\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"430",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pesticides in the Modern World - Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",subtitle:"Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The present book is a collection of selected original research articles and reviews providing adequate and up-to-date information related to pesticides control, assessment, and toxicity. The first section covers a large spectrum of issues associated with the ecological, molecular, and biotechnological approaches to the understanding of the biological control, the mechanism of the biocontrol agents action, and the related effects. Second section provides recent information on biomarkers currently used to evaluate pesticide exposure, effects, and genetic susceptibility of a number of organisms. Some antioxidant enzymes and vitamins as biochemical markers for pesticide toxicity are examined. The inhibition of the cholinesterases as a specific biomarker for organophosphate and carbamate pesticides is commented, too. The third book section addresses to a variety of pesticides toxic effects and related issues including: the molecular mechanisms involved in pesticides-induced toxicity, fish histopathological, physiological, and DNA changes provoked by pesticides exposure, anticoagulant rodenticides mode of action, the potential of the cholinesterase inhibiting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, the effects of pesticides on bumblebee, spiders and scorpions, the metabolic fate of the pesticide-derived aromatic amines, etc.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-457-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4426-7",doi:"10.5772/948",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-pests-control-and-pesticides-exposure-and-toxicity-assessment",numberOfPages:628,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"9ac0f193fefb3556d429c90f3f467beb",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva",publishedDate:"October 3rd 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/430.jpg",numberOfDownloads:103603,numberOfWosCitations:165,numberOfCrossrefCitations:71,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:199,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:435,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 12th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 9th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 16th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 15th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 14th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"6375",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6375/images/1631_n.jpg",biography:"Professor Margarita Stoytcheva graduated from the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy of Sofia, Bulgaria, with titles of Chemical Engineer and Master of Electrochemical Technologies. She has a Ph.D. and DSc. degrees in chemistry and technical sciences. She has acted in research and teaching in several Universities in Bulgaria, Algeria and France. From 2006. to the present she has participated in activities of scientific research, technological development and teaching in Mexico at the University of Baja California, Institute of Engineering, Mexicali, as a full time researcher. Since 2008. she has been a member of the National System of Researchers of Mexico. 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Arenillas Lara and María Begoña Coco Martín",dateSubmitted:"October 19th 2020",dateReviewed:"February 24th 2021",datePrePublished:"March 23rd 2021",datePublished:null,book:{id:"10344",title:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Pinakin Gunvant Gunvant Davey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10344.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"48794",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinakin Gunvant",middleName:"Gunvant",surname:"Davey",slug:"pinakin-gunvant-davey",fullName:"Pinakin Gunvant Davey"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"10344",title:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Pinakin Gunvant Gunvant Davey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10344.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"48794",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinakin Gunvant",middleName:"Gunvant",surname:"Davey",slug:"pinakin-gunvant-davey",fullName:"Pinakin Gunvant Davey"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11273",leadTitle:null,title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tDuring the last years, there was intense research on Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and related disorders, which were found to have a strong association with the HLA-B27 allele. Further studies showed that 92% of the population variance is due to genetic factors, and only a fraction of AS genetics can be explained by the influence of HLA-B27. Updated information on the genomic and auto-immune knowledge on AS is an important component of this book, calling attention to markers of disease activity, possible pathways, and the interaction with the gut microbiome, which are a step forward in the knowledge of the pathophysiology of AS, providing markers which are targets for the more recent biologic therapies.
\r\n\tAn update on clinical manifestations, their assessment, monitoring, and imagiology, including peripheral arthritis, enthesopathy, and extra-articular findings, and, the differential diagnosis with other diseases which evolves with axial and peripheral calcifications will be provided.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tAn important component of this book must be dedicated to the more recent treatments namely with biologic therapies but focusing also on new small molecule inhibitors and experimental therapies.
In the field of metamaterials, “meta-atoms” are designed to resonate and respond to stimuli in a similar manner as normal atoms [1]. From a macroscopic perspective, a matrix of meta-atoms can be viewed as a single homogeneous material—a metamaterial—with altered material properties. Meta-atoms designed to have electric and magnetic resonances are the base units of electromagnetic metamaterials. These have altered values of electric permittivity and magnetic permeability, which in turn results in a modified refractive index. Acoustic metamaterials, with altered mechanical material properties such as Poisson\'s ratio, have also been demonstrated [2]. In order to rightfully be considered a homogenous material, the meta-atoms constituting the metamaterial must be sufficiently small. For electromagnetic metamaterials, the meta-atoms need to be at least an order of magnitude smaller than the wavelengths of the desired operating frequencies [1].
\nMetamaterials are appealing because they offer the ability to artificially create custom material characteristics without having to depend on the fixed characteristics of existing materials. These metamaterials can further be designed to have exotic properties that are not seen in any naturally existing material. V.G. Veselago, in a paper in 1968, first considered and described the physical properties that would result from a material with simultaneously negative values of permittivity and permeability. Such materials are known as left-handed media [1].
\nIn left-handed media, electromagnetic waves have a negative phase velocity; the waves seemingly follow the left-handed rule instead of the normal right-handed one. In addition, negative refraction occurs on a boundary between an ordinary and a left-handed medium. Negative refraction also causes left-handed concave and convex lenses to have reversed behavior: the concave lens converges light, and the convex lens diverges it. Surprisingly, a flat slab of left-handed material can even be used as a focusing lens [3]. Other exotic effects include inverse versions of the Doppler effect, Cerenkov radiation (i.e., radiative shock waves induced by high-speed particles traveling through a dielectric medium), and the Goos-Hänchen shift (i.e., a finite lateral shift between an incident beam of finite extent and its reflected counterpart) [1].
\nAlthough Veselago had established theoretical groundwork for understanding the nature negative-index materials, experimental demonstration of these materials would not occur for a few decades [3, 4].
\nJ.B. Pendry in the late 1990s was the first to examine the fabrication of materials with customizable permeabilities and permittivities. In 1998, he demonstrated that a thin wire mesh would excite low frequency plasmons, meaning that the mesh would have customized, effective homogeneous permittivity values at low frequencies; these values could even be negative [4]. Soon after, he proposed a split-ring resonator (SRR) structure, which could analogously produce a desired effective permeability (including negative values) in the GHz range [5]. The structures he proposed, especially the split-ring resonator structure, are now ubiquitous in metamaterial devices at all frequencies.
\nThe unique properties of metamaterials make them prime targets for research in the RF and photonics fields, where metamaterials can be used for enhanced lensing, beam steering, and phase shifting. Metamaterials have also greatly advanced the field of cloaking by freeing up the restriction of only being able to use naturally occurring materials and their material properties. Several different cloaking techniques have been demonstrated using metamaterials [6–9].
\nThe THz spectrum has much potential for future applications, ranging from communications to bomb screening. Unfortunately, since most materials are transparent in the THz frequency range, controlling THz waves via modulation and other techniques is much more difficult when compared to electronic or optical devices and systems; metamaterials can help fill this technology gap. Since metamaterials can, in theory, be specifically designed to have certain material properties, they can interact with THz waves in ways that normal materials cannot [10, 11].
