Catalog of prerequisites integrated into ethical workplace standard (source: Author).
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8385",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanocrystalline Materials",title:"Nanocrystalline Materials",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The term "nanocrystalline materials" relates to the sizes of structural elements. The range of application of these materials is huge, such as more efficient catalysts, films, magnetic materials, protective coatings, and biological and biomaterials. Many compounds and elements, if made on the nanoscale, behave quite differently from how they would have in their conventional state. The overall purpose of this book, "Nanocrystalline Materials", is to provide present selected advanced topics on nanocrystals, allowing the book to be a good resource for scholars and students of material science, nanotechnology, and physical chemistry.',isbn:"978-1-78985-594-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-593-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-274-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78515",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nanocrystalline-materials",numberOfPages:130,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"cf72d957868565da82cc4ad919e6c4d7",bookSignature:"Behrooz Movahedi",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8385.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5492,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:39,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:56,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 6th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 27th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 26th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 14th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 13th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"150371",title:"Prof.",name:"Behrooz",middleName:null,surname:"Movahedi",slug:"behrooz-movahedi",fullName:"Behrooz Movahedi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/150371/images/system/150371.jpg",biography:"Dr. Behrooz Movahedi obtained his Ph.D degree in Materials Engineering at Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) in Iran in 2010. During this period, while on a sabbatical leave he visited the School of Materials Science and Engineering in Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. After that he joined the Department of Nanotechnology Engineering in the University of Isfahan (UI) as an Associate Professor. Recently, he is the head of the Nanotechnology Engineering Department in Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies. Dr. Behrooz Movahedi has over 10 years of experience in the nanotechnology, amorphous materials, optical ceramics and advanced thermal spray coatings for environmental and industrial applications. He was invited as a reviewer in some potential ISI journals such as Materials & Design, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Surface and coatings Technology, Applied Surface Science, Materials Science & Engineering B, Ceramics International, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance.",institutionString:"University of Isfahan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"208",title:"Material Science",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science"}],chapters:[{id:"70447",title:"Introductory Chapter: Nanocrystalline Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90255",slug:"introductory-chapter-nanocrystalline-materials",totalDownloads:721,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Behrooz Movahedi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70447",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70447",authors:[{id:"92198",title:"Dr.",name:"Behrooz",surname:"Movahedi",slug:"behrooz-movahedi",fullName:"Behrooz Movahedi"}],corrections:null},{id:"67576",title:"Silicon Nanocrystals and Amorphous Nanoclusters in SiOx and SiNx: Atomic, Electronic Structure, and Memristor Effects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86508",slug:"silicon-nanocrystals-and-amorphous-nanoclusters-in-sio-sub-x-sub-and-sin-sub-x-sub-atomic-electronic",totalDownloads:887,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Semiconductor nanocrystals in dielectric films are interesting from fundamental aspect, because quantum-size effects in them appear even at room temperature, so such objects can be called as “quantum dots”. Silicon nanocrystals and amorphous silicon nanoclusters in substoichiometric SiOx and SiNx films are traps for electrons and holes that apply in nonvolatile memory devices. In this chapter the formation of silicon nanocrystals and silicon amorphous nanoclusters in SiOx and SiNx films was studied using structural and optical methods. The phonon confinement model was refined to obtain sizes of silicon nanocrystals from analysis of Raman scattering data. Structural models that lead to nanoscale potential fluctuation in amorphous SiOx and SiNx are considered. A new structural model which is intermediate between random mixture and random bonding models is proposed. Memristor effects in SiOx films are discussed.",signatures:"Vladimir Volodin, Vladimir Gritsenko, Andrei Gismatulin and Albert Chin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67576",authors:[{id:"295149",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Volodin",slug:"vladimir-volodin",fullName:"Vladimir Volodin"},{id:"299276",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Gritsenko",slug:"vladimir-gritsenko",fullName:"Vladimir Gritsenko"},{id:"317682",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",surname:"Gismatulin",slug:"andrei-gismatulin",fullName:"Andrei Gismatulin"},{id:"317683",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Chin",slug:"albert-chin",fullName:"Albert