrum applications of biocides in the agriculture, industrial sources, and other contaminants [3].
\nThese mutagenic chemicals have severe drawbacks in humans such as cancer and various inherited diseases; therefore, it is important to detect such mutagenic agents precisely and rapidly and also look for solutions to combat them [2].
\nNatural occurring dietary antimutagens such as healthy protective foods such as fruits and vegetables could strongly counteract the deleterious effect of these mutagens [4]. Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that one-third of all cancer death incidences are preventable depending on the diet type especially health protective phytochemicals that provide an effective solution to these concerns [4]. The current chapter will present the mutagenic events and a brief compilation of the existing scientific findings either from dietary sources or synthetic agents that have the potential activity to combat the disorders caused by the mutagenic agents, putting in mind possible future perspectives and mechanism of antimutagenics [2].
\nSeveral classes of antimutagenic compounds may be distinguished based on their mechanism of action as the following:
\nReactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by many mutagens; therefore, the removal of reactive molecules is considered an important strategy in the process of antimutagenesis. It is reported that compounds with antioxidant propertiescan remove ROS before these molecules react with DNA, resulting in a mutation [5].
\nIt was reported that the antigenotoxic effects of Lipoic acid (LA) (Figure 1) against mitomycin-C induced chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronucleus formation was observed in human peripheral lymphocytes. Moreover, LA exhibits both anticlastogenic and antimutagenic activity [6].
\nLipolic acid.
A potential protective mechanism against mutagenesis is related to the direct chemical interaction between a mutagen and an antimutagenic compound before it induces DNA damage leading to the inhibition of their damaging activity. Sulfhydryl compounds, such as cysteine, can inactivate 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) (Figure 2) [7].
\n(a) Mutagen (MX) and (b) antimutagen (cysteine).
The mechanism of action for this type of antimutagenics is to prevent mutagenic compounds from reaching target sites such as nucleophilic bichalcophenes (Figure 3). They might be able to bind to DNA and, therefore, protect genetic materials from electrophilic mutagenic agents [8].
\nBichalcophene derivatives.
Various antimutagenic agents work through multiple mechanisms affording protection against several mutagens. Noteworthy, the ability of compounds to affect mutagens simultaneously in varied ways significantly enhances antimutagenic effectiveness. Hence, searching for such multifunctionally acting antimutagens is of great importance [9].
\nThis way of preventing induced cellular mutagenesis depends on mutagens that are inactivated before they can attack the DNA in vitro [3].
\nDamaged DNAusually requires fixation steps (e.g., DNAreplication and/or repair) before it can be expressed as stable and heritable mutant genes. Hence this mechanism relates to interference with some aspects of cellular DNA fixation processes working on reducing genetic damage in DNA [3].
\nAntimutagenic agents are able to combat the disorders caused by mutagens [10]. This group of agents includes both natural and synthetic compounds categories [1].
\nThe antimutagenic effect of natural sources was investigated due to certain compounds in them or due to whole extract.
\nIt is the first naturally occurring organic antimutagen [11]; it has been involved in screening and chemical studies of such biologically active substances [12]. Antimutagenic action is attributed to either by a selective killing effect of cells which have premutation lesion of DNA via inhibition of the errorprone SOS repair system, or by enhancement of the error-free DNA repair system (Figure 4) [13].
\nCinnamaldehyde.
Punicalagin is an ellagitannin found in the fruit peel of
(a) Punicalagin (b) ellagic acid.
Luteolin derivatives (luteolin 7-O-rutinoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, and luteolin 7-O-glucuronide) (Figure 6) are isolated from
Luteolin derivatives.
\n
Acetogenins.
Pinocembrin and cardamonin (Figure 8) are found in Sozuku (Chinese drug from dried seed of
Pinocembrin and cardamonin.
It isa type of iridoid glycoside. HS (Figure 9) is considered as the main active component extracted from
Harpagoside (HS)
Natural oleoresin is rich in lycopene (Figure 10), which was obtained from two types of tomato (Zedona and Gironda). The antimutagenic activity of oleoresin was tested against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and both varieties had awfully high antimutagenic potential against AFB1 (60–66%) [20].
\nLycopene.
The powdered extract of
Glycyrrhiza aspera root extract.
