\r\n\tAssisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) is a key technology for treating infertility, which occurs in 10-15% of the general population in reproductive age. This has been one of the most tumultuously developing interdisciplinary technologies in medicine in recent decades. Thanks to in vitro methods, more than 5 million children were born in the whole world. For 40 years, the success rates of this treatment have increased many times, respectively in the first years from less than 10% to more than 50% in present days (in some groups of patients). The reason for this rapid increase is the introduction of new drugs and stimulation protocols, improvement of embryo culture media, and the use of new types of laboratory equipment that improve the conditions for embryo development. Last but not least, the introduction of modern genetic methods, as well as new gamete and tissue freezing techniques, has improved the methods' diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-720-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-719-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-721-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4a171468ca00ae2c47f7f5cd0f3b90a4",bookSignature:"Dr. Iavor K. Vladimirov",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11839.jpg",keywords:"Ovarian Reserve, Indication of ART Treatment, Stimulation Protocols, Monitoring of Ovarian Stimulation, Oocytes and Sperm Preparation, Manipulation Techniques, Surrogacy, Cross Border IVF Treatment, Preimplantation Genetic Testing, Endometrial Receptivity, Ethical aspects of ART, Ovarian Rejuvenation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 24th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 25th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:'Dr. Vladimirov is the founder and medical director of the Sofia IVF Clinic. He is also one of the authors of the book "Theory about the Embryo Cryo-Treatment", the first theory that provides a scientific explanation for the high success rate in the use of frozen embryos.\r\nDr. Vladimirov introduces for the first time in Bulgaria the methods for Ovarian Reserve Assessment, In Vitro Maturation method,Determination of “implantation window” in the endometrium, using\r\nEndometrial Receptivity Analysis (ERA) test.',coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"253947",title:"Dr.",name:"Iavor K.",middleName:null,surname:"Vladimirov",slug:"iavor-k.-vladimirov",fullName:"Iavor K. Vladimirov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253947/images/system/253947.jpg",biography:"Dr. Iavor K. Vladimirov graduated in Medicine at the Sofia Medical University in 1990. In 1997 he became an Obstetrics and Gynaecology specialist. In 2003, he wrote a doctoral thesis on 'Diagnostic Testing to Assess the Ovarian Reserve of Infertile Women”, and obtained a Ph.D.\nDr. Vladimirov was, in the period between 2008 and 2010, a secretary of the Bulgarian Association of Sterility and Reproductive Health. \nHe hаѕ оvеr 25 уеаrѕ’ of ехреrіеnсе іn the аѕѕіѕtеd rерrоduсtіоn and іntrоduсеd the method of 'іn vіtrо mаturаtіоn” tо Вulgаrіа. Dr. Iavor Vladimirov іѕ thе fіrѕt Вulgаrіаn rерrоduсtіvе mеdісіnе ѕресіаlіѕt whо wоn оnе оf thе mоѕt рrеѕtіgіоuѕ аwаrd оf 'Тhе Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility” оf Тhе Аmеrісаn Ѕосіеtу fоr Rерrоduсtіvе Меdісіnе (АЅRМ) fоr уеаr 2016 and won the prestigious \\'Daniela Seizova - In the Name of Life\\' award in the category \\'Physician of 2016.\\' \nSince 2004 he is the Medical Director of the IVF unit in SBALAGRM – Sofia, Bulgaria.\nSince 2008 he is a Lector of the Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria.",institutionString:"Sofia IVF clinic",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453622",firstName:"Tea",lastName:"Jurcic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"tea@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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1. Introduction
The solvents are a large group of chemicals which are used industrially in the production of paints, glues, coatings, degreasing agents, dyes, polymers, pharmaceuticals and printing inks. They have three characteristics in common, namely they are volatile liquids at normal temperature, they are strongly lipophilic and most of them, if the dose is sufficiently high, affect the functioning of the central nervous system.
Exposure to organic solvents can occur by inhalation, ingestion or absorption through the skin, but inhalation is usually the main route of entry.
The health impact of workplace solvent exposure remains an issue of substantial interest and concern to occupational health professionals. In fact, there is a growing recognition that organic solvents are neurotoxic to the nervous system and its neuropsychological functions. For an agent to be neurotoxic, it must produce an adverse change in the structure and function of the nervous system following exposure to agents such as solvents.
It is generally accepted that workers exposed to solvents for a long time may develop a Chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE). The clinical picture of CTE is dominated by vague and non specific symptoms such as irritability, headache, sleep disturbances, concentrations problems and impaired memory.
In 1985, a WHO Working Group presented diagnostic criteria and a classification for solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE). In the same year, the “Workshop on neurobehavioral effects of solvents” in Raleigh, N.C., USA introduced a somewhat different classification for CTE. The objective of a systematic review of criteria for solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy, was to study the diagnostic procedures that are used to establish the diagnosis of CTE, and the extent to which the diagnostic criteria and classification of the WHO, and the classification of the Raleigh Working Group, are applied. Thus a systematic search of studies on CTE was performed, and the diagnostic criteria and use of the WHO and Raleigh classifications were listed. They retrieved 30 original articles published in English from 1985 to 1998, in which CTE was diagnosed. Only two articles did not report the duration of solvent exposure. The type of solvent(s) involved was described in detail in four articles, poorly in 17 articles, and not at all in nine articles. Tests of general intelligence were used in 19 articles, and tests of both attention and mental flexibility and of learning and memory were used in 18 articles. Exclusion, by interview, of potentially confounding conditions, such as somatic diseases with central nervous effects and psychiatric diseases, was reported in 21 and 16 articles, respectively. In only six of the articles were both the WHO diagnostic criteria and the WHO or Raleigh classifications used. [1]
These organic solvents occupy an important place in most industrial sectors because of their interesting technological properties, particularly in the printing industry. In Europe, the use of solvents in printing inks represent 6% of their total industrial use.
In Tunisia, the sector of packaging and printing is an important industry. There are more than 350 companies employing about 17,000 workers.
The printing industry is one on of the sectors which expose workers to organic solvent. Some studies were performed on printing workers which are usually exposed to mixtures of organic solvents. In fact, Yu, Ignatius Tak-Sun MBBS and al showed in their study about occupational exposure to mixtures of organic solvents among printing workers in Hong Kong, that this exposure increases the risk of neurological Symptoms. It was a cross-sectional survey conducted among 762 male printing workers to assess the impacts of exposure to mixtures of n-hexane, toluene, isopropyl alcohol, and benzene on neurological and other symptoms. After controlling for age, smoking, alcohol drinking, past exposure history, working hours and shift work, current exposure to solvent mixtures was significantly associated with the total number of neurological symptoms and with the prevalence of specific symptoms of the nervous system and mucous membrane irritation. The adjusted odds ratio of neurovegetative lability (1.7-5.9) and memory loss (1.8) were significantly increased in the exposed group, especially when the summation index of exposure exceeded one. Finally, the health effects of low-dose occupational exposure to organic solvents remained unclear. [2]
Another study addresses the prevalence of organic brain syndrome (OBS) among long-term toluene-exposed rotagravure workers who are still working. The prevalence of OBS in 22 workers exposed to toluene for a minimum of 12 years and 19 unexposed control subjects, matched for age and employment status, was assessed with a comprehensive clinical psychiatric interview. There was a significantly greater prevalence of mild chronic encephalopathy and organic affective syndrome in the toluene-exposed group. [3]
Elsewhere, a 2-year prospective study examined the neurobehavioral effects of acute and chronic exposure to mixed solvents in workers in a screen printing business. A total of 30 subjects participated in the study in two field testings over a 12 month period. Each subject completed a detailed medical and occupational questionnaire, had a neurological examination, and underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests. Industrial hygiene investigation identified the following chemical exposures as present: toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, mineral spirits, β-ether, methylene chloride, and acetic acid. Different departments and jobs had varying degrees of exposure to these chemicals, the highest exposures being in the ink mix area and the screen washroom area. However, all exposure levels were below recommended threshold limit values. Persons categorized as having higher acute exposure demonstrated significantly impaired test performance on tasks involving manual dexterity, visual memory, and mood. Those with higher chronic exposure demonstrated significantly poorer performance on visual memory tasks and mood. Results suggest that the mixed solvents used in the screen printing industry have an effect on central nervous system functioning in the absence of obvious clinical disease. [4]
Our study consists on a descriptive epidemiological survey with 75 employees working in a printing company for flexible packaging to detect chronic neuropsychological effects secondary to the manipulation of solvents by employees.
Objectives
Assess objectively the degree of exposure to solvents by an environmental study.
