\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10668",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Concrete is a material used widely in building and construction applications worldwide; hence, it plays a significant role in the global construction sector. Cement is a major component of concrete and is used in construction applications, either on its own or as a composite with other materials, to improve workability, durability, strength, weight, and shrinkage. However, cement and concrete production and use have adverse environmental effects. Thus, great efforts have been made to produce eco-friendly concrete. This book examines several aspects of sustainable concrete technologies, including new forms of concrete as well as different approaches for creating sustainable cement.",isbn:"978-1-83881-957-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-956-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-958-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94633",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",numberOfPages:190,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",numberOfDownloads:876,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 25th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 22nd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 12th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 10th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144691/images/system/144691.png",biography:"Hosam Saleh is a Professor of Radioactive Waste Management at the Radioisotope Department, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt. He was awarded with an MSc and PhD in Physical Chemistry from Cairo University. Saleh has more than 25 years of experience in hazardous waste management with an emphasis on treatment and developing new matrixes for immobilization of these wastes. He is also interested in studying innovative economic and environment-friendly techniques for the management of hazardous and radioactive wastes. He authored many peer-reviewed scientific papers and chapters and served as an editor of several books. He has been selected among the top 2% of scientists in the world according to the Stanford University report for 2020 and 2021.",institutionString:"Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"13",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"13",institution:{name:"Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1348",title:"Concrete Technology",slug:"concrete-technology"}],chapters:[{id:"79343",title:"Characterizations of Cement and Modern Sustainable Concrete Incorporating Different Waste Additives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100447",slug:"characterizations-of-cement-and-modern-sustainable-concrete-incorporating-different-waste-additives",totalDownloads:115,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides a brief introduction to cement and concrete, from their first utilization in constructions and monuments in different civilizations to their development and use in modern times. It discusses the modern forms of these materials, their physical and chemical properties, and their various applications. The chapter also examines the sustainability of concrete mixed with different waste additives, which can impart desirable properties to concrete, as a promising way to reduce environmental hazards resulting from the landfilling of these wastes. In addition to environmental benefits, waste utilization has economic benefits as well.",signatures:"Mohanad S. Eid and Hosam M. Saleh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79343",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79343",authors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"},{id:"438019",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohanad",surname:"S. Eid",slug:"mohanad-s.-eid",fullName:"Mohanad S. Eid"}],corrections:null},{id:"77082",title:"Structural and Chemical Analysis of New Cement Based on Eggshells and Sand from Dunes (Southern West of Algeria) Stabilized by PET",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98346",slug:"structural-and-chemical-analysis-of-new-cement-based-on-eggshells-and-sand-from-dunes-southern-west-",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present our study of geopolymers and hybrid geopolymers synthesized with treated fly ash from eggshells (FAES) and sand from the dunes of southern Algeria using activators such as NaOH and Na2SiO3, respectively, in addition to the organic polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Several parameters have been modified, such as alkali concentration and percentage of activators and PET, with the objective to improve the quality of the desired geopolymers and hybrid geopolymers. The main objective of this work is to study the use of waste PET in the matrix of this new material to replace Portland cement, which is widely used today, as well as develop ecological building materials that are durable and lightweight and prevent chemicals from attacking old structures. Through optical and electron microscopy, we studied the effect of the addition of PET on the structure of our geopolymer material and on the bond and interface areas between the aggregates and the matrix. The microstructural analysis discussed here refers to specimens containing 5% PET by weight. We observed that PET contents significantly altered the structure and morphology of the samples.",signatures:"Abdelghani Brahimi, Mourad Meghachou, Hicham Abbad, Abdelkader Rahmouni, Redouane Chebout, Khaldoun Bachari, Fatima Zohra Zeggai and Mohammed Belbachir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77082",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77082",authors:[{id:"254801",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahmouni",surname:"Abdelkader",slug:"rahmouni-abdelkader",fullName:"Rahmouni Abdelkader"},{id:"260927",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Belbachir",slug:"mohammed-belbachir",fullName:"Mohammed Belbachir"},{id:"321196",title:"Dr.",name:"Redouane",surname:"Chebout",slug:"redouane-chebout",fullName:"Redouane Chebout"},{id:"354934",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelghani",surname:"Brahimi",slug:"abdelghani-brahimi",fullName:"Abdelghani Brahimi"},{id:"354935",title:"Prof.",name:"Mourad",surname:"Meghachou",slug:"mourad-meghachou",fullName:"Mourad Meghachou"},{id:"354936",title:"Dr.",name:"Hicham",surname:"Abbad",slug:"hicham-abbad",fullName:"Hicham Abbad"},{id:"354937",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaldoun",surname:"Bachari",slug:"khaldoun-bachari",fullName:"Khaldoun Bachari"},{id:"419632",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatima",surname:"Zohra Zeggai",slug:"fatima-zohra-zeggai",fullName:"Fatima Zohra Zeggai"}],corrections:null},{id:"77240",title:"Thermoactivated Recycled Cement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98488",slug:"thermoactivated-recycled-cement",totalDownloads:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The cement industry is currently faced by the great challenge of reducing its vast carbon footprint, due to being the second highest industrial greenhouse gases (GHG) emitter. This value is expected to further increase, since cement production is foreseen to rise by about 20% until 2050. Therefore, more eco-efficient alternatives to ordinary Portland cement have been developed towards a sustainable concrete industry. This chapter presents some of the latest advances in low-carbon thermoactivated recycled cements (RC) obtained from old waste concrete, leading to a significant reduction of the GHG emissions, while also encouraging the valorization reuse of waste materials and the reduction of natural resource depletion. The manufacture and general performance of RC, including the main production issues, rehydration behavior and phase and microstructure development, as well as its incorporation in cement-based materials are discussed. Some of the most recent research, main challenges and future perspective of RC are addressed.",signatures:"José Alexandre Bogas, Ana Carriço and Sofia Real",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77240",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77240",authors:[{id:"348611",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Bogas",surname:"Bogas",slug:"jose-bogas-bogas",fullName:"Jose Bogas Bogas"},{id:"415070",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana",surname:"Carriço",slug:"ana-carrico",fullName:"Ana Carriço"},{id:"415071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sofia",surname:"Real",slug:"sofia-real",fullName:"Sofia Real"}],corrections:null},{id:"78685",title:"Different Approaches to Develop More Sustainable Concrete Alternatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100194",slug:"different-approaches-to-develop-more-sustainable-concrete-alternatives",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As important as it is, sustainability related with the concrete material is more than reducing the amount of cement in concrete mixes. In effect, there can be other types of contributions to a sustainable development using this fundamental material. The purpose of this book chapter is to analyse some of these approaches, in particular, concrete durability, reducing the amount of required concrete (and then cement) through innovative structural design, and reducing the amount of aggregates used in the concrete material. More specifically, examples and results obtained in Chile with biological self-healing concrete, thinner concrete pavements and concrete with industrial and domestic waste as partial aggregate replacement are included in the chapter. Due to its importance, the geo-dependency of the concrete material is addressed as well.",signatures:"Mauricio Pradena and Andrés César",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78685",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78685",authors:[{id:"110743",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauricio",surname:"Pradena",slug:"mauricio-pradena",fullName:"Mauricio Pradena"},{id:"435777",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrés",surname:"César",slug:"andres-cesar",fullName:"Andrés