It was found that
These two plants are both rich in compounds of the tanninand flavonoid groups and frequently employed in folk medicine. Antimutagenicity was determined against known mutagenic substances such as 4-oxide-1-nitroquinoline, NaN3, aflatoxin B1, 2-aminofluorene and 2-aminoanthracene, and 2-nitrofluorene using the
Aqueous and acidified methanol extracts of CLFR were evaluated for their total phenolic contents and antioxidant and antimutagenic activities. Antimutagenic potential of the extracts was done by Ames test. The results supported that the extracts from CLFR were mutagenically safe due to its high phenolic content which can act as antioxidant and anitmutagenic [24].
\nThe genotoxic effect of MT was investigated by using both micronucleus test and Ames test in
It is an extract of
Although
The essential oils of
The methanolic extract of HI reduced the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene, norfloxacin, and 2-aminoanthracene. The antigenotoxic properties could be due to the antioxidant properties of component into extract such as catenanes, sterols, polyacetylenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, and flavonoid glycosides [29].
\nLiteratures revealed that this extract displayed potent antioxidant and antimutagenic activities [30]. Also chloroform extract showed antimutagenic effect against both direct- and indirect-acting mutagens, as the extract may act as a blocking agent that is capable of influencing the activities of enzymes engaged in the metabolism of mutagens and carcinogens. Moreover, the tested extract displayed the ability to react directly with the mutagens electrophilic metabolite sand was capable of protecting against oxidative DNA damage [30].
\nIt was reported that wheat bran provides antimutagenic effects that related to the presence of the antioxidant phytic acid. It was demonstrated that phytic acid may intercept carcinogenic azoxymethane, inhibiting it even before it can damage DNA. Moreover, antioxidants included in wheat bran are able tomodulate DNA repair enzymes [31].
\nActivity was displayed by beets, chives, horseradish, onions, rhubarb, and spinach. All cruciferous vegetables showed strong to moderate antimutagenic activities, except Chinese cabbage, which displayed weak activity. Moderate antimutagenicity was found in green beans and tomatoes, whereas weak activities in egg plant, garden cress, many types of lettuces, leeks, mangold, cucumber, pumpkin, radish, and summer squash. However, some vegetables such as
Antimutagenic activity of many vegetable juiceswere earlier studied againstmutagenicity induced by2-amino-3-methyl[4,5-f]-quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,4dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline (MeIQ) or 2-amino3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx) in S.typhimurium TA98 and TA100 [33].
\nCurrent research all over the world has focused on health protectiveproperties of fruits including antimutagenic potential of different fruittypes and their cultivars. Concerning apple fruit, its antioxidant and radioprotective properties were found to be better correlated with its antimutagenic effect [34]. Recently, copaiba, an exotic Brazilian fruit, possesses the antimutagenic potential of copaiba powder (dose of 100 mg/kg) showing great reduction of micronuclei [35].
\n\n
It was demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract of macro fungus showed the in vitro antimutagenic activity of
Synthetic antimutagens is another important trend in the area of antimutagenicity research.
\nBile acids have either a co- or an antimutagenic activity toward various direct- and indirect-acting mutagens [38]. It was reported that steroidal hormones could inhibit the genotoxicity of both direct- and indirect-acting mutagens [39]. For example, both ethinyl oestradiol and mestranol (Figure 12), which are synthetic derivatives of 3-estradiol largely used in contraceptive pills, are strong mutagenic inhibitors acting at nanomolar concentrations [39].
\nSteroidal hormonal molecules
It could act as a nucleophile to scavenge the electrophilic mutagens. It was implied that gallic acid (Figure 13) can bind or insert into the outer membrane transporters leading to the blockage of a mutagen that was transferred intothe cytosol [40]. One of the mutagenic substances that gallic acid affects is NaN3. It is widely used in agriculture, industry, and medicine, but it is a highly toxicsubstance. If sodium azide is found in the intracellular milieu, azide ions bind Fe3þ in hemoglobin and inhibit the respiratory chain of metabolism [41].
\nGallic acid.
The anticlastogenic effect of tannic acid (Figure 14) was studied
Tannic acid.
Theantigenotoxic potential of two newly synthesized β-aminoketones such as2-{(4-bromophenyl)[(4-methylphenyl) amino] methyl} cyclohexanone and 2-{(4-chlorophenyl)[(4-methylphenyl) amino] methyl} cyclohexanone compounds was tested against the mutagenN-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), acting by DNAmethylation (Figure 15) [9]. The antimutagenic potential of these compounds may be related to the inhibition of the production of O6-methylguanine, a product of MNNG that is related to its mutagenic effect. Both compounds also abolished mutagenesis induced by 9-AA that binds to DNA noncovalently by intercalation [43].