Chin"}],corrections:null},{id:"68155",title:"Ferrite-Based Nanoparticles Synthesized from Natural Iron Sand as the Fe3+ Ion Source",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88027",slug:"ferrite-based-nanoparticles-synthesized-from-natural-iron-sand-as-the-fe-sup-3-sup-ion-source",totalDownloads:1109,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ferrite-based nanoparticles, namely, bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) and calcium ferrite (CaFe4O7), have been synthesized via sol-gel and chemically dissolved method, respectively, employing hematite (α-Fe2O3) as the Fe3+ ion source. Firstly, α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared from natural iron sand containing mostly magnetite (Fe3O4) phase through coprecipitation technique continued by sintering process at 800°C for 2 h. Higher BiFeO3 phase content was achieved after Bi-Fe gel being annealed at 650°C for 1 h in air atmosphere. Furthermore, major phase of CaFe4O7 was formed with molar ratio of Fe3+/Ca2+ = 6 and sintering temperature of 800°C for 3 h. Interestingly, the powders with dominant CaFe4O7 phase, known as calcium biferrite, exhibit higher ferromagnetism at room temperature. The magnetic properties of the calcium biferrite are comparable to those of barium hexaferrite which can be applied for radar-absorbing material. Meanwhile, BiFeO3 powders also show weak room temperature ferromagnetism. It has also demonstrated that Ni doping in the bismuth ferrite (BiFe1−xNixO3 with x = 0.1) nanoparticles results in enhancement of the magnetic properties. Moreover, a ferroelectric hysteresis loop and a trend of frequency dependence of the dielectric constant have been observed, which were enhanced by Pb doping (Bi1−yPbyFeO3 with y = 0.1). These results suggest a multiferroic behavior in the BiFeO3 nanoparticles.",signatures:"Malik Anjelh Baqiya, Retno Asih, Muhammad Ghufron, Mastuki, Dwi Yuli Retnowati, Triwikantoro and Darminto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68155",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68155",authors:[{id:"192041",title:"Prof.",name:"D",surname:"Darminto",slug:"d-darminto",fullName:"D Darminto"},{id:"192812",title:"Dr.",name:"Malik",surname:"Baqiya",slug:"malik-baqiya",fullName:"Malik Baqiya"},{id:"195349",title:"Dr.",name:"T.",surname:"Triwikantoro",slug:"t.-triwikantoro",fullName:"T. Triwikantoro"},{id:"299625",title:"Dr.",name:"Retno",surname:"Asih",slug:"retno-asih",fullName:"Retno Asih"},{id:"299626",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Gufron",slug:"muhammad-gufron",fullName:"Muhammad Gufron"},{id:"299627",title:"Ms.",name:"Dwi Yuli",surname:"Retnowati",slug:"dwi-yuli-retnowati",fullName:"Dwi Yuli Retnowati"},{id:"306331",title:"MSc.",name:"M",surname:"Mastuki",slug:"m-mastuki",fullName:"M Mastuki"}],corrections:null},{id:"67838",title:"Surface Plasmons in Oxide Semiconductor Nanoparticles: Effect of Size and Carrier Density",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86999",slug:"surface-plasmons-in-oxide-semiconductor-nanoparticles-effect-of-size-and-carrier-density",totalDownloads:808,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oxide semiconductors have received much attention for potential use in optoelectronic applications such as transparent electrodes, transistors, and emitting devices. Recently, new functionalities of oxide semiconductors have been discovered such as localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), which show high-efficiency plasmon excitations in the infrared (IR) range using different structures such as nanorods, nanoparticles (NPs), and nanodots. In this chapter, we introduce optical properties of carrier- and size-dependent LSPRs in oxide semiconductor NPs based on In2O3: Sn (ITO). In particular, systematic examinations of carrier- and size-dependent LSPRs reveal the damping mechanisms on LSPR excitations of ITO NPs, which play an important role in determining excitation efficiency of LSPRs. Additionally, the control of carrier and size in the ITO NPs contribute toward improving solar-thermal shielding in the IR range. The high IR reflectance of assembled films of ITO NPs is due to three-dimensional plasmon coupling between the NPs, which is related to electron carriers and particle size of ITO NPs. This chapter provides new information concerning structural design when fabricating thermal-shielding materials based on LSPRs in oxide semiconductor NPs.",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67838",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67838",authors:[{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui"}],corrections:null},{id:"68946",title:"A Facile Method for Formulation of Atenolol Nanocrystal Drug with Enhanced Bioavailability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88191",slug:"a-facile-method-for-formulation-of-atenolol-nanocrystal-drug-with-enhanced-bioavailability",totalDownloads:710,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Atenolol is a commonly used antihypertensive drug of class III BCS category. The objective of the present study is to enhance the permeability of atenolol by using a suitable technique which is economical and devoid of using any organic solvents. The nanocrystal technology by high pressure homogenization was chosen for this purpose, which is less expensive and simple method. In this technique, no organic solvent was used. The study was further aimed to characterize prepared nanocrystals in solid state by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns, particle size, zeta potential, % yield, and drug permeation study through isolated goat’s intestine. An in vivo study was carried out to determine the pharmacokinetic property in comparison to pure drug powder using rats as experimental animals. The formulation design was optimized by a 3(2) factorial design. In