\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5381",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Progress and Developments in Ionic Liquids",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Progress and Developments in",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Ionic liquids, including the newer subcategory of deep eutectic solvents, continue to attract a great deal of research attention in an even increasing number of areas, including traditional areas such as synthesis (organic and materials), electrochemistry, and physical property studies and predictions, as well as less obvious areas such as lubrication and enzymatic transformations. In this volume, recent advances in a number of these different areas are reported and reviewed, thus granting some appreciation for the future that ionic liquid research holds and affording inspiration for those who have not previously considered the application of ionic liquids in their area of interest.",isbn:"978-953-51-2902-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2901-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4108-2",doi:"10.5772/62621",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"progress-and-developments-in-ionic-liquids",numberOfPages:606,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"e87c37c4d014c11121453605e6d0f37a",bookSignature:"Scott Handy",publishedDate:"February 22nd 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5381.jpg",numberOfDownloads:51055,numberOfWosCitations:111,numberOfCrossrefCitations:39,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:107,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:257,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 16th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 6th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 11th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 9th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 8th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",middleName:null,surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42658/images/system/42658.jpg",biography:"Dr. Scott Handy received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Indiana University in 1996 under the direction of Professor Paul Grieco. Following an NIH postdoctoral fellowship at Stanford University in the labs of Professor Paul Wender, he joined the Chemistry Department at Binghamton University in 1999. In 2006 he moved to Middle Tennessee State University as an Associate Professor and was promoted to Professor in 2011. His research interests are in the areas of cross-coupling reactions (particularly regioselectivity in the couplings of polyhaloheteroaromatics), ionic liquids (as recyclable solvents for transition metal-catalyzed reactions and electrochemistry), and the synthesis and use of aurones to address biological questions.",institutionString:"Middle Tennessee State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Middle Tennessee State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"505",title:"Electrochemistry",slug:"chemistry-physical-chemistry-electrochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"52792",title:"Are Ionic Liquids Suitable as New Components in Working Mixtures for Absorption Heat Transformers?",doi:"10.5772/65756",slug:"are-ionic-liquids-suitable-as-new-components-in-working-mixtures-for-absorption-heat-transformers-",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The working mixture almost exclusively used to operate absorption heat transformers (AHT) is {H2O + LiBr} ({H2O + NH3} can also be used). Unfortunately, both working pairs present some drawbacks: corrosivity, toxicity, crystallization or high working pressure. Ionic liquids (ILs) possess very interesting properties (thermal stability, possible miscibility with water, negligible vapor pressure) that make them good candidates to be used as absorbents in AHT. This paper aims at providing an overview of available thermodynamic data concerning {H2O + IL} mixtures that could be used to operate an AHT.",signatures:"El-Shaimaa Abumandour, Fabrice Mutelet and Dominique Alonso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52792",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52792",authors:[{id:"186677",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",surname:"Mutelet",slug:"fabrice-mutelet",fullName:"Fabrice Mutelet"},{id:"194344",title:"Dr.",name:"El Shaimaa",surname:"Abumandour",slug:"el-shaimaa-abumandour",fullName:"El Shaimaa Abumandour"},{id:"194345",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",surname:"Alonso",slug:"dominique-alonso",fullName:"Dominique Alonso"}],corrections:null},{id:"52701",title:"Gas Sensing Ionic Liquids on Quartz Crystal Microbalance",doi:"10.5772/65793",slug:"gas-sensing-ionic-liquids-on-quartz-crystal-microbalance",totalDownloads:2057,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recent advances in “designer solvents” have facilitated the development of ultrasensitive gas sensing ionic liquids (SILs) based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) that can real‐time detect and discriminate volatile molecules. The amalgamation of tailored‐made SILs and label‐free QCM resulted in a new class of qualitative and semi‐quantitative gas sensing device, which represents a model system of electronic nose. Because a myriad of human‐made or naturally occurring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are of great interest in many areas, several functional SILs have been designed to detect gaseous aldehyde, ketone, amine and azide molecules chemoselectively in our laboratory. The versatility of this platform lies in the selective capture of volatile compounds by thin‐coated reactive SILs on QCM at room temperature. Notably, the detection limit of the prototype system can be as low as single‐digit parts‐per‐billion. This chapter briefly introduces some conventional gas sensing approaches and collates recent research results in the integration of SILs and QCM and finally gives an account of the state‐of‐the‐art gas sensing technology.",signatures:"Yi-Pin Chang and Yen-Ho Chu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52701",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52701",authors:[{id:"186787",title:"Prof.",name:"Yen-Ho",surname:"Chu",slug:"yen-ho-chu",fullName:"Yen-Ho Chu"},{id:"193332",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Pin",surname:"Chang",slug:"yi-pin-chang",fullName:"Yi-Pin Chang"}],corrections:null},{id:"52678",title:"Application of Ionic Liquids in Paper Properties and Preservation",doi:"10.5772/65860",slug:"application-of-ionic-liquids-in-paper-properties-and-preservation",totalDownloads:1921,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For centuries, paper has been an important medium of information. Currently, the basic risk to the paper collection is “acidic paper” and the action of enzymes secreted by microorganisms on them. In order to ‘prolong life’ of these materials, in recent years, various chemical compounds have been used. In this chapter, ionic liquids (IL) are explored as substances for deacidification of paper and its conservation, including antifungal activity. The use of these substances in the manufacturing of paper is possible, but the ingredients play an important role. Imidazolium IL cause an increase in the pH (deacidification) of historical papers and do not cause worsening of their strength properties, but these compound can cause a colour change. Benzalkonium dl‐lactate and didecyldimethylammonium dl‐lactate and derivatives of 1,2,4‐triazole are used as effective inhibitors of growth of moulds on paper. The best antifungal activity in these ionic liquids is observed in the paper pine at a concentration of 5% and weakest in the samples from the pulp after chemical‐thermomechanical treatment. New paper impregnated with ionic liquids is characterised by an increase in tear resistance, reduction of breaking length and a favourable influence on the paper colour.",signatures:"Koziróg Anna and Wysocka‐Robak Agnieszka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52678",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52678",authors:[{id:"187043",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Anna",surname:"Koziróg",slug:"anna-kozirog",fullName:"Anna Koziróg"},{id:"187824",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Wysocka-Robak",slug:"agnieszka-wysocka-robak",fullName:"Agnieszka Wysocka-Robak"}],corrections:null},{id:"53570",title:"The Role of Ionic Liquids in Protein Folding/Unfolding Studies",doi:"10.5772/65924",slug:"the-role-of-ionic-liquids-in-protein-folding-unfolding-studies",totalDownloads:1962,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as novel solvent medium for several biotechnological processes in vitro. The use of ILs starts from protein extraction to catalysis to folding/unfolding studies. ILs are becoming the most favorite non-aqueous medium for protein studies due to their unique ionic combinations (cation + anion) and tunable physical properties. In this