\nβ-Aminoketones and mutagens.
This category of antimutagenics acts against mutagens via either intracellularor extracellular mechanisms [44]. The extracellular mechanism showed interference with the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolismof these mutagens and the interaction with active mutagenicmetabolites [8]. Moreover, the antimutagenic potency of these compounds may be relatedto DNA protection from mutagens presenting electrophilicproperties [8].
\nHydroxyphenyliminoligands and their metal complexes [Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II) complexes] of usnic acid (Figure 16) which is isolated from
Usnic acid.
New polymeric microspheres containing azomethine were designed and synthesized to evaluate their antimutagenic activity against NaN3, among of them; a new polymeric microspheres containing azomethine (Figure 17) which contains R = CH3 had potent antimutagenic effect against NaN3 [46].
\nNew polymeric microspheres containing azomethine.
Chitosan derivatives containing quaternary ammonium groups and di (tertbutyl) phenol (TBPh) (Figure 18) in the polymer side chain improved the antimutagenic efficiency of the polymer from 48 to 93% [47].
\nChitosan derivatives containing quaternary ammonium groups.
Hydrazone derivatives were synthesized to study their antioxidant and antimutagenic activity against 4-NPD and NaN3 in
Hydrazone derivatives
The potential antimutagenic of xanthonesis attributed to different mechanisms, such as the rapid elimination of mutagens from bacteria; the interaction between antimutagens and the reactive intermediates of mutagens; and the influence on microsomal enzymes against direct mutagen 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQNO) (Figure 20) [49].
\nXanthone.
Novel polymeric-Schiff bases including indol (L1, L2, L3) (Figure 21) exhibited the antigenotoxic properties against sodium azide in human lymphocyte cells by micronuclei (MN) and sister chromatid exchange tests [50].
\nNovel polymeric-Schiff bases.
A series of indolizine derivatives have been synthesized to determine their antimutagenic activity, the indolizine derivative (Figure 22) had the highest activity [51].
\nIndolizine.
Scientists demonstrated that this series of compounds are protected against genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by an indirect-acting mutagen CP [52]. This is attributed to effect of CP on DNA through its alkylating properties and free radicals production [53].
\nThe novel bichalcophenes significantly decreased the mutagenicity induced by two mutagens, namely, NaN3 and BP [54]. It was found that the antimutagenic potential of the compounds could be attributed to their antioxidant activity [55].
\nNew zerumbone-bicarbonyl analogues were synthesized to determine their antimutagenic activity against
1,4-Dihydropyridines (1,4-DHP) (
1,4-Dihydropyridines (1,4-DHP) derivatives.
Two newly synthesized oxadiazoles: 1,3-bis(5-benzylthio-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) benzene (M1) and 1,4-bis(5-benzylthio-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) benzene (M2) (Figure 25) were synthesized and studied in
Oxadiazole derivatives.
Dihydrothienoquinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized to evaluate their antimutagenicity using Ames test. Several compounds showed good antimutagenicity. The results for compounds (Figure 26) were found to be statistically significant (P = 0) [58].
\nDihydrothienoquinoline derivatives.
A series of novel azacrown ether Schiff bases have been synthesized, and they were investigated for their antimutagenic activities using the spot test and Ames test using strains TA1535, TA100, and TA97a of
Azacrown ether Schiff bases.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen books are published online and are accessible for free.
\r\n\r\nHowever, if you are interested in ordering your hardcover copy, you can do so by contacting our Print Sales Department at orders@intechopen.com. All IntechOpen books are printed on demand in full-colour and delivered in signature packaging through FREE DHL Express delivery.
\r\n\r\nFor a quote or assistance please contact us directly at orders@intechopen.com The quote will be sent to you within 1-2 business days.
\r\n\r\nOur entire portfolio of over 5,500 books is also available through Amazon.
',metaTitle:"Order and delivery",metaDescription:"Our books are published online and are accessible for free. However, if you are interested in ordering your hardcover copy, you can do so by contacting our Print Sales Department at orders@intechopen.com. All IntechOpen books are printed on demand in full-colour and delivered in signature packaging through free DHL Express delivery. A selection of our books in soft cover is also available through Amazon.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our books are available hardcover, printed in full colour and produced to the highest standards on PEFC™ and FSC certified paper, complying with principles of responsible forestry worldwide. The paper size is 180 x 260 mm (7 x 10.2 inches).