Assess neuro-psychological effects related to chronic exposure to solvents
2. Material and methods
2.1. Material
1. Presentation of the company: The industrial company of packaging and derivatives is a print on flexible packaging for various food products, located in an industrial area. It has a large workshop with an area of 2000 m2 and about 8 m high divided into several units including:
Print Soloflex
Print Heliography
Laminating
Shop for storing raw materials and finished products
Appendices located outside the main workshop used for the preparation of a mixture of inks and accessories for cleaning printing machines.
2. Population: The total number of employees in this company is 75 people divided into four occupational categories: managers, technicians, skilled and versatile workers. Employees are divided into two groups: one group exposed to solvents and other non-exposed group.
2.2. Methodology
Our study consisted of two parts:
Environmental Study
Medical study
2.2.1. Environmental study
The qualitative assessment: It is based on an inventory of chemicals handled. Data collection was based on canvas: Outline for the handled products and canvas for post study.
It helped to develop a job-exposure matrix taking into account the following parameters: The exposure, the frequency of exposure and The length of the post
This matrix has identified three risk levels (high, moderate and low).
The Quantitative assessment:
Sampling techniques and analysis used:
The technical team carried out by sampling dynamic industrial pumps in the respiratory tract. The used adsorbent is activated carbon, the pumps are calibrated at a flow rate of 0.2 L / min. The average duration of each sample was 150 min. A total of 8 samples were taken at different units studied covering two days of work. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography after desorption with carbon disulfide (CS2). Analytes in air samples are determined by consulting the data sheets and safety are the following: ethyl acetate (TWA: 100 ppm), ethanol (TWA: 1000ppm), the methoxy propanol (TWA: 1000ppm). The values measured concentrations are compared to average values of exposure (international standards)
Calculation of concentration index of the mixture:
In the case of exposure to several substances whose effects are the same, we must take into consideration, to assess the average exposure (TWA), the sum of the effects of each substance. For this, we must determine the concentration index of the mixture which is calculated as follows: we determine the actual atmospheric concentration of each substance divided by its average value of exposure.
To meet the standard permissible concentration index of the mixture should not exceed unity.
Rm = C1/N1 + C2/N2 +..... + Cn / Nn
Rm = concentration index of the mixture
... C1... Cn: actual concentration of substances N1... Nn...: Standards Substance
2.2.2. Medical study
This is a transversal epidemiological study based on a set questionnaire, modelled on the Q16 usually used for the detection of neurotoxic effects in workers exposed to solvents. The questionnaire was administered by a physician to all employees. It included the following parts:
Socio-professional employee
The disease history and lifestyle.
Health care consumption
The functional neuro-psychological symptoms reported by patients
Solvent exposure was assessed by the research of direct handling of solvents or exposure to vapours from one or more positions of neighbourhoods, and our population was divided into two groups:
The exposed group: those who directly handle solvents and those who do not handle solvents but are exposed to fumes from one or more positions of neighbourhoods (indirect exposure)
The non exposed group: those who do not handle solvents and are not exposed to vapours from neighbourhoods posts (administrator, drivers).
The medical study included a descriptive and analytical part type exposed - unexposed.
The Statistical Analysis: Data entry and data analysis were performed by Epi Info version 6. It is essentially a comparison of actual and number of responses between the group of exposed and unexposed. For this, we used the chi 2 test with a confidence interval of 95% which corresponds to a set P (0.05).
3. Results
3.1. Qualitative assessment
Inventory of used products: Solvent exposure comes primarily from printing units, laminating, preparing ink, solvent recycling and cleaning accessories for printing machines. At these units the mostly used products were: ethyl acetate, ethanol and methoxy propanol.
Post Study: There are several units within the company. (Table N 1)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
- not wearing PPE - natural and artificial ventilation provided by windows, doors and 2 extractors
Acétate d’éthyle
28
- all posts
106,148 Kg/ mois
-Cutaneous
- Respiratory
-not wearing PPE unless the worker in the cleaning room accessories, wearing unsuitable masks - natural and artificial ventilation provided by windows, doors and 2 extractors above the unit flexography and laminating
Table 1.
Fact handled by product
3.2. Quantitative assessment
We note that the average concentrations measured are below the requirement for the solvents tested in all units studied, but they do not reflect the reality of occupational exposure as employees of the units are exposed to a mixture of solvents, whose effects are identical, so we calculated the concentration index of the mixture. The results showed that the latter is less than 1 inall units studied. (Table N 2, Table N 3)
Post
Number of sampls
Average concentrations of solventsanalyzed in air (ppm)
Acétate d\'éthyle
Ethanol
Methoxypropyl
(VME=400ppm)
(VME=1000 ppm)
(VME=100 ppm)
Heliography Unit
2
102,3
36,6
-
flexogarphy Unit (Soloflex)
1
73,7
83,5
5,7
unit Lamination simplex
1
52,9
-
6,7
unit of ink Preparation for Heliography
1
158,6
-
-
unit of ink Preparation Soloflex
1
133,8
12,6
-
unit of accessories Cleaning
2
359,9
-
-
Table 2.
Results of analysis of air samples by the workstation
Post
Index of mixture
Héliography unit
0,28
Flexography unit Soloflex
0,32
Unit of lamination simplex
0,2
Préparation unit of ink Héliogarphy
0,39
Préparation unit of ink Soloflex
0,34
Unit of accessories Cleaning
0,9
Table 3.
Concentration index of the mixture per workstation
3.3. Medical study
3.3.1. Descriptive study
3.3.1.1. Socio-occupational study of population:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
- Age: The average age is 40.6 years. More than half of the employees belong to the age group between 30 and 39 years.
- Sex: Sex - ratio M / F = 5.48. More than three quarters of the study population are men.
- Grade: Almost half the study population is not educated beyond the secondary level.
- Marital Status: Almost two thirds of the study population are married
- Professional Category: Two-thirds of the staff of this company is mainly represented by skilled and versatile workers.
- Seniority in the workplace: The average tenure is 13.62 years ± 9.63.
- Exposure to solvents: it is noted that the study population is composed of 56 persons exposed and 18 unexposed people.
3.3.1.2. Socio-occupational characteristics of exposed population
- Average age is 40.59 years ± 8.71.
- Sex: Sex - ratio M / F = 6
- Qualification: Most of the papers or 87.5% are skilled and versatile workers.
- Seniority in the post: The average tenure is 13.7 ± 9.5. Most presentations have a length exceeding 16 years
- Exposure to solvents: There are two modes of exposure:
An indirect exposure: it is the exposure to solvent vapours from one or more neighbourhood positions
Direct exposure: that is to say direct handling of solvents (Table No. 4)
Direct exposure relates generally employees occupying the positions of printing, laminating, preparation of inks, accessories and cleaning solvent recycling.
The distribution of exposure by frequency of exposure revealed that exposure to solvents is essentially daily in 75% of cases. Employees who are exposed for a few days a month and a few days a week does not exceed ¼ of the actual presentation is 25% (Table No. 5)
Exposition
Number
%
Direct exposure
38
67,9
Non direct exposure
18
32,1
Total
56
100%
Table 4.
Distribution of risk by mode of exposure
Exposure frequency
Number
%
Daily
42
75,0
A few times a week
9
16,0
A few times a month
5
8,9
Total
56
100%
Table 5.
Distribution of exposure by frequency of exposure
The qualitative assessment of exposure:
Matrix: Exposure Mode - Frequency: According to this matrix "exposure mode, exposure frequency" we can identify four groups of exposure. (Table No. 6)
Exposure frequency
Exposure mode
Direct Exposure
Non direct Exposure
Daily
33
9
A few times a week
3
6
A few times a month
2
3
Total
38
18
Table 6.
Distribution of exposure by mode and frequency of exposure
G1: very important Exposure: 33 persons (daily direct exposure)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
G2: High exposure: 12 people (direct exposure within a few times a week or daily indirect exposure)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
G3: Moderate exposure: 8 persons (direct exposure within a few times a month or indirect exposure within a few times a week)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
G4: Low exposure: 3 persons (indirect exposure a few times a month)
The distribution of the four exposure groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 by seniority in the workplace, we deduce the following results: (Table N 7)
Limited exposure to moderate with a seniority of less than 10 years: 6 workers
Important or very important exposure with seniority less than 10 years: 18 workers.
Limited exposure to moderate with seniority above 10 years: 5 workers.
Important or very important exposure with seniority above 10 years: 27 workers.
These results can be summarized as three levels of risk taking into account both the three parameters discussed below:
The mode of exposure (direct or indirect)
The frequency of exposure
The length of the post (Table N 8)
Seniority
Low
Moderate
High
Very important
[0-5]
1
1
2
1
[6-10]
0
4
3
12
[11-15]
2
2
1
12
[16-35]
0
1
6
8
Table 7.
Distribution of the four exposure groups based on post seniority
Level of risk
Number
%
High
27
48,2
Moderate
23
41,1
Low
6
10,7
Table 8.