context, several research results have been published that use of pure or aqueous IL solutions as stabilizer for proteins. Hence, herein, in this chapter, we present a collection of research work that focuses on the importance of ILs (and their mixture) in protein stabilities. In addition, we have also reviewed the unique properties of ILs as counteracting solvents for cold-induced denaturation and also their refolding properties. This report will definitely generate a new understanding for the ILs, their importance and applicability in protein folding studies.",signatures:"Awanish Kumar, Meena Bisht, Indrani Jha and Pannuru Venkatesu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53570",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53570",authors:[{id:"51969",title:"Dr.",name:"Pannuru",surname:"Venkatesu",slug:"pannuru-venkatesu",fullName:"Pannuru Venkatesu"},{id:"194694",title:"Dr.",name:"Awanish",surname:"Kumar",slug:"awanish-kumar",fullName:"Awanish Kumar"},{id:"194695",title:"Ms.",name:"Meena",surname:"Bisht",slug:"meena-bisht",fullName:"Meena Bisht"},{id:"194696",title:"Ms.",name:"Indrani",surname:"Jha",slug:"indrani-jha",fullName:"Indrani Jha"}],corrections:null},{id:"52714",title:"Ionic Liquid-Induced Unique Structural Transitions of Proteins",doi:"10.5772/65886",slug:"ionic-liquid-induced-unique-structural-transitions-of-proteins",totalDownloads:1720,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The structural transitions of proteins in aqueous solutions of various ionic liquids (ILs) over a wide concentration range (x (mol% IL) = 0–30) were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared and near-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy combined with small-angle X-ray scattering. The proteins in the aqueous IL solutions showed two structural transition patterns: (i) the folded state → unfolded state → partial globular state (α-helical formation disrupted tertiary structure) and (ii) the folded state → unfolded state → aggregation (amyloid-like aggregation or disordered aggregation). We found that the helical formation of proteins in the condensed IL solutions was strongly related to the competition between the low polarity and denaturation effect of ions. Moreover, the amyloid-like aggregate formation correlated with the competition between the size of the confined water assemblies in the IL layer and the IL-amino acid residue interactions. On the basis of these results, we discussed the future applications of ILs, including their use as cryoprotectants for proteins and as agents for the suppression of amyloid formation.",signatures:"Takahiro Takekiyo and Yukihiro Yoshimura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52714",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52714",authors:[{id:"56128",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Takahiro",surname:"Takekiyo",slug:"takahiro-takekiyo",fullName:"Takahiro Takekiyo"}],corrections:null},{id:"52770",title:"Green Composites from Ionic Liquid-Assisted Processing of Sustainable Resources: A Brief Overview",doi:"10.5772/65796",slug:"green-composites-from-ionic-liquid-assisted-processing-of-sustainable-resources-a-brief-overview",totalDownloads:1859,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The massive use of synthetic, petroleum-based polymeric composites has disturbed the fragile environmental equilibrium of our planet. Composites made solely from polysaccharides can offer unique intrinsic properties such as renewability, biodegradability, easy availability, eco-friendliness, facile processing, flexibility, and exciting physico-mechanical characteristics. The development of green processing of lignocellulosic materials and bio-based polymers such as cellulose, starch, chitin, and chitosan, the most abundant biorenewable materials on earth, is urgent from the perspectives of both environmental protection and sustainability in materials industries. Recently, the enormous potential of ionic liquids (ILs) as an alternative to ecologically harmful conventional organic solvents has been well recognized. Presently, a wide range of pronounced approaches have been explored to further improve the performance of ionic liquid-based processing of polysaccharides for green composite manufacturing. This review presents recent technological developments in which the advantages of ionic liquids as a dissolution medium for polysaccharides for production of plethora of green composites have been gradually realized.",signatures:"Hamayoun Mahmood, Muhammad Moniruzzaman, Suzana Yusup\nand Hazizan Md. Akil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52770",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52770",authors:[{id:"25173",title:"Prof.",name:"Suzana",surname:"Yusup",slug:"suzana-yusup",fullName:"Suzana Yusup"},{id:"187470",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Moniruzzaman",slug:"muhammad-moniruzzaman",fullName:"Muhammad Moniruzzaman"},{id:"194088",title:"Mr.",name:"Hamayoun",surname:"Mahmood",slug:"hamayoun-mahmood",fullName:"Hamayoun Mahmood"},{id:"194089",title:"Prof.",name:"Hazizan",surname:"Md Akil",slug:"hazizan-md-akil",fullName:"Hazizan Md Akil"}],corrections:null},{id:"52727",title:"Ionic Liquids as Electrodeposition Additives and Corrosion Inhibitors",doi:"10.5772/65807",slug:"ionic-liquids-as-electrodeposition-additives-and-corrosion-inhibitors",totalDownloads:1864,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts with a melting point of 100°C or below and solely consist of cations and anions. As a kind of novel green solvent, ILs have been obtained broad and deep investigations, and enormous progresses in various fields have been made during the recent 20 years. Despite the fact that the application studies of ILs have been proposed in various fields, no processes have yet been developed to an industrial scale. However, the main interests are still focused on their industrial applications. In this chapter, two perspective applications of ILs in electrochemical fields including additives for metal electrodeposition and inhibitors for metal anti-corrosion were introduced.",signatures:"Zhang Qibo and Hua Yixin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52727",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52727",authors:[{id:"187037",title:"Dr.",name:"Qibo",surname:"Zhang",slug:"qibo-zhang",fullName:"Qibo Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"53263",title:"Ionic Liquid Enhancement of Polymer Electrolyte Conductivity and their Effects on the Performance of Electrochemical Devices",doi:"10.5772/65752",slug:"ionic-liquid-enhancement-of-polymer-electrolyte-conductivity-and-their-effects-on-the-performance-of",totalDownloads:2200,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts at ambient temperature and consist of poorly coordinating cations and anions. They have good electrical conductivity with a wide voltage window and high thermal stability, but negligible vapor pressure. ILs can enhance ionic conductivity when added to polymer electrolytes. Conductivity enhancement is due to the additional ions supplied by the IL, the plasticizing nature of the IL and the low viscosity that facilitates ion mobility. The plasticizing nature of ILs softens the polymer chain giving rise to easier polymer segmental motion. Increase in polymer segmental motion implies that IL can increase amorphousness of a polymer electrolyte (PE). This article discusses the involvement of ionic liquid as electrolytes in selected devices, namely dye sensitized photovoltaics, batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors.",signatures:"Siti Nor Farhana Yusuf, Rosiyah Yahya and Abdul Kariem Arof",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53263",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53263",authors:[{id:"186084",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Kariem",surname:"Arof",slug:"abdul-kariem-arof",fullName:"Abdul Kariem Arof"},{id:"194500",title:"Ms.",name:"Siti Nor Farhana",surname:"Yusuf",slug:"siti-nor-farhana-yusuf",fullName:"Siti Nor Farhana Yusuf"}],corrections:null},{id:"52637",title:"Recent Advances in Electrocatalytic Applications of Ionic Liquids",doi:"10.5772/65808",slug:"recent-advances-in-electrocatalytic-applications-of-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:1832,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ionic liquids have emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative to the volatile organic solvents. Being designer solvents, they can be modulated to suit the reaction conditions, therefore earning the name “task-specific ionic liquids.” Though primarily used as solvents, they are now finding applications in various fields such as catalysis, electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and material science to mention a few. The goal of this chapter is focused on the electrocatalytic applications of ionic liquids, which can be used as catalysts and catalytic supports in electrochemistry. Their scope has marched beyond academic research laboratories to industries where their practical