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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5149",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Empirical Modeling and Its Applications",title:"Empirical Modeling and Its Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Empirical modeling has been a useful approach for the analysis of different problems across numerous areas/fields of knowledge. As it is known, this type of modeling is particularly helpful when parametric models, due to various reasons, cannot be constructed. Based on different methodologies and approaches, empirical modeling allows the analyst to obtain an initial understanding of the relationships that exist among the different variables that belong to a particular system or process. In some cases, the results from empirical models can be used in order to make decisions about those variables, with the intent of resolving a given problem in the real-life applications. This book entitled Empirical Modeling and Its Applications consists of six (6) chapters.",isbn:"978-953-51-2494-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2493-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5779-3",doi:"10.5772/61406",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"empirical-modeling-and-its-applications",numberOfPages:148,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e644de90262c3f61a092a0bd4a8b683a",bookSignature:"Mamun Habib",publishedDate:"July 20th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5149.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9688,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:30,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 30th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 31st 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 25th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 24th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 5th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"12501",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md. Mamun",middleName:null,surname:"Habib",slug:"dr.-md.-mamun-habib",fullName:"Dr. Md. Mamun Habib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12501/images/59_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Md. Mamun Habib is a Visiting Scholar at the Dept. of Operations Research/Decision Sciences at the School of Quantitative Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Malaysia. Prior to that, he was working as Associate Professor at the Dept. of Operations Management, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB). He is the Editor-in-Chief in International Journal of Supply Chain Management (IJSCM), London, UK which is accepted for SCOPUS Indexing. He accomplished his Ph.D. and M.S. with outstanding performance in Computer & Engineering Management (CEM) under the Graduate School of Business (GSB) from Assumption University, Thailand. His Ph.D. research was in the field of Supply Chain Management. \nHe has 13-year experience in the field of teaching for graduate and postgraduate students, as well as in training, consultancy and research. At present, he is supervising some Ph.D. students at UUM, Malaysia. He is GSB (Graduate School of Business) Ph.D. Dissertation Committee member of Assumption University, Thailand, Ph.D. Advisor at Institute for Technology and Management (ITM) – University, India and University of the Assumption, Philippines, External examiner of Birla Institute of Technology (BIT) – Deemed University, India and National Institute of Technology (NIT), India. He also involved with online learning programme at University of Roehampton (UoR), London, UK and Asia e University (AeU), Malaysia as International Ph.D. Reader.\n\nAs a researcher, Dr. Habib published about 70+ research papers, including Conference Proceedings, Journal articles, and book chapters/books. Books have been published from USA, UK, Germany, Croatia, and India. Also, he serves as the Editor-in-Chief/Lead Guest Editor/Editor/Editorial Board Member/Reviewer of more than 20 journals, particularly Scopus and ISI Indexed Journals. \nHe delivers lecture as Keynote Speaker at various international conferences, namely BPSCM Conference 2012, India; 3rd LSCM Conference 2013, Bali, Indonesia; 2nd ICIE Conference 2013, India; 7th ICIEM Conference 2013, China; 1st ICIDSC Conference 2014, Malaysia; 8th MASS Conference 2014, China; 2014-15 COES&RJ Conferences, Singapore; 2015 IRED Conferences, Thailand and Malaysia; 2nd ICAEM 2015, China; IRP Conference 2015, Malaysia; ASCA 2015, Thailand.\nHe also serves as General Chair, Program Chair, Technical Chair, Organizing Committee Member, Technical Committee Member, Track Chair, Session Chair as well as Reviewer of numerous international conferences, particularly IEEE ICMIT’2010 (Singapore), 2012 (Indonesia), 2014 (Singapore); IEEE ITMC’2011 (San Jose, CA, USA), 2012 (Dallas, TX, USA); IEEE IEEM’2011 (Singapore), 2012 (Hong Kong), 2013 (Thailand), 2014 (Malaysia), 2015 (Singapore); INFORMS IEOM’2012 (Istanbul, Turkey), 2014 (Indonesia), 2016 (Malaysia); IEEE 2013 IIE Conference (Turkey); APMS 2013 (Pennsylvania, USA); MASS 2015 (China); 2015 IRED Conference (Thailand, Malaysia); 2015 ASCA Conference (Thailand), etc. He received Best Track Chair Award at IEOM’2012 Conference.\nHis core research areas are supply chain management, production & operations management, operations research, research methodology, engineering management, technology management, and educational management. Finally, Dr. Habib is an active member of different professional organizations, including IEEE (Senior Member), IEOM (President, SCM Technical Division), IETI (Senior Member), IRED, IEB, AIMS, INFOMS, just to name a few.