Distribution of the population exposed based on the level of risk
3.3.1.3. Clinical characteristics of the exposed population:
- Disease history: Three quarters of the exposed population have no previous medical history.
- Tobacco use: The majority of people exposed to solvents in this business are not smokers. (62.5%)
- Alcohol: 7.1% of workers consume occasionally alcohol.
- Various neuropsychiatric symptoms: They were noted in almost the exposed patients, at least one functional neuro event. The main found neuropsychiatric complaints neuropsychiatric disorders, sleep, memory problems, headaches and physical fatigue. Headaches occur mainly at the end of workday. Are sleep disorders are dominated by insomnia that manifests itself by early morning awakening. (Table N 9).
We note also that most people with a neuropsychological complaint (89.3 %) belongs to level 1 or 2 (Table N 10)
Furthermore, we were able to identify two types of syndromes: the acquired syndrome of intolerance to vapours of solvent organic psychosyndrome and psychosyndrome that appears most frequently (Table N 11, Table N 12)
Number
%
Memory impairment
36
64,3
Sleep disorders
56
100
Headache
32
57,1
Weakness and fatigue
33
58,9
Tightness in chest
22
39,3
Significant weakness of the whole body
30
53,6
Feeling faint
22
39,3
Tremor exaggerated hands
17
30,4
Tingling or tingling in hands or legs
20
35,7
Sexual dysfunction: frigidity in women and decreased libido in men
24
42,9
Table 9.
Neuropsychiatric manifestations in exposed workers
Level of risk
Nombre
%
Level 1
27
48,2
Level 2
23
41,1
Level 3
6
10,7
Total
56
100%
Table 10.
Distribution of presentations on functional neuro symptoms by level of risk
N°
age
Sex
Post
Seniority
Level of risk
1
26
M
Recyclage des solvants
5
2
2
48
M
Printing
27
1
3
49
M
Préparation of ink
18
1
4
49
M
Cleaning of a accessoires
27
1
5
47
M
Printing
23
1
6
30
M
Cleaning of a accessoires
5
1
7
37
M
Printing
5
1
8
45
M
Cutting
27
1
Table 11.
Distribution of organic psychosyndrome by level of risk and according to socio-professional caracteristics
The 8 people identified as having solvent organic psychosyndrome are male and have a minimum of 5 years of exposure. They hold positions considered most at risk. Half of these men have they consulted a doctor other than the physician work. Among the eight cases of organic psycho syndrome, four were able to benefit of an neuropsychological exploration performed by the same psychologist and it was based on battery of psychometric tests or tests of intellectual efficiency which attach to assess mental deterioration and to search the organicity by offering tests exploring: (Table N 13)
Neuropsychological complaints
Exposed (56)
Non exposed (18)
P
Memory Disorders
36
7
S <<0,05
Headache
32
2
S <<0,05
Sleep Disorders
56
8
S <<0,05
Physical fatigue
33
2
S <<0,05
Chest tightness
22
3
S <<0,05
Sensation of weakness throughout the body
30
4
S <<0,05
Fainting
22
1
S <<0,05
Tingling tingling of the hands or legs
20
3
S <<0,05
Tremor exaggerated hands
17
2
S <<0,05
Needs to return to work after a few days off
18
1
S <<0,05
Decreased sexual desire
24
2
S <<0,05
Table 12.
Distribution of exposed and unexposed workers according to the neuropsychological encountered complaints
Cases
Post
Age
Seniority
Neuropsychological Exploration
Case 1
Cleaning agent pieces
30 years
5 years
• Deficit in working memory, semantic, and episodic verbal• Deficit of executive functions• State anxiety depression
Case 2
- Score printing machine - Cleaner Parts
49 years
27 years
- Deficit in working memory, semantic, and immediate verbal episodic verbal memory, Visio spatial- Deficit of executive functions
Case 3
Preparation of inks
49 years
18 years
- Alteration of executive functions- Depression
Case 4
recycling solventsplatemaking Post
26 years
5 years
- Problems with verbal episodic memory- Trouble in working memory- behavior disorder- impulsive behaviour
Table 13.
Distribution of exposed workers with organic psychosyndrome according the neuropsychological tests
constructive and Visio spatial functions (or Rey figure memory test of 15 words of Rey)
personality
3.3.2. Analytical study
Matching by age, sex and age: The difference regarding age, gender and seniority to the position between the two populations (exposed and unexposed) is not significant.
Medical history: The two populations (exposed and unexposed) did not differ regarding disease history
Lifestyle: The difference is not significant in terms of consumption of tobacco and alcohol between the exposed and unexposed
Use of health care: there is no significant difference regarding the consumption of care.
Functional neuropsychological symptoms: A significant difference was found between the two groups in the neuropsychiatric manifestations (P <<0.05) (Table N 13 )
4. Discussion
The solvents are a family of chemicals widely used in the formulation of many products used as industrial inks. In Europe, the use of solvents in printing inks represents 6% of their total industrial use. This expansion of the printing industry was accompanied by a remarkable use of these products could have adverse consequences on the health of workers in particular neuropsychiatric effects [5]
Indeed toxic encephalopathy due to solvents is described in more than half a century it has been reported in several studies concerned with some occupationally exposed groups. However, studies are not all consistent, the differences found between exposed and unexposed are minimal and abnormalities objectified by complementary neurophysiologic investigations are inconsistent.
At the individual level, the diagnosis is difficult because there are no specific additional review.
The neurotoxicity with exceeding doses of solvents is well known for a long time, but is there a neurological syndrome solvents at low dose? Several questions: what is the reality of the risk when exposed to low dose? How to evaluate and measure exposure? There is usually poly-exposure to many products, often mixed. These mixtures are they most often involved.....
The cutaneous or respiratory penetration influences such as the evolution toward dementia. Early detection is it possible? [6]
The choice of studying of the neurological effects of solvents emanates from the importance of this effect on the frequency, severity and speed of installation [7]
Thus, we were interested in this work in search of neuropsychological effects of solvent with 75 employees of a Tunisian company of package printing.
Solvent exposure was demonstrated at first by a qualitative with a job exposure matrix taking into account three parameters: the mode, frequency and duration of exposure. This assessment was completed in a second time by a quantitative assessment.
Qualitative assessment:
The inventory of used products was based on analysis of safety data sheets which revealed several types of solvents handled by the employee as follows: alcohol (methoxy-propanol...) ethyl acetate.....
The study of work stations and interrogation of employees has allowed us to classify the workers: directly exposed, indirectly exposed and not exposed to solvents. Concentrations recorded by atmospheric monitoring for the following solvents: ethyl acetate, ethanol and iso-propanol was lower than the TWA and the same for the concentration of the mixture index, despite the absence of individual and collective preventive measures. This reduces the interest of regularly controlling atmospheric monitoring for the exposed workers. [7]
Socio-professional characteristics:
Our study population consists of 75 employees working for at least a year. It is a predominantly male population (sex ratio M / F = 5.48) with secondary mean age (40.6 years) and secondary education for the majority (47.3%). On a professional level, the majority are specialized or multipurpose workers (66.2%) with average seniority at the workplace (13.62 years).
Exposure to solvents:
Solvent exposure was assessed in our population according to the workstation. Two groups were identified: an exposed group (75.7%) and an unexposed group (24.3%). The exposure was assessed by establishing a matrix of exposure taking into account three parameters: the mode, frequency and duration of exposure and defining three exposure levels: high, moderate and low. This method was inspired by the method developed by the National Research and Safety (INRS) for the assessment of chemical hazards in the workplace. The majority of submissions (89.3%) have an exposure level considered high or moderate.
Both groups exhibited comparable regarding age, gender and seniority to the position and disease history.
Health care consumption was assessed by the number of medical consultations over the last 12 months and by taking regularly neuropsychic medication.
Almost two thirds of the exposed have consulted at least one doctor or specialist, the number of consultations is higher than that seen in unexposed but the difference is not significant as well as consumption of drugs that are basically painkillers.
Teyssier-cottec et al. in their study looking for witnesses of early achievement of the central nervous system by solvents and conducted among a population of 75 employees divided between the exposed and unexposed to solvents, found no significant difference between these two groups with regard to medical history and use of care [8].
Moreover, both exposed and unexposed groups are comparable in terms of tobacco and alcohol. Indeed the majority of exposed and unexposed are non smokers and non drinkers.Other studies have shown a greater tendency to smoking and / or consumption of alcohol by the solvent-exposed. Hogsted C showed through a meta-analysis that there is a higher consumption of alcohol by solvent-exposed [9].
Similarly, evaluation of effects of exposure to organic solvents at low doses on color vision in the paint industry has shown a homogeneous group of exposed and controls for alcohol consumption by cons Tobacco consumption seems to be higher among exposed conversely to what showed by the study directed by Teyssier and collaborator. [6,8].
