Basic restrictions for time‐varying electric and magnetic fields exposition for frequencies up to 10 GHz.
\r\n\t1. To draw spotlight on recent studies and research concerned with the regeneration process in animal kingdom and models with emphasis on the cellular origins of regeneration.
\r\n\t2. Then, we will be dealing with the reasons for the differences in the regenerative capacity of animals on many levels, including the molecular mechanism, gene expression, epigenetic regulation, common elements affecting regeneration and comparing their contributions to regeneration.
\r\n\t3. To provide new insights into how to promote regeneration in mammals.
Before we can begin to talk about intraocular pressure (IOP) continuous monitoring, let us have a look at some key facts according to the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]:\n
There are 285 million people estimated to be visually impaired worldwide, of which 246 million have low vision.
About 90% of the visually impaired people globally live in low‐income environments.
Eighty per cent of all visual impairment can be prevented or cured.
Among the three major causes globally that cause visual impairment is glaucoma. Glaucoma can be understood as a group of ocular diseases mainly associated with a rise in intraocular pressure. All these groups of diseases have in common the progressive injury to the optic nerve [2]. If glaucoma is left untreated, it can cause total blindness.
\nThe problem with diseases such as glaucoma is that they present no symptoms, so trying to diagnose it without previously measuring the IOP becomes a real challenge. Actual methods for IOP measurement involve the use of medical equipment called tonometers. Tonometers measure IOP over the cornea but in some cases, where the hardness of the cornea is above normal standards, important measurement errors can be produced which do not allow a correct IOP estimation.
\nThere are nowadays other indirect methods that have been under research in the last years such as multifocal electroretinography to know the effects of IOP rising [3]. Nevertheless, with available tonometry and electroretinography techniques, it is not possible to take measurements during normal activities of the patient such as the sleep cycle, stage where IOP can be increased in a significant manner. In order to take an IOP measurement with tonometry or multifocal electroretinography methods, the measurement must be taken by qualified personnel which implies that the patient has to be in the hospital facilities.
\nThe development of sensors with the capacity of measuring IOP inside the eyeball is of paramount importance in order to know with all precision not only intraocular pressure values but also IOP variations in daily activities of the patients.
\nA new measurement instrument is needed that allows medical staff to study the aetiology of diseases such as glaucoma, that is, to provide with a new tool which will enable to know if there is a cause‐effect relationship between daily activities of patients and IOP variations in real time.
\nFortunately, we are at a point where technology has evolved in such a way that biomedical implants wirelessly powered are now a reality.
\nThere have been many efforts in different parts of the world over time to build an IOP monitoring system. In this section, we only present a few researches to give the reader a broad idea of what has been done in terms of IOP monitoring systems but references [4–8] are included in case the reader wants to know more about researches not mentioned in this chapter.
\nBetween the first researches carried out, there is the one done by Tufte et al. when in 1962 in Honeywell, they developed piezoresistive sensors with silicon membranes [9].
\nIn 2000, Mokwa, Schnakenberg and collaborators proposed the design and fabrication of an implantable intraocular system for continuous IOP measurement through OPHTAL project [10]. The system consisted of a pressure sensor connected to the integrated circuits altogether in an artificial contact lens. Three prototypes were fabricated. The last one is shown in Figure 1.
Third pressure sensor prototype.
Humayun and collaborators proposed in 2008 a prototype sensor to measure IOP [11]. Two sensor designs were fabricated, one with a variable capacitor and the other one with a variable capacitor and a variable inductor (Figure 2).
\nThe pressure sensor response showed a high sensitivity (>7000 ppm/mmHg) in both designs, confirming a resolution of less than 1 mmHg for biomedical applications. The authors also conducted a 6‐month study in animals to verify the implant bio‐stability
Sensor design variations (cross‐sectional view).
Sensor device.
In 2011, Melki and collaborators published a study with the purpose of determining the biocompatibility of an IOP sensor in rabbits and comparing IOP measurements from the sensor with other IOP sensor devices [12]. Figure 3 shows the photograph of the sensor encapsulated in a silicon rubber.
\nThe intraocular sensor was implanted in six New Zealand white rabbits. The upper part of the sensor contains the Application‐Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). The external diameter of the coil was of 11.3 mm, the inner diameter was of 7 mm and the thickness was of 0.9 mm.
\nThe animals were observed and examined in intervals of up to 25 months after surgery. From the obtained results, it was found that the sensor had acceptable tolerance by the eye of the rabbit since no evidence of significant inflammation or scar formation was observed in
As seen in the previous section, all efforts to build a continuous IOP monitoring system proposed a wireless power transmission method. This obeys to the fact that having a battery inside the eye to power the biomedical implant can be both bulky and most importantly health threatening to the patient due to the hazardous chemicals it contains.
\nIf we are to develop a continuous IOP monitoring system, we need to approach the problem with a multidisciplinary focus.
\nThe human eyeball measures approximately 2.5 cm in diameter so there is a restriction in terms of the maximum area that the implant can have to be successfully implanted in the patient. Among medical factors that come into play for implanting a continuous IOP monitoring system are the following:\n
The location of the implant must not interfere with the vision and movement of the eye.
Surgery should be as less invasive as possible.
Implant design must be such that it allows the physician to implant the monitoring system in the shortest time possible.
At frequencies between 10 MHz and 30 GHz, organic tissue warming is the major effect in electromagnetic energy absorption and temperature increases of more than 1 or 2°C can have adverse health effects [13].
\nA great number of physiological effects have been observed in cellular studies and with animals when electromagnetic energy is absorbed in levels that cause an increment in body temperature of more than 1 or 2°C [14]. These effects include alterations in neural and neuromuscular functions, increased permeability of the blood‐brain barrier, ocular damage, changes in the immune system associated with stress, haematological changes, reproductive changes and changes in cell morphology.
\nExperimental data available indicate that human exposition in a resting position to electromagnetic fields for 30 min, which produce a specific absorption rate (SAR) in the whole body of 1–4 W kg−1, will result in an increase of temperature of less than 1°C. Exposition to electromagnetic fields more intense producing SAR values of more than 4 W kg-1 may overwhelm the thermoregulatory capacity of the body and produce warming tissue harmful levels. Table 1 shows basic restrictions for exposure to time‐varying electric and magnetic fields for frequencies up to 10 GHz.
\nNature of the exposition | \nFrequency range | \nCurrent density for head and trunk (mA·m−2) (rms) | \nSAR average for the whole body (W·kg−1) | \nLocalized SAR (head and trunk) (W·kg−1) | \nLocalized SAR (limbs) (W·kg−1) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occupational exposure | \nUp to 1 Hz 1–4 Hz 4 Hz to 1 kHz 1–100 kHz 100 kH to -10 MHz 10 MHz to 10 GHz | \n40 40/ 10 ‐‐‐ | \n‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 0.4 0.4 | \n‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 10 10 | \n‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 20 20 | \n
General public exposure | \nUp to 1 Hz 1–4 Hz 4 Hz to 1 kHz 1–100 kHz 100 kH to -10 MHz 10 MHz to 10 GHz | \n8 8/ 2 ‐‐‐ | \n‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 0.08 0.08 | \n‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 2 2 | \n‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 4 4 | \n
Basic restrictions for time‐varying electric and magnetic fields exposition for frequencies up to 10 GHz.