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Northern University of Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"607",title:"Mathematical Modeling",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-mathematical-modeling"}],chapters:[{id:"50592",title:"Empirical Modeling of the Total Electron Content of the Ionosphere",doi:"10.5772/62837",slug:"empirical-modeling-of-the-total-electron-content-of-the-ionosphere",totalDownloads:1366,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the appearance of such satellite systems as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and others, the total electron content TEC measured by means of navigational satellites became a key parameter characterizing a state of the ionized space. In turn, functioning of navigational and telecommunication systems needs models of TEC for an estimation of accuracy of positioning, for the short-term and long-term prediction of this parameter. In this Chapter, empirical models of the total electron content are presented. The new result is their comparison. It is shown that the majority of them provide an adequate accuracy and reliability. As the basic application of TEC measurements, the problem of determination of maximum concentration NmF2 of the ionosphere with use of its equivalent slab thickness τ is considered. It is shown that existing models of τ are not global and do not provide sufficient accuracy in determining NmF2. An approach for new global model is offered.",signatures:"Olga Maltseva and Natalia Mozhaeva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50592",authors:[{id:"179064",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",surname:"Maltseva",slug:"olga-maltseva",fullName:"Olga Maltseva"}],corrections:null},{id:"50806",title:"The Empirical Models to Correct Water Column Effects for Optically Shallow Water",doi:"10.5772/63149",slug:"the-empirical-models-to-correct-water-column-effects-for-optically-shallow-water",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Seagrass as one of the blue carbon sinks plays an important role in environment, and it can be tracked remotely in the optically shallow water. Usually the signals of seagrass are weak which can be confused with the water column. The chapter will offer a model to simulate the propagation of light. The model can be used to improve the accuracy of seagrass mapping. Based on the in situ data, we found that the appropriate wavebands for seagrass mapping generally lie between 500–630 nm and 680–710 nm as well. In addition, a strong relationship between the reflectance value at 715 nm and LAI was found with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The chapter provided an improved algorithm to retrieve bottom reflectance and map the bottom types. That would be meaningful for management and preservation of coastal marine resources.",signatures:"Chaoyu Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50806",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50806",authors:[{id:"83514",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaoyu",surname:"Yang",slug:"chaoyu-yang",fullName:"Chaoyu Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"50524",title:"Least Squares Method and Empirical Modeling: A Case Study in a Mexican Manufacturing Firm",doi:"10.5772/63151",slug:"least-squares-method-and-empirical-modeling-a-case-study-in-a-mexican-manufacturing-firm",totalDownloads:1655,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Empirical modeling (EM) has been a useful approach for the analysis of different problems across a number of areas/fields of knowledge. As is known, this type of modeling is particularly helpful when parametric models due to a number of reasons cannot be constructed. Based on different methodologies and approaches (e.g., Least Squares Method, LSM), EM allows the analyst to obtain an initial understanding of the relationships that exists among the different variables that belong to a particular system or a process.",signatures:"Raúl Hernández-Molinar, Roberto Sarmiento-Rebeles and César F.\nMéndez-Barrios",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50524",authors:[{id:"180787",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Sarmiento",slug:"roberto-sarmiento",fullName:"Roberto Sarmiento"},{id:"180874",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul Ignacio",surname:"Hernandez",slug:"raul-ignacio-hernandez",fullName:"Raul Ignacio Hernandez"},{id:"185991",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",surname:"Mendez-Barrios",slug:"cesar-mendez-barrios",fullName:"Cesar Mendez-Barrios"}],corrections:null},{id:"50422",title:"Applied Hydrological Modeling with the Use of Geoinformatics: Theory and Practice",doi:"10.5772/62824",slug:"applied-hydrological-modeling-with-the-use-of-geoinformatics-theory-and-practice",totalDownloads:2384,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Water resource management and catchment analysis are crucial aspects of the twenty-first century in hydrological and environmental sciences. Linked directly with studies and research about climate change effects in global resources (e.g., diminution of rainfall dynamic), as well as continuously growing extreme natural phenomena with catastrophic results (e.g., floods and erosion), hydrological modeling has become a key priority in modern academic research goals. On a national or lower administrative level, the need for coping with natural disasters—affecting mainly human life, property, local economy, infrastructure, etc.