applications have been leading to various sustainable technologies. Flexibility to modulate properties by changing design endows freedom to a chemist to design an ionic liquid according to one’s own requirement. To conclude, it can be said that the field of ionic liquid electrocatalysis holds enormous possibilities to be explored.",signatures:"Yu Lin Hu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52637",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52637",authors:[{id:"186736",title:"Dr.",name:"Hu",surname:"Yu Lin",slug:"hu-yu-lin",fullName:"Hu Yu Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"53163",title:"Purification of Rare Earth Amide Salts by Hydrometallurgy and Electrodeposition of Rare Earth Metals Using Ionic Liquids",doi:"10.5772/66300",slug:"purification-of-rare-earth-amide-salts-by-hydrometallurgy-and-electrodeposition-of-rare-earth-metals",totalDownloads:1682,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper reports a novel bench-scale hydrometallurgical procedure and electrodeposition using triethyl-pentyl-phosphonium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)amide ([P2225][TFSA]) ionic liquids (ILs) for the recovery of rare earth (RE) metals from spent Nd-Fe-B magnets. The hydrometallurgical treatments were carried out at bench scale to produce RE amide salts of high purity. In the leaching process employing 1.7 kg of oxidized Nd-Fe-B fine powder and 14.2 L of an acid medium of 1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]methanesulfonamide (H[TFSA]), selective leaching of RE ions (85.7±5.8% Nd) was performed at bench scale. Then, Fe (<99.9%) was successfully separated from RE ions in the deironization process. The total amount of the recovered amide salts through the evaporation treatment using a spray dryer was 3.57 kg. From the CV/EQCM measurements for Nd(III) at 373 K, a clear cathodic peak with the mass increased, and the ηρ decreased was observed at −2.79 V. Considering our previous investigations, the reduction of Nd(III)/Nd(0) was indicated as [Nd(III)(TFSA)5]2− + 3e− → Nd(0) + 5[TFSA]−. In addition, the Mapp value in the range of −2.49 V ~ −2.94 V was 46.8 g mol−1, which was close to the theoretical value for the electrodeposition reaction of Nd(III)/Nd(0), 48.1 g mol−1. Moreover, the electrodeposition of Nd(0) was carried out under the condition of −3.20 V versus Fc/Fc+ at 373 K. The electrodeposits were identified with the metallic Nd in the middle layer investigated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Finally, we demonstrated that the novel recovery process consisted of hydrometallurgy and electrodeposition using ILs was effective by calculating material flow.",signatures:"Masahiko Matsumiya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53163",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53163",authors:[{id:"174795",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Masahiko",surname:"Matsumiya",slug:"masahiko-matsumiya",fullName:"Masahiko Matsumiya"}],corrections:null},{id:"52110",title:"Electrodeposition from Deep Eutectic Solvents",doi:"10.5772/64935",slug:"electrodeposition-from-deep-eutectic-solvents",totalDownloads:3488,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:29,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Deep eutectic solvents constitute a class of compounds sharing many similarities with properly named ionic liquids. The accepted definition of ionic liquid is a fluid (liquid for T<100 °C) consisting of ions, while DES are eutectic mixtures of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases. Their most attractive properties are the wide potential windows and the chemical properties largely different from aqueous solutions. In the last few decades, the possibility to electrodeposit decorative and functional coatings employing deep eutectic solvents as electrolytes has been widely investigated. A large number of the deposition procedures described in literature, however, cannot find application in the industrial practice due to competition with existing processes, cost or difficult scalability. From one side, there is the real potential to replace existing plating protocols and to find niche applications for high added-value productions; to the other one, this paves the path towards the electrodeposition of metals and alloys thermodynamically impossible to be obtained via usual aqueous solution processes. The main aim of this chapter is therefore the critical discussion of the applicability of deep eutectic solvents to the electrodeposition of metals and alloys, with a particular attention to the industrial and applicative point of view.",signatures:"R. Bernasconi, G. Panzeri, A. Accogli, F. Liberale, L. Nobili and L.\nMagagnin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52110",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52110",authors:[{id:"188210",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Luca",surname:"Magagnin",slug:"luca-magagnin",fullName:"Luca Magagnin"},{id:"194387",title:"MSc.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Bernasconi",slug:"roberto-bernasconi",fullName:"Roberto Bernasconi"},{id:"194388",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriele",surname:"Panzeri",slug:"gabriele-panzeri",fullName:"Gabriele Panzeri"},{id:"194389",title:"MSc.",name:"Alessandra",surname:"Accogli",slug:"alessandra-accogli",fullName:"Alessandra Accogli"},{id:"194390",title:"MSc.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Liberale",slug:"francesco-liberale",fullName:"Francesco Liberale"},{id:"194391",title:"Prof.",name:"Luca",surname:"Nobili",slug:"luca-nobili",fullName:"Luca Nobili"}],corrections:null},{id:"52726",title:"Electrodeposition of Zn, Cu, and Zn-Cu Alloys from Deep Eutectic Solvents",doi:"10.5772/65883",slug:"electrodeposition-of-zn-cu-and-zn-cu-alloys-from-deep-eutectic-solvents",totalDownloads:1990,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) comprising choline chloride (ChCl) with either urea or ethylene glycol (EG) have been successfully used as powerful and potential electrolytes for extracting metals from their corresponding metal oxide precursors. In this work, for electrodeposition of Zn and Zn-Cu alloys, ChCl/urea-based DES was employed. Cyclic voltammetry study demonstrates that the reduction of Zn(II) to Zn is a diffusion-controlled quasi-reversible, one-step, two electrons transfer process. Micro-/nanostructured Zn and Zn-Cu alloys films have been electrodeposited directly from their metal oxide precursors in DES, and the Zn and Zn-Cu alloy films exhibit homogeneous morphologies with controlled particle sizes. Besides, the electrodeposition of Cu from CuO in the eutectics based on ChCl with urea and EG has been investigated, respectively. The higher coordinated Cu species in the ChCl/urea-based DES are obviously more difficult to reduce, and higher overpotential is needed to drive the nucleation process compared with the lower coordinated Cu species in the ChCl/EG-based DES. The surface morphology of the Cu electrodeposits is significantly affected by the type of DES and the electrodeposition potentials. Furthermore, the Cu electrodeposits obtained in the ChCl/urea-based DES possess more dense microstructures than those produced in the ChCl/EG-based DES.",signatures:"Xingli Zou, Xionggang Lu and Xueliang Xie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52726",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52726",authors:[{id:"188131",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Xingli",surname:"Zou",slug:"xingli-zou",fullName:"Xingli Zou"},{id:"194353",title:"Prof.",name:"Xionggang",surname:"Lu",slug:"xionggang-lu",fullName:"Xionggang Lu"},{id:"194354",title:"Dr.",name:"Xueliang",surname:"Xie",slug:"xueliang-xie",fullName:"Xueliang Xie"}],corrections:null},{id:"52994",title:"Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on Pyridinium Salts",doi:"10.5772/65757",slug:"ionic-liquid-crystals-based-on-pyridinium-salts",totalDownloads:2720,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes the liquid crystalline properties of the ionic liquid crystals (ILC) based on pyridinium salts as well as their metal-containing compounds with an emphasis on the recent systems described in literature. The main factors that influence the liquid crystalline properties of pyridinium ILC are discussed. Selected thermal data are given according to mesogenic group employed and its position (either N-substitution or pyridinium ring substitution) and the number of structural cationic units (mono-, di-, or polycationic pyridinium ILC).",signatures:"Viorel Cîrcu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52994",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52994",authors:[{id:"76798",title:"Dr.",name:"Viorel",surname:"Cîrcu",slug:"viorel-circu",fullName:"Viorel Cîrcu"}],corrections:null},{id:"53307",title:"Ionic Liquids/Ionic Liquid Crystals for Safe and Sustainable Energy Storage Systems",doi:"10.5772/65888",slug:"ionic-liquids-ionic-liquid-crystals-for-safe-and-sustainable-energy-storage-systems",totalDownloads:3173,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Ionic