Regarding technological restrictions for the localization of the implant, we can find the following:\n
The implant must have the maximum area possible.
The implant should be placed as near as possible from the exterior of the body.
Both of the previous considerations are based on the fact that the implant needs to maximize power transfer and magnetic coupling.
\nIOP measurement requires the size of the implant not to be so large neither so bulky so it can be implanted into the eye of the patient without causing any discomfort. This is the reason why several IOP monitoring systems are based on radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology [15].
\nGiven that power consumption is a key factor in IOP monitoring system design, we may classify electronic implants based on their power consumption briefly as described below.
\nAn active electronic implant will have active electronic components such as diodes and transistors. By using active electronic components, there is the drawback of higher power consumption. On the other hand, by using transistors and diodes the electronic implant would have the advantage of having more precise and reliable pressure measurements.
\nThe passive option consists of having pure passive electronic components (resistors, capacitors and inductors). The main advantage of this proposal is that power demand would be much lower than its active counterpart so a possible health risk in the patient due to tissue warming is greatly reduced.
\nBoth types of implants will be discussed in more detail in Section 5.
\nA vital requirement when designing electronic implants is to limit temperature increment of the implant in order to prevent damaging organic tissue. In general, temperature variation in a body can be described by a partial differential equation of heat conduction which expresses the variation in the temperature of a body with respect of time, but in order for this equation to be used in human tissue, Pennes incorporated a few extra terms into the partial differential heat conduction equation to describe the warming effect of basal metabolism and the influence of blood in temperature regulation of tissue [16]. Pennes bio‐heat equation can be written as follows:\n
where
The bio‐heat equation may be applied to human tissue without any external sources of heat. For our case of study, however, the temperature increase in human tissue is also caused by power dissipation of the electronic implant and by electromagnetic radiation coming from the external device that will be supplying wireless power to the implant.
\nWhen considering an electronic implant inside the human body, power dissipation by electronic circuitry has to be considered. Assuming that heat dissipation per volume unit of an implant is
where
If a biological tissue is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, the electric field
In order to have a complete bio‐heat equation, we need to include Joule heating and electromagnetic energy contribution. The complete bio‐heat equation can be expressed as\n
Eq. (3) needs to be solved for each particular case of study to know how many degrees of temperature will the tissue increase caused by the implant. For the graphic shown in Figure 4, Eq. (3) was solved using Matlab software. Figure 4 shows a graphic of how an electronic implant heats the tissue of the sclera when exposed to an electromagnetic energy radiation and joule heating. Details of the implant design and characteristics are shown in Table 2.
\nWarming graphic of the sclera. Exposition time: 60 s.
Parameter | \nValue | \n
---|---|
Number of turns | \n18 | \n
Metal thickness | \n0.035 mm | \n
Inner radius | \n1 mm | \n
Outer radius | \n10 mm | \n
Width of metal tracks | \n0.25 mm | \n
Distance between tracks | \n0.25 mm | \n
Resistance | \n150 Ω | \n
Inductance | \n7.84 µH | \n
Quality factor ( | \n3.28 | \n
Proposed electrical parameters for the simulated reader coil.
As stated in Section 3, we can classify electronic implants based on the nature of their components. Next, we describe both options.
\nFor this kind of approach, an Resistive Inductive Capacitive (RLC) passive circuit is proposed as an IOP sensor like the one shown in Figure 5. The capacitor would be a variable capacitor, sensitive to variations in pressure.
Electric diagram of the circuit proposed as an IOP sensor.
The resonance frequency of the RLC circuit shown in Figure 5 is given by Eq. (4) where we can note that if the value of capacitance varies, the resonance frequency of the circuit will change too.\n
From electromagnetic theory, we know that if we place two inductors close enough and we make a time‐varying electric current circulate through one of the coils, it will induce a voltage in the other coil. This is the principle by which wireless energy transfer is done. Figure 6 shows a Maxwell‐Wien circuit which could act as the external device in charge of both delivering power to the implant and reading data from it.
Maxwell‐Wien bridge circuit coupled with the coil from the implant.
The implant is shown inside the dotted lines. If the RLC circuit in the implant formed by
Eq. (5) shows how the impedance of the external device coil will vary by being coupled with the coil of the implant [17]\n
where
And
The main disadvantage for this approach is the lack of precision and accuracy in the measurements. If we were to obtain precise and accurate measurements with a very small error, then both coils would have to be at the exact same place each time a measurement is to be taken. We could assume that the implant is always fixed so in order to make this kind of approach to work properly, the system design must be done to ensure that the coils will remain in the same position for each measurement and no misalignment will occur.
\nAnother important issue to be noted is the transmission medium between coils. So far, we have considered air as the transmission medium between coils. Much more realistic calculations and simulations may be performed if organic tissue is considered as the transmission medium [18].
\nDesigning an electronic implant using transistors needs special care since they require a much larger amount of power compared to passive RLC implants. Electronic circuit design must be done in such a way that warming of the tissue does not exceed 1°C to avoid organic tissue damage. Tissue warming is the main disadvantage of designing electronic implants using transistors. On the other hand, they are very precise and accurate since measurements depend only on having enough power available in the implant rather than if the coils are misaligned or not.
\nThe active electronic circuit for the implant can be divided into three sub‐modules, which are reviewed below.
\nAs mentioned in Section 5.1, a time‐varying electric current circulating through one coil will induce a time‐varying voltage in the other coil. Biasing in electronic circuits, however, requires a direct current (DC) voltage so that is when the rectifier and the regulator circuits come into play.
\nA rectifier circuit changes an alternating current into a direct current. It has a small error though, since at the output the voltage has a little ripple. Figure 7 shows a full‐wave rectifier with P‐type metal‐oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistors.
PMOS rectifier circuit.
To get rid of the small ripple at the output of the rectifier, a regulator circuit is often added.
\nThe aim of the regulator is to deliver a stable power supply voltage for proper operation of the rest of the circuits in the implant. It has a minimum voltage needed at the input below which it will not deliver a constant voltage. If the input voltage is, on the other hand, greater than the minimum, then the regulator will output a constant voltage. This is the circuit responsible for making active electronic implants independent of coils distance. If the distance between coils is enough for the regulator to provide an output, it will provide a steady voltage regardless of how close the coils are. If on the contrary, the distance between coils is not close enough, then the voltage regulator simply will not provide any voltage at all. Figure 8 depicts a Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) topology for a voltage regulator circuit.