César"}],corrections:null},{id:"78205",title:"Bearing Capacity of Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99650",slug:"bearing-capacity-of-concrete-filled-steel-tube-columns",totalDownloads:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Concrete filled steel tubes columns of circular cross section (CFST) have significant constructive, technological, economic advantages. Therefore, CFST are increasingly used in construction practice. Due to the complex nature of CFST load resistance, regulations of the Europe, Australia, Brazil, India, Canada, China, the USA, Japan, and of a number of other countries recommend using empirical formulas for calculating their bearing capacity. Despite the large number of the experiments, serving as a basis for these formulas, they do not always allow to obtain valid results. Besides, these methods, as a rule, do not allow the calculations of compressed CFST elements, which have any differences from a “classical” design, for example, the presence of a high-strength rod and (or) spiral reinforcement, various types of concrete, the effect of preliminary lateral compression of a concrete core, etc. The purpose of this monograph is to propose the method of deformation calculation of the bearing capacity of compressed CFST elements under short-term load action based on the phenomenological approach and the theoretical positions of reinforced concrete mechanics.",signatures:"Anatoly Krishan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78205",authors:[{id:"347547",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatoly",surname:"Krishan",slug:"anatoly-krishan",fullName:"Anatoly Krishan"}],corrections:null},{id:"78598",title:"Concrete Performance in Cold Regions: Understanding Concrete’s Resistance to Freezing/Thawing Cycles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99968",slug:"concrete-performance-in-cold-regions-understanding-concrete-s-resistance-to-freezing-thawing-cycles",totalDownloads:117,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This Chapter provides a detailed better understanding of the freeze/thaw effect on concrete, it is discussing the attack mechanism for both types of freeze/thaw deterioration: Internal frost damage and Surface scaling. Freeze/thaw attack is a serious problem for concrete but the most common physical deterioration type that shortening the life of concrete in cold environments. An Air-entraining agent is one of the solutions for reducing the effect of freeze/thaw cycles on concrete. Meanwhile Using supplementary cementitious materials in the production of concrete has different effects on the behavior of concrete exposed to freeze/thaw cycles. This chapter is discussing five of the common supplementary cementitious materials and their effect on concrete resistance to freeze/thaw cycles.",signatures:"Mohammed A. Abed and György L. Balázs",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78598",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78598",authors:[{id:"423053",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed A.",surname:"Abed",slug:"mohammed-a.-abed",fullName:"Mohammed A. Abed"},{id:"429652",title:"Dr.",name:"György L.",surname:"Balázs",slug:"gyorgy-l.-balazs",fullName:"György L. Balázs"}],corrections:null},{id:"77888",title:"Production of Sustainable Concrete by Using Challenging Environmentally Friendly Materials Instead of Cement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99239",slug:"production-of-sustainable-concrete-by-using-challenging-environmentally-friendly-materials-instead-o",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The construction industry is a major contributor to environmental pollution. Cement is a costly material that is one of the largest industrial sources of greenhouse gases. As such, there is increased focus on developing sustainable and ecofriendly materials that can be used to replace cement. In this chapter, we discuss the construction industry, the harmful consequences of cement sourcing and production, and identify potential replacement materials for cement that have minimal negative effects on the environment.",signatures:"Abebe Demissew Gashahun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77888",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77888",authors:[{id:"347459",title:"Mr.",name:"Abebe",surname:"Demissew Gashahun",slug:"abebe-demissew-gashahun",fullName:"Abebe Demissew Gashahun"}],corrections:[{id:"81454",title:"Corrigendum to: Production of Sustainable Concrete by Using Challenging Environmentally Friendly Materials Instead of Cement",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-to-production-of-sustainable-concrete-by-using-challenging-environmentally-friendly-mate",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"79134",title:"Application of Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Precast Concrete Industry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100249",slug:"application-of-supplementary-cementitious-materials-in-precast-concrete-industry",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are increasingly incorporated into the concrete mix design. Silica fume, fly ash, and multi-wall carbon nanotubes are used to improve concrete mix properties. The objective of this chapter is to decipher the impact of different SCMs on the fresh and hardened concrete properties, including concrete flowing ability, initial strength, final strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture. In addition, the impact of SCMs on mitigating the alkali-silica reactivity of concrete and increasing the hardened concrete long-term performance is investigated. Developed concrete mixes, incorporating SCMs, are used in fabricating different precast/prestressed bridge girders. The impact of improved concrete properties on precast girder performance in increased flexure, shear, and span-to-depth ratio significantly improves project sustainability and reduces the overall project life cycle cost.",signatures:"Amin Akhnoukh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79134",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79134",authors:[{id:"346758",title:"Dr.",name:"Amin",surname:"Akhnoukh",slug:"amin-akhnoukh",fullName:"Amin Akhnoukh"}],corrections:null},{id:"79105",title:"Application of a Granular Model to Identify the Particle Size of the Granular Mixtures of Concrete Based on Dune Sands",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99969",slug:"application-of-a-granular-model-to-identify-the-particle-size-of-the-granular-mixtures-of-concrete-b",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The control of the determination of concrete depends on the basic properties of the desired concrete and thanks to the type of granular mixture of concrete. We arrive at the required concrete quality. And in this study, we can identify the granular distribution class of concrete using the fractal model. In particular, the granular distribution can be determined by the fractal dimension, either for each granular component separately, or for the dry granular mixture of the concrete. The fractional dimension is obtained by transforming the particle size curve to a fractal line. In this study, we used some experimental results obtained from projects already carried out in arid regions. Knowing that we have applied parameters such as granular extent and fractional dimension to the study of these existing projects, we can define a dry mix of concrete through the granular distribution. Therefore, we used the program that we proposed previously of transforming the grain size curves to a fractal line which was obtained for each grain mixture with a very acceptable correlation.",signatures:"Mhammed Abdeldjalil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79105",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79105",authors:[{id:"349594",title:"Dr.",name:"Mhammed",surname:"Abdeldjalil",slug:"mhammed-abdeldjalil",fullName:"Mhammed Abdeldjalil"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10060",title:"Cement Industry",subtitle:"Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a1e79b25dad63378b81fdb16909cd09",slug:"cement-industry-optimization-characterization-and-sustainable-application",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6534",title:"Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7573426a162c18f39acc575c1e69f67",slug:"heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. 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Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5242.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6513",title:"Cement Based Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c92db3d5c64117861b425cb692b5695",slug:"cement-based-materials",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. Saleh and Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6513.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7640",title:"Perspective of Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b85a9957fad5206369eadf0c1ffa27d",slug:"perspective-of-carbon-nanotubes",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Saleh and Said Moawad Mohamed El-Sheikh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7640.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8580",title:"Municipal Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3554c02569fe3ac8afa79cb02daae97",slug:"municipal-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8580.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6067",title:"Green Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f33464ef8bb9839d75b674a0f8409c77",slug:"green-chemistry",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. 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Consequently, a huge effort has been devoted to designing and building instruments with capabilities that would not even be thought of a few years ago. Nowadays are required instruments to analyse many fields of high interest ranging from environmental pollutants or pathogens in air and water, up to the Security and Safety in the urban ambient or in the logistic chain of food production and transport, as well as many other applications.