\nThe split-ring resonator (SRR) is the fundamental unit cell used in a multitude of metamaterial designs. SRRs are split metallic rings meant to resonate with electromagnetic waves with wavelengths much larger than the SRR structure itself. The first SRRs proposed by Pendry consisted of two circular, concentric rings with oppositely oriented splits, as shown in \nFigure 1(a)\n. For the sake ease of fabrication, SRRs fabricated in the THz range typically have a much simpler geometry, like shown in \nFigure 1(b)\n.
\n(a) Original SRR proposed by Pendry [
SRRs are not the only method of generating resonant responses. In theory, pieces of metal in any geometrical shape can act as a resonator, albeit at frequencies determined by the geometry. For example, simple structures like rectangular hole arrays support surface wave polariton (SPP) resonant modes that can also strongly enhance incident radiation [13]. However, SRRs have two characteristics that make them desirable for use in metamaterials. SRRs couple well with the magnetic portion of electromagnetic waves due to its loop-like structure. This potentially allows SRR-containing metamaterials to have a frequency band with negative permeability. Second, the SRR is easily conceptualized as a simple LC resonator circuit, which allows one to quickly predict its lowest order resonant frequency.
\nAs a basic approximation, the entire loop (ignoring the gap) can be viewed as a one-turn inductor and the gap as a parallel-plate capacitor. These quasi-static assumptions require that the dimensions of the SRR be much smaller than the wavelength of electromagnetic fields assumed to be passing through them (which conveniently is the same requirement needed to produce effective material properties from metamaterials). The wavelength of electromagnetic waves in free space at 1 THz is 300 μm, so metamaterial unit cells designed to operate in this range should have maximum dimensions of around 30 μm or less. The basic equations for the inductance, capacitance, and estimated resonant frequency of an SRR are
\nwhere
The lowest order resonance of a SRR can be adequately described by a quasistatic model incorporating capacitors and resistors. The higher order resonances, however, cannot be modeled in such a manner. The original SRR in \nFigure 1(a)\n can be modeled as a transmission line due to the presence of two distinct conductors [17]. The single SRR in \nFigure 1(b)\n has only one conductor and thus cannot support any transmission line modes. Single SRRs can, however, produce evanescent modes confined to the surface, known as plasmon resonances. These plasmonic resonances occur at frequencies that have half-wavelengths, which are multiples m of the perimeter of the SRR:
\nwhere c is the speed of light,
These equations can only serve as basic approximations for the resonant frequency of a fabricated SRR. This is especially true in the THz range, where limits on feature size lead to non-idealities such as significant wire widths and gap widths. If more accuracy is desired, more precise equations need to be utilized for the inductance and capacitance terms for the LC resonant frequency, and the effective SRR perimeter seen by higher order resonances will differ from simply (4
Fabricated THz SRRs can be measured and characterized using THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). In THz-TDS, broadband THz pulses are passed through a sample and then are Fourier transformed to obtain spectral data. A simple planar SRR structure is shown in \nFigure 2(a)\n. The SRR is patterned in a layer of gold, atop an intrinsic silicon substrate; the alignment of the incident THz pulse is shown in the inset. The solid line in \nFigure 2(b)\n represents the transmission coefficient of the THz pulse passed through the sample. The LC resonance can be seen at approximately 0.8 THz, and a higher order resonance can be seen near 2.2 THz. The dashed orange line represents simulated data from models in CST Microwave Studio. The simulated data agree well with measured data, except in the region near 2.5 THz and above. In this region, the spectral power in the measured signal is not strong enough to fully resolve the sharp, higher order resonances of the SRR [19].
\nGold SRRs on silicon substrate are shown in (a). The SRRs are 20-μm squares with 5-μm line widths, 3-μm gap widths, and a 39-μm periodicity. The plot in (b) displays the transmission response of the SRRs [
Since THz metamaterial unit cells need to be electrically small compared to THz wavelengths, these unit cells have widths of around 30 μm or less. This requirement makes microfabrication and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) processes suitable choices for creating THz metamaterials.
\nThere are three main techniques that can be used to make microelectronic and MEMS devices: bulk micromachining, surface micromachining, and microforming. These techniques are often used interchangeably to create complete devices. In all three of these techniques, the process of photolithography plays an important part in creating devices out of designs.
\nIn photolithography, a layer of photoresist—a polymer sensitive to certain wavelengths of light, typically in the ultraviolet range—is selectively exposed to light screened by a patterned mask. The exposed sections of photoresist undergo a chemical change, depending on the type of polymer. For “positive” photoresist, the exposed photoresist weakens and will dissolve in a developer solution, leaving behind a patterned layer of unexposed photoresist. This patterned photoresist can then act as a mask for other processing steps.
\nFor example, the gold MMs shown in \nFigure 2(a)\n could have been fabricated using the process shown in \nFigure 3\n, if a suitably thick photoresist was used along with an evaporation deposition process, which would deposit highly nonconformal material to the edges of the resist. Otherwise, there will be difficulty stripping the photoresist in the fourth step. More advanced, dual-layer photoresist patterning techniques can also be used to create crisper patterns or to be used in conjunction with conformal depositions like sputter deposition. Processes involving the incremental addition and/or etching of thin layers of material on a substrate to create a device are known as surface micromachining techniques.
\nAn example of the use of photolithography to deposit gold.
In bulk micromachining techniques, a device is fabricated primarily through etching processes into the bulk of a substrate. Depending on the crystallography of the substrate and the etchant type, etching processes can be isotropic or highly anisotropic in certain crystallographic directions. There are also more involved methods, such as deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), which can create high aspect ratio structures through sequential reactive ion etching (RIE) of a sidewall-protected cavity [20].
\nMicroforming processes, also known as high aspect ratio micromachining (HARM) processes, use especially thick, patterned photoresist layers as molds for metal layers deposited via electroplating. In the LIGA microforming method, X-ray-based photoresist PMMA can be patterned in thick layers without worry of diffraction to create very high aspect ratio devices. LIGA is an acronym for the three German words lithographie, galvanoformung, and abformung, which, respectively, stand for lithography, electroplating, and polymer replication [21–23]. Other thick photoresists such as SU-8, or multiple layers of SF-11, can also be used as a lower cost alternative to create high aspect ratio structures.