—and the need to design management plans and projects for sustainable exploitation of natural resources set hydrological modeling in high demand by government organizations and local authorities. Thus, hazard assessment and risk evaluation modeling have become a strategic aim and an extremely useful tool for stakeholders, decision-makers, and scientific community.",signatures:"Christos Chalkias, Nikolaos Stathopoulos, Kleomenis\nKalogeropoulos and Efthimios Karymbalis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50422",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50422",authors:[{id:"16474",title:"Dr.",name:"Efthimios",surname:"Karymbalis",slug:"efthimios-karymbalis",fullName:"Efthimios Karymbalis"},{id:"27223",title:"Prof.",name:"Christos",surname:"Chalkias",slug:"christos-chalkias",fullName:"Christos Chalkias"},{id:"179269",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kleomenis",surname:"Kalogeropoulos",slug:"kleomenis-kalogeropoulos",fullName:"Kleomenis Kalogeropoulos"},{id:"179648",title:"MSc.",name:"Nikos",surname:"Stathopoulos",slug:"nikos-stathopoulos",fullName:"Nikos Stathopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"50672",title:"Critical Loss Analyses in Korean Liquor Mergers",doi:"10.5772/63225",slug:"critical-loss-analyses-in-korean-liquor-mergers",totalDownloads:1386,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The SSNIP(Small but Significant Nontransitory Increase in Price) test is a well-known conceptual framework of market definition for competition policies in most countries. Critical loss analysis is a practical method that implements the principle of SSNIP test in a quantitative way to determine whether the relevant market for an antitrust case should be enlarged or not. The method and empirical results have been successfully adopted in defining markets relevant to Korean merger cases in soju and beer industries (Moohak-Daesun in 2002 and Hite-Jinro in 2005), providing useful references for the Korean Court and Fair Trade Commission. This paper introduces the actual applications of critical loss analyses in these cases and remarks on several issues brought in the course of applications.",signatures:"Jeon Seonghoon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50672",authors:[{id:"178482",title:"Prof.",name:"Seonghoon",surname:"Jeon",slug:"seonghoon-jeon",fullName:"Seonghoon Jeon"}],corrections:null},{id:"50567",title:"A Comparison between the Presence and Absence of Regulation in the Spanish Electricity Market",doi:"10.5772/62953",slug:"a-comparison-between-the-presence-and-absence-of-regulation-in-the-spanish-electricity-market",totalDownloads:1480,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There is an important gap in the literature on the promotion of competition in electricity markets in what pertains to the analysis of two different streams: the absence and presence of regulation. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to analyze the interactions among market power indexes, marginal costs, and bidding strategies in the two mentioned scenarios, for comparative purposes. The methodology used is based on panel cointegration methods. The results point to the significant inclusion of different bidding strategies in the retail market: (i) fuel prices exercise a differential impact on the power plants’ marginal costs, (ii) the marginal costs have a significantly positive effect on quantity sold and on net quantity, and (iii) the market power measures under regulation have a significantly positive long-term impact on the quantity sold and a negative impact on net quantity supplied in wholesale market. Although there is some literature on this issue, the main novelty of this article is the discussion of the regulatory implications that could have been adopted in order to control and mitigate the market power, to encourage new investments in new technologies, and to recover sunk costs with the transition to a competitive market.",signatures:"Victor M. F. Moutinho, António C. Moreira and Jorge H. Mota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50567",authors:[{id:"109428",title:"Dr.",name:"António Carrizo",surname:"Moreira",slug:"antonio-carrizo-moreira",fullName:"António Carrizo Moreira"},{id:"179589",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Moutinho",slug:"victor-moutinho",fullName:"Victor Moutinho"},{id:"179590",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Mota",slug:"jorge-mota",fullName:"Jorge Mota"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"232",title:"Supply Chain Management",subtitle:"Applications and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b691bc5f6d9e959c3472eb2610e9d98f",slug:"supply-chain-management-applications-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Mamun Habib",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/232.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12501",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md. 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Said",authors:[{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe"},{id:"91057",title:"Prof.",name:"Sami",middleName:null,surname:"Said",fullName:"Sami Said",slug:"sami-said"}]},{id:"34292",title:"Pharmacological Potential of PDE5 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis",slug:"pharmacological-potential-of-pde5-inhibitors-for-the-treatment-of-cystic-fibrosis",signatures:"Bob Lubamba, Barbara Dhooghe, Sabrina Noël and Teresinha Leal",authors:[{id:"88540",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresinha",middleName:null,surname:"Leal",fullName:"Teresinha Leal",slug:"teresinha-leal"},{id:"129673",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",middleName:"Arthur",surname:"Lubamba",fullName:"Bob Lubamba",slug:"bob-lubamba"}]},{id:"34293",title:"Pharmacological Modulators of Sphingolipid Metabolism for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Inflammation",slug:"pharmacological-modulators-of-sphingolipid-metabolism-for-the-treatment-of-cystic-fibrosis-lung-infl",signatures:"M.C. Dechecchi, E. Nicolis, P. Mazzi, M. Paroni, F. Cioffi, A. Tamanini,V. Bezzerri, M. Tebon, I. Lampronti, S. Huang, L. Wiszniewski, M.T. Scupoli, A. Bragonzi, R. Gambari, G. Berton and G. 