\\n\\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
\\n\\nIntechOpen books retail price range is:
\\n\\n100 - 159 GBP ex. VAT (available in USD and EUR)
\\n\\nDiscounts available:
\\n\\nBulk discounts are granted for orders of 10 copies and more.
\\n\\nThere is no minimum or maximum threshold on the quantity of book orders.
\\n\\nOrders have to be paid in advance and before printing. We accept payment in GBP, EUR and USD.
\\n\\nWe currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nWhen paying with a credit card, you will be redirected to the PayPal.com online payment portal.
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\nIn accordance with the best security practice, we do not accept card orders via email.
\\n\\nThe combined printing and delivery time for orders vary from 7-15 business days, depending on the printed quantity and destination. This period does not include any customs clearance difficulties that may arise and that are beyond our control. Once your order has been printed and shipped, you will receive a confirmation email that includes your DHL tracking number. You can then track your order at www.dhl.com.
\\n\\nIf you do not receive your order within 30 days from the date your order is shipped, please contact us to inquire about the shipping status at orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nTax: Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax Rate based on their country of residence. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing IntechOpen with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nCustoms: free shipping does not include any duties, taxes or clearing charges levied by the destination country. These charges are the responsibility of the customer and will vary from country to country.
\\n\\nP.O. Boxes cannot be used as a Ship-To Address.
\\n\\nIntechOpen partners do not provide shipping service from Europe to the countries listed below. Please refrain from mailing items addressed to the countries listed below, until further notice.
\\n\\nWhen ordering our books from the countries listed below, please provide an alternative mailing address. For any further assistance, please contact us at orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nRestricted Ship-to Countries:
\\n\\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us.
\\n\\nInspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPrint copies of our publications are most often purchased by universities, libraries, institutions and academia personnel, hence increasing the visibility and outreach of our authors' published work among science communities and institutions.
\\n\\nOur books are available at our direct Print Sales Department and through selected representatives throughout the world.
\\n\\nBooks International
\\n\\nRepresentative for: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam (ASEAN)
\\n\\nChina Publishers Services Ltd - CPS
\\n\\nRepresentative for: China, Taiwan, Hong Kong
\\n\\nIndia - CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
\\n\\nRepresentative for: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, Iran, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunis, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
\\n\\nLSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V
\\n\\nRepresentative for Mexico, Chile and Colombia
\\n\\nMissing Link Versandbuchhandlung eG
\\n\\nRepresentative for: Germany, Austria, Switzerland
\\n\\nKuba Libri, s.r.o.
\\n\\nRepresentative for: Czech Republic
\\n\\nFor partnership opportunities, please contact orders@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Our books are available hardcover, printed in full colour and produced to the highest standards on PEFC™ and FSC certified paper, complying with principles of responsible forestry worldwide. The paper size is 180 x 260 mm (7 x 10.2 inches).
\n\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
\n\nIntechOpen books retail price range is:
\n\n100 - 159 GBP ex. VAT (available in USD and EUR)
\n\nDiscounts available:
\n\nBulk discounts are granted for orders of 10 copies and more.
\n\nThere is no minimum or maximum threshold on the quantity of book orders.
\n\nOrders have to be paid in advance and before printing. We accept payment in GBP, EUR and USD.
\n\nWe currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nWhen paying with a credit card, you will be redirected to the PayPal.com online payment portal.
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\nIn accordance with the best security practice, we do not accept card orders via email.
\n\nThe combined printing and delivery time for orders vary from 7-15 business days, depending on the printed quantity and destination. This period does not include any customs clearance difficulties that may arise and that are beyond our control. Once your order has been printed and shipped, you will receive a confirmation email that includes your DHL tracking number. You can then track your order at www.dhl.com.
\n\nIf you do not receive your order within 30 days from the date your order is shipped, please contact us to inquire about the shipping status at orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nTax: Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax Rate based on their country of residence. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing IntechOpen with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nCustoms: free shipping does not include any duties, taxes or clearing charges levied by the destination country. These charges are the responsibility of the customer and will vary from country to country.
\n\nP.O. Boxes cannot be used as a Ship-To Address.
\n\nIntechOpen partners do not provide shipping service from Europe to the countries listed below. Please refrain from mailing items addressed to the countries listed below, until further notice.
\n\nWhen ordering our books from the countries listed below, please provide an alternative mailing address. For any further assistance, please contact us at orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nRestricted Ship-to Countries:
\n\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us.