\nIn addition to micromachining and MEMS processes, additive manufacturing techniques show promise for THz metamaterials. One advantage to additive manufacturing is the ability to create devices without requiring labor-intensive cleanroom methods. However, the present capability of many of these techniques does not allow for the sub-millimeter resolution needed to create THz metamaterials, with a few exceptions. In inkjet printing, droplets of material are deposited onto a substrate via moving, microscopic nozzle heads. This method has been shown to feasibly fabricate layers of SRRs in the low THz range [24–26]. Inkjet-printed SRRs display resonances that are similar but slightly degraded compared to their cleanroom-fabricated counterparts; the degradation is largely caused by print variation among the individual printed metamaterial unit cells. This can be seen as a tradeoff to the advantages of less labor-intensive processes and lower cost manufacturing offered by inkjet printing. Another additive manufacturing method used to create THz metamaterials is laser decal transfer [27]. In this process, a laser pulse ejects a small amount of material from a donor substrate and transfers it onto an underlying substrate. The process is analogous to a pen (the laser) writing on top of a piece of carbon paper. Using a digital micromirror device (DMD), the laser can be spatially modulated to transfer more complex shapes onto a target substrate. With this process and an x-y stage manipulator, metal SRRs were printed with a minimum feature size of 6 μm [28]. The printed SRRs were highly uniform and produced a transmission response nearly identical to that of a comparable lithographically prepared sample. The main limitation of this method is that the deposited material needs to be cured at around 150°C after laser transfer, so it may not be suitable for some temperature-sensitive applications.
\nMetamaterials with magnetic resonances in the THz range were first demonstrated by Yen et al. in 2004 [29]. They were able to couple into the strong magnetic modes of the SRRs by sending incident waves at oblique angles in ellipsometry experiments. There is much ongoing work on developing active THz metamaterials through several methods [10, 30–32]. In order for metamaterials to be useful in dynamic applications like modulation, they need an incorporated active component that can modify its resonance [33].
\nAn active metamaterial was first demonstrated by Padilla et al. in 2006 [34]. They successfully shunted the SRR response of single SRRs on a GaAs substrate by utilizing an optical pump. Without any optical excitation, the SRRs exhibited a typical LC resonance. When the optical pump was activated, photo-excited carriers spontaneously formed across the entire surface of the GaAs wafer, which made the entire surface metallic. This in turn nullified the effects of the SRRs and their LC resonance. Nonlinear response can also be achieved through SRRs fabricated on doped GaAs layers [35]. With this technique, incident THz radiation of zero to low levels causes a metallic response due to the doped GaAs layer. However, with increasing THz field strengths, inter-valley scattering becomes more frequent, causing decreased carrier mobility and decreased conductivity. With the disappearance of the suppressing GaAs conductivity, the SRR\'s LC resonance becomes more prominent, and a notch appears in the transmission. At even higher incident radiation strengths, impact ionization in the gaps of the SRRs causes the conductivity to increase again, suppressing SRR response.
\nBuilding on those results, Chen and Padilla demonstrated modulation through voltage-biased SRRs on n-GaAs, with the SRR-nGaAs junction acting as a Schottky barrier [30, 31]. This design is shown in \nFigure 4\n. Without the presence of a bias voltage, the doped layer effectively suppresses the resonant response. When a high enough voltage is applied between the SRRs and the n-GaAs layers, a depletion region will form underneath the SRRs. This depletion region both electrically isolates the SRRs from the n-GaAs layer and reduces the overall conductivity of the n-GaAs layer, which restores the suppressed LC resonance of the SRRs.
\nSchottky-based modulation of split-ring resonator resonances [
In 2007, Chen et al. demonstrated modulation via frequency shifting by using SRRs enhanced with silicon in the capacitor gaps, as shown in \nFigure 5\n [36]. When the SRRs are exposed to laser pulses, photoexcited carriers in the silicon layer effectively lengthen the internal SRR capacitor, which alters the resonant frequency of the structure.
\nSplit-ring resonator modulated through photoexcited silicon [
Shrekenhamer and Rout created a novel THz metamaterial design that incorporated high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) in the gaps of SRRs, as shown in \nFigure 6\n [37]. At zero volts gate bias, a 2D electron gas channel naturally forms between the source and drain of the pHEMT, which is connected to opposite sides of the SRR gap. The electron channel shorts the SRR gap and removes the LC resonance from the structure\'s response. When a negative bias is applied to the gate, the channel is eliminated, and the SRR LC resonance is restored.
\nHigh electron mobility transistor–based modulation of split-ring resonators [
The four previously mentioned active metamaterial structures used electrical properties, namely semiconductors and semiconductor junctions, to achieve tunability in the THz frequency range. Mechanically tunable SRRs have also been demonstrated using MEMS processes. For example, Coutu et al. used MEMs cantilever beams arrays to create electrostatically tunable meta-atoms for the RF frequency range [38]. There have since been several demonstrations of THz-range meta-atoms using MEMS. In one such design, bi-material cantilevers are used to alter the resonance of SRRs, shown in \nFigure 7(a)\n [39]. In the rest state, the cantilevers are bent downward due to residual stresses intentionally introduced during the fabrication process. This shorts the SRR gaps and eliminates the LC resonance. When the device is heated, thermal expansion coefficient difference between the top and bottom half of the cantilever causes the beam to straighten out, which removes the electrical contact and restores the LC resonance. In [40], the capacitor arms themselves are treated as bi-material cantilevers, which are designed to have an initial deflection and can be lowered with an external voltage. This is shown in \nFigure 7(b)\n.
\nVarious microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) incorporated, terahertz (THz) frequency range, tunable split-ring resonator (SRR) elements. In (a), THz SRRs are modulated using bi-material cantilevers [
Bi-material cantilevers can also be used to actively change the in-plane orientation of SRRs, as shown in \nFigure 7(c)\n [42]. By changing the angle of incidence of the incoming electromagnetic wave with respect to the metamaterial unit cell, the magnetic coupling between the SRRs and the incident wave can be enhanced, strengthening the measured resonance.
\nAnother method of modulating metamaterials is through the use of phase change materials (PCMs) and metal-insulator transition (MIT) materials. PCMs and MIT materials are types of materials that have vastly different electrical and/or optical properties based on their crystallographic alignment [43, 44]. Transitions between crystalline and amorphous states can be rapidly achieved, typically through thermal, optical, or electrical methods.
\nBouyge et al. demonstrated reconfigurable bandpass filtering by using vanadium dioxide (VO2) switches on microwave-range SRRs [45]. Vanadium dioxide is a MIT material with a transition temperature of 340 K and is volatile, meaning that it will revert back to its original phase after cooling back down [44]. With the VO2 acting as a reconfigurable switch, patches of metal could be electrically connected or disconnected to the SRR, thus altering the resonance of the structure.
\nActive metamaterial structures designed for the near-infrared range, like the one shown in \nFigure 8\n, have also been demonstrated using vanadium dioxide [46]. The planar hybrid structure shown can switch between electrically appearing as a normal SRR surface when the VO2 is insulating or a full metal plane when the VO2 has transitioned to the conductive state. The VO2 in the self-aligned hybrid SRR causes a slight shift in the resonant frequency of the SRR before and after phase transition.
