Comparison of advantages/disadvantages of each wind farm method.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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I have not been able to find or use an appropriate textbook for students whose background is not biomedical engineering. It should be noted that there are many outstanding books on biomechanics; however, they are usually not very introductory or the topics covered are too detailed, which makes it impossible for those audiences to make effective use of the book. The present book is an attempt to fill this gap. No previous familiarity of anatomy, biology, or physiology is expected, and in fact every chapter begins with a review of the relevant necessary background. 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The importance of data analytics lies at the neck of what type of analytics to be applied for which integral part of the data. Depending upon the nature and type of data, the utilization of the analytical types may also vary. The most important type of analytics which has been predominantly used up in health-care sector is survival analytics. The term survival analytics has originated from a medical domain of context which in turn determines and estimates the survival rate of patients. Among all the types of data analytics, survival analytics is the one which entirely depends upon the time and occurrence of the event. This chapter deals with the need for survival data analytics with an explanatory part concerning the tools and techniques that focus toward survival analytics. 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Fractures are biomechanical events resulting from the load applied to a bone exceeding its ability to bear load. Osteoporotic spine fracture occurs owing to diminished vertebral microarchitecture and microfailure of bone tissues, ultimately leading to a compromised whole vertebral strength, and therefore, it is a multi-scale biomechanics event. In this chapter, insights into the micromechanics of the human vertebral body gained by micro-computed tomography (CT) and micro-finite element modeling will be reviewed. 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Woodley\r\nGannon University, Erie, Pennsylvania\r\nBachelor of Science, Biology, May 2009\r\nUndergraduate Research Project: Effects of Plant Hormones on Spore Germination\r\nMentor: Dr. Michael Ganger\r\n\r\nTEACHING EXPERIENCE\r\n2019 – Current: Assistant Professor of Physiology, LECOM, Erie, PA\r\n DAE 1013 – PhD Physiology, Spring 2020, Spring 2021\r\n IPE 1001 – Inter-Professional Education, Spring 2020, Spring 2021\r\n MMS 1006 – MMS Cell Biology, Fall 2020, Fall 2021\r\n MMS 1016 – MMS Physiology, Fall 2019, Fall 2020, Fall 2021\r\n NAT 1003 - Basic Neuroscience, Spring 2020, Spring 2021\r\n PBL 1001 – PBL Modules, Spring 2020, Spring 2021, Fall 2021\r\n PHY 1010 – Core Physiology, Fall 2019, Fall 2020, Fall 2021\r\n SYS 1003 – Renal System, Fall 2020, Fall 2021\r\n2015 – 2019: Assistant Professor, Thiel College, Greenville, PA\r\n Introduction to Exercise Science, Thiel College, Fall 2018\r\n Human Anatomy Lecture & Lab, Thiel College, Fall 2018, Fall 2017, Fall 2016, Fall\r\n2015\r\n Human Physiology Lecture & Lab, Thiel College, Spring 2019, Spring 2018, Spring 2016\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n Health Professions Institute Trends in Health Care, Thiel College, Spring 2019, Spring\r\n2018\r\n Science and Movie Magic, Thiel College, Fall 2018\r\n Animal Physiology Lecture & Lab, Spring 2017\r\n Physiological Basis of Exercise & Physical Fitness Lecture & Lab, Spring 2019, Spring\r\n2017\r\n Developmental Biology Lecture & Lab, Thiel College, Spring 2018, Spring 2016\r\n Junior Research Seminar, Thiel College, Spring 2019, Spring 2017, Spring 2016\r\n Foundations of Biology Lecture & Lab, Thiel College, Fall 2018, Fall 2017, Fall 2016,\r\nFall 2015\r\n Senior Seminar in Biology, Thiel College, Fall 2017, Fall 2016, Fall 2015\r\n Advanced Study in Biology, Thiel College, 2016-2018, Fall & Spring\r\n Independent Study in Biology, Thiel College, 2016-2018, Fall & Spring; Spring 2019\r\nTeaching Assistant\r\n Anatomy and Physiology Lab, Duquesne University, Fall 2013, 2014\r\n Mammalian Physiology, Duquesne University, Fall 2010\r\n General Biology Laboratory, Duquesne University, Fall 2009, 2012, Spring 2010, 2011\r\n Physiology & Molecular Techniques for PT Lab, Duquesne University, Fall 2011\r\n Cell & Systems Physiology Lab, Duquesne University, Spring 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015\r\nResearch Experience\r\nPrincipal Investigator\r\nDates: 2015-2019\r\nInstitution: Thiel College, Greenville, PA\r\nProject Titles:\r\n Examination of the effects of sex, stress, and disease on the fungal pathogen\r\nBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis and antimicrobial activity in terrestrial salamanders\r\n Investigations into the stress hormone levels and physiological symptoms of stress in\r\nundergraduates enrolled in higher level biology courses\r\n The use of Avida Ed software for evolution simulations in an undergraduate biology\r\nlaboratory\r\n The effects of stress on student efficiency in upper-level biology courses at Thiel College\r\nGraduate Student\r\nDates: August 2009-June2015\r\nInstitution: Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA\r\nProject title:\r\n The effects of stressors and stress hormones on behavior, physiology, and disease\r\nsusceptibility in terrestrial salamanders.\r\n\r\nGuest Lectures\r\n\r\n3\r\n\r\n Weird Science!: How Studies with Amphibian Disease Biology Can Stimulate\r\nUndergraduate Research Interests. Invited Research Presentation, Slippery Rock\r\nUniversity, Fall 2017\r\n Stressed Out!: Tales from GNC-Funded Research on Amphibian Stress & Disease.