The rate of comments written with under 75 characters on the popular/unfair videos.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10862",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research",title:"Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research presents and discusses different routes of pyrolytic conversions. It contains exhaustive and comprehensive reports and studies of the use of pyrolysis for energy and materials production and waste management.",isbn:"978-1-83969-915-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-914-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-916-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95170",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"recent-perspectives-in-pyrolysis-research",numberOfPages:448,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"fbcd74f18a3cd31b2a02263dca84e66f",bookSignature:"Mattia Bartoli and Mauro Giorcelli",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10862.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2871,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 12th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 8th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 27th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 26th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188999/images/system/188999.png",biography:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli has always performed at the highest levels throughout his education and training, as proved by research outputs with several published peer-reviewed papers in top international journals. After obtaining his Ph.D., Dr. Bartoli moved to the Biorefinery Conversion Network, University of Alberta, Canada, where he contributed to developing new materials and new technologies. In 2018, he joined the Carbon Group, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy, where he studied both the production and use of carbon from thermochemical conversion of waste streams for material science applications. Since 2021, Dr. Bartoli has been working on CO2 electrochemical and thermochemical conversion at the Center for Sustainable Future Technologies (CSFT@POLITO). He is also a member of several journal editorial boards and international societies.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Turin",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"39628",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Giorcelli",slug:"mauro-giorcelli",fullName:"Mauro Giorcelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39628/images/system/39628.png",biography:"Dr. Mauro Giorcelli is co-founder of the Carbon Group, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy, where he was also a post-doctoral researcher in the Material and Science Technology Department. He obtained a degree in Electronic Engineering and a Ph.D. in Physics in 2009. Currently, he is a researcher in composite materials. He is a carbon materials specialist, with more than fifteen years of experience in the field. He has published more than eighty articles in international journals. His main expertise is low-cost carbon materials derived from recycled materials, in particular carbon materials derived from biomasses (biochar). He recently published a book dedicated to innovative biochar applications. Dr. Giorcelli has a widespread collaboration network in Europe, Asia, and Canada for biochar production and applications.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Turin",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"773",title:"Thermal Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-thermal-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"79293",title:"Features of Pyrolysis of Plant Biomass at Excessive Pressure",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99468",slug:"features-of-pyrolysis-of-plant-biomass-at-excessive-pressure",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The paper describes methods for producing charcoal (highly porous carbon materials) based on plant (wood) raw materials, and the equipment used to implement these processes, the use of activated carbons. The paper describes results of an experimental study of the effect of pressure on the formation of charcoal in the pyrolysis of birch chips. The experimental investigation was carried out at pressures of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 MPa. To investigate the effect of pressure on the pyrolysis process, a laboratory bench was designed and constructed. It was found that increasing the pressure from 0.1 MPa to 0.7 MPa increases the yield of charcoal from 25.1 to 32.4% by weight (relative to the dry weight of the starting material) and the carbon content from 89.1% by weight at 0.1 MPa to 96.4% by weight at 0.7 MPa. The calorific value of charcoal decreases from 34.86 MJ/kg at a pressure of 0.1 MPa to 30.23 MJ/kg at a pressure of 0.7 MPa. This is due to the release of oxygen-containing components, which have a higher calorific value than pure carbon, from the porous coal structure. Reduction of the charcoal heat combustion with a decrease in the amount of oxygen-containing components confirms conclusion that their calorific value exceeds the calorific value of pure carbon.",signatures:"Sergey Vasilevich and Dmitry Degterov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79293",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79293",authors:[{id:"420567",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Vasilevich",slug:"sergey-vasilevich",fullName:"Sergey Vasilevich"},{id:"426448",title:"Mr.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Degterov",slug:"dmitry-degterov",fullName:"Dmitry Degterov"}],corrections:null},{id:"78648",title:"Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99946",slug:"catalytic-fast-pyrolysis-of-lignocellulosic-biomass-to-benzene-toluene-and-xylenes",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis is a rapid method to depolymerize lignocellulose to its constituent components of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The pyrolysis reaction in absence of oxygen occurs at a very high heating rate to a targeted temperature of 400 to 600 °C for very short residence time. Vapors which are not condensed and are then contacted with a catalyst that is efficient to deoxygenate and aromatize the pyrolyzed biomass. One class of highly valuable material that is produced is a mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylenes. From this mixture, para-xylene is extracted for further upgrading to polyethylene terephthalate, a commodity polyester which has a demand in excess of 80 million tonnes/year. Addressed within this review is the catalytic fast pyrolysis, catalysts examined, process chemistry, challenges, and investigation of solutions.",signatures:"William H. Gong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78648",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78648",authors:[{id:"422209",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Gong",slug:"william-gong",fullName:"William Gong"}],corrections:null},{id:"78689",title:"On the Feasibility of the Closed Cycle Local Economy Based on Pyrolysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100230",slug:"on-the-feasibility-of-the-closed-cycle-local-economy-based-on-pyrolysis",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Modern technologies allow much higher rate of prosperity than normally seen around the globe. The development can be achieved based on the local resources. Pyrolysis should play the central role on the initial stage of the processing of the biomass. The practical experience made by the development engineers allow to make solid conclusion about the current problems faced during the introduction of the technology. The introduction of pyrolysis technologies, especially in developing countries, faces non-engineering problems. The assessment of the economic viability of the introduced technological process can be performed based on the coverage of the global deficit, primarily in terms of resources substituted as inputs. To motivate the local population, it is proposed to introduce a large number of small production facilities with a unified system of coordination of producers and partial transfer of ownership rights. The regional economy should undergo the balanced growth and be protected by cheap quasi real regional currency and expensive accumulative currency. The reginal saving rate can be regulated, allowing for the accelerated rate of regional investments. New green technologies based on pyrolysis should allow for the new regional economic policy named “Green economic defensive initiative”.",signatures:"Brice H. Leeds",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78689",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78689",authors:[{id:"419540",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Brice H.",surname:"Leeds",slug:"brice-h.-leeds",fullName:"Brice H. Leeds"}],corrections:null},{id:"78772",title:"Advances in the Pyrolysis Process and the Generation of Bioenergy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99993",slug:"advances-in-the-pyrolysis-process-and-the-generation-of-bioenergy",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The reduction of environmental impacts caused by emissions of greenhouse gases has become an internationalized goal. In this context the development of technologies capable of producing energy from clean or renewable sources has gained broad prominence, among them the fast pyrolysis is a type of thermochemical process capable of converting biomass and agroindustrial waste into a liquid product called bio-oil that has a wide range of applications in the bioenergy scenario. For this type of technology to be consolidated as an alternative source of renewable energy, economic, political and environmental incentives are necessary, as well as research development to improve the conversion processes, such as reactor types, logistics in obtaining and pre-treating potential biomass, improvement and conversion routes for bio-oil obtained in renewable biofuels or chemicals with higher added value. This chapter covers the fundamentals of thermal conversion of biomass into bio-oil and the most studied processes to convert bio-oil into a product with better properties, such as deoxygenation and energy densification.",signatures:"Vittor Rodrigues Santos Alves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78772",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78772",authors:[{id:"422495",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Vittor",surname:"Alves",slug:"vittor-alves",fullName:"Vittor Alves"}],corrections:null},{id:"78582",title:"Cheminformatics Applied to Analytical Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100147",slug:"cheminformatics-applied-to-analytical-pyrolysis-of-lignocellulosic-materials",totalDownloads:126,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry has been used to characterize a wide variety of polymers. The main objective is to infer the attributes of materials in relation to their chemical composition. Applications of this technique include the development of new improved materials in the industry. Furthermore, due to the growing interest in biorefinery, it has been used to study plant biomass (lignocellulose) as a renewable energy source. This chapter describes a procedure for characterization and classification of polymeric materials using analytical pyrolysis and cheminformatics. Application of omics tools for spectral deconvolution/alignment and compound identification/annotation on the Py-GC/MS chromatograms is also described. Statistical noise is generated by production of numerous small uninformative compounds during pyrolysis. Such noise is reduced by cheminformatics here detailed and this facilitate the interpretation of results. Furthermore, some inferences made by comparison of the identified compounds to those annotated with a biological role in specialized databases are exemplified. This cheminformatic procedure has allowed to characterize in detail, and classify congruently, different lignocellulosic samples, even using different Py-GC/MS equipment. This method can also be applied to characterize other polymers, as well as to make inferences about their structure, function, resistance and health risk based on their chemical composition.",signatures:"Jorge Reyes-Rivera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78582",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78582",authors:[{id:"316360",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Reyes-Rivera",slug:"jorge-reyes-rivera",fullName:"Jorge Reyes-Rivera"}],corrections:null},{id:"78563",title:"Biowastes as a Potential Energy Source in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99992",slug:"biowastes-as-a-potential-energy-source-in-africa",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High population and industrialization have brought the need for a reliable and sustainable source of energy and protection of the environment. Although Africa has a low energy consumption capacity (3.4% of the global share in 2019), its high population growth rate and industrialization predict high energy demand in the future. Reliable and available energy resources are required to protect the environment and create energy dependency. Despite Africa’s low energy consumption capacity (3.4% of global consumption in 2019), its rapid population growth rate and industrialization indicate future significant energy demand. The current high production of biowastes with high energy content and their low utilization provides an opportunity for energy dependency, crop value addition, creation of jobs, and protection of the environment. The chapter has identified that the African population of 1.203 billion in 2017 consumed 928 Mtoe of energy and this demand is expected to increase in years to come. The