\nNear-infrared metamaterials with vanadium dioxide (VO2). In (a) and (b), gold split ring resonators (SRRs) are fabricated on a layer of VO2. In (a), before transitioning the VO2 layer, the VO2 acts like a dielectric and the SRR response is dominates the behavior of the device. In (b), while the VO2 layer is transitioned, the VO2 layer is metallic and the overall response of the material is that of a flat metal plane. In (c) and (d), the SRRs have two materials in their thickness, a metal layer and a VO2 layer. Before transitioning, as shown in (c), the VO2 is a dielectric, which only affects the response of the SRR with a small red-shift. In (d), during the VO2 transition to a metallic phase, the effective metal thickness of the SRR doubles, which slightly increases the resonant frequency of the device [
Phase change materials have also been applied in some rudimentary metamaterial and plasmonics designs. Phase change materials differ from MIT materials in the fact that their phase transitions are nonvolatile, meaning that an amorphous PCM will crystallize on heating but would not reamorphize on slow cooling. To successfully reamorphize a PCM, a fast heat pulse (from a laser, via Joule heating, etc.) accompanied by a strong heat sink is needed to “melt-quench” the material back into an amorphous phase. A dynamic metamaterial switch using germanium antimony telluride (GST) is shown in \nFigure 9\n. [47]. This switch is controlled by a short laser pulse, which can transition the GST between the conductive and insulating states. In addition to GST, the chalcogenide gallium lanthanum sulfide (GLS) has also been shown to have potential for an active, plasmonics-based switch [48] and tunable layer for metamaterials in the infrared range [49].
\nMetamaterial absorber with incorporated phase change material layer for dynamic applications [
Kodama et al. have demonstrated the use of germanium telluride (GeTe), another PCM, for achieving tunable SRRs. As shown in \nFigure 10\n, GeTe layer was placed in the gaps of SRRs. When the GeTe is amorphous and insulating, the SRRs exhibit their typical LC resonance; when the GeTe is crystalline and conductive, the SRR gap becomes electrically shorted, and the LC resonance is eliminated.
\nTunable split-ring resonators using germanium telluride in the split gaps [
This chapter was designed to familiarize the reader with terahertz metamaterials. Starting with fundamental metamaterial unit, cell concepts were outlined, methods for producing metamaterial samples were detailed, and the latest developments in active THz metamaterial research have been reviewed. We hope we have been able to convey the potential that metamaterial research has to offer for terahertz technologies and systems.
\nThe authors thank the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) for funding this effort (F4FGA06141J001) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Sensors Directorate for their assistance. The authors also thank the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) cleanroom staff, Mr. Richard Johnston and Mr. Adam Fritche.
\nPeriodontal disease (PD) is a chronic condition accompanied by a progressive pathogenic biofilm that continuously triggers inflammation, potentially resulting in the loss of both soft and bony periodontal tissues. Ultimately, in severe cases, edentulism may result (Figure 1) [1].
An illustration of a healthy tooth and periodontal tissue (left side) compared to periodontal disease (right side).
Although aspects such as age, genetics, or sex can affect the chance of developing PD, there are also modifiable risk factors that have been identified. That is, smoking, nutrition (e.g., low vitamin D and calcium), and poorly managed diseases (e.g., diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and obesity) as well as stress, have also been found to play a significant role in susceptibility [2, 3, 4].
According to several epidemiological reports, the prevalence of PD is increasing over time. In fact, current publications indicate that approximately 10% of the global population presents with severe periodontitis, while almost half of the remaining 90% of all adults present with a less severe form of the disease. By and large, the most conservative estimate places the prevalence of PD at approximately 50% of the adult population worldwide [1, 5, 6, 7].
Since people suffering from PD may experience chronic pain and tissue destruction, which can lead to anxiety and depression, the overall loss of quality of life has become an additional area of epidemiological observation. In fact, the deleterious impact of PD on wellness has recently been quantified using the index for Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) and it was reported that the quality of life significantly decreases proportionally to the severity of PD [8, 9].
Additionally, PD has been found to have a widespread detrimental economic impact. For example, a recent study using accumulated data from the USA and 32 European countries, reported the approximate expenditure due to PD to be $154.06B in the USA, and 158.64B Euros in Europe [10].
Overall, a body of epidemiological evidence has emerged, reporting the increasing prevalence, economic burden, and diminished quality-of-life for a large enough portion of the global population, that PD has gained attention as growing concern of global proportion.
Although compiled review reports pertaining to the epidemiology of PD have been used as a benchmark, the distinction between gingivitis, mild to moderate PD, and more severe disease forms, has been inconsistent, creating a lack of comparability between and within the various epidemiological demographics [11].
Despite these steps towards unified categorisation, the ability to compare studies may still be diminished by the variation in classification of PD between clinicians and investigators [11, 12, 13].
The conflicting reports, regarding the extent and severity of PD in the epidemiological literature, do not change the legitimate growing concern around the prevalence of the disease, especially when one considers the many inflammation-mediated systemic diseases with which it has been associated. For example, several reports indicate that PD can potentially increase the chance of developing heart disease [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20], neurodegenerative disease [21, 22, 23], and autoimmune disease [24, 25] (Figure 2).
An overview of some of the diseases that have been associated with PD.
Further to this, chronic PD has been linked to a range of malignancies [26, 27, 28, 29, 30] and respiratory diseases [31, 32, 33, 34] (Figure 2). Accordingly, the necessity for more ways to effectively prevent, manage, and treat PD, remains paramount.
The periodontium consists of the tooth’s surrounding anatomical structures, which include, from superficial to deep, the gingiva, gingival ligament, root cementum, and alveolar bone (Figure 3).
An illustration of a healthy tooth and its surrounding structures (i.e., periodontium).
In a healthy periodontium, the supportive anatomical structures adhere to the tooth by way of connective and epithelial tissue types [35]. The epithelia exist as different subtypes around the erupted tooth and have been described as the first line of defence, protecting the underlying tissues of the periodontium from microbial infiltration from the oral cavity (Figure 4) [35]. The pathogenesis of PD first involves a shift in the oral milieu which optimizes the formation of a dysbiotic microbial biofilm, resulting gingival inflammation, which then progresses to the subgingival region (Figure 4) [36].
An overview of the pathogenesis of PD starting with gingivitis progressing to severe PD.
Clinically, people suffering from PD present with bleeding gingiva upon probing and varying degrees of detachment (i.e., clinical attachment loss [CAL]) of the gingiva from the tooth as measured with a periodontal probe (ada.org) (Figure 5).
Measuring of the depth of periodontal pockets with a probe is part of the diagnostic criteria predicting the severity of periodontal disease.
Understanding further details of the disease process of PD from the perspective of the oral microbiome can assist in the creation of novel preventative and treatment applications.
Overall, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa are among the estimated 1000 microbial species that make up the oral microbiome. However, more than 700 microbes are bacterial, giving investigators a rationale for focusing on the bacterial taxa of the oral cavity, when examining health status [36, 37, 38].