\r\nInvited Research Presentation for the Thiel Forum, Thiel College, Spring 2017\r\n\r\nSERVICE\r\nLECOM\r\n2021-Present Assistant PBL Director\r\n2019-Present Assistant Director of the Affiliate Student Success Program\r\n2021 Coordinator of Affiliate Student Enhancement Course\r\n2021-Present EXCEL Team Member\r\n2021-Present MMS Cell Biology Course Director\r\n2021-Present Dermatology System Course Director\r\n2021 Student Doctor of the Year Committee\r\n2021-Present Student Government Association Advisor\r\n2021-Present Student National Medical Association, Advisor\r\n2021 Curriculum Review Coordinator, Endocrine System\r\n2021 Curriculum Review Team, Pathology\r\n2020 Research Day Judge\r\n2019, 2020 Student Researcher of the Year, Judge\r\n2020 Curriculum Review Team, Musculoskeletal System\r\n2019-Present Academic Advisor for LDP, MMS, & PBL Students\r\n2019-Present Medical Student Application Interview Member\r\nThiel College\r\n2018-2019 Department Chair, Biology Department, Thiel College\r\n2018 Co-Chair, Exercise Science Assistant Professor Search Committee, Thiel College\r\n2018 Member, Speech Language Pathology Master’s Program Director Search\r\n\r\nCommittee, Thiel College\r\n\r\n2018 Moderator, Exercise Science Alumni Panel, Thiel College\r\n2018-2019 Adviser, Communication Sciences and Disorders Advisory Board, Thiel College\r\n2018-2019 Adviser, Chess Club, Thiel College\r\n2018 Judge, K’NEX Science Competition, Greenville High School\r\n2017-2019 Adviser, Development of Exercise Science Program, Thiel College\r\n2017-Present Coordinator, Thiel Science Week Outreach Initiative, Thiel College\r\n2017-Present Adviser, Pre-Physical Therapy Program, Thiel College\r\n2017-Present Adviser, Tri-Beta Biological Honors Society, Thiel College\r\n2017-Present Instructor, GRE Preparatory Course, Greenville Neuromodulation Center, Thiel\r\n\r\nCollege\r\n\r\n2016-Present Adviser, Pre-Veterinary Medicine Program, Thiel College\r\n\r\n4\r\n\r\n2016-Present Lab Manager, Foundations of Biology Lab Course, Thiel College\r\n2015-Present Adviser, Dietrich Honors Institute, Thiel College\r\n2015-Present Reviewer for Canadian Journal of Zoology, Herpetologica and Southeastern\r\n\r\nNaturalist Journals\r\n\r\n2016-Present Member, Campus Lifestyle Committee, Thiel College\r\n2016-Present Member, Institutional Animal Care & Utilization Committee (IACUC), Thiel\r\n\r\nCollege\r\n\r\n2016-Present Advisor, Health Professions Institute (HPI), Thiel College\r\n2016 Lecturer/Volunteer, Career Day, Gastonville Elementary Center\r\nREFEREED PUBLICATIONS\r\nAbi Abdallah, D.S., Fonner, C.W., Lax, N.C., Babeji, M.R., & Pale, F.A. 2020. Evaluating the\r\nuse of Avida-ED digital organisms to teach evolution & natural selection. The American Biology\r\nTeacher 82(2).\r\nFonner, C.W., Patel, S., Boord, S., Venesky, M.D., & Sarah K. Woodley. 2017. Effects of\r\ncorticosterone on infection and disease in salamanders exposed to the amphibian fungal\r\npathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 123(2), 159-171.\r\nFonner, Christopher W. & Sarah K. Woodley. 2015. Testing the predation stress hypothesis:\r\nbehavioural and hormonal responses to predator cues in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders.\r\nBehaviour 152(6), 797-819.\r\n\r\nFUNDING SUPPORT (Thiel College)\r\nThe Carl Hoffman Science Fund Grant (2015). ($10,000)\r\nGreenville Neuromodulation Center (GNC) Research Institute Grant. Examining the Presence\r\nand Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Around Thiel College & Investigation into\r\nthe Effects of Acidic Conditions on Fungal Pathogen Susceptibility to Batrachochytrium\r\ndendrobatidis. ($14,780)\r\nGreenville Neuromodulation Center (GNC) Research Institute Grant. Examining the Effects of\r\nSex/Mating, Testosterone, and Inhibitory Skin Bacteria on Susceptibility to Lethal Fungal\r\nPathogens in Red-Backed Salamanders. ($10,178)\r\nGreenville Neuromodulation Center (GNC) Research Institute Grant. Examining the effects of\r\ntestosterone on susceptibility to a lethal fungal pathogen in red-backed salamanders. ($19,458)\r\n\r\n5\r\nPROFESSIONAL PRESENTATIONS\r\nAbi Abdallah, D.S., Fonner, C.W., Lax, N.C., Babeji, M.R., & Pale, F.A. 2020. Evaluating the\r\nuse of Avida-ED digital organisms to teach evolution & natural selection. Poster presented at the\r\nNational Association of Biology Teachers conference, November 11-14, 2021.\r\nClaire Stoudemire, Mark Terrell, Sarah McCarthy, Raj Gulati, Chris Fonner, & Randy Kulesza.\r\nThe Effect of Clinical Anatomy Integration on Medical Student Academic Performance and\r\nLearning Approach. Oral talk presented at the LECOM Research Day, LECOM, October 29,\r\n2021.\r\nAmy Ritchie (Advised by C.W. Fonner). Effects of a fungal pathogen on mating behaviors &\r\ndisease transmission in terrestrial salamanders. Poster presentation presented at the\r\nUndergraduate Research at the Capitol Symposium, Harrisburg, PA, April 17, 2018.\r\nAmy Ritchie (Advised by C.W. Fonner). Effects of a fungal pathogen on mating behaviors &\r\ndisease transmission in terrestrial salamanders. Oral talk presented at the Western Pennsylvania\r\nUndergraduate Biology Symposium, Thiel College, April 14, 2018.\r\nSimpson, S., & Brook Simpson (Advised by C.W. Fonner). The effects of acid exposure on\r\nincidence of a fungal pathogen in red-backed salamanders. Poster presentation presented at the\r\nWestern Pennsylvania Undergraduate Biology Symposium, Thiel College, April 14, 2018.\r\nAlana Callahan (Advised by C.W. Fonner). The Effects of sex on disease susceptibility in the\r\nred-backed salamander. Poster presentation presented at the Undergraduate Research at the\r\nCapitol Symposium, Harrisburg, PA, April 25, 2017.\r\nAlana Callahan (Advised by C.W. Fonner). The Effects of sex on disease susceptibility in the\r\nred-backed salamander. Oral talk presented at the Western Pennsylvania Undergraduate Biology\r\nSymposium, Washington and Jefferson College, April 8, 2017.\r\nForringer, D., & Bradley Wisnoski (Advised by C.W. Fonner). Examining the effects of chronic\r\nhandling on infection and disease susceptibility of red-backed salamanders. Poster presentation\r\npresented at the Western Pennsylvania Undergraduate Biology Symposium, Washington and\r\nJefferson College, April 8, 2017.\r\nWhiteman, J., & Erin DiFalco (Advised by C.W. Fonner). Differences in skin bacterium\r\nincidence in the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Poster presentation presented at the\r\nWestern Pennsylvania Undergraduate Biology Symposium, Washington and Jefferson College,\r\nApril 8, 2017.\r\nCallahan, A., & Amber Martin (Advised by C.W. Fonner). The effects of sex on disease\r\nsusceptibility in the red-backed salamander. 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Offshore wind energy is a representative climate change response technology that is abundant, continuously renewable, distributed over a wide area, and does not emit greenhouse gases during operation [2]. Therefore, offshore wind energy is the center of global energy trends, including South Korea, and is a major energy source for replacing fossil energy as the core of the energy transition policy [3, 4, 5].