\n\nInspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nPrint copies of our publications are most often purchased by universities, libraries, institutions and academia personnel, hence increasing the visibility and outreach of our authors' published work among science communities and institutions.
\n\nOur books are available at our direct Print Sales Department and through selected representatives throughout the world.
\n\nBooks International
\n\nRepresentative for: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam (ASEAN)
\n\nChina Publishers Services Ltd - CPS
\n\nRepresentative for: China, Taiwan, Hong Kong
\n\nIndia - CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
\n\nRepresentative for: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, Iran, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunis, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
\n\nLSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V
\n\nRepresentative for Mexico, Chile and Colombia
\n\nMissing Link Versandbuchhandlung eG
\n\nRepresentative for: Germany, Austria, Switzerland
\n\nKuba Libri, s.r.o.
\n\nRepresentative for: Czech Republic
\n\nFor partnership opportunities, please contact orders@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12717},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11168",title:"Sulfur Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"39d4f4522a9f465bfe15ec2d85ef8861",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Enos Wamalwa Wambu and Dr. Esther Nthiga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11168.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187655",title:"Dr.",name:"Enos",surname:"Wambu",slug:"enos-wambu",fullName:"Enos Wambu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sylvanus Gbendazhi Barnabas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"293764",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvanus",surname:"Barnabas",slug:"sylvanus-barnabas",fullName:"Sylvanus Barnabas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty - Evolutionary, Social and Cultural Perspectives on Attractiveness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8f2773e5d4ffe767f38dd15712258e8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farid Pazhoohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470837",title:"Dr.",name:"Farid",surname:"Pazhoohi",slug:"farid-pazhoohi",fullName:"Farid Pazhoohi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:666},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1",title:"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology",parent:null,numberOfBooks:2684,numberOfSeries:2,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:58078,numberOfWosCitations:107732,numberOfCrossrefCitations:65361,numberOfDimensionsCitations:141128,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"238b808626f765e883b9bff8b62eae18",slug:"new-advances-in-semiconductors",bookSignature:"Alberto Adriano Cavalheiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201848",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Cavalheiro",slug:"alberto-adriano-cavalheiro",fullName:"Alberto Adriano Cavalheiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10851",title:"Progress in Volcanology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6cfc09f959efecf9ba95654b1bb4b987",slug:"progress-in-volcanology",bookSignature:"Angelo Paone and Sung-Hyo Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182871",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Paone",slug:"angelo-paone",fullName:"Angelo Paone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2684,seriesByTopicCollection:[{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],seriesByTopicTotal:2,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37067",doi:"10.5772/35482",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Natural Fibres",slug:"fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy-for-natural-fibres",totalDownloads:9248,totalCrossrefCites:162,totalDimensionsCites:393,abstract:null,book:{id:"2270",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",title:"Fourier Transform",fullTitle:"Fourier Transform - Materials Analysis"},signatures:"Mizi Fan, Dasong Dai and Biao Huang",authors:[{id:"104647",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizi",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",slug:"mizi-fan",fullName:"Mizi Fan"}]},{id:"60680",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76082",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:16114,totalCrossrefCites:178,totalDimensionsCites:384,abstract:"The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]},{id:"36171",doi:"10.5772/36942",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:9225,totalCrossrefCites:130,totalDimensionsCites:375,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko"}]},{id:"41411",doi:"10.5772/53659",title:"Textile Dyes: Dyeing Process and Environmental Impact",slug:"textile-dyes-dyeing-process-and-environmental-impact",totalDownloads:20608,totalCrossrefCites:97,totalDimensionsCites:305,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Farah Maria Drumond Chequer, Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira, Elisa Raquel Anastácio Ferraz, Juliano Carvalho Cardoso, Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni and Danielle Palma de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"49040",title:"Prof.