liquid crystals are organic salts having synergistic properties of ionic liquids and liquid crystalline materials endowed with non-covalently bound delocalised ion pairs of large organic cations and anions. They can undergo stimulus-responsive anisotropic phase change, followed by enhancement in ionic diffusion and conductivity, which makes them ideal candidates as electrolyte in energy storage systems. Our goal in this chapter is to survey the key developments in the field of ionic liquid crystalline electrolytes and to generate curiosity in the wider research community in tackling challenges in the electrolyte materials for sustainable energy related devices, such as supercapacitors, Li batteries, fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).",signatures:"Sudha J. Devaki and Renjith Sasi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53307",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53307",authors:[{id:"187911",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sudha",surname:"J Devaki",slug:"sudha-j-devaki",fullName:"Sudha J Devaki"},{id:"187915",title:"Mr.",name:"Renjith",surname:"Sasi",slug:"renjith-sasi",fullName:"Renjith Sasi"}],corrections:null},{id:"52665",title:"Predicting Density and Refractive Index of Ionic Liquids",doi:"10.5772/65790",slug:"predicting-density-and-refractive-index-of-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:2098,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The determination of the physicochemical properties of ionic liquids (ILs), such as density and refractive index, is essential for the design of processes that involve ILs. Density has been widely studied in ILs because of its importance whereas refractive index has received less attention even though its determination is rapid, highly accurate and needs a small amount of sample in most techniques. Due to the large number of possible cation and anion combinations, it is not practical to use trial and error methods to find a suitable ionic liquid for a given function. It would be preferable to predict physical properties of ILs from their structure. We compile in this work different methods to predict density and refractive index of ILs from literature. Especially, we describe the method developed by the authors in a previous work for predicting density of ILs through their molecular volume. We also correlate our experimental measurements of density and refractive index of ILs in order to predict one of the parameters knowing the other one as a function of temperature. As the measurement of refractive index is very fast and needs only a drop of the ionic liquid, this is also a very useful approach.",signatures:"Mercedes G. Montalbán, Mar Collado-González, F. Guillermo Díaz-\nBaños and Gloria Víllora",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52665",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52665",authors:[{id:"187906",title:"Prof.",name:"Gloria",surname:"Víllora",slug:"gloria-villora",fullName:"Gloria Víllora"},{id:"194675",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mercedes G.",surname:"Montalbán",slug:"mercedes-g.-montalban",fullName:"Mercedes G. Montalbán"},{id:"194676",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mar",surname:"Collado-González",slug:"mar-collado-gonzalez",fullName:"Mar Collado-González"},{id:"194677",title:"Prof.",name:"F. Guillermo",surname:"Díaz-Baños",slug:"f.-guillermo-diaz-banos",fullName:"F. Guillermo Díaz-Baños"}],corrections:null},{id:"53995",title:"Thermodynamic Properties of Ionic Liquids",doi:"10.5772/65792",slug:"thermodynamic-properties-of-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:1968,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Basic physicochemical properties were discussed at different temperatures for 18 hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) which containing imidazolium and pyridinium as cations, separately. The ILs include 1-ethyl-3-methylimizazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([C2mim][PF3(CF2CF3)3]), 1-acetonitrile-3-ethylimimdazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([MCNMIM][NTf2]), 1-(cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide [PCNMIM][NTf2], 1-ethanol-3-ethylimimdazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EOHMIM][NTf2]), 1-butylamide-3-ethylimimdazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide ([CH2CONHBuEIM][NTf2]), N-alkylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide {[Cnpy][NTf2] (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)}, N-alkyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide {[Cn3Mpy][NTf2] (n = 3, 4, 6)}, and N-alkyl-4-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide {[Cn4Mpy][NTf2] (n = 2, 4, 6)}. The molar volume, standard molar entropy, and lattice energy were estimated by the empirical and semiempirical equations. The dependences of density, dynamic viscosity, and electrical conductivity on temperature are discussed in the measured temperature range. It is found that with the increasing temperature, the density and dynamic viscosity decreased, while the electrical conductivity increases. The influences of microstructures of ILs, such as the introduction of the methylene, methyl, and functional groups on cations, on their basic physicochemical properties are discussed.",signatures:"Liu Qingshan, Mou Lin, Zheng Qige and Xia Quan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53995",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53995",authors:[{id:"186593",title:"Dr.",name:"Qingshan",surname:"Liu",slug:"qingshan-liu",fullName:"Qingshan Liu"},{id:"194570",title:"Mr.",name:"Lin",surname:"Mou",slug:"lin-mou",fullName:"Lin Mou"},{id:"194571",title:"Mrs.",name:"Qige",surname:"Zheng",slug:"qige-zheng",fullName:"Qige Zheng"},{id:"194572",title:"Mrs.",name:"Quan",surname:"Xia",slug:"quan-xia",fullName:"Quan Xia"}],corrections:null},{id:"52686",title:"Behavior of Ionic Liquids Under Nanoconfinement Greatly Affects Actual Friction",doi:"10.5772/65758",slug:"behavior-of-ionic-liquids-under-nanoconfinement-greatly-affects-actual-friction",totalDownloads:1821,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts consisting of anions and cations that exist as liquids at room temperature. ILs exhibit many attractive properties such as negligible volatility, low flammability, and relatively high thermal stability. These properties can be varied in a controlled fashion through systematic changes in the molecular structure of their constituent ions. Some recent studies have aimed to use ILs as new lubricant materials. However, the behavior of ILs as lubricants on the sliding interfaces has not been elucidated. In this chapter, we describe the nano- and macrolubrication properties of some ILs with different types of anions using resonance shear measurement (RSM) and conventional ball-on-plate-type tribotests, respectively. This study reveals that the properties observed by RSM for nanoscale systems can provide important insights for the study of the friction coefficients (macrolubrication properties) obtained by tribotests.",signatures:"Toshio Kamijo, Hiroyuki Arafune, Takashi Morinaga, Takaya Sato\nand Kazue Kurihara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52686",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52686",authors:[{id:"51962",title:"Prof.",name:"Takaya",surname:"Sato",slug:"takaya-sato",fullName:"Takaya Sato"},{id:"56543",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Morinaga",slug:"takashi-morinaga",fullName:"Takashi Morinaga"},{id:"189025",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshio",surname:"Kamijo",slug:"toshio-kamijo",fullName:"Toshio Kamijo"},{id:"189026",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Arafune",slug:"hiroyuki-arafune",fullName:"Hiroyuki Arafune"},{id:"194731",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazue",surname:"Kurihara",slug:"kazue-kurihara",fullName:"Kazue Kurihara"}],corrections:null},{id:"53435",title:"Ecotoxicity of Ionic Liquids Towards Vibrio fischeri: Experimental and QSAR Studies",doi:"10.5772/65795",slug:"ecotoxicity-of-ionic-liquids-towards-vibrio-fischeri-experimental-and-qsar-studies",totalDownloads:1729,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ionic liquids (ILs) have gained significant attention within the academic and industrial circle owing to their attractive and unique characters. However, the usual green image of the ionic liquids mainly associated with their low vapour pressure has become increasingly doubtful. Several recent studies have highlighted the underestimated ILs toxicity which has not been adequately addressed. Therefore, improving the understanding of the ionic liquids toxicity towards aquatic organisms will undoubtedly lead to formulation of right solutions to address the toxicity problem hence contributing towards the development of green and sustainable ILs‐based technology. The chapter provides a collective review of studies conducted on the effect of ILs structure on toxicity, specifically