South Korea had an early interest in offshore wind power based on the world’s best shipbuilding and offshore plant technology, but it was not easily pursued due to the lack of professional manpower, infrastructure, and opposition from environmental groups and fishermen [6, 7]. In recent years, the company is focusing on creating an ecosystem for the offshore wind energy market by shifting from the existing top-down unilateral government-led method to a bottom-up-type growth model based on public-private partnerships. In addition, in accordance with the analysis that large-scale project-oriented supply expansion is necessary to achieve the 12GW target of offshore wind power by 2030, ultra-scale base projects are being carried out in Jeonbuk (8.7GW), Shinan (8.2GW), Ulsan (6GW), and Chungnam (4GW).
In particular, the Shinan 8.2GW project, the world’s largest offshore wind farm in a single region, was promoted as a core energy policy by the previous government, and the new government that was just launched in April 2022 announced that it would continue to push forward as long as there are no major problems. Ulsan, belongs to the eastern sea of South Korea, and the eastern sea is very deep, so floating offshore wind projects are being intensively promoted [8, 9]. In general, when the water depth exceeds 50 m, the economical efficiency decreases because the size of the substructure supporting the turbine must be increased [10]. Therefore, in the deep water area, floating offshore wind projects that floats the wind turbine on the water are promoted. A comparison of fixed and floating offshore wind power is shown in Table 1. In Ulsan, global companies such as Equinor, Shell-CoensHexicon, CIP/COP, GIG, and RWE are developing or planning to participate in the floating offshore wind project.
Type | Positive | Negative | |
---|---|---|---|
Onshore Wind Power |
|
| |
Offshore Wind Power | Bottom-Fixed type |
|
|
Floating type |
|
|
Comparison of advantages/disadvantages of each wind farm method.
As mentioned above, South Korea is being evaluated as a land of opportunity to establish a very good partnership with domestic and foreign offshore wind project developers and wind farm operators. In this chapter, we aim to help domestic and foreign developers and research institutes to become more interested in and obtain information about South Korea’s offshore wind energy. The chapter structure is as follows.
Offshore Wind Energy Policies and Implementation Status in the South Korea
Post EBL Offshore Wind Farm Projects in the South Korea
Offshore Wind Farm Support Ports and Hinterlands
In the first subsection, it contains contents to introduce the government’s policies and current status related to offshore wind energy in South Korea. In the second section, we introduce the status of acquisition of energy business licenses (EBL) for offshore wind power projects in South Korea as of the first quarter of 2022. Next, we introduce the offshore wind power clusters and hinterlands selected by the West Sea/South Sea/East Sea region of Korea.
Although Korea has a high proportion of carbon-emitting industries and a high dependence on trade with overseas, the pace of change in energy transition is rather slow [11]. In the ‘Renewable Energy 3020 Implementation Plan’ (2017.12.), Korean government announced the goal of achieving 20% of the renewable energy generation by 2030 [1]. Among renewable energies, it is announced a power generation plan (2020.07.) to complete 12GW offshore wind power capacity by 2030 [1]. Among local governments, Ulsan City, in particular, has set a goal of creating a 6GW large-scale floating offshore wind farm by 2030, and major overseas developers are participating in the projects.
In the detailed section below, we will introduce the roadmap for Korea’s offshore wind power and introduce the most representative offshore wind power projects, the Shinan 8.2GW offshore wind power project and Ulsan 6GW floating offshore wind power project.
Korea’s offshore wind power roadmap is based on the Renewable Energy 3020 Implementation Plan mentioned above. The Renewable Energy 3020 Plan means that Korea plans to build a total of 63.8 GW of renewable energy facilities to increase the proportion of renewable energy generation to 20% by 2030. The government promoted large-scale national projects to increase new and renewable energy power generation facilities, and at the same time introduced a local government-led planned location system for the participation of many people [12, 13]. This is a system to encourage resident participation in renewable energy projects and to share profits. In addition, the Korean government is supporting companies in various ways to improve the supply conditions for renewable energy and to foster a new energy industry. Figure 1 shows the roadmap for offshore wind power in Korea.
Offshore wind projects roadmap in South Korea.
The reason that Korea’s offshore wind power development has been limited and slow is because there were limitations in four stages. This means that special difficulties existed in each of the stages of site development, resident acceptability, licensing, and project implementation [14, 15, 16].
First of all, in the site development stage, problems sometimes occurred in the process of site selection, meteorological mast or LiDAR installation, and acquiring energy business license. Some developers neglected their responsibilities in the process of conducting a wind resource assessment, investing the fishery situation, and prior consultation with residents, and poor preparation led to a slump in the business. In addition, some developers sold energy business licenses to other developers after occupying a project site, which had an impact on the rapid spread of negative perception among residents in the area [3]. These negative perceptions also hindered the good project developers around them.
The second is the problem in the stage of accepting residents. In South Korea, there is a structure in which project developers must independently achieve resident acceptability, but in most cases, there is a large difference in position between project developers and residents. This is because, while residents think that developers neglect their fishing damages, developers think that residents make excessive demands other than legal compensation for damage. In particular, the institutional support mechanism of the state to secure resident acceptance is insufficient, and the government has not intervened in the offshore wind power project because it is a privately-led project, resulting in the sluggishness of the project being neglected for a long time.