In most cases, the realisation of this kind of device involves analytical techniques that should avoid chemical reactants, difficult to be used outside specialised laboratories. Moreover, the device has to be routinely applied by almost untrained people that should also be able to read and understand the measurement result. At the same time, the analytical equipment must be self-contained and available at a very low cost.
Nowadays, the only available solution suitable to satisfy the whole of these requirements is to develop highly miniature integrated equipment to allow mass production using technologies likewise the planar technologies driven by the development of microelectronics. At the present state of the art, most of these requirements can be satisfied when it is possible to develop sensing techniques belonging to the family of the optical integrated microdevices.
Optical detection can concern different properties of light such as Intensity, (in the case of photometric analyses), Wavelength, (in the case of spectroscopic analyses), Refractive Index, (in the case of Index change due to the presence of the analyte molecules at the Sensor Surface), etc.
A large variety of optical and photonic microdevices, based on interferometric, energy dispersive elements, photonic micro and nanofluidic devices, has been designed, studied and reported in the literature [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
The development at industrial quality level of active optical materials, (particularly Lithium Niobate, LiNbO3), joined to the use of planar technology, has allowed the fabrication of monolithic integrated optical microdevices having sensing capabilities comparable to the correspondent standard laboratory equipment.
As highlighted in the next paragraphs, IO and Photonics microfabrication techniques, offer the possibility to generate in monolithic and miniaturised systems, nearly all the equivalents of classical optical components (mirrors, splitters, combiners, phase shifters, etc.). Furthermore, such IO components can be integrated into and interfaced with guided wave circuits, such as integrated optical waveguides and optical fibres. These characteristics often strongly simplify all issues related to optical alignment and maintenance, the flow of the luminous signal, carrying the information, being firmly confined within fixed and well defined optical channels. In the following an overview of the characteristics and potentialities of IO devices is presented, in particular for a wide range of interferometric sensing applications.
The basic element of any Integrated Optic device is the optical waveguide that can be generated by tailoring the refractive index (n) in the near-surface region of the base material. It must be remembered that the light transmission is confined in the regions where the refractive index is higher than in the surroundings.
Several techniques have been developed to obtain local variation of the refractive index creating the possibility to obtain an integrated optical waveguide. In this chapter, we will only mention some of the most common techniques used for LiNbO3 substrate, which is one of the most used materials in optical device fabrication. One possibility is to use local doping processes obtained by photolithographic definition of the desired waveguide geometry associated with the dopant thermal diffusion (typically, Ti diffusion or Proton exchange processes), to increase the refractive index in the doped region. Alternatively, it is possible to create a waveguide by lowering the refractive index of the base material in the regions outside the waveguide introducing lattice damage through ion bombardment. A third possibility is to pattern the surface with the desired geometry, and etching the surrounding region to obtain a ridge waveguide protruding from the surface. Figure 1 reports a sketch of the two geometries.
Two basic geometries of integrated optics waveguides: (a) buried waveguide, (b) ridge waveguide.
In general, the geometries of the integrated microsystems are designed to reproduce the same physical effects obtained by optical instrumental architectures created in laboratory, assembling several optical elements like mirrors, beam splitters, etc.
Probably, the most frequently used integrated micro-spectrometric devices are based on the Mach-Zehnder Interferometric, (MZI), geometry [1, 2, 3, 4] or on Young Interferometer, (YI) or, more recently, on the Staircase Micro Diffractive Gratings, (MDG) first developed by Michelson [5].
All these devices take advantage of the Electro-Optic properties of the LiNbO3 substrate. In fact, the optoelectronic properties of the substrate allow to locally controlling the refractive index of a waveguide by applying a suitable electric field, so creating a Pockels cell that induces a phase modulation in the light transmitted in the specific waveguide (See Figure 2).
Integrated version of a Pockels cell to be used as a phase modulator.
In particular, it can be useful to recall that, in the case of spectroscopic analysis techniques, the wavelength-dispersive systems, such as prisms or gratings, spatially spread the light wavelengths at different angles allowing the direct measurements of the relative intensities, (wavelength spectrum), by using suitable photodetectors at the corresponding angles.
On the contrary, in the Fourier Transform Spectroscopy the intensity of the total light beam that contains the whole ensemble of wavelength, at the same time, is measured. In this case, the measurement with a traditional Mach-Zehnder instrument is performed by splitting the light beam into two branches that are then recombined giving rise to an interference pattern. The light intensity of the recombined beams is measured as a function of the phase shift, generated by the respective different optical path-lengths
Figure 3(a), reports a typical example of Mach-Zehnder equipment, whereas Figure 3(b) is shown the equivalent device fabricated with planar technology. Following the optical interference laws, the intensity measured by the photodetector (PD) depends on the phase shift between the two optical paths. Inducing a variation in the optical paths,
Upper: Traditional Mach-Zehnder interferometer geometry. The light beam first crosses the BS1 beam splitter then, through the M1 and M2 mirrors, the two light beams are recombined in BS2 and then arrive in the photodetector PD. lower: Equivalent integrated optic device: The voltage applied to the electrodes controls the phase shift in the light beams propagating in the two arms.