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Díaz Martín",authors:[{id:"81752",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Arias Llorente",fullName:"Rosa Patricia Arias Llorente",slug:"rosa-patricia-arias-llorente"},{id:"88980",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"GarcÃa",surname:"Bousoño",fullName:"Carlos Bousoño",slug:"carlos-bousono"}]},{id:"34295",title:"Improving the Likelihood of Success in Trials and the Efficiency of Delivery of Mucolytics and Antibiotics",slug:"improving-the-likelihood-of-success-in-trials-and-efficiency-of-delivery-of-mucolytics-and-antibioti",signatures:"Carlos F. Lange",authors:[{id:"87618",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Frederico",surname:"Lange",fullName:"Carlos Lange",slug:"carlos-lange"}]},{id:"34296",title:"Airways Clearance Techniques in Cystic Fibrosis: Physiology, Devices and the Future",slug:"airway-clearance-techniques-in-cystic-fibrosis-physiology-devices-and-the-future",signatures:"Adrian H. Kendrick",authors:[{id:"81571",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:"H.",surname:"Kendrick",fullName:"Adrian Kendrick",slug:"adrian-kendrick"}]},{id:"34297",title:"The Physiotherapist's Use of Exercise in the Management of Young People with Cystic Fibrosis",slug:"the-physiotherapist-s-use-of-exercise-in-the-management-of-young-people-with-cystic-fibrosis",signatures:"Allison Mandrusiak and Pauline Watter",authors:[{id:"84089",title:"Dr.",name:"Allison",middleName:null,surname:"Mandrusiak",fullName:"Allison Mandrusiak",slug:"allison-mandrusiak"},{id:"87978",title:"Dr.",name:"Pauline",middleName:null,surname:"Watter",fullName:"Pauline Watter",slug:"pauline-watter"}]},{id:"34298",title:"Exercise Performance and Breathing Patterns in Cystic Fibrosis",slug:"exercise-performance-and-breathing-patterns-in-cystic-fibrosis",signatures:"Georgia Perpati",authors:[{id:"79721",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgia",middleName:null,surname:"Perpati",fullName:"Georgia Perpati",slug:"georgia-perpati"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"566",title:"Bronchial Asthma",subtitle:"Emerging Therapeutic Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"68d000bac8eef40a99c96dc2c7990892",slug:"bronchial-asthma-emerging-therapeutic-strategies",bookSignature:"Elizabeth Sapey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/566.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105946",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Sapey",slug:"elizabeth-sapey",fullName:"Elizabeth Sapey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5449",title:"Sleep Apnea",subtitle:"Recent Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a24e07959eedce97032e4191b88003bb",slug:"sleep-apnea-recent-updates",bookSignature:"Mayank G. Vats",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5449.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148941",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",surname:"Vats",slug:"mayank-vats",fullName:"Mayank Vats"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"648",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",subtitle:"Current Concepts and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d52ddc19c473a70b91e5a64f41760a04",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",bookSignature:"Kian-Chung Ong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/648.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103585",title:"Dr.",name:"Kian Chung",surname:"Ong",slug:"kian-chung-ong",fullName:"Kian Chung Ong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5604",title:"Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lung Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4505dc77580ec45906ab34f7d159cd0b",slug:"a-global-scientific-vision-prevention-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-lung-cancer",bookSignature:"Marta Adonis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5604.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"160392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Adonis",slug:"marta-adonis",fullName:"Marta Adonis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"680",title:"Emphysema",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e010b49904cb054c80b3965263fa1ce6",slug:"emphysema",bookSignature:"Ravi Mahadeva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/680.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87162",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravi",surname:"Mahadeva",slug:"ravi-mahadeva",fullName:"Ravi Mahadeva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"969",title:"Lung Diseases",subtitle:"Selected State of the Art Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b4344208b8b993d83e0131d23db46343",slug:"lung-diseases-selected-state-of-the-art-reviews",bookSignature:"Elvis Malcolm Irusen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87213",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",surname:"Irusen",slug:"elvis-irusen",fullName:"Elvis Irusen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2698",title:"Current Concepts in General Thoracic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dacb5220571f2caf1bd8f3e8adeaff55",slug:"current-concepts-in-general-thoracic-surgery",bookSignature:"Lucio Cagini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2698.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141680",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucio",surname:"Cagini",slug:"lucio-cagini",fullName:"Lucio Cagini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73389",title:"Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93799",slug:"adult-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-and-substance-use-disorder-a-systematic-review-of-the",body:'Attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. There are three subtypes of ADHD, marked by predominantly inattentive symptoms, or by hyperactivity and impulsiveness, either a combination of inattentiveness and hyperactivity [1]. Studies suggest that the prevalence of ADHD among children may be as high as 15.5%, with approximately 20% of cases persisting into adulthood [2, 3]. A lower prevalence of ADHD in adults compared with children is consistent with the age-dependent decline of the disorder, which has been confirmed in a meta-analysis [4]. ADHD is diagnosed twice as often in boys as in girls. Boys with ADHD tend to present with more impulsivity, while girls with ADHD tend to have more inattentiveness [5].
The etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD are incompletely understood. There is evidence of a genetic basis for ADHD and secondary environmental risk factors. Differences in the dimensions of the frontal lobes, caudate nucleus, and cerebellar vermis have been demonstrated. Neuropsychological studies have demonstrated deficits in executive functioning and alterations in the motivation and reward among individuals with ADHD [6]. There is both empirical and theoretical support for an association between ADHD and SUD. ADHD and SUD are believed to have shared pathophysiology. Dopaminergic dysregulation of the motivational and reward system of the midbrain the basal ganglia and the frontal cortical regions influence executive functions and response inhibition which are key characteristics in both disorders [6, 7].
The essential feature of a substance use disorder (SUD) is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms. This indicates that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems. An essential characteristic of SUD is an underlying change in brain circuits. These changes may persist beyond detoxification, particularly in individuals with severe disorders. The behavioral effects of these brain changes may be exhibited in the repeated relapses and intense drug craving when the individuals are exposed to drug-related stimuli. The diagnosis of a SUD is based on a pathological pattern of behaviors related to use of the substance, which includes impaired control over substance use, the consummation of substance in more significant amounts or over a longer period, persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use, a great deal of time spent in using the substance, craving for the drug, social impairment, risky use of the substance, and pharmacological criteria including tolerance and withdrawal [1].
One of the most frequent co-occurring disorders with adult ADHD is SUD. A meta-analysis reported a prevalence of 15–20% of ADHD in adults diagnosed with SUD (nicotine excluded) [8, 9].
International consensus statement concluded that screening questionnaires such as the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) are useful in screening patients presenting with SUD followed by in-depth diagnostic assessment if the screener is positive or if the clinician has a strong clinical feeling about the possible presence of ADHD. ADHD and SUD experts agreed that the simultaneous and integrated treatment of ADHD and SUD using a combination of pharmaco- and psychotherapy is recommended [10].
The aim of this study is to summarize extant scientific literature concerning the comorbidity of ADHD and SUD on the etiology, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment.
Publications on adults with combined ADHD and SUD were included focusing on etiology, prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. PubMed search was performed for articles published between 2010 and 2020 using the terms: adult ADHD, drug abuse, substance use disorder, addiction, and dependence. Publications were limited to articles published in English and were discarded if: they did not include adults; ADHD or SUD was not the primary diagnosis; they were reviews before a meta-analysis; they were personal opinion papers; and they were study protocols. The search was conducted on August 17, 2020.
A total of 143 articles were found on initial search and screened on title and abstract. Of these, 68 articles did not discuss a combination of ADHD and SUD specifically. Articles focusing solely on children or discussing other topics were excluded (n = 9) and also those in other languages (n = 7) or they were too old (n = 13). A total of 46 peer-reviewed studies were included for full-text review. Additional five articles were found with cross-referencing cited by authors that had not been found by initial research.
All together 51 articles were focusing either on etiology (n = 6), prevalence and symptom severity (n = 28), screening (n = 4), and treatment (n = 13) of adult ADHD and SUD.
A study exploring childhood trauma exposure in SUD patient with ADHD and control group found higher rates of childhood trauma in ADHD and SUD patients, but not with the persistence of childhood ADHD into adulthood [11]. A familial risk analysis of probands followed from childhood to young adulthood found that SUDs in probands increased the risk for SUDs in relatives irrespective of ADHD status [12].
A large trans-ancestral genome-wide association study (GWAS) of alcohol dependence revealed common genetic underpinnings with ADHD, which indicates shared etiology between the two disorders [13]. Shared genetic susceptibility ADHD and SUD is also reported in Spanish study with polygenic scores based on GWAS [14]. Study on shared genetic contribution of the ADHD and SUD showed significantly increased frequency of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) rs2519152 and the opioid receptor mu-1 (OPRM1) risk genotypes rs1799971 [15]. Dutch International Multicenter ADHD Genetics study reported that the serotonin genetic risk score significantly predicted alcohol use severity, but no significant serotonin × dopamine risk score or effect of stimulant medication was found [16]. An Italian study reported that patients with ADHD showed a higher intensity of craving for heroin than patients without ADHD in the absence of withdrawal symptoms. We can conclude on shared neurobiological mechanisms that mutually influence the evolution of both disorders where dopamine dysfunction within various brain circuits may influence impulsivity levels, motivation, inhibitory control, executive functions, and behavior and, consequently, the intensity of craving [17].