Neuropsychological symptoms:
Epidemiological studies on solvents neurotoxicity date from about twenty years. They define a particular area of occupational epidemiology: neurotoxicological epidemiology. These studies have highlighted particular problems reaching cognitive function [10-13].
According to Hogstedt, the first cross-sectional study in this field was published in 1955 by Gran jeans and showed a relatively high frequency of subjective complaints of impairment of the autonomic nervous system and neurological and psychiatric symptoms among workers chronically exposed to trichlorethylene in concentration between 20 and 80 ppm. [9].
Lauwerys et al report that Scandinavian authors are the first to report that chronic exposure to vapors of various solvents can cause brain syndrome characterized by mental retardation and emotional disturbances which can lead in severe cases fortunately exceptional to dementia by brain atrophy (psycho-organic syndrome). Since then, literature has been enriched by studies (case reports, control, case control), who investigated the neurological effects associated with chronic exposure to solvents[14].
The existence of this syndrome is still controversial, however it is accepted by most authors.
Solvents can act even in small doses on the central and peripheral nervous system, initially due to their high liposolubulity and then intervene by various mechanisms such as increases in membrane fluidity that change the flow not only intra-and extracellular nutrient but also other toxic. Some solvents may also be metabolized in the nerve cells and cause structural and biochemical changes such us cellular destruction. Others act after hepatic metabolism and the passage of metabolites beyond the blood-nerve. [14]
Finally some solvents will affect the neuro-chemical mediators. The central effect of dopamine has been demonstrated in the phenomena of addiction to tobacco and other drugs likely to solvents.... Indeed, there are about fifteen years, researchers have realized that all drugs that cause addiction in humans have in common the release a neurotransmitter called dopamine, which affects the "reward circuit". This circuit serves as a "barometer" for human to know at any moment his mental and physical condition.
The reward circuit is composed of different brain structures in relation (prefrontal cortex, septum, amygdala and hippocampus). These four structures are linked with each other. They receive dopaminergic terminals from the ventral tegmental area and they filter the information before sending them to the area that is the ultimate regulating hypothalamus. The hypothalamus receives only information previously processed by the structures of the reward circuit knows nothing of what was happening outside. The satisfaction felt by the individual is related to dopaminergic activation, regardless of the reality of its environment.
Dopamine release activates this reward circuit, generating a state of pleasure and satisfaction. It follows a change in the central nervous system that affects the overall balance and the relationship of the individual to his environment.
Dopamine release may occur several times per second. It is important that each train has a sense of liberation from the binding of the neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic receptor. To make this system work it requires that the body removes the neurotransmitter that has been issued. To do this, a process of reuptake into the neuron transmitter draws 80 to 85% of this neurotransmitter. [14]
It is certain that the adaptability of the nervous system is so great that the first changes are insensitive to the investigations of doctors.
It remains to define clearly the psycho-organic syndrome caused by solvents and its potential stages and identify harmonized and accurate diagnostic criteria.
In 1985, classification in 3 stages and diagnostic criteria were introduced by a joint working group of WHO and the Nordic Council of Ministers. The same year a slightly different classification was proposed by a working group in Raleigh, USA
According to WHO the organic psycho syndrome is the mildest form of chronic toxic encephalopathy to organic solvents, it evolves over several days or several weeks, but does not leave scars if exposure is stopped.
According to most experts, the diagnosis of an SPO is based on:
Professional et extra-professional anamnestic data,
Neuropsychological and neurobehavioral testing: different batteries are used to evaluate the functions and psychomotor cognitives including battery NCTB (Neurobehavioral core test battery) proposed by WHO to monitor neurotoxic professionals effects. It has been developed since 1983, includes a coherent set of readily available tests. It is validated in many countries. It is independent of the cultural heritage, gender, age and allows comparison between studies.
Additional tests
Currently, several authors emphasize the harmonization of diagnostic procedures using standardized methods. Similarly, a precise definition of this syndrome is necessary. Meanwhile questionnaires can help doctors in their approach and include:
The Q16 (Swedish) (16 questions) developed by Hogstedt and al in 1984 to detect groups of subjects exposed to neuro-toxic agents and individuals at risk for further consideration.
Q18: Q16 amended
EuroQuest (european questionnaire) developed in 1992 by the EURONEST network to enable comparison of neuropsychiatric symptoms between epidemiological studies. It is the fruit of reflection carried out by researchers in toxicology from the European community developed initially in English and was then translated in ten languages. It includes 83 items exploring three areas: neurological and psychosomatic symptoms (impaired memory, concentration, sleep and alertness, symptoms of acute poisoning, symptoms related to personality disorders and mood) [14].
Some authors emphasized the usefulness of Q16 used as a tool for diagnosis and control of the central nervous system dysfunction [5,11]. In our study, the questionnaire was inspired from that of Q16.
In our work all employees exposed to solvents reported at least one functional neuro event and a significant difference was found with the unexposed group (P <<0.05). This is consistent with the results published in the literature [16 - 19]
Our study showed that the number of people with at least a neurologic complaint increases with the level of risk.
The relationship between the degree of exposure and the importance of neuropsychiatric events was suggested in several studies [17-18,21-22] which joins the results of the study CNARAT and another conducted by Langau on 349 women working in the footwear industry and exposed mainly to n-hexane and toluene [23].
Our study has identified two neuropsychiatric syndromes:
the acquired intolerance to solvent vapors
The psycho-organic syndrome.
Acquired intolerance to solvents, which is a part of the syndrome of intolerance to chemical odor has been described by Gyntelberg in 1986. [7]
The syndrome has been selected to the following criteria:
Having frequent headaches at the beginning of a working day or one to two hours after the onset of labor.
Feeling of weakness of all the body with difficulty performing simple tasks. That it occurs even without physical effort or only during labor.
Feeling faint sometimes. This sensation occurs even without physical effort and / or only during labor.
In our study, we observed two cases of intolerance syndrome to solvent vapors among expose group with a non significant difference between exposed and unexposed. Prost G, reported five cases of Acquired intolerance to solvents syndrome identified in various industries [24] Grimmer studied 30 cases of Acquired intolerance to solvents with a mean age of 38 years and with a slight male predominance [25]. The symptoms found in these studies are similar to those described in our patients.
A feature of the acquired intolerance to solvent syndrome is that the complaint is primarily against certain smells that are no longer supported and that trigger disorders and occur in the workplace and which disappear or improve over the weekends or work stoppages.
In our study, two patients with this syndrome has been observed had a high level of risk, but according to the literature this syndrome was observed in case of rather low exposure [25]
The diagnosis of organic solvent syndrome was selected to the following criteria:
By returning often to see if the door is closed
Having frequent headaches
Having trouble sleeping
Have the feeling of being constantly tired
Have the feeling of weakness of all the body with difficulty performing simple tasks of decreased libido
In the literature, several studies have focused on the organic solvent psycho syndrome. [27-31]. Baker identifies 13 new cross-sectional studies since 1985 involving [20] different countries and the results converge to the fact that this syndrome affects the short-term memory and psychomotor functions.
Eight employees in our study had a solvent organic psychosyndrome (14.3% of the exposed population).
The confirmation of organic disease of the nervous system is a psychometric assessment including a battery of psychometric and clinical tests to assess the intellectual efficiency, as the battery NCTB (Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery) proposed by WHO for monitoring occupational neurotoxic effects, developed since 1983, whose contents were described by Regane in its study “interest of psychometric tests for the detection, of the neurobehavioral toxic effects of organic solvents. [21-30]
Coherent set of easily usable tests
Battery test paper and pencil
Validated in many countries
Independent of the cultural heritage, gender, age
Comparison studies
Easy Implementation
Time for total shift is about 1 hour
In the literature, the evolution of organic solvent psychosyndrome is marked by a reversible lesion if the withdrawal is sufficiently early. By cons, from stage 2B, the prognosis is poor [5,27]. Moreover, a highly significant relationship between the organic solvent psycho syndrome and exposure to solvents has been revealed in the study by Soborg in 1993 [17]
5. Conclusion
The solvents occupy an important place in the sector of printing for flexible packaging but also in most other industrial sectors. Our study consisted of two parts: An environmental assessment and a medical section which consisted of carrying out a transversal epidemiological study based on a predetermined questionnaire, inspired of Q 16 usually used for the detection of neuro-psychological effects in workers exposed to solvents.