energy mix has been identified to depend on fossil fuels with little consideration of biowastes. The biowaste is reported to contain 20.1 TWh in 2025. Biowaste is currently underutilized, and there are few conversion methods available. Government and non-government investments have been reported to be making efforts to improve bioenergy and biowaste usage. The prevailing challenges have been low proven technologies, poor energy policy, low population knowledge, and poor investments. Biowastes use can be increased when environmental laws and legislation are tightened, energy policy strengthened and enforced, cheap and appropriate technologies are introduced, and the population Education is provided. It is expected that when biowastes are well utilized, energy will be available even in disadvantaged (remote) areas at an affordable price for the developing continent of Africa.",signatures:"Deodatus Kazawadi, Justin Ntalikwa and Godlisten Kombe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78563",authors:[{id:"422096",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Deodatus",surname:"Kazawadi",slug:"deodatus-kazawadi",fullName:"Deodatus Kazawadi"},{id:"424982",title:"Prof.",name:"Justin",surname:"Ntalikwa",slug:"justin-ntalikwa",fullName:"Justin Ntalikwa"},{id:"424983",title:"Dr.",name:"Godlisten",surname:"Kombe",slug:"godlisten-kombe",fullName:"Godlisten Kombe"}],corrections:null},{id:"79205",title:"Pyrolysis: A Convenient Route for Production of Eco-Friendly Fuels and Precursors for Chemical and Allied Industries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101068",slug:"pyrolysis-a-convenient-route-for-production-of-eco-friendly-fuels-and-precursors-for-chemical-and-al",totalDownloads:132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thermochemical decomposition of post harvest agro-wastes (biomass) to solid carbonaceous material called as bio-char, condensable vapors (bio-oils and bio-tars) and non-condensable vapors (bio-gas or syn-gas) is referred as pyrolysis. The yield of these products from biomass pyrolysis depends on temperature and other conditions (such as vapor retention time and heating rate) of thermal decomposition in air or oxygen excluded reactor. Bio-char is often used as adsorbent in treatment of water contaminated with dye effluent from textile industry and/or emerging contaminants from other industries. It is also used in production of supercapacitor for energy storage, fertilizer composite and soil amendment for slow release of nutrients for plants and stabilizing pH, enhances water holding and ion exchange capacity of soil. Bio-oils are used for transportation fuels, soaps and other cosmetics production. Bio-tars are also used for transportation fuels but with high heating values and also as organic solvents in chemical, biological and biochemical laboratories. Non-condensable vapors are mostly used as bio-fuels. Products of biomass pyrolysis are potential alternative eco-friendly precursors for chemical and allied industries.",signatures:"Jamiu Mosebolatan Jabar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79205",authors:[{id:"338477",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamiu Mosebolatan",surname:"Jabar",slug:"jamiu-mosebolatan-jabar",fullName:"Jamiu Mosebolatan Jabar"}],corrections:null},{id:"78641",title:"Recent Advances in Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100060",slug:"recent-advances-in-thermochemical-conversion-of-biomass",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter focuses on recent trends of biomass conversion into valuable energy, chemicals, gaseous and liquid fuels. Biomass is presently the largest source of renewable energy and the primary bioenergy resource in the world. A comprehensive discussion on different types, sources and compositions of biomass is presented. The most abundant biomass on the earth is lignocellulose and it represents a major carbon source for chemical compounds and biofuels. The chapter presents a thorough review of lignocellulosic biomass and the importance of biomass as a renewable source. It then reviews biomass classification and composition. It introduces the analysis of biomass feedstock. Biomass is converted to energy, chemicals and clean fuels using various conversion techniques such as thermochemical, chemical and biochemical. The chapter provides a thorough examination of thermochemical conversion processes that use high temperatures to break down the bonds of organic matter. It briefly introduces combustion and gasification, followed by a comprehensive review of different pyrolysis techniques.",signatures:"Meegalla R. Chandraratne and Asfaw G. Daful",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78641",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78641",authors:[{id:"207156",title:"Dr.",name:"Asfaw",surname:"Gezae Daful",slug:"asfaw-gezae-daful",fullName:"Asfaw Gezae Daful"},{id:"420791",title:"Dr.",name:"Meegalla R.",surname:"Chandraratne",slug:"meegalla-r.-chandraratne",fullName:"Meegalla R. Chandraratne"}],corrections:null},{id:"78896",title:"Functional Materials Synthesis and Physical Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100241",slug:"functional-materials-synthesis-and-physical-properties",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A citrate pyrolysis technique is a unique route to prepare reactive precursor mixtures through an ignition process of concentrated aqueous solution. This procedure enables to synthesize highly homogeneous and fine powders for functional materials. The double-chain based superconductor Pr2Ba4Cu7O15−δ and double perovskite photocatalytic semiconductor Ba2Tb(Bi,Sb)O6 were synthesized by using the citrate pyrolysis technique. For the present sample with a reduction treatment for 72 h, a sharp superconducting transition appeared at an onset temperature Tc,on=26 K accompanied by a zero-resistance state at Tc,zero=22 K. The superconducting volume fraction estimated from the magnetization measurement showed an excellent value of ∼58%. Both reduction treatment in a vacuum and subsequent quenching procedure are needed to realize higher superconductivity due to further oxygen defects. The polycrystalline samples for Ba2Tb(Bi1−x,Sbx)O6 (x=0 and 0.5) were formed in the monoclinic and cubic crystal structures. We conducted the gaseous 2-propanol (IPA) and methylene blue (MB) degradation experiments under a visible light irradiation, to evaluate photocatalytic activities of the powder samples. For the Sb50% substituted sample, the highest performance of MB degradation was observed. The effect of Sb-substitution on the photocatalytic degradation of MB is in direct contrast to that on the IPA decomposition under visible light irradiation. The enhanced photocatalytic properties in the citrate samples are attributed to their morphology, where fine particles are homogeneously distributed with a submicron order.",signatures:"Tatsuya Senzaki, Michiaki Matsukawa, Takanori Yonai, Haruka Taniguchi, Akiyuki Matsushita, Takahiko Sasaki and Mokoto Hagiwara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78896",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78896",authors:[{id:"422240",title:"Prof.",name:"Michiaki",surname:"Matsukawa",slug:"michiaki-matsukawa",fullName:"Michiaki Matsukawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"78847",title:"Aerosol Spray Pyrolysis Synthesis of Doped LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode Materials for Next Generation Lithium-Ion Batteries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100406",slug:"aerosol-spray-pyrolysis-synthesis-of-doped-lini-sub-0-5-sub-mn-sub-1-5-sub-o-sub-4-sub-cathode-mater",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The autonomy of next generation Electric Vehicles relies on the development of high energy density automotive batteries. LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (spinel structure) is a promising active cathode material in terms of charge rate capability, theoretical capacity, cost and sustainability being a cobalt-free material. In the current study pristine and doped (Fe, Al, Mg) LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 particles were synthesized by an Aerosol Spray Pyrolysis pilot scale unit in a production rate of 100 gr. h−1 and were evaluated for their electrochemical activity in Half Coin Cell form. The doped particles were characterized in terms of their surface area, particle size distribution, crystallite size, morphology and ion insertion of the doping element into the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 lattice by Raman spectroscopy. The mixed oxide particles had homogeneous composition which is an inert characteristic of aerosol spray pyrolysis synthesis. The electrochemical activity of the material is attributed both to the nanoscale structure, by successful dopant ion insertion into the spinel lattice as well as to optimization of carbon and spinel particle interface contact in the microscale for increase of electrode conductivity.",signatures:"George Ganas, George Karagiannakis, Aitor Eguia-Barrio, Miguel Bengoechea, Iratxe de Meatza and Georgia Kastrinaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78847",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78847",authors:[{id:"422367",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgia",surname:"Kastrinaki",slug:"georgia-kastrinaki",fullName:"Georgia Kastrinaki"},{id:"435343",title:"MSc.",name:"George",surname:"Ganas",slug:"george-ganas",fullName:"George Ganas"},{id:"435344",title:"Dr.",name:"George",surname:"Karagiannakis",slug:"george-karagiannakis",fullName:"George Karagiannakis"},{id:"435393",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Bengoechea",slug:"miguel-bengoechea",fullName:"Miguel Bengoechea"},{id:"435395",title:"Dr.",name:"Aitor",surname:"Eguia-Barrio",slug:"aitor-eguia-barrio",fullName:"Aitor Eguia-Barrio"},{id:"435397",title:"Dr.",name:"Iratxe",surname:"De Meatza",slug:"iratxe-de-meatza",fullName:"Iratxe De Meatza"}],corrections:null},{id:"78475",title:"Accelerate the Aging of Polymer as Energy-Saving Method Prior to the Pyrolysis Process",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99995",slug:"accelerate-the-aging-of-polymer-as-energy-saving-method-prior-to-the-pyrolysis-process",totalDownloads:126,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pyrolysis technology has appeared a long time ago, but it has not been widely recognized and used in the area of waste plastic/rubber management. The key reason is that the high energy consumption of pyrolysis is the most important problem that plagues the further development of pyrolysis. Prior to the pyrolysis of waste plastics/rubbers, in addition to dehydration and drying can save part of the energy consumption of pyrolysis, in this study, we have first reviewed and discussed high irradiance exposure to artificially accelerate the aging process of waste plastics/rubbers as pretreatment. The results from our preliminary experiments show that the pyrolysis process of the plastic that has undergone UV accelerated aging was speed up, accordingly to achieve saving energy in thermal cracking.",signatures:"Jin Hu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78475",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78475",authors:[{id:"422546",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin",surname:"Hu",slug:"jin-hu",fullName:"Jin Hu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78923",title:"The Use of Biochar of High Growth Rate Plants to Agriculturally Remediate Heavy Metal Polluted Acidic Mine Wastes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100354",slug:"the-use-of-biochar-of-high-growth-rate-plants-to-agriculturally-remediate-heavy-metal-polluted-acidi",totalDownloads:130,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter is meant to expose how a sound methodology can be instrumented to both, remediate acidic metal polluted mine wastes, taking advantage of the neutralizing power and high metal sorption affinity of biochar, and to utilize pyrolyzed material derived from high-rate growth plants (water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes Mart, and Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus globulus Labill), which have become of ecological relevance due to their unwanted proliferation over specific terrestrial, lacustrine or riverine environments. In addition, the proposal considers not only neutralizing the mine tailings and abating the toxic levels of specific heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, etc., to fulfill the international and national standards and norms, but to conveniently combine biochar with widely used soil amendments to pass widely recognized biological tests of growth using heavy metal-sensitive plants. The approach addresses firstly: a) characterizing physiochemically mine tailings and biochar, in terms of their properties (metal speciation and contents, potential acidity and neutralization potential, chemical oxygen demand, heavy metal-biochar sorption-complexing affinities, among others), and secondly; b) creating a” fertile environment” by reconditioning, agriculturally, the heavy metal-polluted acidic mine waste to allow native vegetation, or other reforesting species, to regrow on the reclaimed site, based on the bioassay tests performances.",signatures:"Arturo Aguirre Gómez, Laura Virginia Nuñez Balderas, Claudia Hidalgo Moreno and Jorge Dionisio Etchevers Barra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78923",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78923",authors:[{id:"107923",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Hidalgo Moreno",slug:"claudia-hidalgo-moreno",fullName:"Claudia Hidalgo Moreno"},{id:"420007",title:"Prof.",name:"Arturo",surname:"Aguirre Gómez",slug:"arturo-aguirre-gomez",fullName:"Arturo Aguirre Gómez"},{id:"429698",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura Virginia",surname:"Nuñez-Balderas",slug:"laura-virginia-nunez-balderas",fullName:"Laura Virginia Nuñez-Balderas"},{id:"436329",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge Dionisio",surname:"Etchevers Barra",slug:"jorge-dionisio-etchevers-barra",fullName:"Jorge Dionisio Etchevers Barra"}],corrections:null},{id:"77939",title:"Rejuvenator Obtained by Pyrolysis of Waste Tires for Use in Asphalt Mixtures with Added Reclaimed Asphalt",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99490",slug:"rejuvenator-obtained-by-pyrolysis-of-waste-tires-for-use-in-asphalt-mixtures-with-added-reclaimed-as",totalDownloads:157,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although in recent years, big progress has been made in the field of recovering waste tires, they still represent an unwanted waste and their production is constantly increasing. We can use waste tires as a raw material for a new product. In our study, multiple liquid products were produced by pyrolysis of waste tires. After extensive testing of their properties, we selected the most suitable pyrolytic product for the purpose of rejuvenation. Rejuvenators are designed to soften the old, brittle and stiff aged bitumen in reclaimed asphalt. Bitumen with its viscoelastic characteristics is the most important component of asphalt and dictates its behaviour. Commonly bitumen, after adding rejuvenator, becomes less viscous, more ductile and its coating properties are restored. By using a pyrolytic rejuvenator, the proportion of reclaimed asphalt added to the asphalt mixture was increased. The reuse of reclaimed asphalt and waste tires means a reduction in waste material and is therefore important for the preservation of the environment and sustainable development.",signatures:"Lidija Ržek, Mojca Ravnikar Turk and Marjan Tušar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77939",authors:[{id:"420336",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidija",surname:"Ržek",slug:"lidija-rzek",fullName:"Lidija Ržek"},{id:"426919",title:"MSc.