A study which analyzed commercial health-care claims from adolescent and adult ADHD patients shows results that receiving ADHD medication is unlikely to be associated with a higher risk of substance-related problems in adolescence or adulthood. Instead, medication was associated with lower concurrent risk of substance-related events and, at least among men, with lower long-term risk of future substance-related events [18].
Existing evidence shows a prevalence of 15–20% of ADHD in adults diagnosed with SUD [8]. International European study exploring the prevalence of DSM-IV and DSM-5 adult ADHD varied from 5.4 to 32.6%. Prevalence estimates for DSM-5 were slightly higher than for DSM-IV [19]. Another study on inpatients with alcohol dependence showed that ADHD prevalence was 20.5% [20]. Nigerian study observed an ADHD prevalence of 21.5% with the combined subtype being the most prevalent [21].
Adult ADHD was reported to be associated with fewer years of education, earlier initiation of regular tobacco use and more extensive lifetime poly-drug [22], as also with a more severe pattern of cocaine consumption [23]. ADHD in the cocaine-dependent patient was associated with factors such as male gender, age at the start of cocaine use and dependence, the amount of cocaine consumed weekly, increased occupational alteration, alcohol consumption, general psychological discomfort, depressive disorder, and antisocial personality disorder [24]. A large study reported that high rate of ADHD symptoms was found among heroin-dependent patients, particularly those affected by the most severe form of addiction. These individuals had higher rates of unemployment, other comorbid mental health conditions, and heavy tobacco smoking [25]. Another study reported that ADHD in long-term methadone maintenance treatment of patients is characterized by greater addiction severity and more comorbid psychopathology [26]. Mexican study reported that adolescents diagnosed with ADHD were more likely to have problems with use or abuse of or dependence on inhalants, and an elevated prevalence of parental SUDs was found in both the adolescent and adult groups [27].
Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) on ADHD symptoms (DSM-IV) for the period when they were 17 years old or younger showed that hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were more consistently associated with lifetime substance use and SUD compared to inattentive symptoms [28]. Large American study investigated associations of lifetime hyperactive-impulsive ADHD and inattention ADHD. Both hyperactive-impulsive and inattention group were associated with the majority of dependence diagnoses in a linear pattern, such that each additional symptom was associated with a proportional increase in odds of dependence. Both were uniquely associated with alcohol, nicotine, and polysubstance dependence, but only hyperactive-impulsive ADHD was uniquely associated with dependence on illicit substances [29].
Prospective outcome study reported that adults with childhood ADHD are more susceptible than peers to developing alcohol (adjusted OR 14.38, 95% CI 1.49–138.88) and drug dependence (adjusted OR: 3.48, 95% CI: 1.38–8.79) [30]. A recent Dutch study confirmed this, where results showed that individuals with persistent ADHD were at significantly higher risk of development of SUD relative to healthy controls (OR = 4.56, CI 1.17–17.81). In contrast, levels of SUD in those with remittent ADHD were not different from healthy controls (OR = 1.00, CI: 07–13.02). They concluded that SUD and nicotine dependence are associated with a negative ADHD outcome [31]. Similar results were reported in Italian study where patients with ADHD symptoms and high-dose benzodiazepine dependence showed a significantly larger prevalence of poly-drug abuse than ones without them [32].
A French study reported that a history of ADHD was associated with an earlier onset of addiction, poly-dependence, and borderline personality disorder [33]. An Australian study reported that conduct disorder, rather than ADHD, is the strongest predictor of differences in patterns of drug use severity. The extensive comorbidity of those two highlights the great potential for misattributing drug use risks to ADHD [34]. A Dutch study on opioid-dependent patients found that conduct disorder patients had significantly higher problem severity scores, more frequent comorbid SUD, and more severe psychiatric comorbidity. ADHD was found to increase the risk of psychiatric comorbidity [35]. Another study on British prisoners, on the contrary, show that combined ADHD type is significantly associated with the need for coping as a way of managing primary and comorbid symptoms, but not conduct disorder [36]. Brazilian study also found no difference in drug use or dependence prevalence between ADHD and non-ADHD patients but observed different addiction patterns such as earlier use of cocaine and more severe use of cocaine correlated to earlier contact with cannabis [37]. The longitudinal study followed participants with childhood-limited ADHD and persistent ADHD compared to controls and found that there were no significant group differences in change in rates of substance dependence over time. However, individuals whose ADHD persisted into adulthood were significantly more likely to meet DSM-IV criteria for alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine dependence [38]. An Australian study conducted in drug and alcohol treatment centers reported increased drug dependence complexity and chronicity in treatment-seeking SUD patients who screen positively for ADHD, specifically for amphetamine, alcohol, opiates other than heroin or methadone, and benzodiazepines [39].