Keystone pathogen,
Also of note, is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a feature found in the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria, which triggers an inflammatory response as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). inflammation [40].
Detection by the host complement system is avoided due to the capsule, which is seen in most strains of
A schematic of the major virulence factors of
Following adherence to the gingival epithelia,
For increased success in gaining an intracellular foothold,
Further to this, gingipains are involved in the manipulation of the host immune system, making them key players in tissue destruction through chronic inflammation. For example, gingipains have been found to degrade many cytokines as well as the CD4 and CD8 integral membrane proteins of T lymphocytes, creating interference within the host’s adaptive immune system [46, 48, 49, 50].
Moreover, an autoimmune attack on host tissue is assisted by the effector protein, peptidylarginine deaminase (PAD), which post-translationally modifies host proteins through citrullination, setting them up as immune targets [46, 51, 52] (Figure 6).
Other significant virulence factors of
Common and frequent activities like mastication and oral care, have been found to release oral pathogens and their components into the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems of PD patients. Therefore, periodontal
A 2021 study by Franciotii et al. hypothesised that there is a “bidirectional oral-brain” highway through which neurodegenerative processes are stimulated by pro-inflammatory oral processes and
Most importantly, initiatives towards the innovation of preventative measures for PD have been recommended, especially since the global population is ageing [55].
The reports regarding
Regarding PD as it relates to cardiovascular disease, decades of literature reflect a close association [15, 19, 60]. DNA (i.e., 16S rDNA) from
Further to this,
Overall, the literature encourages appreciation of the clinical significance of the assault on the coronary endothelia demonstrated by
Mortality risks from aspiration pneumonia are high in geriatric populations [66]. Of note,
It is worth noting that a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and oral
The relationship between PD and diabetes mellitus (DM) has also been studied with respect to
DNA sequences from
The adage that correlation does not mean causation, should be considered, and although
The virulence factors of
Typically, treatment for periodontitis includes physical removal of the biofilm and calculus from under the gingiva by way of scaling and root planning (SRP) followed by comprehensive care (CC) (www.NHS.uk; www.ADA.org) (Figure 8). Whereas, in cases where more severe destruction has occurred, flap surgery is performed, which is often accompanied by expensive reconstructive treatments and/or procedures. In all cases of PD, patients are advised to adhere to lifelong CC to mitigate any further destruction [73, 74, 75, 76].
Scaling and root planning with an open (left) and closed (right) curettage for the treatment of periodontitis.
Adjunct therapies are often combined to optimise results following SRP [76]. For example, one type of host modulation therapy (HMT) consisting of a sub-antimicrobial dose of doxycycline (SDD), is an internationally approved adjunct treatment for PD. SDD acts through the inhibition of the pathogenic collagenase activity in the host, thus decreasing inflammation and tissue destruction [77].
Interestingly, some naturally occurring phytonutrients also may work through the management of the host inflammatory response. For example, chemically modified curcumin has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of PD and other inflammation-mediated diseases in animal models [77, 78, 79]. Another bioactive phytonutrient of interest is trans-resveratrol, which in combination with curcumin, has been gaining attention as a supplement for the prevention and treatment of PD and other inflammation-mediated conditions [80].
Trans-resveratrol (trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) (RES) is a polyphenol that can be sourced from various edible plants, which has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and restorative properties [81, 82, 83, 84]. Therefore, RES is positioned in alignment with the treatment principles for PD and the diseases with which it has been associated (Figure 9).
The molecular structures of trans-resveratrol (trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) (RES) (see left), which is the more stable, and therefore bioactive form compared to its isomer, cis-resveratrol (see right) (Gambini et al. [
Even though RES is found in a breadth of plant-based foods (e.g., red wine, berries, peanuts, and dark chocolate), the naturally occurring concentrations of RES are not substantial enough (e.g., 0.1–0.7 mg/L in red wine) to reasonably attain the therapeutic values reported in the scientific literature (e.g., an oral dose of approximately 10 mg/kg body) [86, 87, 88].
Consequently, the purified and optimised extracts of RES are often used in research and some products have been made commercially available as wellness supplements (https://megaresveratrol.net; https://biotivia.com/pages/transmax-tr-1).
However, RES is a hydrophobic molecule and therefore, like other promising phytotherapeutics such as curcumin, has poor water solubility (<0.05 mg/mL). RES has also been found to rapidly metabolise
Additionally, the low oral bioavailability of RES has been considered a significant obstacle to its clinical translation, resulting in the development of drug carrier models. In fact, there is ample evidence indicating that nano-formulation may be a successful strategy to improve the pharmacological indices of RES under physiological conditions [89, 90, 91].
Interestingly, the design of functional foods also includes the application of nanotechnology, via the incorporation of liposomal nanocarriers or other nano-encapsulated systems. In this way, the therapeutic potential of customised, effective, and stable fortified foods with specific pharmacokinetic parameters, such as steady time-release, can be investigated [92].
Indeed, both oral and buccal delivery systems, such as those possible via functional food design, have plausible applications regarding PD therapeutics, especially since the primary target area for treatment is in the oral cavity. In fact, many nano-formulations also aim to enhance the delivery and efficacy of targeted therapeutics by engineering combinations of selected bioactive molecules that offer specific properties that promise to optimise the probability of the desired treatment outcome [93].
The modulation of deregulated inflammation, which has been consistently reported for RES in the
For example, studies that used LPS-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), found through ELISA, and MTT assays, that RES significantly decreased IL-6 and IL-8, but did not increase cell viability. Interestingly, once RES was combined with the polyphenol silymarin (SIL), the viability increased in combination with the decrease in IL-6, IL-8 as well as TNF-α, suggesting that RES- ± SIL have a more widespread modulatory effect on LPS-induced inflammation [94, 95].
Additionally, in 2014, Fordham et al. examined the effect of RES (plus antioxidants, phloretin, silymarin, hesperetin) on LPS-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy human donors. ELISA showed that RES decreased the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-ɣ in the LPS-induced PBMCs. Further to this, TNF-α was attenuated at the level of mRNA, as determined by RT-PCR. The researchers concluded that hesperetin and RES significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) the inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated PBMCs [96].
RES has also shown promise regarding the restoration of periodontal tissue, which is a crucial part of the complete treatment of PD. For example, in a complex human
In accordance, Yuan and colleagues also found through histochemical analysis, RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA, that RES attenuated TNF-α – induced osteogenic suppression in HPLSCs
It has been well-established that PD is associated, to varying degrees, with a collection of modifiable risk factors as well as a myriad of systemic inflammation-mediated diseases [24, 99]. Hence, studies examining the effect of RES on PD in combination with purported comorbidity, and/or risk factor, could contribute to the argument regarding the breadth of its benefits.