\nTopology of a voltage regulator. Taken with permission from [
Once we have a stable DC voltage, we can move on to the next sub‐module of the implant. If the sensor is in charge of transforming an analogue physical signal into an electric variable, the signal‐conditioning circuit has the task of taking the analogue electric signal and manipulate it in such a way that it meets the requirements for the next stage in the system. For our case, the next stage would be the transmission circuit.
\nCross‐coupled LC VCO topology.
There are many electric circuit designs that can be used as a signal‐conditioning circuit. Here, we take a brief look at a voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) [20]. As seen in Section 2, most pressure sensors are variable capacitors which change their value of capacitance according to a change in pressure. On the other hand, a VCO is an oscillator with an oscillating frequency that depends on the value of its capacitor. If we connect the pressure sensor with the VCO, then we would have a signal‐conditioning circuit for IOP monitoring. In Figure 9, a cross‐coupled LC VCO topology is shown.
\n\nThe transmission circuit sub‐module takes the conditioned signal and transmits it back to the external device. A power amplifier (PA) circuit can achieve the latter. Since we are discussing circuits for an electronic implant, it would be desirable to have a low‐power amplifier to deal with the transmission. There are many PAs from where we can choose; there are linear amplifiers (Classes A, B and AB) or switched‐mode amplifiers (Classes E and F). In Figure 10, a class E PA is shown. Switched‐mode amplifiers have a higher efficiency than linear ones (50–70% in the case of linear vs. a theoretical 100% in switched‐mode amplifiers). Chapter 5 in [21] has a deeper explanation in power amplifiers for biomedical implants.
\nClass E power amplifier. Taken with permission from [
At this point, the reader may ask: Why do we even need this section since at present, sensors and electronic circuits can be fabricated on the same substrate? And the answer is: Because it depends on what type of application we want to develop.
\nIt is true that nowadays it is possible to fabricate sensors and circuits in the same substrate. The inconvenience with actual fabrication processes is that they use a rigid silicon wafer as a substrate. For many applications, this is enough, but for biomedical applications this approach is not useful. That is why in Section 2 all proposals that have active circuits in their designs (such as the one shown in Figure 3) tend to divide the fabrication process of the implant. On one hand, they fabricate the coil in a flexible substrate such as parylene, silicone rubber or polyimide so the implant can adapt to the curved surface of the eye. On the other hand, all electronic circuitry and in general all IOP sensors too are fabricated in a rigid silicon wafer. The final step involves connecting the coil with the sensor and the electronic circuits.
\nThe main drawback from this approach is the potential damage that the silicon wafer can cause to the tissue of the eye. Fortunately, there has been a significant advance in terms of electronic circuit fabrication on a flexible substrate. In Figure 11, an electronic circuit fabrication process with Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) on a flexible substrate and photographs of the final chip are shown.
\nCircuit fabrication process on a flexible substrate. (a) Fabrication process of flexible InGaZnO‐CNT CMOS logic circuits. Photographs of flexible CMOS circuits under (b) bending by hand and (c) rolling over a glass bar (∼2.6‐mm radius). (d) Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) image of CNT network film for p‐type type thin-film Transistors (TFT). (e) FEM simulation plot modelling the strain distribution in the InGaZnO channel region under bending (
In this chapter, we presented an overview of how an electronic implant can be designed. We showed what has been done in this area over the years and we pointed to a major medical concern that is tissue warming when it comes to implanting the IOP sensor into a patient.
\nFrom an engineering perspective and despite the tremendous advance that has been made in this area, there are still key issues that must be tackled in the years to come such as power efficiency in wireless power transfer. Another aspect, not less important, is the possibility to have electronic circuits fabricated in the same flexible substrate along with the pressure sensor. This is an area of recent creation that has though an immense growth potential. Microelectronic devices fabricated in a flexible substrate can have applications not only in intraocular pressure monitoring but in many other biomedical applications. And these circuits can not only have biomedical applications demand but also in other numerous engineering fields such as energy harvesting, domotics and wearable technology (clothing and accessories).
Radio as a mass medium employs electromagnetic radio waves through transmitters and antennas, to disseminate information, education, and entertainment to listeners. Attributed to the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) and several other inventors in Europe and the USA; radio has developed since the 1890s to become one of the most widely used mass media in the world. It is argued that despite the immense popularity of television and the internet, radio remains the mass medium that reaches the widest audience in the quickest possible time [1]. Statistics show that radio reaches over 5 billion people, representing 70 percent of the total world population. There are over 44,000 functional radio stations worldwide. Predictions based on research findings by Nielsen and Deloitte show that people aged between 18 to 34 will most likely spend more time on radio than watching television by 2025 [2].
The portability, convenience, cheap cost, and availability of free signals make radio a very popular medium in both developed and developing climes. In Europe and North America, radio is well established and has become a viable industry that generates billions of dollars annually. Within developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, radio is still maturing with many untapped potentials. There exist both state and private-run radio stations in most country capitals and other large cities and towns across Africa. However, their transmitters often reach only a few miles. People at the grassroots, often living in remote communities, are often excluded from these broadcasts [3].
In response to community needs for public information, community radio stations were established in several African countries in the 1990s. Community radio describes radio stations owned and run by people of a specific community to promote and protect the community’s common interests and objectives [4]. Through community radio, people at the grassroots can voice their concerns on issues central to them including; health, gender relations, human rights, security and infrastructure. Countries like South Africa, Niger, Ghana, Ethiopia, and Mali have well established community radio networks. However, in Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, the first community radio was only established in 2015.
The arrival of radio in Nigeria could be described as the arrival of electronic broadcasting to the country. Radio was introduced to Nigeria in 1932. The first radio stations were established as re-broadcast stations for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Radio at the time served as a tool for spreading and reinforcing the narratives of the British colonial government. Radio helped colonial officers to keep abreast with current events in Britain. Locals were not considered in the programing and outreach activities; as the medium was meant to satisfy the information needs of the British colonialists and not Nigerians [5].
In 1951, the colonial government established The Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS). The NBS set out to convert all existing re-broadcast stations to fully-fledged and nationally focused radio stations. However, the NBS soon came under sharp criticism for being too pro-government and not working in the interest of citizens. The NBS was called out for its insensitivity towards the multicultural and religious sensibilities of the people. In April 1957, the NBS was reformed and restructured to become the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC). The main goal of the NBC was to promote the establishment of regional radio and TV stations across the country. These broadcast stations were to maintain independence and impartially in their programing and outreach [6].