It appears from our study that the preventative measures are absent, analysis of safety data sheets revealed the presence of several types of solvents in the composition of inks and glues. Although we note that the average concentrations measured are below the requirement for the solvents tested in all units studied. Our study population is relatively young (40.6 years) male (sex ratio M / F = 5.48) with average tenure of 13.62 years. Neuropsychiatric complaints are frequent (100%) and significantly higher in exposed group with a very significant difference (<<0.05). The medical study identified two cases with the syndrome of acquired intolerance to solvent and eight cases of solvent organic psychosyndrome. Four cases with solvent organic psychosyndrome have received a neuropsychological exploration.
The gap between the assay results of atmospheric standards and the frequency of neuropsychiatric manifestations in exposed group incite us to reflect on the role of low doses in causing toxic effects.
Finally, in Tunisia as the medical reparation of neuropsychological damage remains difficult due to the lack of tables of occupational diseases, strengthening the technical and medical prevention is the only way that can reduce chemical risks and the socio-occupational-related neurological solvent exposure.
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/16334.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/16334.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16334",totalDownloads:2740,totalViews:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:45,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 13th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 1st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 27th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/16334",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/16334",book:{id:"519",slug:"chemistry-emission-control-radioactive-pollution-and-indoor-air-quality"},signatures:"Aida Benzarti Mezni and Abdelmajid Ben Jemâa",authors:[{id:"25522",title:"Dr.",name:"Aida",middleName:null,surname:"Benzarti Mezni",fullName:"Aida Benzarti Mezni",slug:"aida-benzarti-mezni",email:"benzarti.aida@planet.tn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"128504",title:"Prof.",name:"Aida",middleName:null,surname:"Benzarti Mezni",fullName:"Aida Benzarti Mezni",slug:"aida-benzarti-mezni",email:"aida_benzarti_mezni@intechweb.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"128505",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelmajid",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Jemâa",fullName:"Abdelmajid Ben Jemâa",slug:"abdelmajid-ben-jemaa",email:"abdelmajid_ben_jemaa@intechweb.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Material and methods ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Material",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Methodology ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1. Environmental study ",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.2.2. Medical study",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Results ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1. Qualitative assessment ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2. Quantitative assessment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.3. Medical study ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"Table 4.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_4",title:"3.3.1.1. Socio-occupational study of population:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t",level:"4"},{id:"sec_10_4",title:"Table 4.",level:"4"},{id:"sec_11_4",title:"Table 9.",level:"4"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"3.3.2. Analytical study ",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"5. Conclusion ",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'JoffreyA.van der HoekF.VerberkM. MaartenHagemanG.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000. 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Med. ; 63\n\t\t\t\t\t22126 .'},{id:"B30",body:'NijemK.KristensenP.ThorudS.Al-KhalibA.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tSolvent exposures at shoe factories and workshops in hebron city, West Bank.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Occup Environ Health ; 7\n\t\t\t\t\t18288 .'},{id:"B31",body:'ChenkR.DickF.SeatonA.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\tHealth effects of solvent exposure among dochyard painters : mortality and neuropsychological symptoms. Occup Eviron. Med. ; 56\n\t\t\t\t\t38387 .'},{id:"B32",body:'NormandJ. C.GabetV.DaveziesP.ChevallierV.\n\t\t\t\t\t1990\n\t\t\t\t\tEncéphalopathie toxiques chroniques aux solvants (1er cas français). Arch Mal Prof ; 51\n\t\t\t\t\t13536 .'},{id:"B33",body:'LaforesL. J. C.FalcyM.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurotoxicité des solvants à faibles doses d’exposition. Classification. Arch Mal Prof ; 56\n\t\t\t\t\t8991 .'},{id:"B34",body:'MoulinT.CoheL.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurotoxicité des solvants à faibles doses d’exposition. Diagnostic différentiel. Arch Mal Prof ; 56\n\t\t\t\t\t10409 .'},{id:"B35",body:'RouchI.WilP.FontanaJ. M.ChouanièreD.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tEvaluation of the french version of euroquest. Neurotoxicology, ; 244-5\n\t\t\t\t\t541546.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Aida Benzarti Mezni",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of occupational medicine Rabta hospital University of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Abdelmajid Ben Jemâa",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of occupational medicine Rabta hospital University of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
Increasing population and food demand has forced the farming community to apply excess amount of chemical fertilizer that leads to degradation of soil health and causing environmental pollution. Factor productivity of the soil is also decreasing due to injudicious fertilization. The technology advancement and industrialization has created many challenges associated with sustainability. Sustainability is a concept of utilizing the natural resources without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. Rapid urbanization and industrial growth is worrisome with respect to huge amount of waste generation. Unscientific management of these wastes causing social, economic, and environmental problems. After consuming so much chemicals during the green revolution era, the soil eventually became unproductive due to a lack of sufficient organic matter amendments. Vermicomposting is one of the many potential approaches that have gained significant attention over decades. It is an eco-friendly concept of waste management where decomposition process is aided by microorganisms [1, 2, 3]. Earthworms are the biological engineers since the beginning of humankind. The technique of culturing earthworm for managing wastes and preparing compost is known as vermicomposting. Vermicomposting is defined as a bio-oxidative process where earthworms and decomposer microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) act synergistically to manage organic waste in a scientific way that also aids in improvement of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties [4]. A wide range of raw materials (Figure 1) such as agricultural waste [5], animal waste [6], and municipality [7] waste are decomposed by earthworms and microorganisms for preparing vermicompost. This bio-technique increases mineralization of waste material led to enhancement in bioavailability of essential plant nutrients. Vermicompost not only supplies plant nutrients and growth promoting hormones but also improves soil physical property through soil aggregation [8]. Hence it is used as a component of organic farming. Vermicompost has also been proven to be a miraculous plant growth stimulator [9]. Vermicast, the end product is also rich in hormones and enzymes which make the soil environment favorable for soil biota. Residue burning is a common issue nowadays that causing severe environmental hazards. This issue can also be overcome by adopting vermicomposting technique.
Figure 1.
Vermicompost and its role in agriculture.
In spite of having so many benefits, use of vermicompost is still not accepted widely due to lack of awareness and technology barriers. There is a need for proper extension to explore the potentialities of vermicompost. So, this study was conducted with the objectives for getting a precise idea about general properties, preparation methods, benefits and its limitations, and most importantly understanding the significance of vermicompost in crop production.
2. Earth worm and its kind
Among the soil biota, earth worm is one of the major kinds and a key component of tropical and subtropical ecosystems [10, 11]. It helps is soil aggregation, nutrient recycling, litter decomposition, etc. Earthworm improves the soil environment by producing cast, pellets, and galleries. Mucus secretion from the gut of earth worm enhances microbial activity. Around 3000 species of earthworms documented so far [12]. The earthworms are of three types that have been described in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Earth warm classification.
The most common earthworms [13] have successfully used in India for vermicompost preparation are:
Perionyx excavates (a native species)
Eisenia fetida (exotic species that have colonized many ecosystems)
Eudrilus eugeniae (exotic species largely confines to experimental setup)
Apart from being ecological engineer, earth worm is a rich source of protein thus it can be used as high quality feed to farm animals. Das et al. [13] reported that earthworm cast increases mushroom production. The brief difference between chemical fertilizer and vermicompost is given in Table 1.
Indices
Chemical fertilizers
Vermicompost
Synthesis process
They are synthesized and manufactured in factories.
They are the product of natural decomposition of organic matter with the help of earth worms.
Macronutrients
Major chemical fertilizer contains only one macronutrient (either nitrogen or phosphorus or potassium).
Vermicompost contains almost all the primary minerals along with some quantities of secondary minerals (Ca, Mg, and S) [14].
Micronutrients
Not present.
Significant amount of micronutrients: Zn, B, Mn, Fe, Cu, etc. also present [15].
Soil structure
Over use of chemical fertilizer degrades soil structure.
It improves soil aggregation, water holding capacity, soil aeration, etc.
Biological activity of soil
It reduces biological activity of soil.
It improves activity of soil microbes thus enhances soil fertility [16].
Environmental impact
Excessive use of chemical fertilizers causes environmental pollution.
Use of chemical fertilizers increases the cost of cultivation.
The farmer/consumer can expect approximately $110–$350 in additional income from applying one ton of vermicompost due to offset costs of traditional fertilizer and pesticides [18].
Table 1.
Difference between chemical fertilizer and vermicompost.
Most commonly used earthworm species are: African earthworm (E. eugeniae), that is, Figure 3, Tiger worm (E. fetida), that is, Figure 4, and Asian worms (Perionyx excavatus), that is, Figure 5.
Figure 3.
African earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae).
Figure 4.
Tiger worm (Eisenia fetida).
Figure 5.
Asian worms (Perionyx excavatus).
3. General properties of vermicompost
In terms of sustainable crop production, the acceptability of vermicompost has been rising rapidly as soon as the human realizes the significance of organic inputs in crop field. The excreta of earthworms, which is considered as the main product, that is, vermicompost has several characteristics. These are:
3.1 Physical properties
A good vermicompost is always non-toxic, well-decomposed, ecologically compatible, and environment friendly.