Actually, due to the relatively simple design, the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, (MZI), is the most adequate configuration for the monolithic fabrication of integrated optics microsensors. In fact, this structure is particularly suitable for sensing problems as it can combine high resolution and high sensitivity performances together with an excellent insensitiveness on mechanical vibration or other environmental effects. Many applications of optical sensors based on MZ interferometer have been reported in literature, both in the case of already cited Fourier Transform, (FT), and spectroscopy. In the case of Bio-chemical analyses, the phase shift between the electromagnetic waves propagating in the two arms of the MZI is generated by the adhesion of the analyte molecules on the surface of one (sensing) arm that has been left uncovered by the cladding protecting the whole device from the environment [4, 5, 6]. The working principle, in this case, is based on the optical path variation,
Hybrid MZI with a sensing pad in one arm integrated with a wavelength dispersive system [
As previously anticipated, when the monolithic interferometer is fabricated on Electro-optic material, typically LiNbO3, the phase shift can be generated by exploiting the Pockels effect to modify the refractive index in one of the two arms, through the application of an electric field using two electrodes placed in a suitable position close to the optical waveguide (see Figure 3(b)).
If a continuous variation of the phase shift is generated, it is realised a so-called scanning interferometer and the whole set of intensity data measured as a function of the phase shifts gives rise to the so-called Interferogram. The Fourier Transform of the Interferogram gives rise to the frequency spectrum of the light containing the spectral information on the element to be detected [3, 4]. In the traditional instrument of Figure 3(a) the scanning effect is usually produced by uniformly moving one of the two mirrors giving rise to a corresponding optical path variation in one arm of the interferometer generating the desired phase shift variation. On the contrary, in an integrated microdevice, the scanning effect can be simply obtained by applying a voltage ramp to the electrodes (see Figure 3(b)), without the need for moving parts.
The detailed description of the Fourier Transform Spectroscopy principle and the detailed mathematical considerations have been extensively reported in a number of articles and textbooks [2, 3, 6]. In this work, we only report a concise description of the operation system of a scanning integrated MZI (see Figure 3(b)).
In order to achieve good spectral resolution, the scanning Interferometer needs phase shifts suitable to produce interferograms of many tens of interference fringes. This involves the need that the substrate material has an electro-optical coefficient as high as possible. In our case, the output intensity is monitored as a function of the optical path variation induced by a suitable variable electric field, applied to the arms. The interferometric output
where k = 1/λ is the wavenumber of the incident radiation, and Δp is the optical path difference.
In our case, the optical path difference can be expressed by the linear relationship
where: L is the arm length, and
where
From Eq. (1) it appears that in the case of monochromatic light, the intensities recorded by the detector, (i.e. the Interferogram), has a sinusoidal shape. In the real case, we deal with quasi-monochromatic light and the MZI output are somehow distorted as reported in Figure 5 in the case of the incident light generated by a diode laser emitting in a narrow window around 635 nm.
(a) Raw signal detected during the scanning cycle, (interferogram) and (b) the Fourier transform of the interferogram, giving the wavelength spectrum of the incident light.
When dealing with a wideband (‘white’) light, the conceptual behaviour is the same. Even if the interferogram is remarkably modified and several corrections must be applied to the over-simplified scheme previously reported [3], it is always possible to perform the spectrometric analysis of the incoming light. Figure 6 reports an example of a real case of E131 dye (Patent Blue) detection with an integrated MZI.
Example of densitometry performed with an IO micro-interferometer on an E131 dye solution.
More recently, a new generation of integrated architectures has been suggested for spectroscopic analyses, in particular the integrated monolithic version of the Young interferometer (YI) and the integrated monolithic version of the Michelson’s (‘Echelle’) Diffractometer. Figure 7 reports the sketch of the Young geometry in the integrated version. In this case, the waveguides’ geometries are geometrically arranged like in the MZI, the only difference is at the detection side that is here based on an arrayed detector.
Integrated version of the young interferometric geometry the far-field geometry for the detection of the modifications of the interference pattern, originated by the analyte adhesion on the sensing pad in one of the two arms.
A more recent architecture has been realised on the basis of Michelson’s echelle grating that, when fabricated with electro-optic material (LiNbO3), becomes a Programmable Micro diffractive Grating (PMDG) extending the range of this kind of micro-optical device to an extremely large field of applications. Figure 8 reports the comparison between the original static diffractive grating proposed by Michelson and the integrated PMDG, fabricated for high sensitivity detection systems based on the correlation spectroscopy technique. In Michelson’s original device, the wavefront portions emerging from the different steps crosses different glass thicknesses, so the different optical paths acquire different phase shift as a function of the glass thickness crossed. The different wavefront emerging from each step interfere with each other giving rise to a far-field diffraction pattern that can be observed in far-field conditions on screen S, of Figure 8(a).
(a) Michelson’s echelle diffraction grating. (b) Integrated programmable diffractive grating (PMDG) based on LiNbO3 substrate.
If the integrated waveguides array sketched in Figure 8(b) is fabricated on electro-optical substrate, it can have the same behaviour as the Michelson’s echelle device. In fact, each waveguide may have a different refractive index as a function of the electric field applied to the electrodes so, each portion of the wavefront emerging from each waveguide has a different phase and, in far-field conditions, they interfere with each other generating a diffraction pattern like in the case of Michelson’s device.
The great difference between the two cases is that the device shown in Figure 8(a) is static and the diffractive properties are fixed by the construction parameters, whereas the PMDG device, the diffractive properties are programmable simply by changing the voltage applied at each electrode. This feature enormously expands the field of the applications of this Integrated Optics microdevice that can go far beyond the sensing systems arriving to have implications in many strategic areas such as optical fibre transmission, cryptography, quantum optic devices, optical computing, etc.
Correlation spectroscopy architectures have been widely studied for at least 20−30 years and are now argument described in the textbooks [8, 9, 10]. Therefore, in the present work, we will not enter in detail in the presentation of this technique and we will take as a reference the ‘holographic correlation spectroscopy’ architecture [11] treating in detail the subject of correlation spectroscopy in connection with the use of computer-generated optical elements. In particular, we will consider the conclusion of reference [11] when discussing the use of the PMDG to create synthetic spectra of several compounds, some of which are of interest for Environmental control, Food production and transportation, Bio-Chemical hazard, safety and security problems.