The third is the licensing issue. This is because, in the case of civil complaints such as resident acceptability or environmental issues, it is impossible to obtain licenses and permits. Local governments, which are the main licensing authority, cannot actively stand on the side of project developers and ignore residents.
Lastly, there is a problem in the project promotion stage. In the meantime, the formation of the initial domestic market was delayed because it took too long and cost to secure residents’ acceptance for offshore wind farm. As a result, a number of machinery/shipbuilding companies withdrew from the offshore wind power projects, which resulted in project developers ignoring domestic wind power companies whose technological development was sluggish.
Accordingly, in July 2020, the Korean government announced an offshore wind power roadmap that could coexist with residents and coexist with the fishery industry through consultation with various ministries. It introduced a total of three initiatives and announced that it would create a 12GW offshore wind farm and create about 87,000 jobs. The three initiatives are as follows.
Government-led project discovery and simplification of licensing.
Securing resident acceptance and strengthening the environment.
Reinforcement of industrial competitiveness in connection with large-scale projects.
In the first implementation plan, the government produces a constraint map for offshore wind farm to produce a digital map for public web service. Through this, areas with good business potential and little damage to fishing are selected and developed as offshore wind power consideration zones under the government. In this process, the government improves the offshore wind power licensing process to support rapid project development, and establishes an integrated licensing organization such as One Stop Shop in Denmark [17].
The second is to introduce a system that can secure resident acceptability and minimize environmental damage. Provide reasonable compensation to the residents of the area around the offshore wind farm, and promote a project that guarantees mid- to long-term income through the participation of the residents. The government will provide guidelines to ensure fishing activities in the vicinity of offshore wind farms and to share business profits. In the process of constructing an offshore wind farm, it must be applied construction methods and products that can minimize environmental damage, and conduct environmental impact analysis by obligating marine environment monitoring. In addition, regulations will be prepared for project developers to deposit a guarantee to restore the marine environment to its original state after the completion of the project.
Lastly, large-scale projects will be prioritized to revitalize the offshore wind energy market, and KEPCO will build a joint connection (Collector bus) facility [18]. The government supports the strengthening of domestic industrial competitiveness, and prepares a roadmap not only for R&D but also for expanding infrastructure such as hinterland ports and wind turbine components test beds [18]. The above three items are made up of several detailed plans and are being pursued sequentially until 2025.
Jeollanam-do (Jeonnam) is a metropolitan autonomous region in the southwest of Korea. Jeollanam-do has a goal of building an 8.2GW offshore wind farm in the Shinan region as a core policy of the “Jeonnam Blue Economy”, and the national and local governments are making generous investments to create an offshore wind power cluster in the long term. 48.5 trillion won ($38 billion) will be invested over 10 years from 2020 to 2030 [2]. Projects such as the creation of offshore wind farm, the construction of a wind turbine production and assembly complex, the support hinterland, and the construction of transmission lines are carried out in stages. In particular, 2.3 trillion won ($1.8 billion) (investment by KEPCO and power generation companies) will be invested in constructing the transmission line for infrastructure construction, and 218 billion won ($170 million) (Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries) will be invested in the development of the Mokpo New Port [4, 7].
The Shinan offshore wind farm project is a key project in the government’s energy transition policy, such as ‘2050 carbon neutrality’ and ‘Korean version of the Green New Deal’. The southwest region of Jeollanam-do has excellent potential offshore wind energy and is evaluated as an optimal location for a large-scale offshore wind farm due to its high linkage with shipbuilding and steel, the main industries. In addition, it is revitalizing the local economy by creating large-scale jobs and creating an offshore wind power industry ecosystem with a profit-sharing type win-win job model in which labor, management and the civil government participate together [19]. Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), Jeonnam Development Corporation, SK E&S, and Hanwha E&C, and many power generation companies are investing in the offshore wind power clusters such as Shinan-Aphae Industrial Complex, Daeyang General Industrial Complex, Mokpo New Port, and Yeongam Daebul Industrial Complex. This is expected to create the wind power industry market and create 117,000 jobs.
The Sinan 8.2GW offshore wind power project is planned to be carried out sequentially in three phases by 2030. If completed, it can become the world’s largest single-region offshore wind farm, and the first phase is to build a 4.1GW wind farm from 2020 to 2025. 22 trillion won ($17 billion) is invested in the project, and 1500 new jobs are planned. KEPCO and its subsidiaries will create 1.8 GW, and private power companies will create 2.3 GW. The second phase includes a plan to build a wind farm with a capacity of 2.1 GW from 2022 to 2027, and the 2GW third phase is planning from 2024 to 2030 (Figure 2). The support port behind the Shinan 8.2GW project is the Mokpo New Port, which previously handled automobiles, containers, steel, and cement. However, some port areas are being remodeled to be used as piers exclusively for offshore wind power.
Shinan 8.2GW project grid plan. The red dotted line and shades of pink mean Shinan region. Black, green, and brown colors represent offshore wind farm project phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and blue circles represent substations.
Based on the Mokpo New Port and the Daeyang industrial estate, an offshore wind power logistics platform and industrial platform are established to support offshore wind farms to be built in the far and near southwestern seas of Korea and to build an offshore wind farm support cluster. Local governments such as Shinan, Mokpo, Naju, Gwangju, and Yeonggwang form regional clusters to strengthen the competitiveness of the wind power industry at home and abroad and promote local job revitalization. More details will be introduced in Chapter 4.
The government has set a goal of procuring 20% of total power generation from renewable energy, including 12GW of offshore wind power by 2030. Considering that Korea’s offshore wind farms currently have an installed capacity of only about 0.1GW, this is a very ambitious goal, but with full support from the government, domestic and foreign investors are interested. Considering 12 GW capacity, it suggests that the role of floating offshore wind farm at depths of 50 m or more is very significant. South Korea has strong domestic manufacturing capabilities, including three turbine manufacturers (Doosan Enerbility, Unison, and Hyosung H&I). At the same time, the government is eager to use Ulsan’s shipbuilding industry and offshore plant industry as a new economic opportunity by merging it with the wind power industry to create jobs. In particular, Ulsan is recognized as an ideal hub for floating wind farm due to its excellent shipbuilding/plant industry infrastructure and proximity to deep sea areas, and the local government is also actively promoting the development of floating wind farms. There is also a strong political and public will to increase the share of renewable energy generation to reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports, improve air quality and reduce emissions.