focussing on the various types of cations and anions, and the length of the alkyl chain attached. Based on the qualitative outcome from the review, a discussion on the development of statistical modelling on the impact of ILs structural features towards the overall toxicity is presented. The application of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) for developing the predictive model for toxicity is highlighted.",signatures:"Mohamed Ibrahim Abdul Mutalib and Ouahid Ben Ghanem",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53435",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53435",authors:[{id:"187367",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Ibrahim",surname:"Abdul Mutalib",slug:"mohamed-ibrahim-abdul-mutalib",fullName:"Mohamed Ibrahim Abdul Mutalib"},{id:"188249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ouahid",surname:"Ben Ghanem",slug:"ouahid-ben-ghanem",fullName:"Ouahid Ben Ghanem"}],corrections:null},{id:"53836",title:"Dielectric Characteristics of Ionic Liquids and Usage in Advanced Energy Storage Cells",doi:"10.5772/66948",slug:"dielectric-characteristics-of-ionic-liquids-and-usage-in-advanced-energy-storage-cells",totalDownloads:1821,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Before the application of ionic liquids, it is important to know their fundamental physical and chemical properties. Practical experience has shown that it is important to look at these materials in the behaviour of the function frequency and temperature. To understand obtained information understanding the molecular-physic bases is needed. Research and application of ionic liquids have attracted an increasing attention in the areas of nuclear industry, oil and gas industry, petrochemical industry, chemical and electrochemical industry. The number of studies dealing with the question is proliferating which opens up new horizons in the field of chemical operations in microwave field with ionic liquids (organic chemical synthesis, catalytic operations, etc.). As a result of the relatively high destroying temperature of ionic liquids, a wider temperature range of operations can be done and it offers environmental friendly solution in the replacement of the toxic solvents with generally low evaporating temperatures. The area of application is becoming more widespread as electrolyte of novel battery cells. Being aware of the physical and chemical properties of ionic liquids is necessary in order to apply them. The main goal of this research was to test the dielectric properties, viscosity and temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity. Based on our results, we can claim that significant temperature dependence of the three properties can be shown in the case of ionic liquids. These findings are crucial for the usability of applications, planning and preparing of production and optimization processes. The significance and importance of these results become even more obvious if we consider the fact that these energy storage cells are exposed to large temperature differences. The present study discusses the sample materials, their usage possibilities and the results of the research from the previous work of the author. In the case of ionic liquids, it is important to know their behaviour in electric field. In lot of cases, there is no fundamental difference between the static and dynamic behaviours. Static state (like in accumulators) is similar to the dynamic. Ionic liquids are well characterized and grouped with their dielectric behaviour. First of all a short summarizing of basics of the electrical permittivity and then a modelling procedure will be shown modelling lots of parameters using dielectric characteristic of material. At the end the practical usage and application will be shown by using ionic liquids as the electrolyte of batteries.",signatures:"Attila Göllei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53836",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53836",authors:[{id:"52006",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",surname:"Gollei",slug:"attila-gollei",fullName:"Attila Gollei"}],corrections:null},{id:"53787",title:"Ionic Liquids in Multiphase Systems",doi:"10.5772/65281",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-multiphase-systems",totalDownloads:1455,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ionic liquids (ILs) can be used to replace one or more phases in conventional oil/water emulsions including Pickering emulsions—surfactant-free emulsions which utilize nano- or micron-sized particles to stabilize the immiscible liquid-liquid interface. Due to the extreme tunability of both the ILs and particles used, the study of IL-based Pickering emulsions yields novel emulsion morphologies and insights into the ionic liquid-liquid-particle interactions present. This work discusses extensive experimental work on IL-based Pickering emulsions and IL/liquid interfaces, emphasizing unique phenomena—such as “bridging” between emulsion droplets and spontaneous particle transport across the interface—never observed in more conventional Pickering emulsions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of particles at the IL/liquid interface are also discussed, and fundamental insights from these simulations are used to enhance understanding of the unique interface behavior revealed by experiment.",signatures:"Stella Nickerson, Elizabeth Nofen, Denzil Frost and Lenore L. Dai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53787",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53787",authors:[{id:"105593",title:"Prof.",name:"Lenore",surname:"Dai",slug:"lenore-dai",fullName:"Lenore Dai"},{id:"188115",title:"Ms.",name:"Stella",surname:"Nickerson",slug:"stella-nickerson",fullName:"Stella Nickerson"},{id:"188116",title:"Ms.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Nofen",slug:"elizabeth-nofen",fullName:"Elizabeth Nofen"},{id:"194802",title:"Dr.",name:"Denzil",surname:"Frost",slug:"denzil-frost",fullName:"Denzil Frost"}],corrections:null},{id:"53682",title:"Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Binary Solvent System as an Extraction Medium in Enhancing the Rotenone Yield Extracted from Derris elliptica Roots",doi:"10.5772/66777",slug:"imidazolium-based-ionic-liquid-binary-solvent-system-as-an-extraction-medium-in-enhancing-the-roteno",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rotenone, is a biopesticide which can be isolated from Derris species roots. However, procuring significant amount of rotenone using green alternative solvent rather than harmful organic solvents for commercialization is a challenge to be faced. Therefore, an approach using imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) as an extraction medium was employed in this study. Five different types of binary solvent systems comprising a combination of acetone and five respective ionic liquids (ILs) of (1) [BMIM] Cl; (2) [BMIM] OAc; (3) [BMIM] NTf2; (4) [BMIM] OTf; and (5) [BMPy] Cl were used in the normal soaking extraction (NSE) of rotenone for a 24-hour extraction. The yield of the rotenone, % (w/w), and its concentration (mg/mL) in the dried roots was quantitatively determined by means of the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The results showed that a binary solvent system of [BMIM] OTf:acetone was the best solvent system combination compared to other solvent systems (p < 0.05). It contributed to the highest rotenone content of 2.69 ± 0.21% (w/w) (4.04 ± 0.34 mg/ml) at the 14th hour of the exhaustive extraction time. In conclusion, a combination of certain ILs with a selective organic solvent has been proven to be able to increase a significant amount of bioactive constituents in the phytochemical extraction process.",signatures:"Zetty Shafiqa Othman, Nur Hasyareeda Hassan and Saiful Irwan\nZubairi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53682",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53682",authors:[{id:"187652",title:"Dr.",name:"Saiful",surname:"Zubairi",slug:"saiful-zubairi",fullName:"Saiful Zubairi"},{id:"189285",title:"Ms.",name:"Zetty",surname:"Shafiqa Othman",slug:"zetty-shafiqa-othman",fullName:"Zetty Shafiqa Othman"},{id:"189286",title:"Dr.",name:"Nur Hasyareeda",surname:"Hassan",slug:"nur-hasyareeda-hassan",fullName:"Nur Hasyareeda Hassan"}],corrections:null},{id:"53138",title:"Use of Ionic Liquids in Solid-Liquid Separation Processes",doi:"10.5772/65890",slug:"use-of-ionic-liquids-in-solid-liquid-separation-processes",totalDownloads:1759,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter reports the possible use of ionic liquids (ILs) in solid-liquid separation processes by their immobilization in suitable solid supports. This method presents some benefits such as economical one—due to the fact that a smaller quantity of ILs is used and the loss of ILs in the aqueous phase is avoided; and second the efficiency benefit—because the advantages of the ILs are combined with the properties of the solid support, and this enhances the removal process of metal ions from