In particular, due to its programmability, the device can generate, at least in principle, synthetic spectra of almost any analyte of interest. The PMDG may have hundreds of diffractive elements in very small overall dimensions and, with the suitable software, it can generate a digital library containing the synthetic spectra of plenty of molecules. When the PMDG is exploited in this architecture, the sensing instrument described here can be considered as an example of a new sensor concept, in fact, in traditional instruments, the optical spectrum processing is determined by the correlation between the light transmitted through an unknown sample and the light transmitted through a reference cell containing a known mixture of the chemical molecule to be detected. In this case, due to the PMDG properties, the optical spectrum processing is based only on the correlation between the light transmission through an unknown sample and the data of a digital library. This trait greatly increases the sensor flexibility if compared with other recent instruments in which the spectrally dispersed light is delivered onto a coded mask to provide spectral filtering of the sample spectrum light [11].
In conclusion, this new sensor is particularly suited for safety and security applications because it avoids the use of a reference cell containing reference materials that can be difficult and hazardous to handle, in the case of detection of dangerous, poisoning, or explosive targets. Furthermore, it allows great flexibility if compared with the coded mask filtering described in Ref. 11, because the number of molecules that can be detected is now only limited by the wavelength transmission window of the electro-optic material used as a substrate for the PMDG device and by the sensitivity range of the detector used. Finally, exploiting during the data collection the dark-field correlation technique, it can be obtained a remarkable increase in the sensitivity of the whole system. In fact, by using shrewdness to construct the reference synthetic spectrum to be the complement of the target transmission spectrum, the signal-to-noise ratio becomes very large. Actually, with this shrewdness, all the wavelengths different from those matching the absorbance of the target, are blocked creating a programmable filter that allows the transmission of only a very small fraction of the incident light in correspondence of the desired wavelengths exclusively. So, when the spectral absorption lines match the planned transmission complement it is obtained a very large signal-to-noise ratio, allowing extremely high sensitivity detection.
The architecture of ‘holographic correlation spectroscopy’ is schematically reproduced in Figure 9, is particularly simple and takes advantage of the intrinsic PMDG flexibility and reconfigurability features. In the geometry of Figure 9, a broadband ‘white’ light coming from an external source crosses, (one or several times), a sample cell containing the analyte to be investigated. Then the radiation crosses the PMDG optical element, placed in transmission architecture. In the present case, the external broadband light source could cover the whole transparency range of the LiNbO3 base material ranging from 0.450 μm to 5.5 μm.
Schematic of a holographic correlation spectrometer set-up including the PMDG which acts as the reference cell. The light coming from a broadband source passes through the measurement cell which contains the unknown analyte. The diffraction pattern generated by the PMDG at the diffraction angle
The wideband radiation coming from the external source is then transmitted through the PMDG device and precisely defined by the ensemble of the programmed driving electrical potentials applied to the different waveguides. The degree of correlation between the sample cell spectrum, (unknown), and the synthetic spectrum programmed through the reference (PMDG) cell is then measured on a photodetector placed at a suitable diffraction angle
To increase the sensitivity and the selectivity of the set-up, the usual techniques can be adopted, in particular: (i) Lock-in techniques are applied by modulating the transmission spectrum through the PMDG and recording the detector output at the same modulation frequency or/and (ii) Darkfield technique, i.e. applying a suitable map of the driving electrical potentials, the PMDG can be configured to synthetize the complement of the real target to be analysed, so obtaining a much larger signal-to-noise ratio and a consequent remarkable increase of both sensitivity and selectivity of the detection system.
The key point in the programming of a waveguide-based PMDG for a synthetic spectra generation is the determination of a driving voltage pattern able to introduce the required phase shifts on each of the M waveguides, (Typically
In this section, a mathematical framework for the specific case in which the functional elements are electro-optical waveguides is presented and discussed [12].
Under the hypothesis of working in the Fraunhofer approximation, the diffracted field at an angle
where
Framework for the solution of the PMDG diffraction problem.
In Eq. (4),
where
where In = |U(λn)|2 is the intensity of the target spectrum and I
This is physically equivalent to introducing a programmable phase-shift offset in the first term of Eq. (5). Then, the actual voltage pattern to apply to the different electrodes of the PMDG is calculated from the Dm values, resulting from the optimization routine, once the technological parameters have been defined.
For the solution of the multivariable optimization problem, several numerical approaches have been proposed and implemented so far, in particular, iterative Fourier Transform phase-retrieval algorithm [12], genetic algorithms [11] or gradient-based multi-variable minimization routines [13]. The Nelder–Mead Simplex Method [14] demonstrates to be extremely effective providing a monotonic and rapid convergence to the minimum of the error function ℇ. Moreover, the numerical implementation of this method is available in the most common scientific computation libraries.
An example of synthetic spectrum created with the numerical method of reference [14] is reported in Figure 11 where a portion of the COCl2 spectrum has been reconstructed in the hypothesis of a PMDG having
(a) Experimental absorbance spectrum of gaseous phosgene (target spectrum T) and (b) PMDG-synthetized spectrum of the same analyte (synthetic spectrum S). (c) Values of the optimised Dm (m = 1. .,50) control parameters.
The Ghost Imaging, (GI) phenomenon is based on the spatial correlation of light to form images and, since the early pioneering work in 1995, several experiments on the argument have been presented [15, 16, 17, 18]. The GI is obtained by correlating the intensities of two spatially separate light beams, one of the two light beams illuminates an object to be imaged. The second beam, which does not see the object, (reference beam), if it is detected with a position-sensitive sensor, gives rise to the spatial image of the object created by the non-interfering photons.
Besides the GI in the space domain, another kind of ‘ghost experiments’ were performed in the frequency (Spectral), domain [19, 20, 21]. It must be pointed out that in Ref. to [20], thes kinds of experiments were performed using a classical thermal light emitted by a broad-band superluminescent diode. These experiments allowed to exploit real spectroscopy measurements detecting spectral lines of chemical molecules like CHCl3 [20] and the spectral lines of Er3+ dopant [21] in LiNbO3 non-linear material placed in one arm of an Asymmetric Non-Linear Interferometer, (ANLI). These preliminary approaches to experimental spectroscopic sensing demonstrate that a new field of sensing can be opened exploiting effects such as ‘ghost spectrometry’. These new sensing techniques can allow extending the sensing limits of the traditional detectors and performing spectrometric measurements with non-interacting photons.