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Palma De Oliveira",slug:"danielle-palma-de-oliveira",fullName:"Danielle Palma De Oliveira"},{id:"149074",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Valnice",middleName:null,surname:"Zanoni",slug:"maria-valnice-zanoni",fullName:"Maria Valnice Zanoni"},{id:"153502",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Farah",middleName:null,surname:"Chequer",slug:"farah-chequer",fullName:"Farah Chequer"},{id:"153504",title:"MSc.",name:"Gisele",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"gisele-oliveira",fullName:"Gisele Oliveira"},{id:"163377",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliano",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"juliano-cardoso",fullName:"Juliano Cardoso"},{id:"163393",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraz",slug:"elisa-ferraz",fullName:"Elisa Ferraz"}]},{id:"17237",doi:"10.5772/24553",title:"Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, Characterisation and Applications",slug:"hydrogels-methods-of-preparation-characterisation-and-applications",totalDownloads:65847,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:277,abstract:null,book:{id:"248",slug:"progress-in-molecular-and-environmental-bioengineering-from-analysis-and-modeling-to-technology-applications",title:"Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering",fullTitle:"Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering - From Analysis and Modeling to Technology Applications"},signatures:"Syed K. H. Gulrez, Saphwan Al-Assaf and Glyn O Phillips",authors:[{id:"58120",title:"Prof.",name:"Saphwan",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Assaf",slug:"saphwan-al-assaf",fullName:"Saphwan Al-Assaf"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35255",title:"Mechanical Transmissions Parameter Modelling",slug:"mechanical-transmissions-parameter-modelling",totalDownloads:7279,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1982",slug:"mechanical-engineering",title:"Mechanical Engineering",fullTitle:"Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"Isad Saric, Nedzad Repcic and Adil Muminovic",authors:[{id:"101313",title:"Prof.",name:"Isad",middleName:null,surname:"Saric",slug:"isad-saric",fullName:"Isad Saric"}]},{id:"68505",title:"Research Design and Methodology",slug:"research-design-and-methodology",totalDownloads:24813,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"There are a number of approaches used in this research method design. The purpose of this chapter is to design the methodology of the research approach through mixed types of research techniques. The research approach also supports the researcher on how to come across the research result findings. In this chapter, the general design of the research and the methods used for data collection are explained in detail. It includes three main parts. The first part gives a highlight about the dissertation design. The second part discusses about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The last part illustrates the general research framework. The purpose of this section is to indicate how the research was conducted throughout the study periods.",book:{id:"8511",slug:"cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",fullTitle:"Cyberspace"},signatures:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew",authors:[{id:"292841",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassu",middleName:null,surname:"Jilcha Sileyew",slug:"kassu-jilcha-sileyew",fullName:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew"}]},{id:"67558",title:"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Principle and Applications",slug:"polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-principle-and-applications",totalDownloads:10511,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"The characterization of the diversity of species living within ecosystems is of major scientific interest to understand the functioning of these ecosystems. It is also becoming a societal issue since it is necessary to implement the conservation or even the restoration of biodiversity. Historically, species have been described and characterized on the basis of morphological criteria, which are closely linked by environmental conditions or which find their limits especially in groups where they are difficult to access, as is the case for many species of microorganisms. The need to understand the molecular mechanisms in species has made the PCR an indispensable tool for understanding the functioning of these biological systems. A number of markers are now available to detect nuclear DNA polymorphisms. In genetic diversity studies, the most frequently used markers are microsatellites. The study of biological complexity is a new frontier that requires high-throughput molecular technology, high speed computer memory, new approaches to data analysis, and the integration of interdisciplinary skills.",book:{id:"7728",slug:"synthetic-biology-new-interdisciplinary-science",title:"Synthetic Biology",fullTitle:"Synthetic Biology - New Interdisciplinary Science"},signatures:"Karim Kadri",authors:[{id:"290766",title:"Dr.",name:"Kadri",middleName:null,surname:"Karim",slug:"kadri-karim",fullName:"Kadri Karim"}]},{id:"62059",title:"Types of HVAC Systems",slug:"types-of-hvac-systems",totalDownloads:12245,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"HVAC systems are milestones of building mechanical systems that provide thermal comfort for occupants accompanied with indoor air quality. HVAC systems can be classified into central and local systems according to multiple zones, location, and distribution. Primary HVAC equipment includes heating equipment, ventilation equipment, and cooling or air-conditioning equipment. Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a central equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork system. Central HVAC systems contain all-air, air-water, all-water systems. Two systems should be considered as central such as heating and cooling panels and water-source heat pumps. Local HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or adjacent to it and no requirement for ductwork. Local systems include local heating, local air-conditioning, local ventilation, and split systems.",book:{id:"6807",slug:"hvac-system",title:"HVAC System",fullTitle:"HVAC System"},signatures:"Shaimaa Seyam",authors:[{id:"247650",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"},{id:"257733",title:"MSc.