Sadly in 1966, the military overthrew the then civilian administration. However, radio under military regimes, still continued to develop. The NBC established radio stations in most state capitals. In 1978, the military government restructured the NBC and renamed it the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN). The main goal of the FRCN was to manage federal government owned radio stations, with supervisory oversight on state owned radio stations. In 1992, the then military dictator of Nigeria General Ibrahim Babangida issued Decree 38 of 1992, granting permission for individuals to establish private radio stations. With the return to a democracy in 1999, Nigeria witnessed an expansion in radio broadcasting. State owned and private radio stations were established in the country’s 36 states. Currently, the FRCN still manages radio in the country. There are currently over two hundred radio stations operating in Nigeria [7].
Infrastructural problems such as limited power supply, internet availability and costs, make radio hugely popular in Nigeria. Many Nigerians, especially at the grassroots, live far below the global poverty line and cannot afford to buy televisions, laptops or smart phones and hence, resort to radio as a key media source for daily information, education and entertainment. Despite the country’s vast resources, most Nigerians are unemployed and live below the global poverty line, surviving on less than $1.90 a day [8]. Battery powered portable radios are widely used in cities and at the grassroots.
Currently in Nigeria, community radio together with more established state- and privately-owned radio stations, work together to disseminate public information to listeners in cities, towns and at the grassroots [9]. Radio functions not just as a mass medium for disseminating general information and entertainment, but also in particular as a medium for disseminating public health information, as witnessed during the Ebola outbreak in 2014 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.
COVID-19, a deadly illness caused by a corona virus was first reported in Nigeria on February 27, 2020. The index case was an Italian construction worker who had returned from Milan. Since February 2020, the number of infections escalated to over 52,000 with over 900 deaths in August. In response to rising infections and deaths, the Nigerian government issued directives for lockdowns and social distancing in the three worst-hit states of Lagos, Ogun, and Abuja, the country’s capital. State governors also issued total or partial lockdowns in their respective regions based on prevailing circumstances. However, lockdowns caused untold hardships for many Nigerians, due to the government’s chaotic and lousy social welfare structures [10].
The Nigeria Center for Disease Control (NCDC) and The Federal Ministry of Health have been at the forefront of efforts to combat COVID-19 in Nigeria. Both organizations have been active in setting up isolation centers, hospitals, and spaces to manage suspected and confirmed cases. The NCDC has also been engaged in training personnel and setting up rapid-response teams across Nigeria’s 36 states [11]. However, despite efforts to combat the spread COVID-19, both organizations have been seriously challenged by a particular problem - the spread of misinformation or false information about COVID-19. The spread of misinformation has been described as the single biggest danger Nigeria faces in its fight against COVID-19. Misinformation has created public panic and is inhibiting efforts to stop the spread of the corona virus in Nigeria and across Africa [12].
As part of efforts to combat misinformation, NCDC periodically hosts daily press briefings to keep the press and the public up to date with its activities. These briefings are often broadcast live on the major national TV stations including the National Television Authority (NTA), Channels TV and African Independent Television (AIT). The NCDC has also teamed up with leading movie actors to produce public service messages on TV to debunk fake news and rumors about COVID-19. Besides, the NCDC has also teamed up with mobile network operators to send weekly SMS to Nigerians warning them on the dangers of misinformation. Through its social media pages on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, the NCDC regularly posts messages showing the daily number of confirmed cases, recoveries and deaths.
While existing efforts have mainly been focused on social media, SMS, TV and live media briefings, the potentials of radio in efforts to combat the spread of misinformation about COVID-19 has been downplayed. Direct observation of twenty-five radio stations across Nigeria over a three-month period (March to May 2020), revealed the airing of only one radio advert titled ‘
There is still a strong need for the use of radio, Nigerian languages and town criers to ensure that correct information about COVID-19 reaches people, irrespective of their location or literacy level [13]. Radio is one of Nigeria’s leading media channels, with a capacity to reach tens of millions daily. There is a need to employ radio in the disseminating of safe and accurate information about hand washing, social distancing and other safe practices to prevent the transmission of the corona virus in Nigeria [14].
Misinformation is a term that describes the dissemination of false and inaccurate information. Examples of misinformation includes; rumor, spam, hoaxes, half-truths and fake news. Unlike the closely related term, disinformation; misinformation is often unintentionally propagated by its recipients. Recipients unintentionally spread misinformation merely due to existing trust for family members, friends, colleagues or influential users in their social media networks [15].
The growing spread of misinformation globally, has been attributed to the proliferation of the internet and digital media channels. More than half of the world is digitally connected. This new information ecosystem has created a fertile ground for the rapid dissemination of rumors, hoaxes and fake news.
Misinformation has a particular advantage over factual information. This advantage informs its rapid spread, compared to the latter. Misinformation is not constrained by reality. It is usually very appealing and attention grabbing. Misinformation is often more memorable than factual information [16].
Misinformation about COVID-19 has mostly proliferated through social media platforms, mainly in the form of rumors and conspiracy theories [17]. A notable example was that the corona virus was a biological weapon invented by China’s for use against its enemies in a bid to become the main world power [18].
The rapid spread of misinformation about COVID-19 has been labeled an
As in most countries, misinformation about COVID-19 has mostly circulated through social media channels in Nigeria. Social media is immensely popular in the country. Social media channels have provided citizens spaces for free expression with little or no government control [21]. With the proliferation of smart phones and lowering internet costs, Nigerian youths are increasingly participating in both national and international conversations. Sadly, these youths are also engaged in abetting the spread of rumors and other harmful content on social media platforms [22].
The first rumor about COVID-19 emerged in January 2020. The rumor held that it was impossible for the corona virus to reach Africa or even survive in Nigeria, due to the generally warm climate. Stories of natural shielding by nature were circulated mostly through WhatsApp [23]. By February, the rumor that black people were immune to COVID19 due to melanin in their skin, reached Nigeria from the USA. This rumor widely circulated through Twitter, WhatsApp and Facebook. After news of the index case, another rumor emerged that COVID-19 could only affect rich and corrupt politicians, hence most poor Nigerians were safe from the virus [24]. At the same time were rumors that taking ample quantities of Vitamin C or bathing in warm water laced with ginger and garlic would kill the virus [25]. Several YouTube videos (all taken down) were made by pastors and several conspiracy theorists in Nigeria to promote these stories.
In April, the 5G theory emerged. This conspiracy theory held that 5G transmitters were responsible for the rapid escalation of COVID-19 infections in Europe and North America and were about to be installed across Africa. It was rumored that these transmitters will cause massive number of infections and deaths in Africa. At the forefront of promoting this conspiracy was Chris Oyakhilome the head pastor the Christ Embassy Church. In reaction, the UK government severely sanctioned his Loveworld News; a channel that broadcasts both from Nigeria and the UK [26].
The effects of misinformation took a serious toll in Nigeria. Several deaths and hospitalizations due to chloroquine overdose and food poisoning were reported. Many people with serious symptoms refused to turn themselves in to the NCDC, but rather preferred to manage treatment at home with phony herbal mixtures due to fear and stigma [27]. In Cross River State in South Eastern Nigeria, there was severe public panic as it was rumored that a nurse and a university student had already infected hundreds of people in Calabar the capital city. People became terrified and refused to step outside their homes for days. Businesses suffered [28].