Before describing the experimental procedures, of ghost imaging in the frequency domain, let us give a rapid oversimplified description of the basic principles of the ‘ghost’ phenomena. In Ref. [22], this architecture was studied in detail and it was concluded that it gives rise to a condition that is often referred to as maximally entangled states of a two-mode field. If the two modes are physically separated like in the case of the arms of an MZI, we are in presence of separate path-entangled states that can have important applications to interferometry and interferometric analyses.
In particular, considering the case of a coherent intense light beam injected in an integrated MZI, the photons are spatially confined in geometrically separated single-mode waveguides, where they have a very high spatial and time coherence [22]. Moreover, the photon density inside the waveguides can reach values that are orders of magnitude higher than in the case of free space propagation. In these conditions, an integrated optical device is particularly suitable for both practical applications and basic quantum optics studies.
The integrated version of an ANLI, used to obtain ghost imaging in the frequency domain [23], is schematically reported in Figure 12 as taken from reference [21].
Schematic of the experimental layout. The ANLI is used in [
In that case, the ANLI was not built as a monolithic device but was realised in a hybrid set-up in which the 980 nm Laser source was injected in a 50:50 Y coupler single-mode optical fibres. One arm was coupled with an Er3+ doped LiNbO3 monolithic waveguide, whereas the other arm was coupled with a monolithic Pockels phase modulator as the one shown in Figure 2. Then the MZI geometry was completed by coupling the two arms with an identical second optical fibre Y coupler. Finally, the injected 980 nm photons arrive in the photodetector passing through a (975 ± 25) nm pass-band filter that eliminates all the photons generated by the interaction of the 980 nm pump with the Er3+ doped nonlinear LiNbO3 arm. In any case, the photons generated by the interaction in the doped arm can only give rise to a continuous background because they cannot contribute to the interference process due to the ‘Which Way’ criterion.
The principle of the experiment was based on the Quantum properties stating that two Fourier Transform pairs are conjugate variables. So, operating a Fourier Transform in the time-frequency space-domain, it is possible to get information on the wavenumber space-domain of the 930 nm pump photons annihilated, (generating up or down-conversion), as a consequence of the pump photons interaction with the Er3+ doped nonlinear LiNbO3. This intriguing effect takes place when the doped material is placed in one arm of the ANLI and the photodetector do not even see the photons generated by up or down-conversion in the doped arm.
The spectroscopy experiment was performed by injecting the 980 nm laser beam in the input port ‘
Spectra obtained by Fourier transform analyses with the setup of
In Figure 13, the two spectroscopic measurements of the Er3+ energy levels performed with an In GaAs
The complete Er3+ Spectrum extending form visible to SWIR wavelengths was obtained reporting most of the spectral lines as listed in the literature.
The difference in the amplitudes can be attributed to the different sensitivities of the two detectors. Moreover, as previously clarified, only the 980 nm monochromatic pump photons that have not interacted with the Er3+ doped crystal can reach the detector. In fact, the 980 nm photons that interacted with Er3+ are annihilated, giving rise to the up or down-conversion photons that are eliminated by the (975 ± 25) nm passband filter.
In conclusion, with the ANLI integrated architecture reported in Figure 12, the Er3+ spectral lines appeared independently of the different sensitivity of the used detectors also over the whole SWIR, where the Si
The previously described results give a strong indication that, by using ‘ghost imaging’ in the frequency domain, it is possible to develop a new generation of integrated interferometric instruments, (most likely based on the ANLI architecture of Figure 12), having the capability to work with interaction-free photons. This allows extending the spectral measurement remarkably beyond the photodetector sensitivity limits, in particular in spectral regions where the photodetectors are not available or have too low sensitivity. In particular, some preliminary contacts indicate that this effect is of strong interest for several applications, with particular attention to astrophysical applications.
Optical long baseline interferometry is a technique that is undoubtedly providing high angular resolution observations in optical astrophysics. Fizeau in 1868 [25] was the first to attempt using interferometry for astronomical observations, without reaching the wanted result, eventually proposed and revised by Stéphane in 1874 [26]. Nevertheless, only in 1921, Michelson and Pease [27] first succeeded in measuring stellar diameters with a single telescope equipped with a pupil mask. The schematics and characteristics of their apparatus are reported in Figure 14. Unfortunately, their interferometer was not that sensitive to allow further investigation. In fact, a 1.0 milliarcsecond diameter on the sky translates to 0.5 μm in optical path difference (OPD), on a
(a) Scheme of the two slits mask experiment from Michelson and Pease. A star, with an α angular diameter, is imaged after its light passes through a double slit mask, with B as the slit distance. An interferogram appears as a function of the optical path difference (OPD), with the first minimum at OPD = λ/2, where λ is the wavelength of the impinging light. The fringes disappear when the OPD overcomes the source coherence length, e.g. (b) and (c) show different coherence length interferograms.
In practice, modern direct interferometry only started in 1975 with Labeyrie [28] who produced stellar interference with two separated telescopes.
Modern long baseline interferometry requires the combination of several stellar beams collected from different apertures (telescopes). The first interferometers started working with only two apertures, such as GI2T [29], SUSI [30], PTI [31], IOTA [32], COAST [33] and NPOI [34, 35]. The increase in the number of apertures was one of the major features of new generation interferometers. Today, the principal operational interferometric observatories, which use this type of instrumentation, include VLTI [35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45], and CHARA [37].
Current projects are using interferometers to search for extrasolar planets, either with nulling techniques, by astrometric measurements of the reciprocal motion of the star or through direct imaging.
In Figure 15, the geometry of the ideal interferometer is reported. Let us specify the incident source flux power F in units of energy incident per unit time per unit cross-sectional area, and the collecting area of the apertures A1 and A2 as A. Then, apart from some efficiency factors, the detected power
Ideal stellar interferometer schematics.
where
In the space of relative delay
The complex visibility of these fringes is proportional to the Fourier transform of the object intensity distribution (Van-Cittert Zernike theorem), hence allowing to resolve particulars, very narrow from the angular point of view. Following these principles, stellar interferometry is offering to present days astronomers the ability to study celestial objects in unprecedented detail. It is possible to see details on the surfaces of stars and even to study celestial bodies close to a black hole [46] (Figure 16).
(a) Conventional star image, (b) same with two telescopes stellar interferometry having baseline
Stellar interferometry has become even more effective due to the advent of high sensitivity detectors and of large aperture telescopes. Nevertheless, to implement it, a complex system of mirrors has normally to be set up to bring the light from the different telescopes, constituting the synthetic aperture, to the instruments, where it is combined and processed (see scheme in Figure 17). This is technically demanding, as the light paths have to be set equal to within 1.0 μm over distances of a few hundred metres, in order to avoid an OPD offset out of the coherence length.