Any type of green waste viz. municipal waste, agricultural waste, sewage sludge, industrial waste, and human feces can be used for the conversion by earthworm.
When turning of soil is occurred in proper manner, it is symptomatic to aerobic decomposition which will produce normal odor after preparation. If there is improper aeration, foul odor can be formed.
The final outcome of vermicomposting would be comprising of fine particulate structure, granular form.
Vermicompost plays the role of a “soil conditioner” by improving the soil porosity, drainage, and water holding capacity [19].
3.2 Chemical properties
Vermicompost is rich in almost all essential macro and micro plant nutrients. Several experiment states that average nutrient content of vermicompost is greater than other conventional compost, produced from other procedures.
Among all the secondary nutrients, calcium content in vermicompost is higher than other compost.
In contrast with other conventional compost, vermicompost contains worm mucus which facilitates in preventing washing away of nutrients present there [20].
Due to vermi-conversion, heavy metal present in feeding material is found to be reduced in earthworm cast owing to its accumulation in worm tissue. According to the feed used, the rate of removal of heavy metal depends in vermicomposting techniques. This property makes vermicompost lesser contaminant than any other compost. Thus, it becomes more environmentally sustainable [21].
There are certain differences found in chemical properties between simple farm yard compost and vermicompost. Vermicompost ranges higher in macro and micro-nutrients as well as soil organic carbon status that can be observed from the Table 2 [22].
Properties
Compost
Vermicompost
pH
7.16
7.72
EC (dSm−1)
3.65
6.88
OC
20.5
17.3
Total N (%)
2.42
3.5
Total P (%)
0.88
0.71
Total K (mg.kg−1)
653.5
950.5
Total Ca (%)
2.9
3.5
Total Mg (%)
1.5
2.8
Total Fe (mg.kg−1)
4467
6045
Total Zn (mg.kg−1)
115.5
189.5
Total Cu (mg.kg−1)
59
38
Total Mn (mg.kg−1)
221.45
344.15
C:N
8.47
5.51
Table 2.
Chemical properties of compost and vermicompost.
3.3 Biological properties
The by-product of earth casting is an inhabitant of several microorganism, viz. bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. These micro-organisms release several enzyme and phytohormones which helps in improving plant growth. Thus, vermicompost facilitates both microbial and enzymatic activity [22, 23].
The microbial population of nitrogen fixer bacteria and other symbiotic associative bacteria are supposed to be in a good range of numbers in the excreta of earthworm.
In addition, earthworm casts harbor a large number of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) propagules. These propagules survive up to 11 months on the cast, and helps in increasing microbial activity to produce nitrogen and phosphorus in readily available form to the plant (Table 3) [24].
Properties
Impact
References
Soil physical properties
Soil aggregation, soil structure, and water holding capacity, infiltration rate improves after vermicompost application.
Effect of vermicompost on different soil properties.
4. Preparation methods
Earthworms are often termed as “Bio-engineers” because of their unique ability to convert organic wastes into dark brown nutrient rich compost materials. We use these worms along with some easy-available inputs to produce the vermicompost. In South-Asian countries like India, we often see market price of the vermicompost is very low, which is attributed to the low-cost inputs of this compost. This vermicompost can be prepared in various techniques, among all those two most common methods are: bed and pit methods.
Bed method is easy to prepare and maintain throughout the process as here composting is done on pucca or kachcha floor by making the bed with organic materials like hay, straw, corn silage, etc.
Pit method is comparatively strenuous process where composting is done on cemented pits of approx. The unit is covered with grass or any other organic mixtures (Figures 6–10).
Figure 6.
Bed method.
Figure 7.
Pit method.
Figure 8.
Spraying of water in bed.
Figure 9.
Adult worms in compost.
Figure 10.
Fully prepared vermicompost.
4.1 Step by step of preparation methods
5. Beneficial effects of vermicompost
5.1 Effect of vermicompost on the soil physiochemical properties
Addition of vermicompost improves soil physico-chemical properties viz. soil structure, soil water holding capacity, penetration resistance, bulk density, soil organic carbon, aggregation, nutrient content, etc. According to the findings of various long term research addition of vermicompost reduces the bulk density of the soil and increases the water holding capacity of soil [25]. Aksakal et al. [26] found that when vermicompost was added in the soil, the mean bulk density, and mean total porosity were the least. Air permeability rose and penetration resistance reduced dramatically as wet aggregate stability improved and bulk density reduced. Increased microbial population and activity led in the development of aggregates and increased soil porosity, resulting in decreased particle and bulk densities. Physicochemical characteristics such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), porosity, moisture content, water holding capacity, and chemical properties like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were all found to be significantly improved in vermicompost treated soil, while the corresponding physicochemical values in control soil were minimal in rice crop [27]. Vermicompost has indeed been found to have significant concentration of total and bioavailable nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK), and micronutrients, as well as microbial and enzyme activity and growth regulators [28]. Polysaccharides appeared to be abundant in vermicompost [29]. Polysaccharide worked as a cementing ingredient in the soil, causing aggregate stability, which helped to establish and maintain the soil structure for improved aeration, water retention, drainage, and aerobic conditions. The preservation of soil structure is essential for root elongation and nutrient uptake. The inclusion of mucus secretion and microorganisms from the earthworm’s gut improves the soil’s aggregate stability. The absorbent organic matter in vermicomposts increases the soil’s water retention capacity by holding only the quantity of water required by the plant roots [30]. Vermicomposts have been found to have a higher base exchange capacity and a higher oxidation potential rise [31]. The C/N ratio of vermicompost is usually lower, indicating that it is more suited for use as a soil amendment. By altering the physiochemical parameters of the soil, vermicompost was able to limit the loss of nutrients through leaching [32]. Humic acid and biologically active compounds like plant growth regulators are abundant in vermicompost [33]. Humic acid has been proven to improve nutrient accretion in situations where nutrients are scarce or when additional nutrients are provided. Humic acids may have a hormone-like effect on plant growth and productivity as a result of their involvement in cell respiration, photosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, biogenesis, and a variety of other enzymatic functions.
5.2 Effect of vermicompost on the soil biological properties
Biological properties of soil can be enhanced through application of vermicompost. Recent studies founded that soil biological characteristics viz. soil organic carbon as well as soil microbial biomass, enzymatic activity, population of different beneficial microorganism, hormones, etc. significantly enhanced with application of vermicompost [34]. The activity of the dehydrogenase enzyme, which is commonly employed to quantify the respiratory activity of microbial communities, was shown to be higher in vermicompost than in commercial medium [35]. Application of vermicompost improved the nitrogen status of soil by introducing the beneficial microorganism in the rhizosphere of the plant which ultimately enhances the nitrogenase activity in soil, which is the enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation (Tables 4 and 5).
Vermicompost has a great importance to increase the soil fertility level. In recent years organic amendments are getting more importance for nutrient management and sustainable crop production since the long-term use of inorganic fertilizer lacking organic additives has the ability to ruin soil qualities [34]. Long-term treatment of balanced inorganic fertilizers led to reduced soil bulk density, improved total porosity, and higher water-holding capacity. Inorganic fertilizers also promoted soil aggregation in deeper soil layers and raised maize and wheat grain and straw yields [38]. In their research, using farmyard manure (organic fertilizer) instead of inorganic fertilizer improved soil qualities in a similar way. Furthermore, compost provides substantially higher boosts in soil organic carbon as well as some plant nutrients when compared to mineral fertilizers [39, 40]. Thus, using vermicompost improves overall soil fertility by improving numerous soil physical, chemical, and biological qualities.
5.4 Effect of vermicompost on plant growth and development
Vermicompost promotes the growth and development of a variety of plant species, especially various horticulture crops, that is, sweet corn, tomato, strawberry [41], cereals crop rice [27], wheat, sorghum [32], fruit crops papaya [42], and pineapple [43]. Several growth and yield metrics viz. stem diameter, plant height, marketable yield per plant, mean leaf number, and total plant biomass of tomato plant were recorded significantly higher with the application of vermicompost (Figure 11).
Figure 11.
Effect of vermicompost on growth parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris (20 DAS). Source: Ref. [34]. T1: Control (without application of inorganic NPK or vermicompost), T2: 100% recommended dose of NPK (20:80:40 kg ha−1), T3: 100% recommended dose of vermicompost (5 t ha−1), and T4: 50% vermicompost supplemented with 50% NPK (W/W).
The increase in growth and development of plant is due to the improving action of vermicompost application on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties which ultimately improves the overall soil fertility, which enhances the plant growth and development. Vermicompost has been demonstrated to improve plant dry weight [44] and uptake of plant N [45] serve as a naturally available, slow released sources of plant nutrients.