aqueous solutions and could be successfully used in the removal processes of metal ions from aqueous solutions containing trace amounts. The type of solid supports used for the immobilization of different ILs, and the methods used for the immobilization were discussed. Also the adsorption efficiency of these ionic liquid immobilized solid supports in the removal process of different metal ions (Cr, Hg, Pt, Au, Pd, Cs, Sr, Tl, etc.) from aqueous solutions were presented. The inorganic materials present a higher efficiency to be used as solid supports for the immobilization of the ILs. It was observed that the physical method of impregnation, especially ultrasonication, has a positive effect on the adsorption capacities of the materials obtained.",signatures:"Lavinia Lupa, Petru Negrea and Adriana Popa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53138",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53138",authors:[{id:"187766",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",surname:"Lupa",slug:"lavinia-lupa",fullName:"Lavinia Lupa"},{id:"188159",title:"Prof.",name:"Petru",surname:"Negrea",slug:"petru-negrea",fullName:"Petru Negrea"},{id:"188162",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Popa",slug:"adriana-popa",fullName:"Adriana Popa"}],corrections:null},{id:"52863",title:"Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes for Metal Separation",doi:"10.5772/65754",slug:"supported-ionic-liquid-membranes-for-metal-separation",totalDownloads:2077,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Metals are widely used in various areas of human life, and their existence in the environment at high concentrations has become a cause for concern. Metals can enter the human body and disturb the human metabolic system. Therefore, research to recover metals from their matrix both from industrial wastewater and from ores or scraps containing metals is of great importance. One of the separation techniques proposed to overcome those issues involves using supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs). This chapter summarizes the recovery of metals using SILM. In SILM, an ionic liquid that acts as an extractant is embedded in small pores of a polymer support. The latest type of physical impregnation of ionic liquid, which is the type most commonly used in metal separation, is called polymer inclusion membrane (PIM). PIMs were prepared by casting a solution containing an ionic liquid, a plasticizer and a base polymer to form a thin, flexible and stable film. A PIM including ionic liquids has a similar configuration to SILM, and it is considered to be a kind of SILM. In this chapter, effects on the stability and selectivity in SILM and PIM for metal separation are reviewed.",signatures:"Pius Dore Ola and Michiaki Matsumoto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52863",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52863",authors:[{id:"186660",title:"Prof.",name:"Michiaki",surname:"Matsumoto",slug:"michiaki-matsumoto",fullName:"Michiaki Matsumoto"},{id:"187271",title:"Mr.",name:"Pius",surname:"Ola",slug:"pius-ola",fullName:"Pius Ola"}],corrections:null},{id:"53598",title:"Ionic Liquids Immobilized on Magnetic Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/65794",slug:"ionic-liquids-immobilized-on-magnetic-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:2219,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ionic liquids (ILs) immobilized on supports are among the most important derivatives of ILs. The immobilization process of ILs can transfer their desired properties to substrates. The combination of the advantages of ILs with those of support materials will derive new performances while retaining the properties of both moieties. As green media in organic catalytic reactions, based on utilizing the ability of ILs to stabilize the catalysts, they have many advantages over free ILs, including avoiding the leaching of ILs, reducing their amount, and improving the recoverability and reusability of both themselves and catalysts. This has critical significance from both environmental and economical points of view. Recently, ionic liquids immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have drawn increasing attention in catalytic reactions and separation technologies and achieved substantial progress. The combination of MNPs and ILs gives magnetic‐supported ionic liquids, which exhibit the unique properties of ILs as well as facile separation by an external magnetic field. The excellent efficiency of this kind of immobilized ionic liquids offers a great advantage compared with other sorts of magnetic supports. In this chapter, the green catalytic processes and recent advances in organic synthesis catalyzed by ionic liquids immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles are highlighted.",signatures:"Masoud Mokhtary",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53598",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53598",authors:[{id:"175898",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Masoud",surname:"Mokhtary",slug:"masoud-mokhtary",fullName:"Masoud Mokhtary"}],corrections:null},{id:"52725",title:"Preparation of Ionic Liquids Containing Siloxane Frameworks",doi:"10.5772/65892",slug:"preparation-of-ionic-liquids-containing-siloxane-frameworks",totalDownloads:1827,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with our recent researches on the preparation and properties of thermally stable ionic liquids (ILs) containing siloxane frameworks. ILs containing randomly structured oligosilsesquioxanes with quaternary ammonium side-chain groups (Am-Random-SQ-IL) and with imidazolium side-chain groups (Im-Random-SQ-IL) were successfully prepared by the hydrolytic condensation of the corresponding trifunctional alkoxysilanes in aqueous bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (HNTf2) solution. It is also reported that ILs containing cage-like oligosilsesquioxanes (POSSs) with imidazolium side-chain groups (Im-Cage-SQ-IL) and with random distribution of quaternary ammonium and imidazolium side-chain groups (Amim-Cage-SQ-IL)were obtained, when the similar hydrolytic condensations were performed in a water/methanol (1 : 19 v/v) mixed solution of HNTf2. In addition, we investigated the preparation of ILs containing cyclic oligosiloxanes with various imidazolium side-chain groups (MeIm-CyS-IL-NTf2, MeIm-CyS-IL-OTf, HIm-CyS-IL-NTf2, EtIm-CyS-IL-NTf2, PrIm-CyS-IL-NTf2, and BuIm-CyS-IL-NTf2) by the hydrolytic condensation of the corresponding difunctional alkoxysilanes in the solutions of superacids, such as HNTf2 and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HOTf).",signatures:"Yoshiro Kaneko, Akiyuki Harada, Takuya Kubo and Takuhiro Ishii",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52725",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52725",authors:[{id:"139189",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiro",surname:"Kaneko",slug:"yoshiro-kaneko",fullName:"Yoshiro Kaneko"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1300",title:"Applications of Ionic Liquids in Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45c85b0f82277e20691ffd487d5fecd6",slug:"applications-of-ionic-liquids-in-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Scott Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"327",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Classes and Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"659a4b5cbf7f388a9e559b5b558006ca",slug:"ionic-liquids-classes-and-properties",bookSignature:"Scott T. Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/327.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4504",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Current State of the Art",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da08fe684d11113d583db336e16ee5b6",slug:"ionic-liquids-current-state-of-the-art",bookSignature:"Scott Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4504.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2549",title:"Ion Exchange 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Moreover, the storage of renewable energy is becoming a very critical issue. This book aims to present a review of the latest advances in renewable energy resources, devices, and technologies. The different energy resources including solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, water energy, and hydro energy resources will be presented as well as the different devices used for collecting renewable energy. Storage systems used for storing renewable energy will be discussed including compressed air storage systems, flywheel storage systems, electrochemical storage systems, and chemical storage systems, as well as different types of batteries used for collecting renewable energy. We hope to cover new topics and issues related to renewable energy, new regulations of renewable energy for different countries, and the simulation related to energy storage systems and devices. The goal of this book is to include also experimental work related to renewable energy.