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Ravnikar Turk",slug:"mojca-ravnikar-turk",fullName:"Mojca Ravnikar Turk"},{id:"426922",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjan",surname:"Tušar",slug:"marjan-tusar",fullName:"Marjan Tušar"}],corrections:null},{id:"78914",title:"The Biomass Waste Pyrolysis for Biopesticide Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100223",slug:"the-biomass-waste-pyrolysis-for-biopesticide-application",totalDownloads:134,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The pyrolysis method has been used in various fields and has attracted the attention of many researchers so that this method can be applied to treat biomass waste. Pyrolysis of biomass occurs through heating a substance with limited oxygen so that the decomposition of complex compounds such as lignocellulose into simpler compounds occurs. The heat energy of the pyrolysis process encourages the oxidation of biomass so that complex carbon molecules break down into carbon and bio-oil. Pyrolysis of biomass for coconut shells, cashew nut shells, and cocoa pod husk was carried out at a temperature of 400–600°C with a flow rate of 6–7°C/min. The content of bio-oil compounds from its biomass based on the analysis of gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy obtained phenolic acid, pyrimidine derivatives, amines, carbamate acids, furans, esters derivatives, pyridine, ketones, furans, and aldehydes that can be used as active compounds for biopesticides.",signatures:"Mashuni and M. Jahiding",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78914",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78914",authors:[{id:"421505",title:"M.Sc.",name:"M.",surname:"Jahiding",slug:"m.-jahiding",fullName:"M. Jahiding"},{id:"421506",title:"Prof.",name:"Mashuni",surname:null,slug:"mashuni",fullName:"Mashuni null"}],corrections:null},{id:"80292",title:"Pyrolysis-GC/MS, A Powerful Analytical Tool for Additives and Polymers Characterization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101623",slug:"pyrolysis-gc-ms-a-powerful-analytical-tool-for-additives-and-polymers-characterization",totalDownloads:98,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Analytical Pyrolysis technique hyphenated to GC/MS is used to obtain structural information of macromolecules. The composition and relative abundance of the pyrolysis products are characteristic for a given polymer and their determination allows the identification of materials that cannot be determined otherwise. In the present work different examples are presented in which different pyrolysis techniques are used, such as pulsed, fractional and sequential pyrolysis, working with polymer solutions, cold injection in split or narrow band mode or thermochemolysis. Specially useful is serial pyrolysis which is performed in two or more steps. Initially, volatile compounds are thermally extracted from the sample at a relatively low temperature (thermal desorption), and then the same sample is pyrolyzed at a higher temperature.",signatures:"Sonia Huertas de la Torre",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80292",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80292",authors:[{id:"421977",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Huertas de la Torre",slug:"sonia-huertas-de-la-torre",fullName:"Sonia Huertas de la Torre"}],corrections:null},{id:"78771",title:"Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of Perfume Atomizer Spray Pyrolysis CdO Thin Films: Effect of Solution Volume",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99906",slug:"structural-morphological-and-optical-properties-of-perfume-atomizer-spray-pyrolysis-cdo-thin-films-e",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"CdO films have been deposited on glass substrates with different solution volume (30, 40 and 50 mL) at 200°C using perfume atomizers spray pyrolysis method. X-ray diffraction studies shows that the prepared thin film had cubic and polycrystalline nature. Scanning electron microscope shows the influence of solution volume on surface morphology of the CdO thin film. Optical studies show that in these films the electronic transition is of the direct transition type. The optical energy gap for the films of as deposited are vary from 2.12 to 2.00 eV with solution volume. Photoluminescence results analysis confirmed that the dependence of optical energy gap on solution volume. The Hall measurements were carried out and the results were discussed.",signatures:"Kasinathan Kasirajan, Karuppasamy Radhi Devi, Murugesan Rajini and Marimuthu Karunakaran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78771",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78771",authors:[{id:"239576",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",surname:"Karunakaran",slug:"marimuthu-karunakaran",fullName:"Marimuthu Karunakaran"},{id:"252405",title:"Ms.",name:"Kasinathan",surname:"Kasirajan",slug:"kasinathan-kasirajan",fullName:"Kasinathan Kasirajan"},{id:"428833",title:"Dr.",name:"Murugesan",surname:"Rajini",slug:"murugesan-rajini",fullName:"Murugesan Rajini"},{id:"428835",title:"Dr.",name:"Karuppasamy",surname:"Radhi Devi",slug:"karuppasamy-radhi-devi",fullName:"Karuppasamy Radhi Devi"}],corrections:null},{id:"78397",title:"Recent Perspectives in Biochar Production, Characterization and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99788",slug:"recent-perspectives-in-biochar-production-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:181,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the most promising features and applications of biochar along with their optimal pyrolysis conditions. Biochars have a range of physicochemical properties depending on the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, which greatly affect their wide applications. The biochar production and its characteristics, including the effect of feedstocks and different process-parameters on the properties and yield of biochar are thoroughly examined. The higher pyrolysis-temperature can give higher carbon-contents, pH, and surface-areas of biochars while volatiles and molar-ratios of O/C, H/C and N/C decrease with pyrolysis-temperature. Higher carbon-content and neutral-pH biochars have high affinity for organic pollutants due to high surface areas, making them attractive for adsorption and catalysis purposes. Biochars with higher-pH are preferred for soil application to correct soil-acidity. Thus, the pyrolysis temperature should be selected as per the final application of the biochar. Characterization of biochars of different feedstocks and pyrolysis conditions is reviewed and presented along with their proximate and ultimate analysis.",signatures:"Asfaw Gezae Daful, Meegalla R. Chandraratne and Marie Loridon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78397",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78397",authors:[{id:"207156",title:"Dr.",name:"Asfaw",surname:"Gezae Daful",slug:"asfaw-gezae-daful",fullName:"Asfaw Gezae Daful"},{id:"421523",title:"Dr.",name:"Meegalla R.",surname:"Chandraratne",slug:"meegalla-r.-chandraratne",fullName:"Meegalla R. Chandraratne"},{id:"421524",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie",surname:"Loridon",slug:"marie-loridon",fullName:"Marie Loridon"}],corrections:null},{id:"78856",title:"Mixed or Contaminated Waste Plastic Recycling through Microwave - Assisted Pyrolysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100179",slug:"mixed-or-contaminated-waste-plastic-recycling-through-microwave-assisted-pyrolysis",totalDownloads:203,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A single type of thermoplastic polymer is easily recycled through a mechanical process, but this way can’t be followed in the presence of mixed or contaminated plastic. In this case, one of the main followed solutions is a thermochemical process and among them, microwave-assisted pyrolysis is one of the emerging technologies. This chapter offers an update of the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of mixed or contaminated waste plastic as a very promising example of chemical recycling. Furthermore, some unpublished results in this field will be reported such as the pyrolysis of waste lead containing polyethylene coming from end cycle batteries or the pyrolysis of waste polypropylene from facemasks used for covid protection. Finally, some examples of pilot plants will be described and commented as well as several industrial cooperations.",signatures:"Piero Frediani and Marco Frediani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78856",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78856",authors:[{id:"53209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Frediani",slug:"marco-frediani",fullName:"Marco Frediani"},{id:"420775",title:"Prof.",name:"Piero",surname:"Frediani",slug:"piero-frediani",fullName:"Piero Frediani"}],corrections:null},{id:"80315",title:"Basic Morphological, Thermal and Physicochemical Properties of Sewage Sludge for Its Sustainable Energy and Material Use in the Circular Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101898",slug:"basic-morphological-thermal-and-physicochemical-properties-of-sewage-sludge-for-its-sustainable-ener",totalDownloads:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The treated sewage sludge is a smart material that provides sustainable use of energy and material that can be adapted to the needs of modern human life. Pyrolysis is one of the waste recovery operation that enables the generation of various useful groups of substances from treated sludge, which can then be utilized separately by final energy and material recovery processes: (i) solid residue (pyrogenic material), (ii) liquid fraction (bio-oil), and (iii) non-condensable gas. Those fractions are the basis for fertilizers and alternative fuel or new chemicals production. The chapter combines data on the quality of treated sludge as a case study of an urban wastewater treatment plant (UWWTP) with the capacity of 360,000 population equivalents (PE). The analytical results of dried anaerobically treated sludge over a 10-year period (from 2010 to 2020) are evaluated with respect to the limit values from directives, resolutions, guidelines, and national legislation related to specific processing procedures and quality of the final product. The data provide a comprehensive insight into the basic properties of treated sludge and allow thoughtful use of this smart material for WtE processes, organic matter material conversion, and agricultural use in terms of protecting the environment and human health.",signatures:"Barbara Novosel, Vesna Mislej and Viktor Grilc",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80315",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80315",authors:[{id:"419303",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Vesna",surname:"Mislej",slug:"vesna-mislej",fullName:"Vesna Mislej"},{id:"450281",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Novosel",slug:"barbara-novosel",fullName:"Barbara Novosel"},{id:"450282",title:"Dr.",name:"Viktor",surname:"Grilc",slug:"viktor-grilc",fullName:"Viktor Grilc"}],corrections:null},{id:"80798",title:"Activated Carbons from Waste Tyre Pyrolysis: Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99131",slug:"activated-carbons-from-waste-tyre-pyrolysis-application",totalDownloads:37,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The development of better and efficient methods of consuming less and/or wasting little resource materials is becoming more important. In this study, pyrolytic waste tyre carbon black residue and commercial grade activated carbon were characterized and evaluated against adsorption of mercury vapor. The performance of the raw carbon black residue and the activated carbon against mercury vapor generated in the laboratory was determined using a designed reactor