A recent large study reported that symptoms of hyperactivity/restlessness and problems with self-concept increased the odds of having a diagnosis of ADHD and that impulsivity mediated the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and alcohol dependence severity [40]. A Dutch study showed higher levels of motor and cognitive impulsivity in ADHD patients with comorbid cocaine dependence compared to ADHD patients without cocaine dependence and controls [41]. Belgian study also reported higher impulsivity in cocaine-dependent individuals to controls, regardless of whether they have concomitant ADHD or not [42]. Similar was reported by Brazilian study where patients who had ADHD and cocaine dependence had impairments in both cognitive and affective regulation [43]. Another study on cocaine dependence reported that the Barkley’s executive dysfunction items showed statistically significant differences between cocaine-dependent patients with ADHD and those patients without ADHD diagnosis [44].
Swiss study reported that patients with probable adult ADHD showed higher craving, more withdrawal and psychiatric symptoms, and rated withdrawal symptoms as more severe than did patients without ADHD symptoms [45]. Hungary study of drug-dependent patients with and without ADHD symptoms reported the highest severity of aggression when the ADHD positive status co-occurred with heroin use, while the lowest severity of aggression was detected when ADHD negative status co-occurred with the use of marijuana. ADHD positive patients showed a marked increase in depression symptoms, suicidal ideation, suicidal attempts, as well as self-injuries associated with suicidal attempts [46]. Study on Scottish prisoners reported that ADHD symptoms were the strongest predictor, followed by alcohol dependence for violent offending. Hence, the authors pointed out the importance to treat drug addiction and ADHD symptoms in order to reduce offending among the most persistent offenders [47]. Taiwan study among heroin-dependent participants entering methadone maintenance treatment showed that ADHD-screened positive patients showed higher depression scores (p = .003), and more severe heroin dependence (p = .006) [48]. Childhood ADHD was associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder, and both conditions were highly prevalent among former heroin addicts on methadone maintenance treatment [49].
ADHD is a common comorbid disorder that is frequently overlooked in adults with SUD. DIVA diagnostic interview is important tool to diagnose ADHD in adult patients. Since it is an interview, it has greater diagnostic power then screening questioners. DIVA-5 is the successor to DIVA 2.0, the structured Diagnostic Interview for Adult ADHD, and is based on the criteria for ADHD in DSM-5 [50]. A most used screening questionnaire for screening ADHD patients presenting with SUD is the ASRS followed by in-depth diagnostic assessment [10]. In a Norwegian study, 33% of patients on opioid maintenance therapy [51] and in the Italian study, 19.4% [25] were positive for ADHD using the ASRS. Among patients with benzodiazepine dependence, 32% of them screened positive on ADHD [32].
Brazilian study validated the translated version of the adult self-report The Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scale (BADDS) using the ASRS as the gold standard [52], but ASRS appears to be more appropriate screener that BADDS in SUD patients [53]. Conners’ Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID) proved to be a diagnostic tool that can also be used during active substance use [54]. Study investigating the clinical utility of two self-report screening instruments such as Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale screening Self-Rating (CAARS-S-SR) and the ASRS in alcohol use disorder showed many false-negative results (ASRS: 89.5%; CAARS-S-SR: 92.3%) which indicates underreporting of ADHD symptoms. Authors suggested that underreporting of ADHD symptoms in ASRS and CAARS-S-SR of alcohol use disorder patients requires lower cut-off values to detect the majority of ADHD [55].
In a recent study from international multi-center, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus) on patients with substance use disorders was validated for the screening of adult ADHD in treatment-seeking SUD patients [56]. Another tool in understanding the possible causes and motivations behind substance misuse and its dependency is Substance Transitions in Addiction Rating Scale (STARS) where the subscales produced meaningful and reliable factors that supported the self-medication and behavioral disinhibition hypotheses of substance use motivation [36].
Comorbid ADHD and SUD represent a challenge for health-care providers as the pharmacological trials have found mix results for efficacy [8]. The reviews on ADHD medications for ADHD with SUD point out limited efficacy of treatment, but more recent trials using psychostimulants in robust dosing have demonstrated positive results [57, 58, 59, 60].
Guidelines recommend that when ADHD coexists with other psychopathologies in adults, the most impairing condition should generally be treated first [58]. Another approach is to first achieve abstinence before treating ADHD, where the main goal is to reduce the risk of diversion of stimulant medication [57]. The international consensus statement recommends long-acting stimulant medication [10].