Radio has the power to promote citizen’s resilience during periods of health crisis. Radio has the potential to influence opinions, change behavior and accurately inform the public about COVID-19 [29]. In order to effectively position radio to debunk misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria, several strategies could be employed.
Using credible sources is probably the first important step towards combating misinformation. UNESCO describes credible news sources as the best vaccine against COVID-19 [30]. These sources comprise of health experts directly working on treatment or limiting the spread of the virus. These experts have firsthand and factual knowledge. Radio stations need to contact and collaborate with the information departments of the NCDC, Federal Ministry of Health and other recognized health-based NGOs related to COVID-19. However, with lockdowns and social distancing, radio reporters have been impeded from physically visiting relevant locations. Investigative reporting during COVID-19 pandemic has become very difficult as reporters are fearful of getting infected. The NCDC has a dedicated website and pages on various social media channels including Facebook, Twitter and Instagram from where radio reporters could source verified information. The NCDC’s social media pages are updated daily, showing the number of people infected, deaths and recoveries. These organizations also publish regular updates on how best to keep safe as well as news on ongoing efforts to find a cure against the virus. At regional levels, community radio stations could collaborate with their state government’s COVID-19 task force, to obtain verified information on the state of the pandemic.
Broadcasting statistical updates at community level is another strategy. Similar to the NCDC’s daily broadcasts on national TV, community radio stations across Nigeria could also broadcast their own daily statistical updates. These local broadcasts should be based on verified information and could appear as short items in the news, or in-between programs. Verified statistical figures help to minimize the spread of rumors and fears about the extent of infections. Statistics help to shape public understanding of COVID-19 by presenting figures that are factual and clear. Statistical updates via the media help health experts to carefully monitor likely infection hotspots around the country [31].
Radio jingles are tools which could be employed to tactically to combat misinformation. A jingle is a short musical advertisement of products or services. Jingles are also used in non-advertising contexts to share public service messages. Jingles work by transmitting sensory messages through sound [32]. When sound is well synchronized with the message, the listener easily remembers the message. Radio jingles are often employed by public health organizations to alert the public about the spread of diseases and to announce environmental cleanups [33]. Radio stations could produce and broadcast jingles to promote the need for sourcing verified information. Jingles could be produced to directly debunk rumors about COVID-19. However, it is recommended that message of the jingle be presented in simple language, preferably, in an indigenous language or in Nigerian pidgin to enhance wider reach and better understanding due to the nature of the general populace.
Expert interviews provide great platforms for debunking misinformation through factual discourse. Radio stations could invite health experts and NGO officers directly working in COVID-19 portfolios for interviews during news broadcasts or talk shows. Interview questions could be designed to elicit responses on the current state of the pandemic and to address any misinformation. These expert interviews could feature call-in segments to allow listeners to directly pose questions to guests to clarify any doubts, rumors or misconceptions about COVID-19.
Combating misinformation is not an easy task. Radio stations will need to involve community. Radio stations could engage in community outreach activities that involve children and youths in efforts to stop the spread of misinformation. Children and youths are an important population group that needs to be protected in times of health pandemics. This group is also particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 if they have any underlying health conditions. Children and Youths have a strong information potential. However, due to their limited knowledge and experiences, children and youths are often engaged in spreading rumors in the playground and during discussions among peers. Radio stations need to tap into this potential by guiding the youths to channel their energies positively towards dispelling misinformation. For example, with the aid of appropriate sponsors, radio stations could organize poetry, essay or song writing competitions that will compel children and youths to do more research on the causes, symptoms, and safe practices of COVID-19. Through research, children and youths will gain a better understanding of COVID-19.
Dedicated segments during the news or program broadcasts are good avenues to dispel misinformation about COVID-19. Radio stations could dedicate ten to twenty percent of news time to informing listeners on the latest updates in the fight against the virus. Best practices for staying safe, could also be discussed in these segments. In Burkina Fasso for example, Radio Salaki dedicates the first five minutes at the beginning of each program to talk about COVID-19. During these dedicated segments, presenters talk about preventing transmission, symptoms and other important information [34]. Radio stations in Nigeria could emulate this strategy from Burkina Fasso.
Radio drama could also be employed as a tool in the fight against misinformation. Radio drama or radio play is a performance art that communicates through actors, music and sound effects. Radio drama is storytelling through sound [35]. Radio drama functions as a tool for entertaining and educating the public on various topical issues. An example could be producing a short drama or drama series to highlight the dangers unsafe practices as a result misinformation; something terrible happens to Mr./Mrs. X as a result of false information about COVID-19. Radio drama reflects what the public think about the corona virus. It helps to correct falsehood and highlight the importance of adhering to scientific fact.
Radio has strong potentials to reach ordinary citizens including people at the grass roots in Nigeria and across Africa. Radio remains a strong source for public information in times of health crisis. With widespread panic caused by misinformation about COVID-19, radio can play a huge role in combating the spread of false and misleading information.
This chapter advocates for the use of the traditional electronic medium of radio to tackle the menace of misinformation created and spread through social media channels. Radio as a medium is not perfect, it has its shortcomings. However, unlike social media, radio has active gatekeepers; news editors that keep serious check on content before they are broadcast. The freedom, access and minimal gatekeeping of social media, make them particularly veritable spaces for spreading rumors and other falsehoods.
Radio stations need to recognize that they have an important role to play in the fight to minimize misinformation in Nigeria and across Africa. News and program content need to be carefully sourced and tailored to ensure that listeners in cities and at the grassroots, receive updated and accurate information about COVID-19. Government and private sector support are also necessary for radio to function effectively in Africa. Sadly, many radio stations are underfunded.
The strategies outlined this chapter, could be viewed as the author’s modest contribution to supporting the battle against growing misinformation about COVID-19. It is hoped that these strategies will be seriously considered, tested and adopted by radio stations in Nigeria and across Africa.
This chapter is advisory and futuristic. It did not seek to measure the effects of radio on misinformation. The author relied on direct observation and consulted primary sources comprising newspaper websites and news blogs to gain verified information on the extents of misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria. Future studies might want to test these strategies qualitatively or quantitatively to support or refute them. For example, what are the effects of radio drama in minimizing misinformation about COVID-19? Do the public pay attention to expert interviews? It will also be interesting for future studies to consider other strategies for utilizing radio resources to combat misinformation beyond Nigerian and African contexts.