5.5 Effect of vermicompost on plant diseases
Various studies had showed that vermicompost is useful for remedies of different plant diseases. Many plant diseases caused by soil-borne, foliar plant pathogens, and pests have been suppressed by vermicompost products, which have been proven to be effective as organic fertilizers and biological control agents. In conventional agriculture, excessive and repeated use of chemical pesticides resulted in “biological resistance” in crop diseases and pests. As a result, significantly higher doses are now needed to inhibit them for the growth of high-yielding crops that are more sensitive to pests and diseases [46]. A study was conducted to compared the inhibition performance of two different methods, in which two nonconventional chemicals ZnSO4 and oxalic acid, as well as the bio-control agent Pseudomonas syringae, were practiced as foliar sprays and seed coatings, respectively, against collar rot of chickpea caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, with the combination of vermicompost substitution. When compared to controls, vermicompost substitutes reduced chickpea mortality significantly, but inhibition was much more efficient for treatments that included pre inoculation with nonconventional pesticides as foliar sprays against pathogen [47]. Vermicompost applications suppressed the tomato late blight caused by Phytophthora brassicae, Phytophthora nicotianae, and tomato Fusarium wilt produced by Fusarium lycopersici, as described by. Earthworm has stimulatory effect on soil microbial activities thus it suppressed the plant diseases more potentially than aerobic compost. There is a lot of research on the suppression effect of organic matter amendments in soils, with gratifying levels of reduction in plant parasitic nematode infestations. There are few scholarly publications on the suppressing effect of solid vermicomposts on numbers and outbreaks of plant parasitic nematodes relative to OM and thermophilic compost additives. Solid vermicompost applications for control of plant parasitic nematode populations have been studied [48]. Solid vermicomposts ranging from 2 to 8 kg ha−1 were applied to tomatoes, peppers, strawberries, and grapes in field treatments. They were able to suppress plant parasitic nematodes with great success. These researchers investigated the suppression capacity of plant parasitic nematodes in vermicomposts made from paper waste, food waste, and cattle manure under field circumstances and found considerable suppression.
5.6 Effect of vermicompost on bioremediation and detoxification of industrial wastes
Vermicompost has a greater importance in bioremediation and detoxification of industrial waste. Because of their robust metabolic system and the participation of earthworm gut bacteria and chloragocyte cells, earthworms have the potential to valorize and detoxification of heavy metals in industrial by-products. The majority of research found that vermicompost made from organic waste comprises greater concentrations of humic chemicals, which are important for plant growth [49]. Earthworm has a vast role in bioconversion of waste materials. Because of their robust metabolic system and participation of varied intestinal micro biota, enzymes, and chloragocyte cells that decrease hazardous forms to benign forms, earthworms have the ability to bio-convert and detoxify most heavy metals in industrial sludges (Table 6) [51].
Industry sludge type
Earthworm species used
Physico-chemical properties and heavy metals reduction
References
Sewage sludge derived biochar
Eisenia fetida
Biochar injected before composting lowered E. fetida’s bioavailability of Cd and Zn. Except for higher Cr concentrations, the biochar-added vermicomposts had good fertilizing capabilities.
Effect of different types of earthworm species on heavy metal reductions of industrial sludge.
6. Limitations of vermicompost
Vermicomposting is a time taking process. It requires almost 6-month for decomposing the organic wastes to prepare vermicompost.
In comparison to the traditional composting process, vermicompost requires higher maintenance.
Vermicompost may harbor pest and diseases as the temperature of vermicomposting pit have to be cool enough to support earthworm life.
7. Conclusion
Since vermicompost is organic in nature, it is not harmful for the environment. Vermicomposting process is also easy to operate and can be successfully prepared by unskilled small and marginal farmers. Amidst the environmental degradation and increasing food demand, vermicompost can be a solution. Although, its use alone in agriculture would not be able to meet the food demand but its use with chemical fertilizer through integrated manner can achieve sustainability in food production. The adoption rate of vermicompost is low and there is tendency of adopting vermicompost by female famers only. The potentiality of vermicompost is still not fully exploited yet. Hence, there is a need to appoint more extension worker to educate the farmers about vermicomposting and its benefits for achieving sustainability.
\n',keywords:"vermicompost, soil fertility, sustainability, earthworm, soil health",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80406.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80406.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80406",totalDownloads:101,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 3rd 2022",dateReviewed:"January 12th 2022",datePrePublished:"February 26th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"February 8th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Agricultural production depends on so many things. Proper nutrient management is one of them. It becomes a trend to apply excess amount of fertilizer for enhancing productivity without considering its effect on soil health. Vermicomposting is a process of scientifically decomposing agricultural, municipality, and industrial wastes into nutrient enriched compost by earthworms. Vermicompost not only balance underground soil environment and makes is a suitable habitat for soil micro biota but also improves above ground environment. Microbes are the fundamental element of ecosystem. Use of vermicompost increases growth and proliferation of microbes that amplify environment’s betterment. Vermicomposting is also affordable for resource poor small and marginal farmers. Therefore, vermicompost use is more economical than synthetic organic fertilizer. So, economic viability, environmental stability, and enhancing livelihood quality are the major causes for its worldwide adoption in food production.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80406",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80406",signatures:"Priyanka Saha, Anamika Barman and Anurag Bera",book:{id:"11357",type:"book",title:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vijay Meena, Dr. Mahipal Choudhary, Dr. Ram Prakash Yadav and Dr. Sunita Kumari Meena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-697-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-696-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-698-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"420235",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"vijay-meena",fullName:"Vijay Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Earth worm and its kind",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. General properties of vermicompost",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Physical properties",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Chemical properties",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Biological properties",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Preparation methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.1 Step by step of preparation methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"5. Beneficial effects of vermicompost",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"5.1 Effect of vermicompost on the soil physiochemical properties",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"5.2 Effect of vermicompost on the soil biological properties",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.3 Effect of vermicompost on the soil fertility",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.4 Effect of vermicompost on plant growth and development",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"5.5 Effect of vermicompost on plant diseases",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"5.6 Effect of vermicompost on bioremediation and detoxification of industrial wastes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"6. Limitations of vermicompost",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"7. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Grappelli A, Tomati U, Galli E. Earthworm casting in plant propagation. Horticultural Science. 1985;20(5):874-876'},{id:"B2",body:'Kale RD, Bano K. Field trials with vermicompost (vee comp. E.83 UAS) an organic fertilizer. In: Dash MC, Senapati BK, Mishra PC, editors. Proceeding of National Seminar on Organic Waste Utilization Vermicompost. Part B: Verms and Vermicomposting. Burla, Orissa: Five Star Printing Press; 1986. pp. 151-156'},{id:"B3",body:'Bano K, Kale RD, Satyavathi GP. Vermicompost as fertilizer for ornamental plants. In: Rajagopal D, Kale RD, Bano K, editors. Proceedings of IV National Symposium on Soil Biology and Ecology (ISSBE). Bangalore: UAS; 1993. pp. 165-168'},{id:"B4",body:'Gomez-Brandon M, Dominguez J. Recycling of solid organic wastes through vermicomposting: Microbial community changes throughout the process and use of vermicompost as a soil amendment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 2014;44(12):1289-1312'},{id:"B5",body:'Sharma K, Garg VK. Comparative analysis of vermicompost quality produced from rice straw and paper waste employing earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.). Bioresource Technology. 2018;24(8):7829-7836'},{id:"B6",body:'Sharma K, Garg VK. Vermi-modificaion of ruminant excreta using Eisenia fetida. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017;24(24):19938-19945'},{id:"B7",body:'Soobhany N, Gunasee S, Rago YP, Joyram H, Raghoo P, Mohee R, et al. Spectroscopic, thermogravimetric and structural characterization analyses for comparing municipal solid waste composts and vermicomposts stability and maturity. Bioresource Technology. 2017;263:11-19'},{id:"B8",body:'Varghese SM, Prabha ML. Biochemical characterization of vermiwash and its effect on growth of Capsicum frutescens. Malaya Journal of Biosciences. 2014;1(2):86-91'},{id:"B9",body:'Chaoui HI, Zibilske LM, Ohno T. Effects of earthworms cast and compost on soil microbial activity and plant nutrient availability. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2003;35:295-302'},{id:"B10",body:'Brown GW, Moreno AG, Barois I, Fragoso C, Rojas P, Hernandez B, et al. Soil macrofauna in SE Mexican pasture and the effect of conversion from native to introduced pastures. 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Effects of vermicompost as substrate amendment on the growth of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Interciencia. 2004;29(5):274-279'},{id:"B43",body:'Mahmud M, Abdullah R, Yaacob JS. Effect of vermicompost amendment on nutritional status of sandy loam soil, growth performance, and yield of pineapple (Ananas comosus var. MD2) under field conditions. Agronomy. 2018;8(9):183'},{id:"B44",body:'Edwards CA. Historical overview of vermicomposting. Biocycle. 1995;36(6):56-58'},{id:"B45",body:'Tomati U, Galli E, Grappelli A, Di Lena G. Effect of earthworm casts on protein synthesis in radish (Raphanus sativum) and lettuce (Lactuga sativa) seedlings. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 1990;9(4):288-289'},{id:"B46",body:'Patriquin DG, Baines D, Abboud A. Diseases, pests and soil fertility. In: Soil Management in Sustainable Agriculture. Wye, UK: Wye College Press; 1995. pp. 161-174'},{id:"B47",body:'Sahni S, Sarma BK, Singh KP. 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Bioresource Technology. 2017;225:206-214'},{id:"B51",body:'Srivastava R, Kumar D, Gupta SK. Bioremediation of municipal sludge by vermitechnology and toxicity assessment by Allium cepa. Bioresource Technology. 2005;96(17):1867-1871'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Priyanka Saha",address:"priyankasaha9933@gmail.com",affiliation:'