As part of the Ulsan Green New Deal project, Ulsan City announced that it would invest 36 trillion won ($28 billion) by 2030 through collaboration with domestic and foreign companies to create the world’s No. 1. Floating offshore wind farm. Ulsan has the advantage that it can be built using existing infrastructure by using the transmission and distribution grids of the Wolseong Saeul, Kori nuclear power plants and Ulsan coal power plants, and using the ‘Donghae-1 Gas Field’ as an offshore substation. The creation of the Ulsan floating offshore wind farm is expected to diversify large-scale electricity supply and demand such as Mipo Industrial Complex and Ulsan Port, which depended on nuclear power, and create 320,000 jobs. In addition, Ulsan City will lead the global floating offshore wind energy market based on this vision and create an ecosystem for the entire life cycle of green hydrogen production, transportation, storage and utilization utilizing offshore wind power. In addition, Ulsan suggested a direction to take off as a clean energy powerhouse by revitalizing the stagnant local economy by discovering businesses that link sea ranches and marine tourism along with the smooth transition of existing main industries. In particular, Ulsan City decided to use 20% of the electricity produced in the floating offshore wind farm to produce green hydrogen that does not emit carbon. In addition, nine industry-university-research consortiums will be formed to establish a 100 MW class green hydrogen production demonstration facility linked to floating offshore wind power.
Figure 3 and Table 2 introduce the current status of the floating offshore wind power project in Ulsan. In South Korea, the potential for wind resource is high, especially in the sea near Ulsan, where the water depth is more than 50 m. The average wind speed of this sea area where the projects are being conducted is lower than that of the North Sea, but as a result of floating LiDAR observations, it was confirmed that an average annual wind speed represents 8.8 m/s at 100 m height between 2020 and 2021 [20].
Ulsan floating offshore wind power project status. Red: Shell-CoensHexicon, blue: CIP-SK E&S, Orange: GIG-Total energies, purple: KFWind, green: KNOC (Korea National oil Corporation), black: Equinor.
Developer | Project Name | Wind Farm Capacity [MW] | EBL |
---|---|---|---|
GIG/Total Energies | Gray Whale 1 | 504 | ○ |
Gray Whale 2 | 504 | ○ | |
Gray Whale 3 | 504 | ○ | |
Equinor | Firefly | 804 | ○ |
Shell/CoensHexicon | Munmubaram 1 | 420 | ○ |
Munmubaram 2 | 420 | ○ | |
Munmubaram 3 | 420 | ○ | |
Korea Floating Wind (KFWind) | KFWind | 870 | ○ |
East Blue Power | 450 | ○ | |
CIP | Haeuri 1 | 520 | ○ |
Haeuri 2 | 525 | × | |
Haeuri 3 | 518 | ○ | |
KNOC/KOEWP/Equinor | Donghae 1 | 200 | ○ |
Ulsan floating offshore wind power project status.
KNOC: Korea National Oil Corporation, KOEWP: Korea East–West Power.
As of April 2022, Ulsan’s floating offshore wind farm project post-licensed capacity is a total of 6.1GW, and all of them received permission from the government on condition of the construction of joint grid access facilities (Collector bus). For the Haeuri 2 project promoted by CIP, the results of the energy business license evaluation are expected in the first half of 2022. RWE and BayWa r.e. have also announced their intention to participate in the Ulsan floating wind project, and are planning to apply for an energy business license starting with a wind resource assessment.
In order to conduct a power generation business in South Korea, an energy business license (EBL) must be obtained, and power generation facilities exceeding 3 MW capacity must obtain this license from the Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy. Conditions for obtaining EBL include securing wind resource measurement data for one year at least, WRA (Wind Resource Assessment) reports, consent from residents, and a plan for grid connection to the power system. As of the end of April 2022, a total of 60 offshore wind farm projects (18.13GW) in South Korea have obtained EBLs and are operating or planned (Figure 4). More than 70% of these projects are concentrated in Jeonnam and Ulsan. The locations and information of the projects that have obtained the EBLs are shown in
Current status of offshore wind farm projects obtained for EBLs. 60 projects with more than 18 GW are in operation or planned.
Detailed site location and planned capacity of EBL-acquired offshore wind farm projects for each sector.
Sector | Capacity [MW] | No. of Projects |
---|---|---|
#1 | 1467 | 5 |
#2 | 2655 | 12 |
#3 | 2502 | 10 |
#4 | 4974 | 16 |
#5 | 6406 | 15 |
#6 | 130 | 2 |
Capacity plan of offshore wind farm projects and number of projects by each sector.
There are 13 projects in Jeonnam that have applied for energy business licenses, but have withheld permission because they do not meet the required conditions. 3 projects in Goheung, 1 project in Wando, 6 projects in Yeosu, 1 project in Jangheung, and 2 projects in Jindo, with a total capacity of about 3.5 GW. Details of these projects cannot be disclosed, but the reasons for the suspension of EBL permits are found to be the failure to adequately solve the problem of resident acceptability, the lack of a grid connection plan, and the overlap with large shrimp farms or military operation zones. The project developers plan to re-apply for EBL by supplementing these issues.
Projects scheduled to start construction in the second half of 2022 are Jeju Hallim offshore wind farm (100 MW), Yeonggwang Nakwol offshore wind farm (354 MW), and Jeonnam offshore wind farm Phase 1 (99 MW). Shinan Ui offshore wind farm (396 MW), Wando Geumil offshore wind power Phases 1 and 2 (600 MW), and Anma offshore wind power Phases 1,2 (528 MW) also appear to be in the final stages of detailed design and wind turbine selection.