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Arthropods are among the best-known animals on the earth and have fascinated many people, including researchers. Extant arthropods can be classified into four subfamilies: Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda. Although it is now widely accepted that Crustacea and Hexapoda are integrated as Pancrustacea, Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects) are used to focus on non-insect arthropods in this chapter. Their phylogenetic relationship has been debated for many years. However, recent progress in next-generation sequencing has provided their exact position (Figure 1) [1, 2, 3]. Genetics and developmental biology using model insects such as fruit fly
Phylogenetic tree of extant arthropods. The branching pattern is constructed based on previous studies [
Tadpoles developing into frogs, and insect larvae or pupae into adults, are classical examples of metamorphosis, and biologists have long been fascinated with these dramatic and obviously spontaneous transformations [5, 6, 7]. Previous studies showed that such morphological alterations were accompanied by major changes in the chemical composition and biochemical function of almost all larval tissues. In the last century, the discovery that metamorphosis is centrally regulated by endocrine systems has allowed us to understand how these post-embryonic developmental and physiological processes are brought about and controlled [7, 8]. This section outlines the endocrine and molecular mechanisms of canonical complete metamorphosis (holometaboly) in insects and then overviews current research findings on larval metamorphosis in the decapod crustaceans and arachnid chelicerates.
Holometabolous insects go through a series of discrete stages (larva, pupa, and adult) that hardly resemble one another, but are finely adapted to specific roles in their life cycle. Juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroids (the representative active form is 20-hydroxyecdysone: 20E) are the two key endocrine factors that together coordinate molting and metamorphosis (Figure 2) [7, 9, 10, 11].
Chemical structures of JHIII, methyl farnesoate (MF), and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E).
JHs are a family of acyclic sesquiterpenoids that are involved in a range of physiological processes in insects such as not only metamorphosis, but also ovarian development, reproductive behavior, and various types of phenotypic plasticity including caste differentiation in social insects and weapon traits development in beetles [12, 13]. In terms of metamorphosis, JH acts as the best-known anti-metamorphic hormone which prevents larvae/nymphs from undergoing precocious metamorphosis and is often referred to as the
More than half a century of arthropod endocrinology research has revealed that molting is precisely regulated by complex multiple hormone systems, and ecdysteroids are a key hormone mediating a variety of physiological and behavioral changes that are essential for molting and metamorphosis [7, 10, 17]. Their primary function is to induce molting and they serve this function throughout the arthropods [10, 18]. In insects, circulating ecdysteroids typically come from the prothoracic glands. The prothoracic glands secrete ecdysone which is then further converted to 20E in peripheral tissues [19]. The functions of ecdysteroids in the control of insect metamorphosis have striking parallels with those of the thyroid hormones in directing the metamorphosis of amphibians [5, 6].
Recent molecular phylogeny has supported the theory that the Crustacea clade is not monophyletic, but is divided into at least three extant clades (Ostracoda, Malacostraca, and Branchiopoda) (Figure 1) [4]. As aforementioned, both Crustacea and Hexapoda form a new clade known as Pancrustacea [1, 2, 3]. This theory spurs the notion that a comparative analysis between crustaceans and insects is essential to understanding the evolutionary origins of various traits considered unique to insects. Indeed, crustaceans and insects share various basic traits, such as endocrine-driven developmental and reproductive processes, which are regulated primarily by JHs and ecdysteroids. In non-insect Arthropods, methyl farnesoate (MF) is thought to be the equivalent of JH in insects. In insects, MF is finally converted to JH III (active JH form in insects) by CYP15A1, except for the Lepidoptera [20]. However, CYP15A1 orthologs have never been found in non-insect Arthropoda [21, 22], indicating that the CYP15A1 gene acquisition might have been an important event enabling JH biosynthesis in insects [20]. In fact, detection of insect-type JH (e.g., JH III) has not been reported in crustaceans; instead, MF has been widely regarded as the functional crustacean JH since its discovery in various crustaceans [8, 23, 24]. Research on crustacean larval metamorphosis and endocrine pathways such as MF and ecdysteroids has been vigorously pursued in the fisheries-important decapod order (crabs and shrimps). Production of MF and ecdysteroids in decapod crustaceans is thought to take place in the mandibular organ and Y-organ, the glands unique to Malacostraca crustaceans which are considered to be functionally analogous to the insect corpus allatum and prothorathic glands [21]. Unlike insects, the synthesis of MF and ecdysteroids in decapod crustaceans is inhibitory regulated by mandibular organ-inhibiting hormones (MOIHs) and molt-inhibiting hormones (MIHs), cryptic members of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH)-like neuropeptides secreted from the X-organ/sinus gland complex in the eyestalk [25].
In the marine decapod species, each larva differs from conspecific juveniles and adults based on morphological, ecological, behavioral, physiological, and/or other biological traits. Moreover, the juveniles and adults are benthic feeders or predators, whereas larvae grow in the pelagic environment, preying on phyto- and/or zooplankters [26]. In addition, those larval forms are so different from the conspecific adults that some of them have been described as distinct species, and many larval names were originally genus names, for example, nauplius, cypris, zoea, megalopa, mysis, nisto, puerurus, and phyllosoma in decapod species [26]. This disorganization of larval names causes confusion in advancing comparative developmental and physiological biology in decapods; however, no unified nomenclature has yet been defined. To resolve this problem, clarification of the endocrine regulation of larval metamorphosis and the associated gene regulatory network among decapod species would facilitate interspecific comparative analysis and advance our understanding of this phenomenon, as is the case with insects. Although several studies have challenged the current understanding of the effects of MF and 20E on larval metamorphosis, no consistent results have been obtained, as follows.