system. The adsorption of Hg+ was investigated at temperatures ranging from 200 to 280°C for 6 hours. Batch experiments were conducted for the different carbon residue samples and characterization analysis were done before and after adsorption using the spectroscopic, microscopic, and structural techniques to elucidate the structural arrangements and properties of the carbonaceous materials. Spectroscopic analysis of these carbonaceous residues showed a C=C stretching vibration attributed to the lignocellulose aromatic ring at 1657–2000 cm−1. Comparatively, it was also observed that the Infrared spectrum of raw carbon black exhibits less functional groups as compared to the H2SO4-AC and H2O2-AC carbonaceous residues prepared.",signatures:"Mzukisi Matandabuzo and Delford Dovorogwa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80798",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80798",authors:[{id:"421360",title:"Dr.",name:"Mzukisi",surname:"Matandabuzo",slug:"mzukisi-matandabuzo",fullName:"Mzukisi Matandabuzo"},{id:"421367",title:"Mr.",name:"Delford",surname:"Dovorogwa",slug:"delford-dovorogwa",fullName:"Delford Dovorogwa"}],corrections:null},{id:"78659",title:"Conceptualization and Design of a Small Pyrolysis Plant for the Sustainable Production of Flexible Bricks and Bituminous Concrete from Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100053",slug:"conceptualization-and-design-of-a-small-pyrolysis-plant-for-the-sustainable-production-of-flexible-b",totalDownloads:148,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Polyethylene terephthalate is majorly used for packaging of various products because of its resistance to chemical attack and environmental degradation, but the proper disposal of this non-biodegradable material has been a major challenge. Pyrolysis is the melting of plastic in the absence of oxygen. Currently pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate is considered as a viable recycling method since it only requires 5% of the calorific value of polyethylene terephthalate. This research was aimed at designing a pyrolysis plant for the production of construction materials with acceptable mechanical properties such as compressive strength and water absorption. Sustainable, eco-friendly road construction from bituminous concrete with waste polyethylene terephthalate has the capability of reducing carbon emissions. The polyethylene terephthalate bituminous composite has the flexibility of plastic but strength of concrete. The bricks have a maximum compressive strength of 10 N/mm2 which is within the standard range and have less water absorbing tendencies hence have a longer lifespan. Value addition is equally important in the pyrolysis plant so as to contribute to sustainable development. This book chapter reviews the different products such as polyethylene terephthalate composite bricks and flexible pavements which can effectively use polyethylene terephthalate waste as a raw material.",signatures:"Ngonidzashe L. Shangwa, Wilson R. Nyemba, Simon Chinguwa and Tien-Chien Jen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78659",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78659",authors:[{id:"421468",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Ngonidzashe L.",surname:"Shangwa",slug:"ngonidzashe-l.-shangwa",fullName:"Ngonidzashe L. Shangwa"},{id:"422348",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilson R.",surname:"Nyemba",slug:"wilson-r.-nyemba",fullName:"Wilson R. 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With the recent proliferation of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, a wide variety of videos has become easily accessible on the Internet. Video sharing sites have been utilized for various purposes to share private activities or the public relations activities of companies or to distribute the latest news. Nicovideos [1], one of the most popular video sharing sites in Japan, uses its original system to rank its videos according to the total number of plays, the total number of times the title has been added to the users’ favourites list (called ‘my list’) and the total number of comments annotated to the videos.
\nUnfortunately, evaluations under this system can be intentionally distorted by dishonest users who want to influence the evaluation of a specific video by using multiple accounts. Such manipulation can dishonestly seek to improve a video’s ranking in an effort to have it attract more attention. That is to say, it could be used to create a bandwagon effect that produces increased viewing. To combat such efforts, a new evaluation method, one that is more effective and goes beyond computing a simple numerical value, is necessary.
\nIn this study, we propose a method to detect ratings of cheating caused by dishonest multiple comment postings, focusing on a time-series analysis of the number of comments accumulated by the video. We define videos that receive a substantial number of comments as a result of unfair cheating as unfair videos; videos that appear to be relatively free of such manufactured comments are defined as popular videos. Our proposed detection method focuses on differences in the chronological distributions of comments for the two video classifications—popular videos versus unfair videos.
\nIn the Japanese Internet culture, there are terms or expressions specific to an Internet community that appears to be slowly sinking in with the broader community of Internet users. For example, on the anonymous message board
In our study, we pursued the idea that generalization of these expressions beyond their domain is required. As the services and communities involved are liquid, the expressions are constantly increasing and changing. Because of this, analysis of the content of user comments may be necessary, requiring the conversion of the comments into semantic primitive form in order to conduct an analysis of word distributed representation. However, because some domain-specific expressions are neologisms not defined in an existing dictionary, it is not always effective to treat these expressions as semantic primitives.
\nIn the case of distributed representation, it is necessary to train some quantity of corpus, which can be expensive since there is a cost to updating training data repeatedly for adaptation to new expressions. Our proposed unfair video detection method is independent of the culture specific to the video sharing site, as it analyses the quantitative variation of comments in viewer’s feedback to the video. In this method, it is effective that the statistical approach to language information be the same as the analytic approach used for Internet flaming or Internet trend. In the field of sociolinguistics, there are many studies focusing on a language feature by unit of community or attribute. However, on the Internet, the cultural barriers fall year by year, and there are language expressions that are imported from various cultures which messily exist. In such a situation, it is effective that the analysis model uses a domain-specific dictionary or corpus; however, it is difficult to decide the parameters to be applied for each domain. Therefore, we should discuss the effectiveness of simply treating a language that acts as a numerical value.
\nTo improve a video’s quality of experience (QoE), Yoshimura and [2] proposed a method that uses a score based on the PageRank algorithm as a video evaluation parameter. The method uses link information such as author information and publicly opened favourites lists (
This method judges videos with higher relevance as more beneficial. However, both author information and publicly opened
Hirasawa et al. [3] defined a video that ‘is not yet known socially but would interest many people if it is recommended’ as a video with ‘social novelty’. To discover these videos, the researchers focused on three features:
\nVideo content: directly expresses the content of a video based on tags annotated to the video.
Comments: used to indicate viewer opinion based on comments posted on the video.
Viewing activity: represents users’ viewing actions based on the number of video plays, the number of comments and the number of
The study’s authors proposed a method to estimate social-novelty videos by machine learning, using these three features. They focused on the tag: ‘the video should be evaluated higher’, which is annotated when ‘although the video’s quality is good and interesting, the video has not been played many times and not been widely known’ and evaluated the videos using a feature analysis of the videos with the tag. They confirmed that videos annotated with the ‘should be evaluated higher’ tag were commented on with many positive words. However, because the tags on Nicovideo can be edited by the video’s author himself/herself, it is possible for the author to remove appropriate tags or annotate non-related tags. In addition, because the video author can set the configuration to prevent viewers from changing the tags, a video’s evaluation can become improperly inflated.
\nAn example of the Nicovideo interface is shown in Figure 1. In the video display area, comments posted for a scene in the video are indicated moving from right to left. Comments are reflected and indicated in real-time; older comments posted more than a certain period of time from their posted dates/times are not included.
\nReplay interface GUI of Nicovideo.
Eugene et al. [4] focused on analysing the quality of User Generated Content (UGC) on social media and proposed a method to automatically analyse the content’s quality by calculating a value defined as a ‘quality score’. In this study, the authors considered the interaction between the content creator and the users and estimated the quality of question and answer on the question/answer (QA) site. As in QA, the questions and their answers are described in natural language; both the questioner and the answerer can be the content generators.
\nIn contrast, our study deals with videos posted to a video sharing site and considers the comments posted by viewers. While creators post their videos to the site, users (viewers) are able to watch the videos, post comments and add their favourite videos to their
The unfair videos dealt with in our study are those which receive a remarkably high number of plays or comments, even though their contents are relatively poor (without any change in the picture displayed or the sound heard, as shown in Figure 2). Although it is not easy to evaluate the quality of a variety of video contents, having a tag on the video to identify whether the video is fair or unfair might allow us to use such a tag for the evaluation of content quality.
\nThe screen shot of unfair videos (in the 15th rank).
By being (undeservedly) highly ranked, unfair videos receive more attention from viewers than they otherwise would. This increased attention can sometimes result in many viewers submitting negative reports to the site manager, who will, in response, delete the offending video. Therefore, in devising our study, we believed that there would not be very many unfair videos among those in the higher ranks (based on comments and plays). In addition, we chose not to examine unfair videos whose contents violated copyright laws.
\nWe calculated the number of the comments posted on both popular videos and unfair videos. We used Nicovideo dataset [5]. Figure 3 shows the ratio of the comments on each day since the video was uploaded. The horizontal axis indicates the elapsed days and the vertical axis indicates the comment rate. The rate of comment (
Transition of the comment numbers on each day since the video was uploaded.
Here,
Viewers on the Nicovideo site are able to post their comments using a maximum of 75 characters at any one time. To find basis for judging whether a video has been unfairly evaluated, we analysed videos that received a large number of comments, calculating the length of the character string of the comments posted for both the popular and the unfair videos. The results are shown in Table 1.
\nLength | \nPopular | \nUnfair |
---|---|---|
0 < | \n83.6% | \n98.4% |
15 < | \n14.3% | \n0.7% |
30 < | \n1.6% | \n0.3% |
45 < | \n0.4% | \n0.4% |
60 < | \n0.1% | \n0.2% |
Total number of comments | \n3,920,203 | \n5,089,784 |
The rate of comments written with under 75 characters on the popular/unfair videos.
Overall, the comments tended to be written in under 15 characters. As indicated in the table, for the popular videos, over 83% of the comments were written in under 15 characters; for the unfair videos, over 98% of the comments were written in under 15 characters. Table 2 shows the breakdown of these under-15-character comments.
\nLength | \nPopular | \nUnfair |
---|---|---|
0 < | \n35.0% | \n99.3% |
5 < | \n42.2% | \n0.4% |
10 < | \n22.8% | \n0.3% |
Total number of comments | \n3,277,234 | \n5,010,393 |
The rate of the comments written with under 15 characters on the popular/unfair videos.
Indeed, many comments were written in under five characters. For the popular videos, approximately 70% of the comments were written in under 10 characters. From these results, it is clear that comments tend to be written in short sentences, making it difficult to judge whether a video is ‘fair’ or ‘unfair’ solely from the meanings of the comments posted for it.
\nAs mentioned in the previous section, we attempted to analyse the quality of the comments to demonstrate the difficulty of judging the ‘fairness’ of a video from the meanings of the comment sentences. We used information entropy as an index.
\nInformation entropy [6] has been defined in information theory. It is a measure applied to an event that rarely happens. If an event’s entropy value is high, it is a rare and important event. If the entropy value of a particular event is higher than that of some other event, it can be inferred that the higher valued event includes more information.