Studies employing the integration of RA, DM, cigarette smoking, or osteoporosis (OP) into the induced-PD model have demonstrated that RES may assist in the mitigation of the periodontal damage contributed by associated risk factors and concomitant conditions. For example, with cigarette smoking added to the animal model, it was found that RES decreased both alveolar bone loss and oxidative stress [100, 101]. Additionally, using a ligature-induced PD model, RES was found to reduce alveolar bone loss and attenuate hyperglycemia in diabetic mice [102, 103].
Another study, which employed an induced-PD and RA animal model, determined immunoenzymatically, that both Ibuprofen and RES reduced the tissue levels of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACCPA) by 99 and 72%, respectively (p < 0.05), and RES alone, was reported to reduce serum rheumatoid factor (RF) (p < 0.05) [101].
Interestingly, the results of a study that used an induced-PD model which concurrently induced osteoporosis (OP) by ovariectomising the rats, suggested that RES may reduce alveolar bone loss in oestrogen-deficient rats via the attenuation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, making NADPH oxidase a potential drug target for RES [104].
Also of note, an extensive
Although microbial dysbiosis is a necessary early occurrence in the pathogenesis of PD, the resulting chronic inflammation is the causal factor regarding its progression and continuous tissue destruction [106, 107]. Therefore, an effective therapeutic approach for the mitigation of PD would be to address the pathogenetically deregulated inflammatory pathways, mediators, and markers, encouraging the system to return to balance without deleterious side effects.
In a commonly used animal model, PD is induced by fitting a ligature around the neck of pre-selected molar teeth. Typically, PD that is induced in this way predictably presents with significant alveolar bone loss, accompanied by the increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as those for IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Notably, increased mRNA expression of genes coding for osteoclastogenic proteins and receptor activator of nuclear factor-k B ligand (RANKL) has also been reported when applying this model [108].
Morphometric analysis [27, 100, 101, 103, 109, 110, 111] and/or Micro-CT [104, 112, 113, 114] has been employed to demonstrate that RES reduced the alveolar bone loss from experimentally induced PD. The micro-CT analyses also reported improved bone density, suggesting that at the very least, RES has therapeutic potential as an adjunct to traditional SRP. This of course is caveated by emphasising the dependence of this data on the relevance of the PD animal model, and the need for validation with human studies.
The poor water solubility of RES is well established. However, RES is highly stable in aqueous solutions of acidic pH. Moreover, researchers must consider that RES degrades rapidly in buffers of 7.4 pH or higher [115]. For example, RES incorporated into buffered cell medium was found to degrade to 50% of its original concentration within 24 h of incubation at 37°C [115]. Hence, many of the
Research has emerged employing novel RES formulations to overcome the pharmacological limitations and optimise therapeutic potential, ultimately improving its clinical translation [116, 117, 118, 119].
RES has been reported as having notably poor water solubility as well as high sensitivity to heat and pH [115]. Also, since RES is unstable under physiological pH and temperature,
Additionally, oral administration of RES has demonstrated unfavourable pharmacokinetics due to its extensive first pass, resulting in the accumulation of potentially recycled conjugates, RES-glucuronides, and RES-sulphates; although these metabolites have also been found to possess biological activity, it may not match that of the parental compound [85].
Previous reports highlighting the physicochemical limitations of RES indicate that meticulous consideration of aqueous solubility, pH, temperature, and light, during the experimental design phase is crucial for the optimisation of clinical translation [122].
Consequently, the search for effective strategies for the improvement of the limited oral bioavailability and stability, is a complex, yet necessary, undertaking for the successful development of RES as a therapeutic.
Regarding RES, improvement of one or more physicochemical and/or pharmacological parameters has been reported when in a nano form, indicating the potential of nanotechnological formulation as a viable strategy for improving its physicochemical stability and pharmacological profile.
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are commonly employed to improve the therapeutic potential of hydrophobic drugs such as RES. Furthermore, findings that assessed the pharmacological potential of RES-loaded SLNs and NLCs, indicated their higher stability and sustained release compared to RES in its bulk form [123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128].
Further to this, studies seeking out to fortify and/or functionalise foods with RES, reported that nanoencapsulation substantially increased thermostability and photostability whilst retaining or optimising the desired biological activity. For example, an
Similarly, the sustained release of RES from ZEIN-encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs) under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37°C) was reported [130] and casein-encapsulated RES NPs, designed by Penlava et al., were found to be stable through a continuous pH range mimicking those of the gastrointestinal compartments (i.e., pH 1.2 for 2 h and pH 6.8 for 2–24 h). Interestingly, the latter study also demonstrated
These studies and others bring to light the prospect of the customisation of functional foods, to serve as both local and systemic delivery system for the effective prevention, management, and treatment of PD.
Nano-RES formulations intended specifically for the treatment of PD, are only beginning to emerge. For example, Berta et al., reported a nano-formulated RES-cyclodextrin mouthwash that was found to reduce plaque and bleeding gums in children [132]. Nonetheless, there are several nano RES formulations, intended to treat other conditions, which could, in theory, be studied as potential formulations for PD, with little divergence from the original formula.
For example, in a 2021 study, Li and colleagues produced nano-hydroxyapatite-RES-chitosan (CS) microspheres for bone generation, which could potentially be used to restore bone loss due to PD [133].
Also, electrospun 3-D nano-scaffolds loaded with RES, consisting of a biodegradable polymer (PLA)-biopolymer-gelatin (GEL) nano-scaffold was found to repair cartilage defects in the rat model [134].
Notably, monodispersed, spherical chitosan-zinc oxide-RES (CS-ZnO-RES) nanoparticles (NP) (38 nm) engineered by Du et al., were reported to attenuate gestational DM (GDM) [135].
Moreover, the successful application of nano-RES as a potential treatment for AD has been reported by Sun et al., who designed a RES-loaded mesoporous selenium-Fc-β-cyclodextrin-Borneol nanoparticle that crossed a blood-brain barrier model [136].