these designs, two factors, namely surfactant amount (X1) and speed of homogenizer (X2), were evaluated on three dependent variables, namely particle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), and production yield (Y3).",signatures:"Luis Castañeda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68946",authors:[{id:"294990",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Castañeda",slug:"luis-castaneda",fullName:"Luis Castañeda"}],corrections:null},{id:"68817",title:"Production, Processes and Modification of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Agro-Waste: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87001",slug:"production-processes-and-modification-of-nanocrystalline-cellulose-from-agro-waste-a-review",totalDownloads:1259,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:34,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Nanocrystalline cellulose is a renewable nanomaterial that has gained huge attention for its use in various applications from advanced biomedical material to food packaging material due to its exceptional physical and biological properties, such as high crystallinity degree, large specific surface area, high aspect ratio, high thermal resistance, good mechanical properties, abundance of surface hydroxyl groups, low toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. However, they still have drawbacks: (1) sources of raw materials and its utilization in the production of nanocomposites and (2) high chemical and energy consumption regarding the isolation of macro-sized fibers to nano-sized fibers. The incorporation of hydrophilic nanocrystalline cellulose within hydrophobic polymer limits the dispersion of nano-sized fibers, thus resulting in low mechanical properties of nanocomposites. Hence, surface modification on nano-sized fiber could be a solution to this problem. This review focuses on the advanced developments in pretreatment, nanocrystalline production and modifications, and its application in food packaging, biomedical materials, pharmaceutical, substitution biomaterials, drug excipient, drug delivery automotive, and nanopaper applications.",signatures:"R.A. Ilyas, S.M. Sapuan, R. Ibrahim, M.S.N. Atikah, A. Atiqah, M.N.M. Ansari and M.N.F. 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\r\n\r\n\tThis book intends to provide newer advancements in the research of leptin’s role in intestinal dysbiosis and possible use as a vaccine candidate to protect from intestinal dysbiosis which is the cause of various diseases and conditions. The book is an attempt to understand leptin through evidence-based developments in this critically important area of human health, and it is imagined as a valuable guide for researchers and clinicians interested in intestinal immunity.
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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"70385",title:"Stabilization of Digitized Processes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90383",slug:"stabilization-of-digitized-processes",body:'\nRadical innovation of industrial companies, connected with the integration of human-cobot technologies are strong connected with the requirement to give the stability in the mutual cooperation. Cobots are playing an important role in the process performance, productivity and efficiency of production process. A lot of industrial companies’ architects are oriented on the ethical workplace conditions, the vision is to develop the “right” cooperation climate by production human-cobot organized workplace. Already in 1921, the Czech author Karel Čapek mentioned the term “robot” for the first time. His vision was to replace complicated human work with technology that can perform well-chosen work performance while replacing a person with equal work performance. The first consideration was frustration of a worker who began to compare his work performance with the cobot performance. Second, an important vision, it was important to begin use the cobots for dangerous production jobs or for routine production workplaces with extreme physical or psychological stress on the person and body at work—something in the sense of effective and flexible replacement of human by production workplace. Human should cooperate with cobot (or intelligent machine) only by exactly defined technology interconnections. Basic assumption of this interconnection is standardized human intelligence and digital technology intelligence.
\nIn modern industrial company’s we face daily the problem of responsibility for the implementation of standardized workplace performance. The crucial research question is, how to deal the ethical aspect of production process stability and responsibility for the required process output. Is the responsible person responsible for the output assigned to perform the performance, or it is the cobot, who is responsible for the output assigned?
\nThe sensitivity on productivity and quality of work performance is therefore on of the cornerstones of stability of digitized processes. An important phenomenon in this context is how we look at the complexly production process productivity and the process stability of human and cobot.
\nCrucial questions of today’s production processes in industrial companies can be summarized as follows:
how can we analyze the production workplace according the standardization of mutual cooperation between human and cobot?
are we able to identify core pillars of effective and ethical cooperation by workplace given as a combination of human and cobot?
it is possible to design the optimal standard of production workplace according the ethical human-cobot cooperation?
can we apply the same rules to assessing compliance of job or workplace standards for human and cobot?
which type of competencies and responsibilities are identified by human and cobot in the stabile digitized processes?