\nWe calculated the information entropy value of the characters, words, parts of speeches and primitive semantics of the words used in the comments and analysed the difference between these values for the popular videos and the unfair videos. The entropy equation of video
To divide the comments into word units, we used MeCab, a Japanese morphological analyser [7]. To judge the primitive semantics, we used four kinds of dictionaries: Goi-Taikei (a Japanese lexicon) [8], Word-Classification Lexicon [9], Japanese WordNet [10] and the EDR Concept Dictionary [11].
\nAs the analysis target, we manually prepared 100 popular and unfair videos, and calculated the entropy of character/word/part of speech/primitive semantics. The average/maximum/minimum entropy values are shown in Table 3.
\nCategory | \nAvg/Max/Min | \nNo. of comments | \nAvg. of comment length | \nWord entropy | \nChar. entropy | \nPos. entropy | \nSem. entropy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unfair | \nAvg. | \n62344.70 | \n21.97 | \n3.97 | \n3.51 | \n2.18 | \n7.32 |
Max | \n4008986 | \n50.18 | \n9.41 | \n5.11 | \n3.79 | \n9.69 | |
Min | \n1001 | \n1.07 | \n0.72 | \n0.02 | \n0.80 | \n1.10 | |
Popular | \nAvg. | \n18800.64 | \n10.05 | \n5.93 | \n4.25 | \n3.54 | \n9.27 |
Max | \n29915 | \n17.28 | \n6.49 | \n5.38 | \n3.93 | \n9.70 | |
Min | \n10536 | \n6.94 | \n5.03 | \n2.57 | \n2.85 | \n8.76 |
Analysis result of each kind of entropy.
As can be seen in the table, the entropy values were uneven, depending on the video. However, the entropy values of the unfair videos were lower, on average, than the popular video entropy values. Because the entropy of primitive semantics was calculated using an existing thesaurus, which means that it was unable to handle the latest buzz terms, it is possible that important or meaningful words were ignored. Given these results, we concluded that we can classify unfair/popular videos by using entropy values as a feature.
\nFigure 4 shows the distribution of comments for the popular videos. Figure 5 shows the comment distribution for the unfair videos. In each case, the vertical axis indicates the date of the comment’s posting, while the horizontal axis indicates the position of the posted comment.
\nComment distribution of a popular video.
Comment distribution of an unfair video.
There are clear differences between the two graphs
\nFor the popular videos, the number of comments decreased gradually, day-by-day. On the other hand, for the unfair videos, the number of comments decreased at a certain time of the day. Furthermore, the days with many comments and the days with few comments were distinctively distributed.
For the popular videos, the scenes at which the comments were posted showed little variation; on the other hand, for the unfair videos, the scenes at which the comments were posted varied widely. Given these two tendencies, we based our method for detecting unfair videos on the chronological fluctuation feature of the comments.
As already mentioned, we concluded that popular videos and unfair videos had distinctive differences in comment posting dates and the degree of variation in the scenes at which the comments were posted.
\nBased on the information obtained from the videos that we examined, we attempted to determine a method to extract unfair videos from a video database. Below are the steps we followed to determine a basis for identifying the unfair videos (Figure 6)
\nWe prepared training data for unfair/popular videos that received a large number of comments.
We prepared comment data from the training data and extracted the dates when the comments were posted and the scenes where the comments were posted.
We sought to find a basis to judge unfair/popular videos based on the posting dates and posting position.
Flow of the training phase and test phase to judge unfairness.
We attempted to find useful information with which to judge whether a video is popular or unfair by examining the fluctuations in the number of comments on a day-to-day basis. Firstly, we split the video into various segments chronologically. We then counted the number of comments posted in each segment for each day and calculated the correlation coefficient between neighbouring dates.
\nUsing the comment data, we calculated the correlation coefficient
The comment data obtained
The number of comments,
The average of
A threshold value to judge whether the video is popular or unfair was determined for the correlation coefficient for each neighbouring date, up to 7 days from the date the video was uploaded. A threshold is the value of the boundary line between two categories. In this study, we classify videos as either over-threshold or under-threshold by establishing the threshold of the coefficient of correlation.
Calculation of correlation coefficient by analysing chronological data of the comment numbers.
A method to extract comment distribution data chronologically.
Based on the comment data posted for the popular/unfair videos, we plotted the number of comments posted on the
Similarity of the comment numbers posted on the videos.
We proposed the following two types of judgment methods using features of the maximum/minimum/average of the correlation coefficient
Calculate the correlation coefficients as described above. From the minimum values of the correlation coefficients, use the maximum value to determine the judgement threshold
Convert the maximum/minimum/average values of the comment correlation coefficient of video
The number of videos included in the experiment is shown in Table 4. The average number of comments posted to the videos is shown in Table 5.
\n\n | Training data | \nTest data |
---|---|---|
Popular video | \n100 | \n65 |
Unfair video | \n100 | \n65 |
The number of experimental data.
\n | Average number of comments |
---|---|
Popular video | \n18801 |
Unfair video | \n40573 |
The average number of comments.
The following conditions were used to select unfair videos for the experiment
\nCondition 1. The number of comments is larger than the number of plays, and the number of comments is over 10,000.
\nCondition 2. Satisfying Condition 1, the number of the viewers who registered the video in
Condition 3. Despite the fact that the video does not contain a motion picture or any sound, a large number of comments are posted.
\nCondition 4. Although the video shows only one still picture and the same sound is repeated, a large number of comments are posted.
\nWhen the number of comments is larger than the number of plays, the implication is that each viewer posted a comment at least once. If the video satisfies this condition, it is highly likely that viewers posted multiple comments for one play; therefore, we set Condition 1. Since it is difficult to increase the number of
Popular videos were defined as videos previously ranked in the top 50 on Nicovideo’s official site [1].
\nAs our baseline method, we chose a method to binary-classify a video as either popular or unfair from the contents of the comments. Existing studies on the document classification task often use a method that calculates word weights as a score based on term frequency or global document frequency, using them as a bag-of-words feature value in machine learning.
\nEbata et al. [13] calculated the importance value of a video using term frequency-inverse document frequency (tf-idf). Our study also uses morpheme as a minimum unit to express a comment’s content and uses tf-idf [14] as the feature value. Tf-idf is an abbreviation of term frequency-inverse document frequency. This is a measure that considers two word characteristics: high-frequency in the document (high TF word), which means it is important; and strongly related to the document’s topic. It is often difficult to distinguish a document’s topic by words which appear in multiple documents.
\nFor our baseline method, we applied a machine learning method that binary-classified popular/unfair videos by training feature using a support vector machine (SVM). Because general document classification tasks often use the number of words of a particular kind as a dimension and importance value, we used the tf-idf-based machine learning method as our baseline method. The calculation of tf-idf follows Eq. (6) through Eq. (9).
\nHere,
To produce another baseline method using comment contents, we applied a method in which the feature quantity is obtained by using comment entropy analysis. Because the scales of the comment entropy values differ depending on the basis units (character/word/part of speech/primitive semantics), we used the feature quantity scaled in advance.
\nWe conducted a preliminary experiment to examine the judgment method using a correlation coefficient threshold. We calculated correlation coefficients from the training data shown in Table 4, then calculated the average value, the maximum average value and the minimum average value based on the correlation coefficients, as shown in Table 6.
\nVideo type | \nAverage | \nAveraged maximum value | \nAveraged minimum Value |
---|---|---|---|
Popular video | \n0.979 | \n0.993 | \n0.848 |
Unfair video | \n0.778 | \n0.972 | \n0.496 |
Average correlation coefficient.
As the table indicates, there were substantial differences between the minimum values of the popular videos and those of the unfair videos. Table 7 shows the judgement result of the test data using the minimum value as the feature.
\n\n | Threshold | \nDetection rate | \nFalse detection rate |
---|---|---|---|
Proposed method | \n0.5 | \n84.8% | \n0% |
0.6 | \n93.8% | \n0% | |
0.7 | \n98.5% | \n1.5% | |
0.8 | \n100% | \n10.7% | |
tf-idf + SVM | \n— | \n75.8% | \n1.0% |
Unfair detection rate and false detection rate.
From this result, it was found that in the range of threshold values of 0.6–0.7, the unfair videos were detected in less than 10% of the cases. On the other hand, the popular videos were detected in over 90% of the cases. We also found that the proposed method using the correlation coefficients achieved a higher unfair detection rate than the comment content–based judgment method.
\nWe used the 100 popular/unfair videos from the preliminary experiment and evaluated the following four methods
\nBaseline method
tf-idf + SVM
Entropy feature + SVM
Proposed method
Method based on the threshold of the time-series correlation coefficient
Machine learning method using the maximum/minimum/average value of correlation coefficient as feature
The results of the leave-one-out cross-validation test are shown in Table 8. We used the Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel for the SVM kernel parameter. In the proposed method, the number of image segmentations used to calculate the correlation coefficient was set at 10.
\nMethod | \nUnfair video detection rate | \nFalse detection rate | |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline method | \nTf-idf + SVM | \n0.726 | \n0.025 |
\n | Entropy + SVM | \n0.970 | \n0.030 |
Proposed method | \nCoefficient + threshold | \n0.991 | \n0.015 |
\n | Coefficient + SVM | \n0.890 | \n0.070 |
The result of cross validation test of unfair video detection.
We found that the unfair video detection rate for the baseline method was 72.3%, while the rate for the proposed method based on the correlation coefficient was approximately 99%. However, in the case of the baseline method, the false detection rate of popular videos was only 0.5%, while the false detection rate for the proposed method was 1.5%. This result confirmed that our proposed method was effective for unfair video detection.
\nIn the evaluation experiment using the cross-validation test, the baseline method (tf-idf + SVM) had an average detection rate of 72.3%, which was not particularly high. This might be caused by the fact that there were many comments in which the character strings were short and their meanings were nonsense. To improve the comment contents–based method, we would need a way to extract for analysis only those comments that make sense according to a certain standard.
\nOn the other hand, the performance of the judgment method using the entropy feature was equivalent to the performance of the method using the correlation coefficient vector. This result indicated that the entropy feature was able to express the features of the comments on the unfair/popular videos without using time-series information.
\nIn the preliminary experiment, which examined the judgment method based on the correlation coefficients, when the threshold of the correlation coefficient was set at 0.60, only 4.2% of the unfair videos were detected. To illustrate the problem, in cases where not-so-high and not-so-low correlation coefficient values were continuously calculated, when all the values were larger than 0.60 but smaller than 0.65, the video was suspected of being unfair, but the proposed method was unable to identify them as such.
\nFigure 10 shows additional experimental results for the SVM-based judgment method that used the maximum/minimum/average correlation coefficient as the feature. The value of
Accuracy of detection and false detection rate.