RES has been shown to execute biological action that alleviates deregulated inflammation, and restores both soft and bony tissues,
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It was used to overcome liver, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal problems and for treatment of some types of infectious disease. Particularly, good results were achieved in the case of application of this product for therapy of infected, difficult to heal wounds. The high health-promoting properties of honey have been recently confirmed in many research investigations. The antimicrobial activity of this product is highly complex. Generation of hydrogen peroxide, bee defensin-1, high osmolarity and low value of pH seems to be crucial for its antimicrobial potential. Considering honey as a therapeutic, antimicrobial agent special attention deserves Manuka honey. Its high antimicrobial activity is caused by high concentration of 1,2-dicarbonyl compound methylglyoxal. Some authors also suggest that other phytochemicals, especially phenolic compounds, are important antibacterial ingredients of honey. The results of many in vitro but also in vivo studies confirm high antimicrobial potential of honey against some important human and veterinary pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. We do not have doubts that honey, but also other bee products, especially propolis, is promising antimicrobial agents and possibilities of their application in clinical medicine deserve consideration.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Piotr Szweda",authors:[{id:"117528",title:"Dr.",name:"Szweda",middleName:null,surname:"Piotr",slug:"szweda-piotr",fullName:"Szweda Piotr"}]},{id:"54195",doi:"10.5772/67262",title:"Microorganisms in Honey",slug:"microorganisms-in-honey",totalDownloads:3960,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Honey is a product with low water activity because of the great amount of sugars (fructose and glucose), and also it has antimicrobial compounds derived from flowers or because of its transformation process in the beehive. Despite all the honey microorganism barriers, some species of microorganisms are able to survive and may cause damage to honeybees or consumers. Techniques of pathogenic microorganism identification by DNA using PCR are recommended and required for sanitary and customs control. It is important to know the diversity of contaminating microorganisms in honey, especially due to disseminate pathogenic microorganisms in the international traded marketing. In contrast, beneficial microorganisms such as yeasts can remain latently in this product waiting for the moment in which the environment is suitable for their development. Among the beneficial bacteria found in honeybee products, we can mention some lactic acid bacteria that act as prebiotics when ingested. The microorganisms in the digestive tract of honeybees are important for their health. Thus, we present the knowledge of microbiota associated with honey from honeybees and stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) and the techniques available for the detection of microorganisms in honey.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Mayara Salgado Silva, Yavor Rabadzhiev, Monique Renon Eller, Ilia\nIliev, Iskra Ivanova and Weyder Cristiano Santana",authors:[{id:"192986",title:"Dr.",name:"Weyder Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Santana",slug:"weyder-cristiano-santana",fullName:"Weyder Cristiano Santana"},{id:"197594",title:"MSc.",name:"Mayara",middleName:null,surname:"Salgado-Silva",slug:"mayara-salgado-silva",fullName:"Mayara Salgado-Silva"},{id:"197595",title:"Dr.",name:"Yavor",middleName:null,surname:"Rabadzhiev",slug:"yavor-rabadzhiev",fullName:"Yavor Rabadzhiev"},{id:"197596",title:"Prof.",name:"Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Eller",slug:"monique-eller",fullName:"Monique Eller"},{id:"197597",title:"Prof.",name:"Iskra",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanova",slug:"iskra-ivanova",fullName:"Iskra Ivanova"},{id:"197598",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilia",middleName:null,surname:"Iliev",slug:"ilia-iliev",fullName:"Ilia Iliev"}]},{id:"53469",doi:"10.5772/66839",title:"Techniques for the Evaluation of Physicochemical Quality and Bioactive Compounds in Honey",slug:"techniques-for-the-evaluation-of-physicochemical-quality-and-bioactive-compounds-in-honey",totalDownloads:3850,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Honey is a concentrated aqueous solution of sugar, especially glucose and fructose, and minor amounts of dextrin, enzymes, waxes, volatile oils, organic acids, ethers, albuminoidal gum substances and minerals. Commercially available honey samples vary in quality according to various factors such as climate diversity, type of flora of the surrounding region, geographical characteristics, processing, floral supply period, and packaging and storage conditions, which can compromise the standardization and quality of the final product. The different techniques that will be presented in this chapter to assess the quality of honey are tests required by identification standards and national and international quality control or are important quality tools that can be used in the evaluation of the conditions for obtaining and processing of the honey, fraud identification and changes to and/or adulteration of the honey, ensuring the physical and chemical composition of the project and guaranteeing quality standards, directly impacting the shelf life and use and presentation of the product.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Maria Josiane Sereia, Paulo Henrique Março, Marcia Regina Geraldo\nPerdoncini, Rejane Stubs Parpinelli, Erica Gomes de Lima and\nFernando Antônio Anjo",authors:[{id:"192188",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Sereia",slug:"maria-sereia",fullName:"Maria Sereia"}]},{id:"53417",doi:"10.5772/66590",title:"Production and Trade of Honey in Selected European Countries: Serbia, Romania and Italy",slug:"production-and-trade-of-honey-in-selected-european-countries-serbia-romania-and-italy",totalDownloads:2182,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The beekeeping sector is very complex, because of not onlythe diversity of bee products obtained but also the environmental services through pollination. Even if its direct impact on domestic economy and trade varies across countries, at micro-level, beekeeping creates well-being for communities, providing health products for population and decent revenues for farmers. It also supports the sustainability of rural livelihoods. In this context, the research subject is the analysis of production and trade of honey in three European Union Countries—Romania, Italy and Serbia—with a goal to consider the dynamic of supply and trade of honey and deduce potential opportunities for producers. The goal of the study is to draw implication from the results obtained, suggesting the concrete measures to improve the existing situation. Trade data are examined to get a picture of honey sector trends. An entire set of trade indicators related to honey were computed over the period 2006–2015 and are presented in the chapter: value, amount, growth rate and geographic structure of export and import in the world and in selected countries for which the level of comparative advantages of exported honey was also measured using the Balassa index.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Cristina Bianca Pocol, Svetlana Ignjatijević and Daniele Cavicchioli",authors:[{id:"190657",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Ignjatijević",slug:"svetlana-ignjatijevic",fullName:"Svetlana Ignjatijević"},{id:"192970",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cristina Bianca",middleName:null,surname:"Pocol",slug:"cristina-bianca-pocol",fullName:"Cristina Bianca Pocol"},{id:"192971",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Cavicchioli",slug:"daniele-cavicchioli",fullName:"Daniele Cavicchioli"}]},{id:"53775",doi:"10.5772/67020",title:"Honey as a Functional Food",slug:"honey-as-a-functional-food",totalDownloads:2192,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The most well‐known functional properties of honey are its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The bioactive components of honey are affected by the flora from which it is produced and by geographical variations. Phenolic compounds promote, among other activities, high antioxidant action, being capable of minimizing intracellular oxidative damage associated with cellular aging, apoptosis and neurodegenerative diseases. A living cell system would provide a better platform for determining antioxidant activity, since the bioactive honey compounds can act modulating antioxidant defense gene expression. Indeed, phenolic compounds, amino acids and reducing sugars are among the substances responsible for honey antioxidant activity. Most of phenolic compounds also exert antimicrobial activity against a number of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of honey is also due to the action of enzymes. In addition, honey was found to contain lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which itself produce a myriad of active compounds that remain in variable amounts in mature honey. In addition, these antioxidant compounds might play a key role as prebiotic, protecting and stimulating growth of probiotic bacteria. Oligosaccharides present in honey are well‐known prebiotic substances stimulating growth, activity and protecting probiotic bacteria during passage through the gastrointestinal tract and during storage of the products. This chapter describes the main bioactive components of honey, especially with respect to the phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity and assay methods.