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"},{id:"395618",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"}]},{id:"70315",title:"Some Basic and Key Issues of Switched-Reluctance Machine Systems",slug:"some-basic-and-key-issues-of-switched-reluctance-machine-systems",totalDownloads:1238,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Although switched-reluctance machine (SRM) possesses many structural advantages and application potential, it is rather difficult to successfully control with high performance being comparable to other machines. Many critical affairs must be properly treated to obtain the improved operating characteristics. This chapter presents the basic and key technologies of switched-reluctance machine in motor and generator operations. The contents in this chapter include: (1) structures and governing equations of SRM; (2) some commonly used SRM converters; (3) estimation of key parameters and performance evaluation of SRM drive; (4) commutation scheme, current control scheme, and speed control scheme of SRM drive; (5) some commonly used front-end converters and their operation controls for SRM drive; (6) reversible and regenerative braking operation controls for SRM drive; (7) some tuning issues for SRM drive; (8) operation control and some tuning issues of switched-reluctance generators; and (9) experimental application exploration for SRM systems—(a) wind generator and microgrid and (b) EV SRM drive.",book:{id:"8899",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-switched-reluctance-machines",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",fullTitle:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines"},signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw"},{id:"306461",title:"Mr.",name:"Min-Ze",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"min-ze-lu",fullName:"Min-Ze Lu"},{id:"306463",title:"Mr.",name:"Ping-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Jhou",slug:"ping-hong-jhou",fullName:"Ping-Hong Jhou"},{id:"306464",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chou",slug:"kuan-yu-chou",fullName:"Kuan-Yu Chou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82311",title:"Remediation of Soil Impacted by Heavy Metal Using Farm Yard Manure, Vermicompost, Biochar and Poultry Manure",slug:"remediation-of-soil-impacted-by-heavy-metal-using-farm-yard-manure-vermicompost-biochar-and-poultry-",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105536",abstract:"Soil contamination by organic and inorganic compounds is a universal concern nowadays. One such contamination is heavy metal exposure to the soil from different sources. The discharge of effluents from various factories in Punjab like tanning industries, leather industries, and electroplating industries generate a large volume of industrial effluents. These industrial units discharge their effluents directly or through the sewer into a water tributary (Buddha Nallah) and this water is being used for irrigating the crops. The heavy metals enter into the food chain thus contaminating all resources i.e. air, soil, food, and water. Preventive and remedial measures should be taken to reduce the effects of heavy metals from soil and plants. Organic soil amendments like FYM, Vermicomposting, Biochar, and poultry manure have been used to deactivate heavy metals by changing their forms from highly bioavailable forms to the much less bioavailable forms associated with organic matter (OM), metal oxides, or carbonates. These amendments have significant immobilizing effects on heavy metals because of the presence of humic acids which bind with a wide variety of metal(loid)s including Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb.",book:{id:"10952",title:"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10952.jpg"},signatures:"Neeraj Rani and Mohkam-Singh"},{id:"82414",title:"Use of Induction Generators in Small Hydro Power Generation System Feeding Isolated Load in Remote Mountainous Regions of Himalayas",slug:"use-of-induction-generators-in-small-hydro-power-generation-system-feeding-isolated-load-in-remote-m",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105650",abstract:"Providing reliable and clean power from conventional grid in remote mountainous regions is always a challenging task due to tough geographical and climatic conditions. Renewable energy sources-based power plants such as small hydro power plants play a significant role in meeting the power requirements in these remote locations in mountainous regions. Synchronous generators are the most commonly used generators in small hydro power plants. However, with the advancement in controller technology for voltage and frequency control, induction generators are nowadays preferred in renewable energy conversion systems. Self-excited induction generators (SEIG) in small hydro power plants feeding isolated domestic loads are more suitable due to their inherent advantages as compared to conventional synchronous generators. This chapter deals with the usefulness of electronic load controller used in voltage and frequency control of self-excited induction generator used in small hydro power plant feeding isolated load in remote mountainous regions of Himalayas.",book:{id:"11534",title:"Renewable Energy - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11534.jpg"},signatures:"Umesh C. Rathore and Sanjeev Singh"},{id:"82145",title:"Slope Casting Process: A Review",slug:"slope-casting-process-a-review",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102742",abstract:"Semi solid processing is a near net shape casting process and one of the promising techniques to obtain dendritic free structure of metals. Semi solid casting gives numerous advantages than solid processing and liquid processing. Semi solid casting process gives, Laminar flow filling of die without turbulence, Lower metal temperature, Less shrinkage, Less porosity, Higher mechanical properties. Semi solid casting process