In all, 1332 unclassified videos were classified into unfair/not unfair by the proposed method using the split number 30. Figure 11 shows the classification results for each category annotated to the video. The results show that there were categories that were subjected to being judged as unfair.
\nUnfair/not unfair rate for each video category.
We proposed a method to detect unfair videos—videos whose rankings were falsely influenced—among the videos uploaded to a video sharing site. We focused on differences in the comment distribution tendencies between the unfair videos and what we termed popular videos (videos whose rankings were not falsely influenced). The play time of the video was divided into
Our proposed method did not focus on the quality of a comment’s content; rather it focused on the specificity of comment postings by unfair (fraudulent) users. In our evaluation experiment, we found that the proposed method was able to detect unfair videos with 90% accuracy by extracting the video feature based on a time-series analysis of comment data, irrespective of the number of comments.
\nIt should be noted that in this study, we targeted unfair videos that were obviously unfair. Therefore, it is not clear that the threshold of the proposed method can work for less obvious unfair videos or in-between videos that are not popular but not unfair, because their patterns of comment posting are likely to be different. In our experiment, we calculated the correlation coefficients from the time-series distribution of comments and determined threshold values to classify the videos. However, the proposed method lacks versatility because the method is specific to the comment distribution of Nicovideo.
\nIt is likely that a more versatile method could be developed by using other features such as the quality of contents or comment content similarities. In future studies, we plan to develop an automatic video evaluation basis that focuses on the degree of the match between the sense of the video and the content of the comments.
\nThis research was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 15K00425, 15K00309, 15K16077.
\nType I interferonopathies are congenital genetic disorder of the interferon (IFN) system, characterized by certain clinical symptoms resulting from the overproduction of IFNα [1, 2, 3]. In our opinion, the term interferonopathy means a general pathology of the interferon system, congenital or acquired, which includes the following types of disorders of the IFN system:
The main role of type I interferons is to control viral infection. The synthesis and secretion of type I IFN is activated when our immune cells come in contact with viruses. Type I IFN is synthesized by epithelial cells, many cells of the immune system, including plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) that recognize foreign or auto nucleic acids. Although both epithelial and pDC synthesize type I IFN simultaneously in different tissues, pDC-derived type I IFN actually exerts various immune responses through its cognate receptors on target cells. This results in modulation of diverse processes such as antigen presentation and activation of adaptive immunological process involving B and T cells [5]. For the synthesis of interferons in the body, cell activation is necessary. Toll-like receptors (TLRs); RIG-like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I; melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5); and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) participate in the recognition of foreign and host nucleic acid sites [6]. The main inducers of the synthesis of type I interferons are double-stranded and single-stranded RNA of viruses, as well as bacterial DNA [7]. RIG-like receptors recognize both single- and double-stranded viral RNAs, whereas cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase), in contrast, recognizes double-stranded DNA and RNA: DNA duplexes are formed during the replication of retroviruses and catalyze the synthesis of cGMP-AMP, which is the main agonist of the adapter protein—STING. After binding RNA, RIG-I and MDA5 bind the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) adapter protein. Both STING and MAVS stimulate downstream signaling cascades that include multiple kinases and finally lead to phosphorylation of IRF3 and induction of interferon synthesis [8]. Then type I IFN binds to the corresponding IFNAR receptors located on the cell membrane, which leads to the activation of Tyk2 and Jak1 kinases, which undergo phosphorylation and activate signal transduction and transcription activation proteins (STAT1 and STAT2). As a result, a heterotrimeric complex is formed, known as IFN-stimulating gene factor-3 (ISGF3), which includes IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9). Janus kinase (Jak) activation is negatively regulated by IFNα-inducible proteins SOCS1 and SOCS3. The binding of ISGF3 promotes interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which leads to their transcriptional activation and the collective actions of hundreds of ISGs, resulting in the production of a large number of induced IFN, which inhibits both viral replication and the spread of viruses. Rapid type I IFN secretion and then rapid synthesis induce activity of congenital and adaptive immunity cells by activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that activate cellular and humoral antiviral immune response [9] (Figure 1).
Molecular mechanisms of the induction of type I and III interferon synthesis. PAMPs: dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; ssRNA, single-stranded RNA. Nucleic acid sensors: cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase;
During acute viral infection, IFN level is significantly elevated, and more than 70% of cells acquire antiviral status, i.e., they are protected against virus penetration and are able to efficiently neutralize them. Type I IFN has several very important positive effects: direct and indirect antiviral effect, protective antiviral effect, antitumor effect, and immunomodulatory effect. At the same time, it was shown that increased production of IFN can lead to negative consequences similar to autoimmune reactions.
The information presented by several authors about interferon system pathologies is vast and diverse but is not well-systematized. All known defects of IFN system, including type I and II IFN, whether congenital or acquired, including various disorders (deficiency; inadequate response to contact with viruses, bacteria, and mutated or tumor cells; IFN system paralysis; IFN overexpression), are pathologies of IFN system. All those defects of IFN system are collectively known as interferonopathies. There is an urgent need to create a classification of congenital and acquired disorders of the IFN system. We believe that the classification of IFN pathology would help in determining the correct approaches to the differentiated choice of adequate treatment tactics.
Based on our own and others’ experience, we have developed the interferonopathies classification as per the following table [1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15] (Table 1).
Recently several studies have presented genetic and molecular disorders accompanying rare Mendelian diseases that are associated with type I IFN overexpression resulting from defects in intracellular nucleic acid metabolism, DNAse deficiency, or defects in sensor nucleic acid recognition. Genetic disorders—Mendelian diseases (Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, familial chilblain lupus, spondyenchondromatosis, proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome, Singleton-Merten syndrome)—resulting in inadequately high type I IFN overexpression accompanied by a certain range of clinical disorders are called type I interferonopathies. Interferonopathies have rare pathology; their occurrence varies from 1:10,000 to 1:1,000,000 people. According to the literature, the most common syndrome is Aicardi-Goutières [16]. The frequency of some recently described genetic disorders (e.g., PRAAS2) cannot be counted [17]. Such disorders cause a great number of own nucleic acids in cell cytoplasm to appear. It results in active DNA recognition and pathological overexpression of type I IFN which launch autoimmunity hyperactivation, thus leading to autoimmune inflammation affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. It also results to skin and vessel damage (vasculitis), lung damage, etc. Therefore rapid and efficient immune reaction to alien nucleic acids is positive when it causes type I IFN activation during pathogen invasion and antimicrobial protection. It becomes deleterious when it responds to own DNA which is due to the defect of own nucleic acid metabolism. Some neurological, vascular, and skin symptoms which are typical for type I interferonopathies are reviewed in such multifactorial diseases as exanthematous lupus erythematosus, widespread vasculitis, and autoimmune multiple myositis [6, 7, 18] (Table 2).
I. Congenital interferonopathies | II. Acquired—secondary interferonopathies |
---|---|
1.1 Interferon α deficiency (IFNα) 1.2 Interferon β deficiency (IFNβ) 1.3 Interferon γ deficiency (IFNγ) 2.1 IFNα overexpression 2.1.1 Autoinflammatory syndromes and autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic angiitis, dermatomyositis), Down syndrome 2.1.2 Type I interferonopathies: Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), familial chilblain lupus (FCL), spondyenchondromatosis, proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome (PRAAS), Singleton-Merten syndrome (SMS) | 1. 1.1 IFNα deficiency 1.2 IFNβ deficiency 1.3 IFNγ deficiency 2.1 Blockage IFNα adequate response 2.2 Blockage IFNβ adequate response 2.3 Blockage IFNγ adequate response 3.1 Cytokine storm |
Classification of interferonopathies.
Syndrome | Responsible gene | Phenotypes |
---|---|---|
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome | TREX1, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, RNASEH2A, SANHD, ADAR, IFIH1 | Encephalopathy, muscular dystonia, microcephaly, calcification of the basal ganglia in the substance of the brain, cramps, fever, increased acute phase blood markers, cytopenia, increased levels of interferon in the cerebrospinal fluid |
Singleton-Merten syndrome | IFIH1 DDX58 RIG-I | Cardiovascular diseases with aortic calcification, osteoporotic manifestations, dental and skeletal abnormalities, psoriatic skin lesions |
Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes Chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE) | PSMB4 PSMB3 PSMB8 PSMB9 POMP | Erythematous skin lesions, panniculitis, lipodystrophy, arthritis with the development of joint contractures, myalgia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, calcification of the basal ganglia in the brain, fever, increased acute phase blood markers Recurrent fevers in the first months of life, along with characteristic skin lesions, lipodystrophy, violaceous swollen eyelids, arthralgias, extremity contractures, and delayed physical development as well as systemic inflammation markers have been identified as CANDLE-related clinical manifestations |
STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) | TMEM173 | Vasculopathy with the formation of distal gangrene; necrosis; erythematous rash on the face, tip of the nose, and auricles; interstitial lung disease, arthralgia, fever |
Spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) | ACP5 | Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, stunting, calcification of the basal ganglia in the substance of the brain, arthropathy, thrombocytopenia, deficiency of cellular and humoral immunity |
ISG15 deficiency | ISG15 | Calcification of the basal ganglia in the substance of the brain, convulsions, mycobacterial infections |
USP18 deficiency (pseudo-TORCH syndrome) | USP18 | Cerebral hemorrhage and calcification, hepatomegaly, thrombocytopenia |
Trichohepatoenteric syndrome 2 | SKIV2L | Watery diarrhea, brittle and tangled hair, liver damage, mental retardation |
Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) | TREX1 | The main characteristics of RVCL include the middle-age onset, the progressive visual loss due to retinal vasculopathy (telangiectasias, microaneurysms, and retinal capillary obliteration around the macula), and variable neurological manifestations such as dementia or migraine |
Familial chilblain lupus | TREX1 | Rare monogenic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus; partly ulcerating acral lesions or painful bluish-red papules located in the fingers, toes, nose, and ears; arthralgias, affecting mainly large joints, without evidence of true arthritis; photosensitivity; or mouth ulcers |
X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (XLPDR) | POLA1 | Generalized hyperpigmentation intermingled with small hypomelanotic macules during early childhood, a distinctive face characterized by an upswept frontal hairline and arched eyebrows, as well as severe photophobia, recurrent respiratory infections, and severe gastrointestinal disorders |
Genetic disorders associated with immune dysregulations and clinical characteristics of interferonopathies associated with type I IFN overexpression.