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Rosa Helena Luchese, Edlene Ribeiro Prudêncio and André\nFioravante Guerra",authors:[{id:"191671",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Luchese",slug:"rosa-luchese",fullName:"Rosa Luchese"},{id:"192130",title:"MSc.",name:"Edlene",middleName:null,surname:"Prudêncio",slug:"edlene-prudencio",fullName:"Edlene Prudêncio"},{id:"192133",title:"MSc.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Guerra",slug:"andre-guerra",fullName:"André Guerra"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54003",title:"Antimicrobial Activity of Honey",slug:"antimicrobial-activity-of-honey",totalDownloads:4356,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Honey has had a valued place in traditional medicine for centuries. It was used to overcome liver, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal problems and for treatment of some types of infectious disease. Particularly, good results were achieved in the case of application of this product for therapy of infected, difficult to heal wounds. The high health-promoting properties of honey have been recently confirmed in many research investigations. The antimicrobial activity of this product is highly complex. Generation of hydrogen peroxide, bee defensin-1, high osmolarity and low value of pH seems to be crucial for its antimicrobial potential. Considering honey as a therapeutic, antimicrobial agent special attention deserves Manuka honey. Its high antimicrobial activity is caused by high concentration of 1,2-dicarbonyl compound methylglyoxal. Some authors also suggest that other phytochemicals, especially phenolic compounds, are important antibacterial ingredients of honey. The results of many in vitro but also in vivo studies confirm high antimicrobial potential of honey against some important human and veterinary pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. We do not have doubts that honey, but also other bee products, especially propolis, is promising antimicrobial agents and possibilities of their application in clinical medicine deserve consideration.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Piotr Szweda",authors:[{id:"117528",title:"Dr.",name:"Szweda",middleName:null,surname:"Piotr",slug:"szweda-piotr",fullName:"Szweda Piotr"}]},{id:"53469",title:"Techniques for the Evaluation of Physicochemical Quality and Bioactive Compounds in Honey",slug:"techniques-for-the-evaluation-of-physicochemical-quality-and-bioactive-compounds-in-honey",totalDownloads:3850,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Honey is a concentrated aqueous solution of sugar, especially glucose and fructose, and minor amounts of dextrin, enzymes, waxes, volatile oils, organic acids, ethers, albuminoidal gum substances and minerals. Commercially available honey samples vary in quality according to various factors such as climate diversity, type of flora of the surrounding region, geographical characteristics, processing, floral supply period, and packaging and storage conditions, which can compromise the standardization and quality of the final product. The different techniques that will be presented in this chapter to assess the quality of honey are tests required by identification standards and national and international quality control or are important quality tools that can be used in the evaluation of the conditions for obtaining and processing of the honey, fraud identification and changes to and/or adulteration of the honey, ensuring the physical and chemical composition of the project and guaranteeing quality standards, directly impacting the shelf life and use and presentation of the product.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Maria Josiane Sereia, Paulo Henrique Março, Marcia Regina Geraldo\nPerdoncini, Rejane Stubs Parpinelli, Erica Gomes de Lima and\nFernando Antônio Anjo",authors:[{id:"192188",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Sereia",slug:"maria-sereia",fullName:"Maria Sereia"}]},{id:"53175",title:"Analytical Procedures for Determining Heavy Metal Contents in Honey: A Bioindicator of Environmental Pollution",slug:"analytical-procedures-for-determining-heavy-metal-contents-in-honey-a-bioindicator-of-environmental-",totalDownloads:3699,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Metals are pollutant residues detectable in honey and in fact account for most of the inorganic pollutants found in this food product. Metal pollutants can be accumulated through the food chain and, at levels exceeding safe thresholds, can be toxic to humans and even damage physiological functions. During the honey-making process, bees can transport pollutants to the beehive following contact with polluted botanic species or from drinking contaminated water. Detecting very low concentrations is a persisting challenge to accurately measure these elements in honey. Additionally, since honey is a complex organic matrix, treatments are needed prior to applying any classical chemical methods for metal determination, such as inductively coupled plasma and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Therefore, optimal results are dependent on adequate sample conditioning prior to heavy metal content analyses. Chemical pretreatments include calcination processes and/or acid digestion. Regarding execution, the last steps of any metal detection methodology are the primary determinants of result quality, where any loss of mass is reflected by unreliable values.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Enrique Mejías and Tatiana Garrido",authors:[{id:"191583",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Mejias",slug:"enrique-mejias",fullName:"Enrique Mejias"},{id:"193079",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"tatiana-garrido",fullName:"Tatiana Garrido"}]},{id:"53895",title:"Rheological Properties of Honey in a Liquid and Crystallized State",slug:"rheological-properties-of-honey-in-a-liquid-and-crystallized-state",totalDownloads:2360,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The rheological properties of honey are discussed separately for liquid and crystallized honey. The research methods used in both cases are characterized. The basic mathematical models are shown, which describe the viscosity of honey in its liquid form depending on temperature and water content. In the case of crystallized honey, the rheological properties were linked to morphological features and crystalline phase content. Results of characteristic experiments are presented, obtained during the shearing of crystallized suspension, that is, crystallized honey. Among other items, the dependency of equilibrium stress on shear rate, apparent viscosity on crystalline phase content, hysteresis loops as evidence that honey in its crystallized form is a rheologically unstable fluid. Results of measurements under forced oscillation conditions are included and compared with results of rotational measurements. It was shown that the research method influences the obtained results of rheological studies.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Sławomir Bakier",authors:[{id:"192064",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sławomir",middleName:null,surname:"Bakier",slug:"slawomir-bakier",fullName:"Sławomir Bakier"}]},{id:"53417",title:"Production and Trade of Honey in Selected European Countries: Serbia, Romania and Italy",slug:"production-and-trade-of-honey-in-selected-european-countries-serbia-romania-and-italy",totalDownloads:2182,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The beekeeping sector is very complex, because of not onlythe diversity of bee products obtained but also the environmental services through pollination. Even if its direct impact on domestic economy and trade varies across countries, at micro-level, beekeeping creates well-being for communities, providing health products for population and decent revenues for farmers. It also supports the sustainability of rural livelihoods. In this context, the research subject is the analysis of production and trade of honey in three European Union Countries—Romania, Italy and Serbia—with a goal to consider the dynamic of supply and trade of honey and deduce potential opportunities for producers. The goal of the study is to draw implication from the results obtained, suggesting the concrete measures to improve the existing situation. Trade data are examined to get a picture of honey sector trends. An entire set of trade indicators related to honey were computed over the period 2006–2015 and are presented in the chapter: value, amount, growth rate and geographic structure of export and import in the world and in selected countries for which the level of comparative advantages of exported honey was also measured using the Balassa index.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Cristina Bianca Pocol, Svetlana Ignjatijević and Daniele Cavicchioli",authors:[{id:"190657",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Ignjatijević",slug:"svetlana-ignjatijevic",fullName:"Svetlana Ignjatijević"},{id:"192970",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cristina Bianca",middleName:null,surname:"Pocol",slug:"cristina-bianca-pocol",fullName:"Cristina Bianca Pocol"},{id:"192971",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Cavicchioli",slug:"daniele-cavicchioli",fullName:"Daniele Cavicchioli"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"346",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. 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Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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