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Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of determining the age of deposition using zircon age data. We carried out U–Pb dating of detrital zircons from sandstone at eight sites in the Cretaceous Shimanto accretionary complex on Kii Peninsula, Japan, with the aim of evaluating the accuracy of U–Pb zircon ages as indicators of the depositional age of sedimentary rocks by comparing zircon ages with radiolarian ages. Our results reveal zircons of late Cretaceous age, and the youngest peak ages are in good agreement with depositional ages inferred from radiolarian fossils. In addition, the youngest peak ages become younger as tectono-structurally downwards, and this tendency is clearer for the zircon ages than for the radiolarian ages. These results indicate that newly crystalized zircons were continuously supplied to the sediment by constant igneous activity during the late Cretaceous and that zircon ages provide remarkably useful information for determining the age of deposition in the Cretaceous Shimanto accretionary complex.",book:{id:"5615",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins - Origin of Their Diversity"},signatures:"Tetsuya Tokiwa, Makoto Takeuchi, Yusuke Shimura, Kazuho Shobu,\nAkari Ota, Koshi Yamamoto and Hiroshi Mori",authors:[{id:"150531",title:"Dr.",name:"Koshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamamoto",slug:"koshi-yamamoto",fullName:"Koshi Yamamoto"},{id:"194144",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Tokiwa",slug:"tetsuya-tokiwa",fullName:"Tetsuya Tokiwa"},{id:"204259",title:"Dr.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Takeuchi",slug:"makoto-takeuchi",fullName:"Makoto Takeuchi"},{id:"204260",title:"Mr.",name:"Yusuke",middleName:null,surname:"Shimura",slug:"yusuke-shimura",fullName:"Yusuke Shimura"},{id:"204261",title:"Mr.",name:"Kazuho",middleName:null,surname:"Shobu",slug:"kazuho-shobu",fullName:"Kazuho Shobu"},{id:"204262",title:"Ms.",name:"Akari",middleName:null,surname:"Ota",slug:"akari-ota",fullName:"Akari Ota"},{id:"204263",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mori",slug:"hiroshi-mori",fullName:"Hiroshi Mori"}]},{id:"55296",doi:"10.5772/68112",title:"Alteration Reaction and Mass Transfer via Fluids with Progress of Fracturing along the Median Tectonic Line, Mie Prefecture, Southwest Japan",slug:"alteration-reaction-and-mass-transfer-via-fluids-with-progress-of-fracturing-along-the-median-tecton",totalDownloads:1218,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"We have analyzed mass transfer in the cataclasite samples collected from the Median Tectonic Line, southwest Japan, in which the degree of fracturing is well correlated with the bulk rock chemical compositions determined by the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The results of “isocon” analysis indicate not only a large volume increase up to 110% but also the two-stage mass transfer during cataclasis. At the first stage from the very weakly to weakly fractured rocks, the weight percents of SiO2, Na2O, and K2O increase, while those of TiO2, FeO, MnO, MgO, and CaO decrease. At the second stage from the weakly to moderately and strongly fractured rocks, the trend of mass transfer is reversed. The principal component analysis reveals that the variation of chemical compositions in the cataclasite samples can be mostly interpreted by the mass transfer via fluids and by the difference in chemical composition in the protolith rocks to lesser degree. Finally, the changes in the modal composition of minerals with increasing cataclasis analyzed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) with the aid of “RockJock” software clearly elucidate that the mass transfer of chemical elements was caused by dissolution and precipitation of minerals via fluids in the cataclasite samples.",book:{id:"5615",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins - Origin of Their Diversity"},signatures:"Yumi Kaneko, Toru Takeshita, Yuto Watanabe, Norio Shigematsu\nand Ko‐Ichiro Fujimoto",authors:[{id:"194157",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Yumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneko",slug:"yumi-kaneko",fullName:"Yumi Kaneko"},{id:"204607",title:"Prof.",name:"Toru",middleName:null,surname:"Takeshita",slug:"toru-takeshita",fullName:"Toru Takeshita"},{id:"204608",title:"MSc.",name:"Yuto",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"yuto-watanabe",fullName:"Yuto Watanabe"},{id:"204609",title:"Dr.",name:"Norio",middleName:null,surname:"Shigematsu",slug:"norio-shigematsu",fullName:"Norio Shigematsu"},{id:"204610",title:"Dr.",name:"Ko-Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Fujimoto",slug:"ko-ichiro-fujimoto",fullName:"Ko-Ichiro Fujimoto"}]},{id:"54870",doi:"10.5772/67559",title:"Deposition and Deformation of Modern Accretionary-Type Forearc Basins: Linking Basin Formation and Accretionary Wedge Growth",slug:"deposition-and-deformation-of-modern-accretionary-type-forearc-basins-linking-basin-formation-and-ac",totalDownloads:1773,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Since a comprehensive review of forearc basins was published by Dickinson more than 20 years ago, a significant amount of new data about them have been published. These recent studies revealed details of depositional and deformation styles in the forearc basins, suggesting the formation processes were not unique. In this chapter, we reviewed modern forearc basins to understand how is the basin stratigraphy related with growth of accretionary wedges. The results indicate forearc basin can be classified into two (single‐ and two‐wedge models) plus one (strike‐slip model): (1) the single‐wedge model which is characterized by landward tilting of the basin strata ascribed to asymmetrical doubly vergent (single‐vergent) uplift of the outer arc high with forethrusts (seaward‐vergent thrusts in the pro‐wedge); (2) the two‐wedge model which is marked by contractional deformation caused by symmetrical doubly vergent uplift of the wedge with forethrusts in the prowedge and back‐thrusts (landward‐vergent thrusts) in the retro‐wedge; and (3) the strike‐slip model which is an additional one being represented by transpressional and/or transtensional deformations due to oblique subduction. We speculate that these models spatially and temporally depend on material fluxes at the plate interfaces that affect geometry and mechanical strength of backstops.",book:{id:"5615",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins - Origin of Their Diversity"},signatures:"Atsushi Noda and Ayumu Miyakawa",authors:[{id:"161716",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Noda",slug:"atsushi-noda",fullName:"Atsushi Noda"},{id:"204603",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayumu",middleName:null,surname:"Miyakawa",slug:"ayumu-miyakawa",fullName:"Ayumu Miyakawa"}]},{id:"54596",doi:"10.5772/67960",title:"Paleomagnetic Studies on Miocene Sequences of Hokutan and Tottori Groups in Southwest Japan: Implications for Middle Miocene Rotational Movement of Southwest Japan Block Associated with the Japan Sea Opening",slug:"paleomagnetic-studies-on-miocene-sequences-of-hokutan-and-tottori-groups-in-southwest-japan-implicat",totalDownloads:1524,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Miocene sequences composed of volcanic rocks and overlying marine sediments distributing at the Japan Sea side of Southwest Japan have been considered to form related to the rifting and subsequent spreading of the Japan Sea back-arc basin in Miocene time. We performed paleomagnetic investigations on the sequences in the eastern San’in district, the Hokutan and Tottori Groups. Paleomagnetic analyses on