Data available on genetic defects of intracellular nucleic acid metabolism greatly facilitate understanding of the mechanisms of insufficient immune activation, which can help in the development of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases [1, 2, 3]. The progress in understanding immunopathogenesis mechanism makes it possible to set the exact targets for new therapeutic strategy development [1, 2]. The immune dysregulation syndrome is characterized by a high level of IFNα, a deficiency of regulatory T-lymphocytes, impaired functioning of B cells, and low content of low-density neutrophils. These neutrophils easily form neutrophilic extracellular traps (NET), and the resulting DNA complexes provoke an increase in IFNα synthesis, and then pDC recognizes autoDNA and produces IFNα [10, 11, 19]. These disorders are observed primarily in systemic lupus erythematosus. New approaches in treatment of SLE and other type I interferonopathies have been developed. Monoclonal antibody therapy in type I interferonopathies treatment with SLE is sifalimumab, rontalizumab against IFNα, and anifrolumab against IFNα receptor (IFNAR). Baricitinib (JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor) is currently at clinical studies (phases 2 and 3) in small cohort of patients with interferonopathies [20, 21, 22]. It is also known that treatment with baricitinib decreased disease signs and symptoms and allowed a significant reduction of corticosteroid treatment in patients with CANDLE and SAVI [23] (Figure 2).
Target therapies by biologics in the treatment of type I IFN overproduction. IFNAR, IFNα receptor; ISGs, interferon-stimulated genes; Tyk, tyrosine kinase; Jak, Janus kinase; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription.
There are genetic defects in the synthesis of IFNα/IFNβ and IFNγ and defects in the receptors for IFNα and IFNγ (IFNAR and IFNGR) including genetic disorders associated with low IFN production according to recent studies. Those genetic defects of IFNs are accompanied by clinical signs of severe recurrent viral and/or mycobacterial infection.
Congenital defects of type I IFN are associated with mutation of genes participating in synthesis of IFNα/IFNβ resulting to deficiency of various molecules (STAT1, UNC93B1, MCM4, TLR3, TRAF3, TRIF, TBK1) and decline level of IFNα/IFNβ. Deficiency of IFNγ, its receptor IFNGR (IFNγR1), and IL-12 plays an important role in IFNγ regulation [12, 24, 25]. Congenital defects of type I IFN have been globally systematized in 2015 by Bousfiha et al. [24]. It has been proven that it causes severe viral and bacterial intracellular infections which are the cause of deaths. Such patients are needed in replacement therapy with recombinant IFNα2b in complex with antioxidants. Congenital defects of IFNγR1 receptor are associated with severe intracellular mycobacterial infections. Combined genetic defects leading to deficiency of IFNα and IFNγ are associated with an autosomal recessive mutation in the STAT1 gene, which causes severe viral and mycobacterial infections [12, 24, 25] (Table 3).
Predominant susceptibility to viral infection | ||
---|---|---|
Syndrome | Responsible gene | Phenotypes |
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) | AR (autosomal recessive inheritance): UNC 9381 TLR3 TRIF AD (autosomal dominant inheritance): TLR3 TRIF TRAF3 TBK1 | Dominant clinical phenotype is HSE during primary infection with HSV1, usually between 3 months and 6 years of age Specific tests examining the TLR3 pathway marked decrease on the ability of patient’s fibroblasts to produce IFNβ/IFNλ in response to TLR3 agonists and HSV1 infection |
Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome | AD: CCXR4 | Warts/human papilloma virus infection Neutropenia, reduced B cell numbers |
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis | EVER1/TMC6, EVER2/TMC8 | Human papilloma virus (group B1) infection and skin cancer |
STAT1 deficiency STAT2 deficiency | Viral infections | |
CD16 deficiency | Severe viral infections | |
IRF7 deficiency | Severe influenza disease | |
Syndrome | Responsible gene | Phenotypes |
IRF8 deficiency | AR: IRF8 | Susceptibility to mycobacteria, |
RORc deficiency | RORc | Susceptibility to mycobacteria, |
MSMD IL-12-IFNγ axis deficiency | AD: IFNGR1 Complete AR IFNGR1 and AR IFNGR2 Partial STAT1 LOF (AD), partial IFNGR1, partial IFNGR2, complete IL-12R1, complete IL-12B, complete ISG15, XL CYBB, IRF8, Tyk2, XL NEMO | Mycobacterial osteomyelitis Serious disseminated BCG and environmental mycobacteria infections (soft tissue, bone marrow, lungs, skin, bones, and lymph nodes), Usually less severe |
Genetic disorders and clinical characteristics of interferonopathies associated with type I IFN deficiency.
There are secondary acquired disorders in the IFN system, which cause a weakening of antiviral resistance in adults and children [12]. Different viruses can damage synthesis and production of IFN at various interferonogenesis stages. These secondary defects of the type I IFN lead to the occurrence of severe viral infections (herpesviral encephalitis), recurrent acute respiratory viral infections (recARVI), chronic recurrent HSV1 infection, atypical chronic EBV infections, and other atypical cases of virus infection. It was shown that viruses can avoid the effects of IFN and inhibit the action and synthesis of IFN using various molecular mechanisms. Numerous studies demonstrated that a lot of viruses (all herpesviruses, majority of respiratory viruses, hepatitis B and C viruses, etc.) produce proteins capable of inhibiting synthesis and production of IFNα/IFNβ and IFNγ. Viruses can damage each stage of the expression of ISGs [9] (Figure 3).
Blockage of signaling pathways for the induction of interferon by viruses (red hexagons indicate the points of application of all herpesviruses, majority of respiratory viruses, chronic hepatitis B and C viruses, etc.). dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; IRF, IFN regulatory factor; IFNAR, IFNα receptor; ISGs, interferon-stimulated genes; Tyk, tyrosine kinase; Jak, Janus kinase; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein;
Patients with recurrent acute respiratory viral infections and various chronic herpesvirus infections including recurrent herpes viral infections have secondary defects of IFN system. Immunocompromised children of various ages and adults may suffer from recARVI with the frequency of 10 to 16–24 and more times annually; almost in 100% of cases, it is associated with the presence of mono and mixed herpes viral infection. The frequency of recurrent chronic HSV1/HSV2 infection of facial and/or genital location in those patients may reach 16–24 times per year. Epstein-Barr virus may cause atypical virus infection associated with chronic fatigue syndrome [12].
The problem of developing new approaches to the treatment of congenital and acquired defects of the IFN system is very acute [12, 26, 27, 28]. Acquired defects in the IFN system (93–96%) and impaired functioning of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) are most often detected in patients with recurrent chronic herpes virus infections.
We conducted experiment in vitro to study the effect of recombinant IFNα2b (rIFNα2b) on NG in viral (cells from patients with HSV1/HSV2 infection) and bacterial (model infection by fMLP) infections. The study showed positive regulation of the negatively charged IFNαβR1+IFNγR+TLR4+NG phenotype in patients with various chronic herpesvirus infections under the influence of rIFNα2b in vitro. It was noted that the number of NGs carrying IFNαβR1 and IFNγR and expression density of IFNαβR1 is increasing, wherein expression density of IFNγR and TLR4 is decreased [29]. rIFNα2b modulating effects on CD16+CD66b+CD33+CD11b+NG phenotype transformed by fMLP in experimental model of bacterial process in vitro, to promote remodeling of the pro-inflammatory NG phenotype into anti-inflammatory, have been shown [30]. Thus rIFNα2b has a protective effect on the NG phenotype according to experimental data.
In clinical practice, the use of parenteral IFN to correct disorders in the IFN system is very difficult due to the presence of numerous side effects. One should also bear in mind the inefficiency of short courses of IFN therapy for restoration of the normal IFN system functioning in recARVI, recurrent chronic herpes viral infection of facial or genital location, and papilloma virus infection of the skin and mucosa characterized by recurrent episodes when the frequency of recARVI and/or recurrent attacks of HSV1/HSV2 infection may reach 14–24 and more per year. For over 20 years, we have been developing interferon therapy programs using drugs in Russian production—rectal suppositories and gel of recombinant human IFNα2b (rIFNα2b+aox) in combination with antioxidants (vitamins E and C) (Viferon) [12, 13, 14, 15, 26, 27]. During that period, we managed to demonstrate safety, antiviral, and immunomodulatory efficiency of this kind of IFN therapy, total absence of any side effects that are typical for parenteral IFN therapy, and total absence of antibodies against IFNα2b. Replacement therapy with rIFNα2b + aox is prescribed to patients with primary, genetically preconditioned, congenital or acquired IFN system disorders. In case of primary IFN system disorders, patients need a basic recovery therapy making it possible to eliminate viral antigens as much as possible; and then it is required to select dosage for permanent replacement therapy with rIFNα2b+aox. In case of acquired interferon deficiency, patients are prescribed with differentiated therapy with high, medium, and low doses of rIFNα2b+aox (Figure 4).
Dynamics of changes in the system of IFN in immunocompromised children against the background of therapy with rIFNα2b+aox (Viferon).
At the same time, in case when we had treated the group of patients with combined immunodeficiency (defects of induced production of IFNα and IFNγ and dysfunctions of phagocytic and microbicidal activities of neutrophilic granulocytes) that was associated with recurrent acute respiratory viral infection and different chronic herpes viral coinfections, combined interferon and immunomodulatory therapy was used. The aim was to restore the levels of induced production of IFNα and IFNγ and to reconstruct dysfunctions of phagocytic and microbicidal activities of neutrophilic granulocytes and other deficient chains in antiviral immunity. One group of children, group 1, received an interferon therapy program (rIFNα2b+aox), and patients in group 2 received a program of combined interferon therapy (rIFNα2b+aox) and immunotherapy (glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide). The use of replacement and immunomodulatory mono-rIFNα2b+aox or in combination with immunotherapy (glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide) has helped us to receive very good clinical efficacies and has reached restoration of interferon status and normal functioning of neutrophilic granulocytes (p < 0.05) (Figure 5). At the same time, it is required to take into account both uneven viral infection syndrome manifestation and the rate of IFNα deficiency as well as peculiarities of immune system disorders in case of secondary immune deficiency [12, 13, 14, 15, 27].
The state of the interferon system in immunocompromised children with recurrent respiratory infections on the background of differentiated programs interferon and immunotherapy. Note: group 1 received an interferon therapy program (rIFNα2b+aox); group 2 received a program of combined interferon therapy (rIFNα2b+aox) and immunotherapy (glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide); (*p < 0.05, reliability in relation to control).
Here is an example illustrating the change in clinical, immune, and interferon status in immunocompromised children with recurrent acute respiratory viral infections under the influence of interferonotherapy.