Korean offshore wind farm project developers include not only domestic companies such as Hyundai, SK, POSCO, and Hanwha, but also overseas global companies. Ørsted, Equinor, GIG, Total Energies, Shell, CIP, Northland Power, and Vena Energy have entered the Korean offshore wind power market early and are developing their business. In particular, some of these developers are securing competitiveness through joint development by establishing joint venture (JV) with other developers. They are still exploring suitable areas for offshore wind farm to develop additional business plans, and they plan to focus on floating LiDAR by advancing into more distant deep seas.
Numerous countries around the world operate offshore wind farms, and additional offshore wind farm projects are underway. This is possible only if there is a port where logistics related offshore wind power are transported and loaded, installation and maintenance vessels can freely enter and depart, and many supply chain companies can coexist [21, 22, 23, 24]. In other words, ports are an integral part of the offshore wind farm supply chain, serving as an interface between land-based and offshore activities [22]. In Europe, many countries share the offshore wind farm hub ports of major countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, but Korea cannot create such an environment. The conditions for creating an offshore wind farm support port are shown in Table 4, and a study is underway to select offshore wind farm support ports from among the existing ports in Korea that can fully satisfy these conditions.
These offshore wind farm support ports can be classified into three ports according to their roles. The first is a manufacturing port such as turbine manufacturing/logistics management, the second is a construction support port for the installation of an offshore wind farm, and the third is an O&M port for wind farm maintenance.
The first manufacturing port is commonly known as a staging or marshaling port, and in some ways it can also be viewed as the final station on a distributed production line that combines secondary components into sub-parts and performs various other finishing operations. Pre-assembly and pre-commissioning of the components (towers and nacelles) to minimize offshore operations are also carried out here.
The construction support port should be relatively close to the offshore wind farm sites in order to shorten the construction period and minimize restrictions from offshore environment changes [25]. This is to reduce the high cost of leasing special wind turbine installation vessels used to transport and install wind turbines and substructures and to maximize working days. In addition, a berth of sufficient length for a large installation vessel to berth should also be provided.
O&M (Operation and Maintenance) ports generally do not require heavy infrastructure due to the small size of the vessels, and generally the requirements are not very different from those of commercial fishing ports. The most important factor in selecting an O&M base port is the distance between the port and the offshore wind farm. It may be more effective if you plan to service several nearby offshore wind farms from one maintenance center.
It is desirable that an offshore wind farm hinterland cluster be formed centered on such a port, and the cluster is preferably composed of a parts production and assembly plant, a manpower training center, an R&D laboratory, a system monitoring center. In South Korea, as shown in Figure 6, a total of four ports were primarily selected and their suitability as an offshore wind farm support port is being judged. These are Incheon North Port, Gunsan Port, Mokpo New Port, and Ulsan New Port. As in other countries, the existing large commercial trading ports that managed automobiles, steel, cement, containers, etc. have many factors that are inappropriate to meet the rapidly changing demands of the offshore wind industry, so detailed analysis and improvement are required. These four ports also intend to change the existing logistics system to form a modified or expanded port.
Commercial ports selected as a target area for an offshore wind farm support port.
Since this chapter focuses on offshore wind farm projects in Shinan and Ulsan, It will be taken a closer look at the Mokpo New Port (No. 3) and Ulsan New Port (No. 4). First of all, Mokpo New Port has almost been selected as a support port for the Shinan 8.2GW offshore wind farm, and since it is a port built on a rock rather than a landfill, it has a bearing capacity of several tens of tons [26]. It has the advantage of being close to the offshore wind farms to be built in the Southwest Sea, and as shown in Figure 7 and Table 5, there are many shipyards and industrial estates in the vicinity, so excellent infrastructure has been established.
Current status of offshore wind farm support cluster in the vicinity of Mokpo new port aiming for Shinan 8.2GW offshore wind farm project.
Factor | Contents | |
---|---|---|
Site Condition | Offshore Environment | Water depth |
No. of working days | ||
Adjacency | Distance between port and OWF | |
Industry Condition | Integration of Industries | Degree of industrial integration near the port |
Degree of promotion of R&D programs and manpower training | ||
Technical Skills | Degree of proprietary technology | |
Technology level such as parts development | ||
Economic Condition | Transport Volume | OWF projects demand |
Cost (Installation & Operation) | Degree of reduction in business costs | |
Policy Condition | Government Policies | Whether mid- to long-term related policies are established |
Direct and indirect financial support measures | ||
Social Condition | Civil Complaint | Fishing rights, opposition from neighboring residents |
General conditions for development and construction of ports supporting offshore wind farms.
Shape | Name | Type | Location | Role |
---|---|---|---|---|
Circle (Blue) | Mokpo New Port | Port | Mokpo | Support Port (Assembly, Transportation, O&M) |
Diamond | Hwa-won Shipbuilding Industrial Estate | Industrial Estate | Haenam | Substructure, Turbine, Tower, Blade |
Square | Ap-hae Industrial Estate | Industrial Estate | Shinan | Elcetronic parts of wind turbines, O&M |
Cross | Dae-Yang Industrial Estate | Industrial Estate | Mokpo | Elcetronic parts of wind turbines, R&D center |
Triangle | Dae-bul /Yongdang Industrial Estate | Industrial Estate | Yeongam | Substructure, Mechanical system, Cable |
Pentagon | Gwangyang Port | Port | Gwangyang | Substructure, Steel industry |
Composition and role of offshore wind farm support cluster at the hinterland of Mokpo new port.
The Shinan offshore wind farm hinterland complex is being built around the nearby Mokpo New Port and Daeyang Industrial Estate. Mokpo New Port is creating conditions to be in charge of offshore wind turbine/blade/tower manufacturing and logistics and transportation by 2030. As shown in Figure 8, the berth of the WTIV (Wind Turbine Installation Vessel), the logistics loading yard, and the parts production line have already been planned. Meanwhile, the Daeyang Industrial Estate plans to build a convergence industrialization platform by attracting and moving in the wind turbine electric/electronic parts manufacturing and offshore wind energy R&D centers. In addition, Daebul Industrial Estate plans to contribute to the creation of offshore wind farms through the manufacturing of offshore wind turbine substructures and machinery through the technological prowess of the existing shipbuilding industrial estate and the attraction of new companies. In addition, the Aphae Industrial Estate of 100,000 m2 will be built by 2025 to attract wind turbine electric/electronic component manufacturers.