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English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
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Open Access Funding
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For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
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Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
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Long-term archiving
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Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
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Dissemination and Promotion
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Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
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+5,700 OA books published
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Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
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Personal support during every step of the publication process
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+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
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Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
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In the case of nonbiodegradable inorganic compounds, bioremediation takes the form of bioaccumulation or conversion of one toxic species to a less toxic form for example Cr(VI) is converted to less toxic (III). Bioremediation is considered an environmentally friendly way for pollution clean-up. Microbial clean up can be applied in situ (in place of contamination) or ex situ (off the site of contamination). In situ remediation in the natural environment is deemed slow and often times difficult to control and optimize the different parameters affecting the bioremediation. To this end, use of engineered bioreactors is preferred. Engineered bioreactors providing for optimum conditions for microbial growth and biodegradation have been developed for use in bioremediation processes to achieve the different desired remediation goals. Bioreactors in use range in mode of operation from batch, continuous, and fed batch bioreactors and are designed to optimize microbial processes in relationship to contaminated media and nature of pollutant. Designed bioreactors for bioremediation range from packed, stirred tanks, airlift, slurry phase, and partitioning phase reactors amongst others.",book:{id:"7727",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",fullTitle:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering"},signatures:"Memory Tekere",authors:[{id:"231753",title:"Prof.",name:"Memory",middleName:null,surname:"Tekere",slug:"memory-tekere",fullName:"Memory Tekere"}]},{id:"66868",title:"Structural Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of Resorbable Fiber-Based Tissue Engineering Scaffolds",slug:"structural-design-fabrication-and-evaluation-of-resorbable-fiber-based-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:1138,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The use of tissue engineering to regenerate viable tissue relies on selecting the appropriate cell line, developing a resorbable scaffold and optimizing the culture conditions including the use of biomolecular cues and sometimes mechanical stimulation. This review of the literature focuses on the required scaffold properties, including the polymer material, the structural design, the total porosity, pore size distribution, mechanical performance, physical integrity in multiphase structures as well as surface morphology, rate of resorption and biocompatibility. The chapter will explain the unique advantages of using textile technologies for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication, and will delineate the differences in design, fabrication and performance of woven, warp and weft knitted, braided, nonwoven and electrospun scaffolds. In addition, it will explain how different types of tissues can be regenerated by each textile technology for a particular clinical application. The use of different synthetic and natural resorbable polymer fibers will be discussed, as well as the need for specialized finishing techniques such as heat setting, cross linking, coating and impregnation, depending on the tissue engineering application.",book:{id:"7727",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",fullTitle:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering"},signatures:"Martin W. King, Jiyang Chen, Monica Deshpande, Ting He, Harshini Ramakrishna, Yu Xie, Fan Zhang and Fan Zhao",authors:[{id:"237132",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"W. King",slug:"martin-w.-king",fullName:"Martin W. King"},{id:"278816",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu (Sherry)",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"yu-(sherry)-xie",fullName:"Yu (Sherry) Xie"},{id:"278817",title:"MSc.",name:"Harshini",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishna",slug:"harshini-ramakrishna",fullName:"Harshini Ramakrishna"},{id:"278818",title:"MSc.",name:"Jiyang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jiyang-chen",fullName:"Jiyang Chen"},{id:"278832",title:"MSc.",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"fan-zhao",fullName:"Fan Zhao"},{id:"281334",title:"Ms.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Deshpande",slug:"monica-deshpande",fullName:"Monica Deshpande"},{id:"281336",title:"Dr.",name:"Ting",middleName:null,surname:"He",slug:"ting-he",fullName:"Ting He"},{id:"281338",title:"MSc.",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"fan-zhang",fullName:"Fan Zhang"}]},{id:"61572",title:"A Review of Chitosan-Based Materials for the Removal of Organic Pollution from Water and Bioaugmentation",slug:"a-review-of-chitosan-based-materials-for-the-removal-of-organic-pollution-from-water-and-bioaugmenta",totalDownloads:1866,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Chitin is a natural polymer extracted mostly from shrimp or crab shells and is the Earth’s second most abundant polysaccharide. After a simple deacetylation procedure, chitin is converted into chitosan that consists in a polysaccharide structure of deacetylated-β-glucosamine. Chitosan has been largely employed in wastewater treatment the removal of colloids through coagulation-flocculation processes. Different chitosan based materials have been produced and tested in the removal of inorganic pollutants such as toxic metals and metalloids, nutrients, dyes, micropollutants and hydrocarbons. Sorbents such as magnetic-activated carbon chitosan have been successfully tested in the removal of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and amoxicillin) from water. Raw chitosan and ZnO nanoparticles entrapped in chitosan have demonstrated an excellent potential for the removal of the insecticide permethrin from aqueous effluents. Chitin and chitosan in flake and powder form have also demonstrated a promising effectiveness in the removal of oil spilled in seawater. Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic sponges modified by thioles have been also prepared from chitosan and used for the removal of oil spills. Chitosan hydrogels have been tested as well as entrapment matrices for the immobilization of hydrocarbon-degrading biomass for oil spills. Strains such as R. corynebacteriorides (QBTo), Bacillus subtilis LAMI008 and B. pumilus have been successfully immobilized and employed in hydrocarbon degradation processes. In this book chapter, the use of chitosan and chitosan-based materials in the removal of organic pollutants from water is reviewed.",book:{id:"6518",slug:"chitin-chitosan-myriad-functionalities-in-science-and-technology",title:"Chitin-Chitosan",fullTitle:"Chitin-Chitosan - Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Carlos Escudero-Oñate and Elena Martínez-Francés",authors:[{id:"188725",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Escudero-Oñate",slug:"carlos-escudero-onate",fullName:"Carlos Escudero-Oñate"},{id:"246684",title:"MSc.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Francés",slug:"elena-martinez-frances",fullName:"Elena Martínez-Francés"}]},{id:"60805",title:"Chitosan: A Good Candidate for Sustained Release Ocular Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"chitosan-a-good-candidate-for-sustained-release-ocular-drug-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the eye, one of the most important organs of humans. Current data on pathophysiology of the human eye are presented in direct correlation with a range of therapeutic products, with a well-known and widely used material, namely chitosan. Applications of chitosan biopolymer are described in the development of innovative, modern, therapeutic devices and solutions. Thus, chitosan is a good excipient either for classic drop-type ocular systems, as well as for complex drug systems such as nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanomicelles and nanosuspensions), liposomes, microemulsions, microspheres, in situ hydrogels and inserts or implants. A number of disadvantages for ocular administration of the drugs are thus overcome.",book:{id:"6518",slug:"chitin-chitosan-myriad-functionalities-in-science-and-technology",title:"Chitin-Chitosan",fullTitle:"Chitin-Chitosan - Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Lăcrămioara Popa, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Cristina Elena Dinu-Pîrvu\nand Teodora Irimia",authors:[{id:"56579",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Ghica",slug:"mihaela-violeta-ghica",fullName:"Mihaela Violeta Ghica"},{id:"193810",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Dinu-Pirvu",slug:"cristina-dinu-pirvu",fullName:"Cristina Dinu-Pirvu"},{id:"228211",title:"Prof.",name:"Lacramioara",middleName:null,surname:"Popa",slug:"lacramioara-popa",fullName:"Lacramioara Popa"},{id:"228225",title:"Mr.",name:"Teodora",middleName:null,surname:"Irimia",slug:"teodora-irimia",fullName:"Teodora Irimia"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"916",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. 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Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression"},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors"},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation"},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/121625",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"121625"},fullPath:"/profiles/121625",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()