samples from 33 sites indicated that characteristic magnetic components from five sites of volcanic rocks in the Hokutan Group and from four sites of marine sediments in the Tottori Group were regarded as primary components. An obtained paleomagnetic direction of the volcanic rocks has an easterly deflected declination (D = 23.9° ± 20.2°), while that of the marine sediments shows no significant deflection in declination (D = 17.8° ± 19.1°). Through the comparison with paleomagnetic data from the Miocene sequences in Southwest Japan, it is suggested that magnetic polarities of the volcanic and sedimentary sequences are assigned to C5Cn and C5Br-C5Bn, respectively, and that the eastern San’in district suffered a clockwise rotation of 24° at around 16 Ma after the early Miocene volcanic activity and before the middle Miocene marine transgression in the whole clockwise rotation process of Southwest Japan related to the Japan Sea opening.",book:{id:"5615",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins - Origin of Their Diversity"},signatures:"Naoto Ishikawa, Takashi Suzuki and Shiro Ishida",authors:[{id:"194180",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoto",middleName:null,surname:"Ishikawa",slug:"naoto-ishikawa",fullName:"Naoto Ishikawa"},{id:"204504",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"takashi-suzuki",fullName:"Takashi Suzuki"},{id:"204505",title:"Prof.",name:"Shiro",middleName:null,surname:"Ishida",slug:"shiro-ishida",fullName:"Shiro Ishida"}]},{id:"54454",doi:"10.5772/67669",title:"Structural Features Along the Median Tectonic Line in Southwest Japan: An Example of Multiphase Deformation on an Arc‐Bisecting Fault",slug:"structural-features-along-the-median-tectonic-line-in-southwest-japan-an-example-of-multiphase-defor",totalDownloads:1280,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"A geological survey for the Late Cretaceous Izumi Group distributed on the Median Tectonic Line (MTL) active fault system in the central part of southwestern Japan has revealed varied deformation styles. Among the confined deformation zones found in the western and central parts of the study area, some are located far from the active trace of the MTL (Negoro Fault), at distances of up to 300–350 m. Such kink zones may have been generated during a contraction phase of the MTL from the end of the Pliocene to the early Pleistocene. We identified clear active foldings in a narrow zone sandwiched between a north dextral and a south reverse active fault. Western and eastern upheavals of the crustal sliver show ridge and domal active morphologies, respectively. Structural analysis was extended to the north of the MTL, where the Izumi Group has suffered multiphase deformation since the Cretaceous. The phase stripping method was introduced to extract the neotectonic trend, which successfully delineated complicated deformation zones related to the morphological divergence of the MTL active fault system.",book:{id:"5615",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins - Origin of Their Diversity"},signatures:"Yasuto Itoh and Tomotaka Iwata",authors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"},{id:"203882",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomotaka",middleName:null,surname:"Iwata",slug:"tomotaka-iwata",fullName:"Tomotaka Iwata"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54840",title:"Effectiveness for Determination of Depositional Age by Detrital Zircon U–Pb Age in the Cretaceous Shimanto Accretionary Complex of Japan",slug:"effectiveness-for-determination-of-depositional-age-by-detrital-zircon-u-pb-age-in-the-cretaceous-sh",totalDownloads:1473,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Detrital zircon U–Pb ages indicate the crystallization age. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of determining the age of deposition using zircon age data. We carried out U–Pb dating of detrital zircons from sandstone at eight sites in the Cretaceous Shimanto accretionary complex on Kii Peninsula, Japan, with the aim of evaluating the accuracy of U–Pb zircon ages as indicators of the depositional age of sedimentary rocks by comparing zircon ages with radiolarian ages. Our results reveal zircons of late Cretaceous age, and the youngest peak ages are in good agreement with depositional ages inferred from radiolarian fossils. In addition, the youngest peak ages become younger as tectono-structurally downwards, and this tendency is clearer for the zircon ages than for the radiolarian ages. These results indicate that newly crystalized zircons were continuously supplied to the sediment by constant igneous activity during the late Cretaceous and that zircon ages provide remarkably useful information for determining the age of deposition in the Cretaceous Shimanto accretionary complex.",book:{id:"5615",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins - Origin of Their Diversity"},signatures:"Tetsuya Tokiwa, Makoto Takeuchi, Yusuke Shimura, Kazuho Shobu,\nAkari Ota, Koshi Yamamoto and Hiroshi Mori",authors:[{id:"150531",title:"Dr.",name:"Koshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamamoto",slug:"koshi-yamamoto",fullName:"Koshi Yamamoto"},{id:"194144",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Tokiwa",slug:"tetsuya-tokiwa",fullName:"Tetsuya Tokiwa"},{id:"204259",title:"Dr.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Takeuchi",slug:"makoto-takeuchi",fullName:"Makoto Takeuchi"},{id:"204260",title:"Mr.",name:"Yusuke",middleName:null,surname:"Shimura",slug:"yusuke-shimura",fullName:"Yusuke Shimura"},{id:"204261",title:"Mr.",name:"Kazuho",middleName:null,surname:"Shobu",slug:"kazuho-shobu",fullName:"Kazuho Shobu"},{id:"204262",title:"Ms.",name:"Akari",middleName:null,surname:"Ota",slug:"akari-ota",fullName:"Akari Ota"},{id:"204263",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mori",slug:"hiroshi-mori",fullName:"Hiroshi Mori"}]},{id:"54341",title:"Oki-Dozen Dike Swarm: Effect of the Regional Stress Field on Volcano-Tectonic Orientations",slug:"oki-dozen-dike-swarm-effect-of-the-regional-stress-field-on-volcano-tectonic-orientations",totalDownloads:1504,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This article presents new field, geochronological, and geochemical data for the Late Miocene Oki-dozen dike swarm (ODS), southwest Japan. This swarm is part of a volcanic suite comprising mafic and silicic dikes, sills, and pyroclastic cones from which we obtained structural measurements at a various genetic orders and scales. The mafic magmas generated three dike swarms with dikes oriented to NW-SE, N-S, and NE-SW. In comparison, the silicic intrusions do not have a preferred orientation but instead appear to radiate from the center of the volcanic suite. Comparison of the maximum thickness of 37 dikes with SiO2 content (wt%) yielded a critical thickness (T\ncr\n) value of T\ncr\n = 0.2 × (SiO2 − 40). These data indicate that the orientations of dikes were controlled by the magnitude of dike tip pressure and magma overpressure, both of which positively correlate with SiO2 concentrations. The silicic units yield estimated pressures (up to 15–60 MPa) that are large enough to have counteracted the regional stress field, whereas the mafic dike swarm only yielded lower pressures. This result suggests that comparative analysis at a range of scales is essential for the accurate determination on the tectonic stress field by igneous rocks.",book:{id:"5615",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins - Origin of Their Diversity"},signatures:"Daisuke Miura, Kiyoshi Toshida, Ken-ichi Arai, Takeshi Wachi and\nYutaka Wada",authors:[{id:"194873",title:"Dr.",name:"Daisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Miura",slug:"daisuke-miura",fullName:"Daisuke Miura"},{id:"203853",title:"Mr.",name:"Kiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Toshida",slug:"kiyoshi-toshida",fullName:"Kiyoshi Toshida"},{id:"203854",title:"Mr.",name:"Ken'Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Arai",slug:"ken'ichi-arai",fullName:"Ken'Ichi Arai"},{id:"203856",title:"Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Wada",slug:"yutaka-wada",fullName:"Yutaka Wada"},{id:"204024",title:"Mr.