Mokpo new port offshore wind power wharf development plan.
As a policy, the target of the installed capacity of the Ulsan floating offshore wind farm project by 2030 was initially 6 GW. However, the target has already been achieved in terms of energy business license, and the industry wants to push forward by raising the final target to 9 GW. Ulsan City believes that to build a 9 GW floating offshore wind farm, a dedicated port and hinterland of at least 1 million m2 is needed. As of the first quarter of 2022, it is in the initial review stage, but a review to expand the port by reclaiming the sea is in progress (Figure 9). However, the government does not take the lead, and the method of developing directly by the developer is being focused on. However, unlike Europe, where the shipbuilding industry has stagnated, Korea has an excellent shipbuilding and offshore plant industry and has a steady supply of ships until 2025, making it difficult to renovate and expand it as an offshore wind farm support port. If the private developer gives up the investment, there are many opinions that efforts should be made to reduce the risk as much as possible to the extent that the value of the site that has been built with great effort can plummet. As Ulsan City’s efforts are limited, it is suggested that support from the national level is needed. It is necessary to reflect the mid- to long-term possible part in the port development plan so that the floating offshore wind power industry takes root in Ulsan.
Ulsan new port, which is being promoted as an exclusive port for Ulsan floating offshore wind farm projects.
Offshore wind energy is a main renewable energy source that is being promoted around the world, and is an important means of expanding eco-friendly energy and achieving sustainable energy source supply and demand policies. From the point of view of the national economy, the construction of large-scale offshore wind farms can contribute to economic revitalization and job creation. Also, in the mid- to long-term, it can lead to the revitalization of the offshore wind power industry, and can be a solution that can respond to global climate change.
In this study, Korea’s offshore wind power policies, industrial trends, and hinterland ports were briefly introduced. I wrote this chapter in the hope that many foreign project developers and researchers will pay more attention to and invest in Korea’s offshore wind power through the contents of this chapter.
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Sleighter and Patrick G. Hatcher",authors:[{id:"22676",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachel L.",middleName:null,surname:"Sleighter",slug:"rachel-l.-sleighter",fullName:"Rachel L. Sleighter"},{id:"23168",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick G.",middleName:null,surname:"Hatcher",slug:"patrick-g.-hatcher",fullName:"Patrick G. Hatcher"}]},{id:"60097",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75381",title:"Robust Optimization: Concepts and Applications",slug:"robust-optimization-concepts-and-applications",totalDownloads:2562,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Robust optimization is an emerging area in research that allows addressing different optimization problems and specifically industrial optimization problems where there is a degree of uncertainty in some of the variables involved. There are several ways to apply robust optimization and the choice of form is typical of the problem that is being solved. In this paper, the basic concepts of robust optimization are developed, the different types of robustness are defined in detail, the main areas in which it has been applied are described and finally, the future lines of research that appear in this area are included.",book:{id:"6587",slug:"nature-inspired-methods-for-stochastic-robust-and-dynamic-optimization",title:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization",fullTitle:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization"},signatures:"José García and Alvaro Peña",authors:[{id:"227809",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"jose-garcia",fullName:"Jose Garcia"},{id:"240407",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Peña",slug:"alvaro-pena",fullName:"Alvaro Peña"}]},{id:"51131",doi:"10.5772/63785",title:"Survey of Meta-Heuristic Algorithms for Deep Learning Training",slug:"survey-of-meta-heuristic-algorithms-for-deep-learning-training",totalDownloads:3161,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Deep learning (DL) is a type of machine learning that mimics the thinking patterns of a human brain to learn the new abstract features automatically by deep and hierarchical layers. DL is implemented by deep neural network (DNN) which has multi-hidden layers. DNN is developed from traditional artificial neural network (ANN). However, in the training process of DL, it has certain inefficiency due to very long training time required. Meta-heuristic aims to find good or near-optimal solutions at a reasonable computational cost. In this article, meta-heuristic algorithms are reviewed, such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), for traditional neural network’s training and parameter optimization. Thereafter the possibilities of applying meta-heuristic algorithms on DL training and parameter optimization are discussed.",book:{id:"5165",slug:"optimization-algorithms-methods-and-applications",title:"Optimization Algorithms",fullTitle:"Optimization Algorithms - Methods and Applications"},signatures:"Zhonghuan Tian and Simon Fong",authors:[{id:"1952",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Fong",slug:"simon-fong",fullName:"Simon Fong"},{id:"186166",title:"MSc.",name:"Zhonghuan",middleName:null,surname:"Tien",slug:"zhonghuan-tien",fullName:"Zhonghuan Tien"}]},{id:"51209",doi:"10.5772/62472",title:"A Review and Comparative Study of Firefly Algorithm and its Modified Versions",slug:"a-review-and-comparative-study-of-firefly-algorithm-and-its-modified-versions",totalDownloads:2944,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Firefly algorithm is one of the well-known swarm-based algorithms which gained popularity within a short time and has different applications. It is easy to understand and implement. The existing studies show that it is prone to premature convergence and suggest the relaxation of having constant parameters. To boost the performance of the algorithm, different modifications are done by several researchers. In this chapter, we will review these modifications done on the standard firefly algorithm based on parameter modification, modified search strategy and change the solution space to make the search easy using different probability distributions. The modifications are done for continuous as well as non-continuous problems. Different studies including hybridization of firefly algorithm with other algorithms, extended firefly algorithm for multiobjective as well as multilevel optimization problems, for dynamic problems, constraint handling and convergence study will also be briefly reviewed. A simulation-based comparison will also be provided to analyse the performance of the standard as well as the modified versions of the algorithm.",book:{id:"5165",slug:"optimization-algorithms-methods-and-applications",title:"Optimization Algorithms",fullTitle:"Optimization Algorithms - Methods and Applications"},signatures:"Waqar A. Khan, Nawaf N. Hamadneh, Surafel L. Tilahun and Jean\nM. T. Ngnotchouye",authors:[{id:"180330",title:"Dr.",name:"Surafel",middleName:null,surname:"Tilahun",slug:"surafel-tilahun",fullName:"Surafel Tilahun"},{id:"180784",title:"Dr.",name:"Waqar Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"waqar-ahmed-khan",fullName:"Waqar Ahmed Khan"},{id:"185148",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaf",middleName:null,surname:"Hamadneh",slug:"nawaf-hamadneh",fullName:"Nawaf Hamadneh"},{id:"185149",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean M. T.",middleName:null,surname:"Ngnotchouye",slug:"jean-m.-t.