Schematics of IO apparatus required for two telescopes stellar interferometry. Light from the same source collected by telescopes 1 and 2 is injected in 2x2 IO beam splitters/combiners 1 and 2, respectively. One output port of each combiner is used to perform photometric adjustment whereas the second ports are combined in a third IO 2x2 beam splitter/combiner, at which output ports the interferometric signal is collected and processed.
For ground-based interferometers, the source phase is corrupted by atmospheric turbulence. This prevents an absolute measurement of the source phase. However, it is possible to measure the difference in the source phase between two wavelengths. In practice, stellar interferometry requires star tracking techniques to compensate for astronomic seeing due to atmospheric turbulence.
In recent years, integrated optics and photonics technology, inherited from the telecom field and micro-sensor applications, was proposed for astrophysical interferometry. Results obtained with components coming from micro-sensor application were first presented by Berger et al. in a seminal series of dedicated works [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]. These authors demonstrated the validity and feasibility of the integrated optics technology for astronomical interferometry, by using telecom fibre coupler/combiners. Following a complete laboratory characterisation of the optical properties of the applied IO components, a first set-up was tested at the Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) observatory, in Arizona.
The above-mentioned studies demonstrated that beam combiners are very stable and lead to precise measurements. Moreover, IO components are versatile and easy to handle. In particular, the number of optical alignment adjustments strongly simplifies, which dramatically reduces the complexity of multiple-beam combinations for aperture synthesis imaging (Figure 18).
(a) Fibre pig-tailed IO y-branch mounted on mechanical support, (b) SEM picture of the IO Y-junction, allowing beam splitting as well as fibre signal combining.
Other examples of IO based stellar interferometers are present by the VLTI, where the VINCI apparatus, based on IO beam combiners and fibre optics components, has allowed astronomers to reach the unprecedented resolution of 4.0 milliarcseconds in sky observations [46].
Absorption or emission spectroscopy is largely adopted for remote sensing in both Earth and Space exploration, on board dedicated satellite platforms.
In this case, all general resources (weight, encumbrance, energy consumption, etc.) are particularly limited, furthermore, the onboard instrumentation is exposed to harsh environmental conditions (vibrations, ultra-high vacuum, radiation, temperature gradients, etc.). For these reasons, IO devices can represent a very important solution, particularly when based on monolithic structures (Figure 19).
(a) Carbon fibre telescope integrating three IO micro-interferometers. (b) Detail of an integrated MZ micro-interferometer equipped with front-end optics, readout electronics and packaging, ready to use (the overall package length is 12 cm).
Integrated scanning micro-interferometers with Mach–Zehnder geometry, have been designed and produced by using MEOS (Micro Electro Optical Systems) technologies.
The obtained micro-devices are based on integrated optical waveguides on LiNbO3 (LN) crystals, electrically driven, without moving parts, by exploiting the electro-optical properties of the material. These IO devices are Fourier Spectrometers in that they operate the Fourier Transform of the input radiation spectral distribution, which is eventually recovered starting from the output signal by means of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) techniques.
Such micro-interferometers weigh a few grams, require a power consumption of a few mW and, in principle, can operate in the whole LN transmittance range (0.36 μm–4.5 μm).
In the literature several works have been reported [12, 47, 48] describing the development of a whole series of micro-interferometric apparatuses, demonstrating in principle the applicability of IO MEOS technology for Space exploration and Earth remote sensing. The micro-interferometers were produced on x-cut LiNbO3 single-crystal substrates, by applying non-conventional micromachining techniques, based on high-energy particle beams processing.
Performances were particularly tested in the 0.4 μm–2.5 μm spectral window, with some extension also in the 2.5 μm–4.5 μm range. In the Visible region 0.4 μm–0.7 μm this microsystem demonstrated a spectral resolution suitable for detecting the characteristic lines of the solar spectrum together with the absorption bands of common gases present in Earth’s atmosphere (see Figures 20 and 21).
(a) Solar radiation interferogram, (b) corresponding FFT (solid), reference (dot).
(a) Raw interferogram as obtained from an integrated scanning MZI, and (b) the absorption analysis of the NO2 analyte, (lower curve), introduced in a wide band light (upper curve).
Recent developments of Integrated Optics and Photonics components allow implementing complex, rugged, robust and miniaturised interferometric systems, which applications span all the fields of sensing interferometry also including the possibility of upcoming quantum effects applications, already shortly mentioned in paragraph 4. In this work, a general overview of the present state of the art was presented, with the intention to stimulate the interests of investigators and researchers operating in multidisciplinary contexts and in general in all fields of sensing and analytics.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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Rasalkar and Bhawan K. Paunipagar",authors:[{id:"70915",title:"Prof.",name:"Shalini",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"shalini-jain",fullName:"Shalini Jain"},{id:"76390",title:"Dr.",name:"Darshana",middleName:null,surname:"Rasalkar",slug:"darshana-rasalkar",fullName:"Darshana Rasalkar"},{id:"126379",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawan",middleName:null,surname:"Paunipagar",slug:"bhawan-paunipagar",fullName:"Bhawan Paunipagar"}]},{id:"54747",doi:"10.5772/68011",title:"The Role of miRNAs in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment Prediction in Cervical Cancer",slug:"the-role-of-mirnas-in-diagnosis-prognosis-and-treatment-prediction-in-cervical-cancer",totalDownloads:1543,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Cervical cancer represents one of the major problems of health women worldwide, especially in the developing countries. If discovered in its earliest stages, cervical cancer is successfully treatable; however, due to lack of proper implementation of screening programs, the majority of cervical cancer patients are diagnosed in advanced stages, which dramatically influence their outcome. Almost a half of these patients will suffer recurrence or metastasis in the following 2 years after therapy. If there are no immediate prospects in terms of developing new or more effective therapies, identifying new tools for early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment prediction remains a big challenge for cervical cancer. miRNAs have been validated to be key players in cell physiology, alterations in miRNA expression being associated with cancer progression and response to therapy. Cervical cancer studies have showed that alterations of miRNA expression can be identified in tumor tissues, exfoliated cervical cells and patients serum and that their transcription pattern is regulated by the present HPV genotype. Furthermore, miRNAs have been associated with patients response to therapy, therefore suggesting their potential to be used as biomarkers for cervical cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response.",book:{id:"5728",slug:"colposcopy-and-cervical-pathology",title:"Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology",fullTitle:"Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology"},signatures:"Ovidiu