Our group demonstrated that treatment of either MF or 20E induced high mortality caused by disruption of molting-associated metamorphosis in the kuruma prawn
Larval developmental staging (nauplius, zoea, and mysis) and adult (dorsal and frontal views) of kuruma prawn. Each scale bar indicates 100 μm.
Chelicerates are classified into a large and ancestral sister group of arthropods (Figure 1). Chelicerates have generally been considered to be ametabolous because the larvae display a very similar morphology to adults (Figure 4). However, detailed morphological observations in several chelicerates cast doubt that the chelicerates are “ametabolous.”
The appearance of larvae and adult in
Observations with a scanning electron microscope show that scorpion larvae have incomplete mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors [37]. Larvae differ in the morphology of the tip of tarsi and aculeus compared to that of nymphs and adults [37, 38]. The scorpion larvae ride on the mother’s back after the delivery, at which point the structure at the tip of the larva’s tarsi works, the tip of the tarsi functions like a sucker, before developing into a claw after molting [37, 38]. In addition, the exoskeleton of adult scorpions fluoresces when exposed to UV light, whereas the exoskeleton of first-instar larvae does not fluoresce [39, 40]. In ticks, the genital primordium opens to the exoskeleton through multiple molting [41]. The fourth leg, not observed in first-instar mite larvae, appears in molted nymphs [42]. In spiders (
In insects and crustaceans, it is demonstrated that ecdysteroids and MF regulate metamorphosis, but the molecular mechanism of metamorphosis in chelicerates is unknown [8, 12, 44, 45, 46]. In chelicerates, 20E has been detected in ticks, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and spiders [47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. The ecdysone receptor (EcR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR), which act as 20E receptors, have also been identified in ticks, scorpions, and spiders [53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59]. In fact, the administration of 20E demonstrates to induce molting of ticks, horseshoe crabs, and spiders [60, 61, 62, 63]. Although there have been no reports of identification of sesquiterpenoid hormones in Chelicerata, genomic and transcriptomic data suggest that ticks and spiders may have precursors of JH, MF [64, 65]. Therefore, it is possible that ecdysteroids and sesquiterpenoid hormones cause molting and associated metamorphosis in chelicerates, despite this not being direct evidence.
Sex determination is the most fundamental developmental process that establishes sexually dimorphic traits. In many animals, males and females have distinct sex-related characteristics such as body size, ornamentation, and color [66]. These extreme phenotypic differences make sexual dimorphism one of the most interesting aspects of animal morphology, physiology, and behavior. This outstanding diversity of sexually dimorphic traits is reflected in the underlying molecular mechanisms by a series of systems ranging from sex-specific gonadal steroid hormones sealing sexual fate in mammals and other vertebrates [67], to cell-autonomous sex-specific splicing loops that maintain the sexual state in holometabolous insects [68, 69].
The DMRT gene, which is conserved in metazoans, is an important transcriptional factor that has a key role in sex determination [70, 71, 72]. Four DMRT genes (
Focusing on the mechanisms inducing the sex-specific traits by DSX function, there are major differences between insects and non-insect arthropods. As described above, in insects, sex-specific splicing of
In general, sex determination and sexual differentiation in arthropods are cell-autonomous in manner, whereas in most mammals and other vertebrates, sexual identity is unified throughout the body by sex steroids (estrogens and androgens) secreted by the gonads. Interestingly, only Malacostraca crustaceans including decapods exceptionally have a cell-nonautonomous sexual differentiation manner, and unlike gonad-dependent endocrine regulation in vertebrates, have male-specific endocrine glands known as the androgenic glands (AG), which are located on the terminal of the vas deferens [80]. Physiological roles of the AGs have been historically revealed to play a key function in male sexual differentiation, by AG ablation and implantation in the amphipod
Several studies have demonstrated that the
In addition to IAG, the crustacean female sex hormone (CFSH) was discovered as a novel eyestalk-derived neuropeptide that induces the development of secondary female characteristics in two crab species
Currently, its homolog has been successfully identified in several other decapod species such as the swimming crab
Some recent studies have demonstrated the crosstalk between CFSH and IAG to facilitate sexual differentiating processes. In the mud crab
Since chelicerates is an ancestral sister group among arthropods, it is an important group for considering the evolutionary diversity of sex determination and sexual differentiation mechanisms including arthropods and vertebrates. Among chelicerates, spiders display a particularly clear morphological sexual dimorphism, females are 3–14 times larger than males and, in some species, females are 75.2 times heavier than males [112, 113]. In addition, several species of males, such as the banksia peacock spider, show a brilliant appearance like a peacock male and perform the mating dances [114, 115]. While studies on morphological and behavioral sexual dimorphism have been proceeding, studies on sex determination and sexual differentiation are completely unclear. Not only in spiders but also in other chelicerates, has research on sex determination and sexual differentiation remained almost untouched. However, recent studies have begun to find clues to the mechanism of sex determination and/or sexual differentiation in Chelicerata, referring to the sex determination cascade of insects.
In tick (
Spiders and scorpions experienced whole-genome duplication (WGD) after diverging from other chelicerates [118]. Seven
This chapter focuses on larval metamorphosis, sex determination, and sexual differentiation in non-insect arthropods, especially in decapod crustaceans and spider chelicerates. Insects have long been the frontrunners in the study of these phenomena in arthropods, however, new emerging methods such as next-generation sequencing, 3D and high-resolution imaging techniques [120, 121], and genome editing methods [122, 123, 124, 125] are opening the door for every non-model species. It is of great benefit to the wealth of available knowledge of insects. Indeed, although this chapter referred primarily to holometabolous insects, the latest work has revealed that some hemimetabolous insects such as termites do not have the sex-specific splicing isoforms of
Although not described extensively in this chapter, the research environment is paving the way for Myriapoda species using the centipede
To date, chelicerates have generally been considered ametabolous because their offspring display similar morphology to adults. However, detailed observations of several species revealed the morphological changes associated with molting. These results suggest that we need to change our perception to chelicerates as being hemimetabolous organisms.
Chelicerates tend to only be seen as pest organisms because they are a source of allergies and have venom. However, in recent years, among the chelicerates, spiders, and scorpions have begun to be emphasized as material sources and models that can play an active role in various industries. Spiders spin up to seven types of thread called “spider silk” [131, 132, 133]. It had been used in sutures and fishing lines in ancient times due to its lightweight, strong and extensible properties [131, 133, 134]. In addition to these, spider silk and its constituent spidroins are currently being considered for application in adhesives, cosmetics, humidity sensors, and the aerospace industry [132, 135, 136]. It is also attracting attention as a biomaterial for biomedical applications (artificial blood vessels, matrigels, porous sponges, and microcapsules) due to its high cell compatibility, low immunogenicity, and slow
The authors would like to thank Dr. Mike Roberts, Independent Consultants, UK for his critical readings of this manuscript.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript.
The Internet has irrevocably changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing. Consequently, we find it necessary to indicate, unambiguously, our definition of what we consider to be a published scientific work.
",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
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\\n\\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
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\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\n\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\n\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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