Clinical case. Patient X, 3 years old. The child suffers from repeated acute respiratory viral infections 1–2 times per month (14–16 episodes per year); the duration of the acute period of respiratory viral infection is 7–10 days. The clinical symptoms of the disease were acute rhinitis, acute pharyngitis, acute laryngitis, acute tracheitis, febrile and subfebrile body temperature for 2–4 days, and severe symptoms of intoxication. The duration of the frequent incidence of acute respiratory viral infections is 2 years. The defects of the immune system are a decrease of CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes; a decrease of immunoregulatory index; neutropenia; a decrease of bacteria absorption and digestion processes by neutrophils; and a decrease of microbicidal activity of neutrophils. We tested spontaneous and Newcastle disease virus-induced IFN production during the incubation of peripheral blood (24 h, t 37°C in 5% CО2). The level of induced IFNα in the patient was 4 IU/ml versus 58 IU/ml in control. The patient was prescribed rIFNα2b+aox therapy with a total duration of 2.5 months.
Treatment program:
Local intranasal use of rIFNα2b+aox (Viferon gel, 36,000 IU/g), two to three times a day, 6 weeks.
Systemic rectal application of rIFNα2b+aox suppositories according to a “step-by-step” scheme:
300,000 IU per day, 10 days.
300,000 IU per day three times a week, 2 weeks.
300,000 IU per day two times a week, 2 weeks.
150,000 IU per day two times a week, 2 weeks.
150,000 IU per day once a week, 2 weeks.
Conducted local and systemic interferon therapy led to a reduction in the frequency of acute respiratory viral infections to three episodes per year lasting 5–7 days, proceeding in a milder form. Rehabilitation of immunity parameters occurred after 2.5 months of interferonotherapy, and the level of induced IFNα was normalized to 64 IU/ml.
Summing up the above information, we may conclude that new biological drugs based on mAb are effective and safe, and they are able to neutralize IFNα overexpression in type I interferonopathies, both in Mendelian’s diseases and in autoimmune disorders. At the same time, local and system use of rIFNα2b+aox (Viferon) in congenital and acquired IFN system defects associated with viral infection syndrome, where a differential dosage is selected individually taking into account the rate of deficiency and an adequate, extended course of therapy is optimal because it is associated with positive clinical and immunological effects without any negative and side effects. Our more than 20-year experience has shown that using recIFNα2b+aox in patients with congenital or acquired IFN system defects had demonstrated positive clinical effect and is safe [31]. IFN (rIFNα2b+aox) therapy can be used with very good clinical efficacy in cases of primary or secondary defects of induced production of IFNα and IFNγ. From the other side, it is very important that in patients with a genetic predisposition to the manifestation of autoimmune diseases, primarily vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus, we do not recommend to use IFN therapy.
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It is estimated that between 6000 and 24,000 people are killed globally per year, and 10 times as many are injured. The fatality rate per capita has become very low in the developed countries during the past century due to the availability of lightning-safe structures and vehicles, less labor-intensive agriculture, and other factors, but this reduction has not occurred where people continue to work and live in lightning-unsafe situations. Lightning safety advice often mistakenly expects that the direct strike is most common, but ground current, direct contact, side flash, and upward streamers are much more frequent mechanisms. In developed countries, the injury:death ratio is approximately 10:1, meaning that 90% survive but may have permanent disabling injuries. The proximate cause of death is cardiac arrest and anoxic brain injury at the time of the lightning strike, and, at this time, the damage from a lightning strike cannot be reversed or decreased in survivors. 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Numerical methods are included in computational algorithms to solve large turbulent scales using large eddy simulation (LES) techniques to obtain acceptable results of turbulent flows. However, microphysics processes involving evaporation, condensation and precipitation water using LES techniques are parameterized. These atmospheric processes are simulated using the advanced regional prediction systems (ARPS) code. On the contrary, atmospheric transport of pollutants is simulated using ARPS code coupled with a Lagrangian stochastic one-particle method. The theoretical details of this coupling are presented. Later, we show some laboratory experiments of plume dispersion emitted from gaseous sources, and the results of the computational simulation tool are compared after obtaining good agreement of the gas concentrations on the stream-wise vertical plane and over the ground. 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The public’s response to this extreme event on the social network Twitter is examined using statistical analysis and manual inspection of 185,000 “tweets” relating to Sandy. Sentiment analysis of tweets from Manhattan Island reveals a statistically significant trend toward negative perceptions, especially on the southern half of the island, as Sandy made landfall. Inspection of all tweets uncovered scientific misconceptions regarding hurricanes, and a surprising and disquieting anthropomorphic reconception of Sandy. This reconception, divorced from factual information about the storm, dominated the “Twittersphere” compared to official scientific information. 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Although the term “derecho” is relatively old, derechos were not readily recognized by the general public until recent outbreaks caused significant widespread damage and associated fatalities. Most notably, the 2012 Mid‐Atlantic Derecho in the USA brought these types of storms to the public's attention as a variety of societal impacts including infrastructural damage, power outages, and fatalities occurred over an extensive area from outside of Chicago to Washington, DC The associated damage can be more widespread than tornadoes, and the number of fatalities is comparable to those found in medium‐intensity tornadoes.",book:{id:"5158",slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"Kevin Law",authors:[{id:"15961",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Law",slug:"kevin-law",fullName:"Kevin Law"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50772",title:"Lightning Occurrence and Social Vulnerability",slug:"lightning-occurrence-and-social-vulnerability",totalDownloads:1580,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The occurrence of lightning in time and space around the world is well known. Lightning fatalities and injuries are well delineated in the United States; however, there is much less information about lightning impacts on people in the developing world. It is estimated that between 6000 and 24,000 people are killed globally per year, and 10 times as many are injured. The fatality rate per capita has become very low in the developed countries during the past century due to the availability of lightning-safe structures and vehicles, less labor-intensive agriculture, and other factors, but this reduction has not occurred where people continue to work and live in lightning-unsafe situations. Lightning safety advice often mistakenly expects that the direct strike is most common, but ground current, direct contact, side flash, and upward streamers are much more frequent mechanisms. In developed countries, the injury:death ratio is approximately 10:1, meaning that 90% survive but may have permanent disabling injuries. The proximate cause of death is cardiac arrest and anoxic brain injury at the time of the lightning strike, and, at this time, the damage from a lightning strike cannot be reversed or decreased in survivors. Lightning vulnerability in many developing countries continues to be a major issue due to widespread exposure during labor-intensive agriculture during the day when thunderstorms are the most frequent and while occupying lightning-unsafe dwellings at night.",book:{id:"5158",slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"Ronald L. 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However, forecasts present numerous uncertainties.",book:{id:"5158",slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"Nicolas Freychet, Huang-Hsiung Hsu and Chi-Hua Wu",authors:[{id:"179232",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Freychet",slug:"nicolas-freychet",fullName:"Nicolas Freychet"},{id:"184846",title:"Prof.",name:"Huang-Hsiung",middleName:null,surname:"Hsu",slug:"huang-hsiung-hsu",fullName:"Huang-Hsiung Hsu"},{id:"184847",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"chi-hua-wu",fullName:"Chi-Hua Wu"}]},{id:"51345",title:"Analysis of the Twitter Response to Superstorm Sandy: Public Perceptions, Misconceptions, and Reconceptions of an Extreme Atmospheric Hazard",slug:"analysis-of-the-twitter-response-to-superstorm-sandy-public-perceptions-misconceptions-and-reconcept",totalDownloads:1346,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Superstorm Sandy was the second-costliest hurricane in U.S. history, causing catastrophic flooding and prolonged power outages in New Jersey and New York. The public’s response to this extreme event on the social network Twitter is examined using statistical analysis and manual inspection of 185,000 “tweets” relating to Sandy. Sentiment analysis of tweets from Manhattan Island reveals a statistically significant trend toward negative perceptions, especially on the southern half of the island, as Sandy made landfall. Inspection of all tweets uncovered scientific misconceptions regarding hurricanes, and a surprising and disquieting anthropomorphic reconception of Sandy. This reconception, divorced from factual information about the storm, dominated the “Twittersphere” compared to official scientific information. The implications of such reconceptions for social media communication during future extreme events, and the utility of the methodology employed for analysis of other events, are discussed.",book:{id:"5158",slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"John A. Knox, Brendan Mazanec, Emily Sullivan, Spencer Hall and\nJared A. Rackley",authors:[{id:"179985",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"A.",surname:"Knox",slug:"john-knox",fullName:"John Knox"},{id:"180238",title:"Mr.",name:"Brendan",middleName:null,surname:"Mazanec",slug:"brendan-mazanec",fullName:"Brendan Mazanec"},{id:"180239",title:"Ms.",name:"Emily",middleName:null,surname:"Sullivan",slug:"emily-sullivan",fullName:"Emily Sullivan"},{id:"180240",title:"Mr.",name:"Spencer",middleName:null,surname:"Hall",slug:"spencer-hall",fullName:"Spencer Hall"},{id:"180241",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Jared",middleName:null,surname:"Rackley",slug:"jared-rackley",fullName:"Jared Rackley"}]},{id:"51374",title:"Computational Tools for the Simulation of Atmospheric Pollution Transport During a Severe Wind Event in Argentina",slug:"computational-tools-for-the-simulation-of-atmospheric-pollution-transport-during-a-severe-wind-event",totalDownloads:1300,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter details the theoretical aspects of numerical methods for the simulation of atmospheric phenomena, such as severe thunderstorms and turbulent transport of the dangerous gases and solid particles into the atmospheric boundary layer. Numerical methods are included in computational algorithms to solve large turbulent scales using large eddy simulation (LES) techniques to obtain acceptable results of turbulent flows. However, microphysics processes involving evaporation, condensation and precipitation water using LES techniques are parameterized. These atmospheric processes are simulated using the advanced regional prediction systems (ARPS) code. On the contrary, atmospheric transport of pollutants is simulated using ARPS code coupled with a Lagrangian stochastic one-particle method. The theoretical details of this coupling are presented. Later, we show some laboratory experiments of plume dispersion emitted from gaseous sources, and the results of the computational simulation tool are compared after obtaining good agreement of the gas concentrations on the stream-wise vertical plane and over the ground. 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These could be from floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, or winter storms. Some of these hazards are events with relatively short warning times such as tornadoes or have sufficient warnings from tropical cyclones. This research examined communication of weather information and personal preparedness following the Florida landfall from Tropical Storm Debby in 2012. Another case study examined emergency management issues such as preparedness and response after the 2011 tornado in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The concentration was on emergency management agencies at the County, University, State, and Federal levels. A sample of elderly residents of Pinellas and Pasco Counties in Florida completed a self-administered survey to examine various means of receiving weather information along with hurricane preparedness actions. In-depth interviews were conducted with representatives of various agencies on different scales in regard to preparedness and response following the Tuscaloosa tornado. 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That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. 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In recent years, emerging technologies such as multi-omics, high-throughput technologies, and genome editing tools could assist plant physiologists in unraveling molecular mechanisms in specific critical pathways. The global picture of physiological processes in plants needs to be investigated continually to increase our knowledge, and the resulting technologies will benefit sustainable agriculture.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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