Balacescu, Loredana Balacescu, Oana Baldasici, Oana\nTudoran and Patriciu Achimas‐Cadariu",authors:[{id:"195763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ovidiu",middleName:null,surname:"Balacescu",slug:"ovidiu-balacescu",fullName:"Ovidiu Balacescu"},{id:"196758",title:"Dr.",name:"Loreadana",middleName:null,surname:"Balacescu",slug:"loreadana-balacescu",fullName:"Loreadana Balacescu"},{id:"196761",title:"Dr.",name:"Oana",middleName:null,surname:"Tudoran",slug:"oana-tudoran",fullName:"Oana Tudoran"},{id:"196770",title:"Prof.",name:"Patriciu",middleName:null,surname:"Achimas",slug:"patriciu-achimas",fullName:"Patriciu Achimas"},{id:"203875",title:"Dr.",name:"Oana",middleName:null,surname:"Baldasici",slug:"oana-baldasici",fullName:"Oana Baldasici"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48951",title:"Peripartum Hysterectomy",slug:"peripartum-hysterectomy-",totalDownloads:1961,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Peripartum hysterectomy is uncommon in modern obstetrics. It is mostly performed as an emergency procedure to control life-threatening haemorrhage. Despite recent technical advances in medicine, it is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Peripartum hysterectomy constitutes a life-saving procedure.",book:{id:"4641",slug:"approaches-to-hysterectomy",title:"Approaches to Hysterectomy",fullTitle:"Approaches to Hysterectomy"},signatures:"Zouhair O. Amarin",authors:[{id:"101551",title:"Prof.",name:"Zouhair",middleName:null,surname:"Amarin",slug:"zouhair-amarin",fullName:"Zouhair Amarin"}]},{id:"60935",title:"Pathophysiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"pathophysiology-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1753,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Pelvic organ support is provided by interaction between the pelvic floor muscle, ligaments and its connective tissues. Failure of anatomical support may result in pelvic organ prolapse. Therefore in managing anterior, posterior, or apical compartments prolapse, conceptual understanding of pelvic floor anatomy is essential for the surgeons. To appropriately treat these entities, comprehension of the various theories of the pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse is of paramount importance. DeLancey has described vaginal connective tissue support of the pelvis at three levels that has helped us to understand various clinical manifestations of pelvic organ support dysfunction. Pelvic floor disorder is frequently associated with etiological risk factors which include aging, parity, obesity, connective tissue disorder, increased intra-abdominal pressure and hysterectomy. A better understanding of pathophysiology of muscular, collagen, and neuronal components of the pelvic organs and their support would provide an insight of site specific defects and its prevention.",book:{id:"6278",slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders"},signatures:"Lubna Razzak",authors:[{id:"212077",title:"Dr.",name:"Lubna",middleName:null,surname:"Razzak",slug:"lubna-razzak",fullName:"Lubna Razzak"}]},{id:"49153",title:"B-Lynch Compression Suture as an Alternative to Paripartum Hysterectomy",slug:"b-lynch-compression-suture-as-an-alternative-to-paripartum-hysterectomy",totalDownloads:2687,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Obstetrics haemorrhage is a major killer of women of all categories of class, religion, social and economic status. Women of third world countries suffer the most adversity because of poor resources and infrastructure. In major substandard care, haemorrhage emerges as the major cause of severe maternal morbidity in almost all ‘near miss’ audits in both developed and developing countries [1, 2, 24].",book:{id:"4641",slug:"approaches-to-hysterectomy",title:"Approaches to Hysterectomy",fullTitle:"Approaches to Hysterectomy"},signatures:"Christopher Balogun-Lynch and Tahira Aziz Javaid",authors:[{id:"176667",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Balogun-Lynch",slug:"christopher-balogun-lynch",fullName:"Christopher Balogun-Lynch"},{id:"176773",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahira Aziz",middleName:null,surname:"Javaid",slug:"tahira-aziz-javaid",fullName:"Tahira Aziz Javaid"}]},{id:"61034",title:"Recurrent Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"recurrent-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1774,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The treatment of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse is challenging. The pelvic floor symptom needs to be treated, a high quality of life has to be ensured and complications have to be minimized. There is a wide range of surgical options that may be used. The surgeon should be able to discuss and offer native tissue procedures for prolapse. In addition, for the clinically challenging situations of recurrent prolapse, mesh augmented procedures may need to be discussed with the patient. A thorough knowledge of mesh and graft options, as well as knowledge of prolapse recurrence and adverse events rate, can help guide clinicians in counseling their patients effectively. Ultimately, this will allow surgeons to choose a personalized treatment option that best align with a woman’s lifestyle and treatment goals. In this chapter the anatomical concepts of supports of vagina are elaborated. The pelvic diaphragm, lateral attachment of vagina to arcus tendineus fascia pelvis, intrinsic and extrinsic sphincter control mechanisms are elaborated. The surgical techniques of suspending the vaginal vault with autologous tissue and synthetic mesh are discussed. Finally, the role of minimally invasive surgery of pelvic floor is discussed as an integral part of management of recurrent vaginal prolapse.",book:{id:"6278",slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders"},signatures:"Nidhi Sharma and Sudakshina Chakrabarti",authors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"},{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti"}]},{id:"61308",title:"Effects of Posture and Gravity on Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"effects-of-posture-and-gravity-on-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1226,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Female pelvic floor dysfunction occurs when the integrity of the pelvic floor muscles is compromised and impacts the position and function of the pelvic organs. Physicians use international guidelines to evaluate and treat women for POP taking into account that posture and gravity impact pelvic organ position, and degree of prolapse. Our clinical focuses on the description of surface anatomy. This examination alone is insufficient. Although imaging is recommended, the modalities currently available are recognized to have flaws. MRI is performed in the supine position regardless the effect of posture and gravity on POP. A literature search was performed using databases, searching MEDLINE and PubMed using the key terms ultrasound, MRI, and CT. We describe use of a new protocol and advanced technique to evaluate the changes of POP in different positions using open MRI (MRO). POP patients underwent MRO imaging of the pelvic floor using a 0.5 T MRO scanner. The extent of displacement of prolapsed organs was determined using validated reference lines drawn on the mid-sagittal images. Manual segmentation and surface modeling were used to construct the 3D models. 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He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. 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This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",annualVolume:11421,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. 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The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/119247",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"119247"},fullPath:"/profiles/119247",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()