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Wachi",slug:"takeshi-wachi",fullName:"Takeshi Wachi"}]},{id:"54596",title:"Paleomagnetic Studies on Miocene Sequences of Hokutan and Tottori Groups in Southwest Japan: Implications for Middle Miocene Rotational Movement of Southwest Japan Block Associated with the Japan Sea Opening",slug:"paleomagnetic-studies-on-miocene-sequences-of-hokutan-and-tottori-groups-in-southwest-japan-implicat",totalDownloads:1524,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Miocene sequences composed of volcanic rocks and overlying marine sediments distributing at the Japan Sea side of Southwest Japan have been considered to form related to the rifting and subsequent spreading of the Japan Sea back-arc basin in Miocene time. We performed paleomagnetic investigations on the sequences in the eastern San’in district, the Hokutan and Tottori Groups. Paleomagnetic analyses on samples from 33 sites indicated that characteristic magnetic components from five sites of volcanic rocks in the Hokutan Group and from four sites of marine sediments in the Tottori Group were regarded as primary components. An obtained paleomagnetic direction of the volcanic rocks has an easterly deflected declination (D = 23.9° ± 20.2°), while that of the marine sediments shows no significant deflection in declination (D = 17.8° ± 19.1°). Through the comparison with paleomagnetic data from the Miocene sequences in Southwest Japan, it is suggested that magnetic polarities of the volcanic and sedimentary sequences are assigned to C5Cn and C5Br-C5Bn, respectively, and that the eastern San’in district suffered a clockwise rotation of 24° at around 16 Ma after the early Miocene volcanic activity and before the middle Miocene marine transgression in the whole clockwise rotation process of Southwest Japan related to the Japan Sea opening.",book:{id:"5615",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins - Origin of Their Diversity"},signatures:"Naoto Ishikawa, Takashi Suzuki and Shiro Ishida",authors:[{id:"194180",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoto",middleName:null,surname:"Ishikawa",slug:"naoto-ishikawa",fullName:"Naoto Ishikawa"},{id:"204504",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"takashi-suzuki",fullName:"Takashi Suzuki"},{id:"204505",title:"Prof.",name:"Shiro",middleName:null,surname:"Ishida",slug:"shiro-ishida",fullName:"Shiro Ishida"}]},{id:"55296",title:"Alteration Reaction and Mass Transfer via Fluids with Progress of Fracturing along the Median Tectonic Line, Mie Prefecture, Southwest Japan",slug:"alteration-reaction-and-mass-transfer-via-fluids-with-progress-of-fracturing-along-the-median-tecton",totalDownloads:1218,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"We have analyzed mass transfer in the cataclasite samples collected from the Median Tectonic Line, southwest Japan, in which the degree of fracturing is well correlated with the bulk rock chemical compositions determined by the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The results of “isocon” analysis indicate not only a large volume increase up to 110% but also the two-stage mass transfer during cataclasis. At the first stage from the very weakly to weakly fractured rocks, the weight percents of SiO2, Na2O, and K2O increase, while those of TiO2, FeO, MnO, MgO, and CaO decrease. At the second stage from the weakly to moderately and strongly fractured rocks, the trend of mass transfer is reversed. The principal component analysis reveals that the variation of chemical compositions in the cataclasite samples can be mostly interpreted by the mass transfer via fluids and by the difference in chemical composition in the protolith rocks to lesser degree. Finally, the changes in the modal composition of minerals with increasing cataclasis analyzed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) with the aid of “RockJock” software clearly elucidate that the mass transfer of chemical elements was caused by dissolution and precipitation of minerals via fluids in the cataclasite samples.",book:{id:"5615",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins - Origin of Their Diversity"},signatures:"Yumi Kaneko, Toru Takeshita, Yuto Watanabe, Norio Shigematsu\nand Ko‐Ichiro Fujimoto",authors:[{id:"194157",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Yumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneko",slug:"yumi-kaneko",fullName:"Yumi Kaneko"},{id:"204607",title:"Prof.",name:"Toru",middleName:null,surname:"Takeshita",slug:"toru-takeshita",fullName:"Toru Takeshita"},{id:"204608",title:"MSc.",name:"Yuto",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"yuto-watanabe",fullName:"Yuto Watanabe"},{id:"204609",title:"Dr.",name:"Norio",middleName:null,surname:"Shigematsu",slug:"norio-shigematsu",fullName:"Norio Shigematsu"},{id:"204610",title:"Dr.",name:"Ko-Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Fujimoto",slug:"ko-ichiro-fujimoto",fullName:"Ko-Ichiro Fujimoto"}]},{id:"54454",title:"Structural Features Along the Median Tectonic Line in Southwest Japan: An Example of Multiphase Deformation on an Arc‐Bisecting Fault",slug:"structural-features-along-the-median-tectonic-line-in-southwest-japan-an-example-of-multiphase-defor",totalDownloads:1280,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"A geological survey for the Late Cretaceous Izumi Group distributed on the Median Tectonic Line (MTL) active fault system in the central part of southwestern Japan has revealed varied deformation styles. Among the confined deformation zones found in the western and central parts of the study area, some are located far from the active trace of the MTL (Negoro Fault), at distances of up to 300–350 m. Such kink zones may have been generated during a contraction phase of the MTL from the end of the Pliocene to the early Pleistocene. We identified clear active foldings in a narrow zone sandwiched between a north dextral and a south reverse active fault. Western and eastern upheavals of the crustal sliver show ridge and domal active morphologies, respectively. Structural analysis was extended to the north of the MTL, where the Izumi Group has suffered multiphase deformation since the Cretaceous. The phase stripping method was introduced to extract the neotectonic trend, which successfully delineated complicated deformation zones related to the morphological divergence of the MTL active fault system.",book:{id:"5615",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins - Origin of Their Diversity"},signatures:"Yasuto Itoh and Tomotaka Iwata",authors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"},{id:"203882",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomotaka",middleName:null,surname:"Iwata",slug:"tomotaka-iwata",fullName:"Tomotaka Iwata"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"657",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. 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Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. 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Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. 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That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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