-ngnotchouye",fullName:"Jean M. T. Ngnotchouye"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1283,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. However, there is an alternate transform that has gained popularity recently and that is the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a long history starting in 1910 when Alfred Haar created it as an alternative to the Fourier transform. In 1940 Norman Ricker created the first continuous wavelet and proposed the term wavelet. Work in the field has proceeded in fits and starts across many different disciplines, until the 1990’s when the discrete wavelet transform was developed by Ingrid Daubechies. While the Fourier transform creates a representation of the signal in the frequency domain, the wavelet transform creates a representation of the signal in both the time and frequency domain, thereby allowing efficient access of localized information about the signal.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Karlton Wirsing",authors:[{id:"325178",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlton",middleName:null,surname:"Wirsing",slug:"karlton-wirsing",fullName:"Karlton Wirsing"}]},{id:"54366",title:"Solution of Differential Equations with Applications to Engineering Problems",slug:"solution-of-differential-equations-with-applications-to-engineering-problems",totalDownloads:6866,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Over the last hundred years, many techniques have been developed for the solution of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. While quite a major portion of the techniques is only useful for academic purposes, there are some which are important in the solution of real problems arising from science and engineering. In this chapter, only very limited techniques for solving ordinary differential and partial differential equations are discussed, as it is impossible to cover all the available techniques even in a book form. The readers are then suggested to pursue further studies on this issue if necessary. After that, the readers are introduced to two major numerical methods commonly used by the engineers for the solution of real engineering problems.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"56538",title:"Stochastic Resonance and Related Topics",slug:"stochastic-resonance-and-related-topics",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The stochastic resonance (SR) is the phenomenon which can emerge in nonlinear dynamic systems. In general, it is related with a bistable nonlinear system of Duffing type under additive excitation combining deterministic periodic force and Gaussian white noise. It manifests as a stable quasiperiodic interwell hopping between both stable states with a small random perturbation. Classical definition and basic features of SR are regarded. The most important methods of investigation outlined are: analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical procedures of governing physical systems or relevant Fokker-Planck equation. Stochastic simulation is mentioned and experimental way of results verification is recommended. Some areas in Engineering Dynamics related with SR are presented together with a particular demonstration observed in the aeroelastic stability. Interaction of stationary and quasiperiodic parts of the response is discussed. Some nonconventional definitions are outlined concerning alternative operators and driving processes are highlighted. The chapter shows a large potential of specific basic, applied and industrial research in SR. This strategy enables to formulate new ideas for both development of nonconventional measures for vibration damping and employment of SR in branches, where it represents an operating mode of the system itself. Weaknesses and empty areas where the research effort of SR should be oriented are indicated.",book:{id:"6128",slug:"resonance",title:"Resonance",fullTitle:"Resonance"},signatures:"Jiří Náprstek and Cyril Fischer",authors:[{id:"207472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Naprstek",slug:"jiri-naprstek",fullName:"Jiri Naprstek"},{id:"213311",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"cyril-fischer",fullName:"Cyril Fischer"}]},{id:"74032",title:"Wavelets for EEG Analysis",slug:"wavelets-for-eeg-analysis",totalDownloads:1263,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter introduces the applications of wavelet for Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal analysis. First, the overview of EEG signal is discussed to the recording of raw EEG and widely used frequency bands in EEG studies. The chapter then progresses to discuss the common artefacts that contaminate EEG signal while recording. With a short overview of wavelet analysis techniques, namely; Continues Wavelet Transform (CWT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD), the chapter demonstrates the richness of CWT over conventional time-frequency analysis technique e.g. Short-Time Fourier Transform. Lastly, artefact removal algorithms based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and wavelet are discussed and a comparative analysis is demonstrated. The techniques covered in this chapter show that wavelet analysis is well-suited for EEG signals for describing time-localised event. Due to similar nature, wavelet analysis is also suitable for other biomedical signals such as Electrocardiogram and Electromyogram.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Nikesh Bajaj",authors:[{id:"326400",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikesh",middleName:null,surname:"Bajaj",slug:"nikesh-bajaj",fullName:"Nikesh Bajaj"}]},{id:"70067",title:"Analytic Prognostic in the Linear Damage Case Applied to Buried Petrochemical Pipelines and the Complex Probability Paradigm",slug:"analytic-prognostic-in-the-linear-damage-case-applied-to-buried-petrochemical-pipelines-and-the-comp",totalDownloads:2873,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In 1933, Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov established the system of five axioms that define the concept of mathematical probability. This system can be developed to include the set of imaginary numbers by adding a supplementary three original axioms. Therefore, any experiment can be performed in the set \n\nC\n\n of complex probabilities which is the summation of the set \n\nR\n\n of real probabilities and the set \n\nM\n\n of imaginary probabilities. The purpose here is to include additional imaginary dimensions to the experiment taking place in the “real” laboratory in \n\nR\n\n and hence to evaluate all the probabilities. Consequently, the probability in the entire set \n\nC\n=\nR\n+\nM\n\n is permanently equal to one no matter what the stochastic distribution of the input random variable in \n\nR\n\n is; therefore the outcome of the probabilistic experiment in \n\nC\n\n can be determined perfectly. This is due to the fact that the probability in \n\nC\n\n is calculated after subtracting from the degree of our knowledge the chaotic factor of the random experiment. Consequently, the purpose in this chapter is to join my complex probability paradigm to the analytic prognostic of buried petrochemical pipelines in the case of linear damage accumulation. Accordingly, after the calculation of the novel prognostic model parameters, we will be able to evaluate the degree of knowledge, the magnitude of the chaotic factor, the complex probability, the probabilities of the system failure and survival, and the probability of the remaining useful lifetime; after that a pressure time t has been applied to the pipeline, which are all functions of the system degradation subject to random and stochastic influences.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Abdo Abou Jaoude",authors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"163",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. 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He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. 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He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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