While previous concerns arose whether stimulant therapy would increase the ultimate risk for substance abuse, recent studies have indicated that pharmacologic treatment appears to reduce the risk of substance abuse in individuals with ADHD [61]. Findings from 19 large open studies and controlled clinical trials show that the use of atomoxetine or extended-release methylphenidate formulations, together with psychological therapy, yield promising though inconclusive results about short-term efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of adult ADHD in patients with SUD and no other severe mental disorders. However, the efficacy of these drugs is scant or lacking in treating concurrent SUD [62]. The concern is as indicated by American study that ADHD is prevalent among chronic methamphetamine users, who are at increased risk for persistence of childhood diagnoses of ADHD into their adult years. ADHD also appears to play an important role in methamphetamine-associated disability, indicating that targeted ADHD screening and treatment may help to improve real-world outcomes for individuals with methamphetamine use disorders [63].
A meta-analysis on the efficacy of atomoxetine in treating adult ADHD showed atomoxetine is efficacious in treating adult ADHD compared to placebo, though the efficacy is significantly superior for inattention than hyperactivity/impulsivity [64]. Study on alcohol-dependent patients with and without a diagnosis of ADHD hypothesized that atomoxetine could reduce the impulsivity trait [65]. A small study reported that atomoxetine may improve some ADHD symptoms but does not reduce marijuana use in marijuana-dependent adults with ADHD [66].
A small study on ADHD patient with cocaine use disorder showed that behaviors reflecting cocaine addiction were sharply reduced during the stimulant treatment of adult ADHD, and were not correlated with age, gender, familiarity, length of treatment, or medication used. Cocaine use disorder improvement was closely correlated with adult ADHD improvement [67]. Earlier data show that patients with ADHD and comorbid cocaine dependence do not benefit significantly from treatment with methylphenidate, where Dutch study showed that low dopamine transporter occupancy is not the reason for that. Authors also suggest that higher dosages of methylphenidate in these patients are probably not the solution and that medications directed at other pharmacological targets should be considered in these comorbid ADHD patients [68]. ADHD patients with cocaine dependence are a distinctly more impulsive subpopulation compared to ADHD patients without cocaine dependence on objective measures of impulsivity. These findings are relevant for optimizing psycho-education and treatment of ADHD patients with comorbid SUD [41].
Sweden placebo-controlled double-blind study reported that methylphenidate treatment reduces ADHD symptoms and the risk for relapse to substance use in criminal offenders with ADHD and substance dependence [69]. Norway study reported about the safety and utility of central stimulant medications for patients with ADHD who are receiving opioid maintenance treatment [70]. Sustained-release methylphenidate in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for the treatment of ADHD in amphetamine abusers found no difference with regards to the craving for amphetamine or in retention in treatment [71]. Another double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adults with ADHD reported that extended-release methylphenidate was statistically superior to placebo in reducing emotional symptoms and a decline of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and those of problems with self-concept. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, anger and hostility, phobia, paranoid ideations and psychoticism were not improved [72]. A study that examined if stimulants would decrease marijuana use in a randomized controlled trial of extended-release mixed amphetamine salts for the treatment of co-occurring ADHD and cocaine use disorders found no significant baseline differences in marijuana use frequency and quantity [73].
A recent Dutch randomized clinical trial among SUD and ADHD patients reported that integrated cognitive behavioral therapy resulted in a significant improvement in ADHD symptoms in comorbid SUD and ADHD patients [74]. This finding leads to the conclusion that nonpharmacological interventions can contribute to ADHD symptom reduction in patients with comorbid ADHD and SUD. ADHD and SUD experts recommend that simultaneous and integrated treatment of ADHD and SUD, using a combination of pharmaco- and psychotherapy, is effective [10].
ADHD is highly comorbid with SUD, being diagnosed up to 20% in SUD patients. ADHD and SUD are believed to have shared pathophysiology. ADHD is associated with the majority of dependence diagnoses. A most used screening questionnaire for screening ADHD patients presenting with SUD is the ASRS. Evidence on pharmacological treatment is limited, but new trials support the use of a higher dose of long-acting stimulants as also recommended with a combination of psychotherapy by expert opinion. Finally, the decision to treat adult ADHD in the context of SUD depends on various factors, so clinical decisions should be individualized and based on a careful analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of pharmacological treatment for ADHD in the context of SUD. Given the prevalence of both ADHD and SUD, more research is needed to understand the theoretical and clinical implications of this comorbidity.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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\n\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nQUALITY CONTENT
\n\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\n\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\n\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\n\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\n\nACCESS
\n\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\n\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\n\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\n\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
\n\nOur Open Access book collection includes:
\n\n3,332 OPEN ACCESS BOOKS
\n\n107,564 INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS AND ACADEMIC EDITORS
\n\n113+ MILLION DOWNLOADS
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\n\nSee a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions here.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. 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