is industrially successful, producing a variety of products with good quality. Slope Casting process is a simple technique to produce semi solid feed-stoke with globular microstructure and dendrite free structure castings. Slope casting process depends on different process parameters like slope length, slope angle, pouring temperature etc. The present study mainly focuses on review of various explorations made by researchers with different process parameters of the Slope casting process and explain the mechanisms that lead to microstructural changes which leads to good mechanical properties.",book:{id:"11119",title:"Casting Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11119.jpg"},signatures:"Mukkollu Sambasiva Rao and Amitesh Kumar"},{id:"80334",title:"Zero Emission Hydrogen Fuelled Fuel Cell Vehicle and Advanced Strategy on Internal Combustion Engine: A Review",slug:"zero-emission-hydrogen-fuelled-fuel-cell-vehicle-and-advanced-strategy-on-internal-combustion-engine",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102057",abstract:"Global energy consumption has gradually increased as a result of population growth, industrialization, economic development, and rising living standards. Furthermore, as global warming and pollution worsen, the development of renewable energy sources is becoming more essential. Hydrogen is one of the most promising clean and sustainable energy carriers because it emits only water as a byproduct without carbon emission and has the highest energy efficiency. Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of raw resources, including water and biomass. Water electrolysis is one of many hydrogen production technologies that is highly recommended due to its eco-friendliness, high hydrogen generation rate, and high purity. However, in terms of long-term viability and environmental effect, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane water electrolysis has been identified as a potential approach for producing high-purity, high-efficiency hydrogen from renewable energy sources. Furthermore, the hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) produced are directly employed in fuel cells and other industrial uses. As a result, an attempt has been made in this work to investigate hydrogen synthesis and utilization in fuel cell vehicles. Low-temperature combustion technology has recently been applied in engine technology to reduce smoke and NOx emissions at the same time. The advantages and limitations of homogeneous charge compression ignition, partially premixed charge compression ignition, premixed charge compression ignition, and reactivity regulated compression ignition are described separately in low-temperature combustion strategy.",book:{id:"11164",title:"Diesel Engines and Biodiesel Engines Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11164.jpg"},signatures:"Babu Dharmalingam, Ramakrishna Reddy Ramireddy, Santhoshkumar Annamalai, Malinee Sriariyanun, Deepakkumar Rajagopal and Venkata Ramana Katla"},{id:"82385",title:"Cyclodextrins as Bricks for Tuning Polymer Properties",slug:"cyclodextrins-as-bricks-for-tuning-polymer-properties",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105688",abstract:"Cyclodextrins are natural cyclic oligosaccharides with a cone shape delimiting a hydrophobic cavity. The rims of cyclodextrins can be functionalized in order to improve their properties. Based on this, cyclodextrins can be linked to polymer chains, which further allows the tuning of the polymer properties. This review describes the methods of polymer functionalization with cyclodextrins and highlights the changes in the physicochemical properties of these materials. This chapter is focused on polymers in solution and in gel states. Cyclodextrin-based polymers are evaluated by various physicochemical methods, such as rheology, calorimetry, and spectroscopy (electron paramagnetic resonance, fluorescence, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), etc.). Both natural and synthetic polymers are considered in this chapter.",book:{id:"11901",title:"Cyclodextrins - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11901.jpg"},signatures:"Ludmila Aricov, Anca Ruxandra Leontieș, Iulia Matei and Gabriela Ioniță"},{id:"82443",title:"Phase Noise in OFDM",slug:"phase-noise-in-ofdm",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105551",abstract:"Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique provides high data rate with high spectral efficiency for operating close to the Shanon capacity bounds. With the advantages of simple channel equalization, robustness against frequency selectivity of the channel, and efficient implementation, this is a widely deployed technique. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access (OFDMA), the multiple access technique using OFDM, has the great potential for providing high spectral efficiency due to its integrated space-frequency and multiuser diversity. Besides all the advantages, OFDM/A is very susceptible to transceiver’s impairments such as phase noise (PHN), carrier frequency offset, and in-quadrature phase imbalance effect. Phase noise is the random fluctuation in phase of the sinusoidal waveform used for frequency up/down conversion of baseband signals to/from RF (radio frequency). This occurs due to the inherent imperfections of oscillators used for this purpose. This chapter addresses the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing/multiple access system performance under the impact of transceiver oscillator phase noise.",book:{id:"10990",title:"Multiplexing - Recent Advances and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10990.jpg"},signatures:"Kamayani Shrivastav"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:809},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/123438",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"123438"},fullPath:"/profiles/123438",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()