An important part of today’s standardization procedures in industrial companies is the accent on the optimal human—cobot interaction, controllable sensors by human and cobots, flexible jobs layout organization between human and cobot and at the end the requirement on the optimal level of emotions given by process realization on the site of human and cobot. A lot of authors published interesting facts according organization of combined assembly processes oriented on achieving flexibility by defined production volume and product tolerances [1]. Some interesting research studies were made according to the multidimensional computing integration by production workplaces. Implementation of Industry 4.0 concept changed radically the requirements on the level of digital literacy, skills and cooperation possibilities by human and cobot. Used qualification matrix and other layout shop floor design tools were transferred in autonomously working digital managed systems. Ethical consideration of this change is now the design drivers with the limit of design space. We can see in theoretical studies, that the interconnected cyber-physical systems have integrated the new complex software and knowledge systems, oriented on the intelligent human and cobot automation, connected with digitized performance monitoring [2]. Many enterprises are working toward the goal of work optimization, in which human and cobot work together and automation is achieved through the development of intelligent machines. These intelligent self-learning systems are driven by cloud computing, breakthrough in sensor technology and the algorithms that hammers the power of bit data. Progress in robotics and artificial intelligence will change the workplace and employment law.
\nImportant part of research contributions in this area is oriented on the human experiences and cobot support of production operations by workplace [3]. Autonomous systems have the potential save the important past process experiences, next to use these for process learning and virtual reality setting [4]. The process of workplace learning will go in new age, where the human and cobot have the same responsibilities as the pillars of stabile production process [5]. The human vulnerability can be measured through the feeling of safety by workplace and by future expectations. Main goal there is the replacement of routine human tasks through cobots and intelligent machines [6]. In recent years, we concern out attention in this area on the ethical production systems, while the production process is not only a technical matter, but collaborative human-cobot system [7]. Under systems components we manage in our digitized time the unique properties and abilities added to human and cobot, these are responsible for decision making in real time and by defined workplace [8].
\nBasic definition of ethics is in production process primarily oriented on the habit, which integrates the philosophy of wisdom and satisfaction with realized job output. Transformation this definition on the stabile digitized process conditions means to reflect the following parameters of human-cobot workplace:
workplace layout—core content of value added by workplace
production job description—knowledge of task realized by jobs
human-cobot production operation standard—job self-realization by flexible defined production standard
workplace productivity—“human-cobot KPI’s” competency and responsibility
An analysis of the stabile digitized workplace lead our attention on the managers, legitimate activities and technical qualification of human and cobots [9, 10]. We can call it as “biodesign” [11], this refers to new way of living organism as essential component of stabile digitized production technology. Now the motivation and improvement efforts is given by behaviour (human, cobot, information) and recognition programs are the completely impersonal processes [12].
\nProduction system oriented on the implementation on Industry 4.0 concept must fulfill following parameters:
Information background—integrated information systems should create virtual reality managed by digital technologies in real time and place
Communication platform—machines, technologies, processes, information and material flows should connect effective virtual information world with real technological world
Operational management—optimal performance of production system in according to the problem solving and decision making with right integration of human
Production management—integrated value chain oriented on the standardized decision making and autonomous operability of production components
Data security of integrated systems
A high degree of reliability and stability of realized production processes without integration barriers
Production systems IT maintenance
In according to the proposal of process stabilization model we identify following testing hypothesis:
Our survey was realized in 120 industrial companies in Czech and Slovak Republic (40% automotive, 30% mechanical, 20% external supply for automotive, 10% other industry) (\nFigure 1\n).
\nIndustry 4.0: level of process digitization—comparison 2016 and 2020 (source: author).
Results verified mentioned hypothesis and showed, that positive cost regulation and revenues management lies in in optimal combination of advanced connectivity (14%), better “internet of things” services (26%), computer integrated processes (35%), cloud computing and advanced automation (15%) and user-friendly process standardization (15%). Right combination of all mentioned parameters secures and bring the potential of lower cost and increased revenues.
\nVerification of given hypothesis has brought a clear signal to the issue of identification of key business processes. The hypothesis was not confirmed, because all companies have identified key processes mostly in relation to the production process (horizontal core processes), but not in according to the implementation of Industry 4.0 concept as supporting managerial company process (vertical processes). In according to the identification of core processes we mentioned by our survey the fact, that a lot of people in industrial companies have a problem with right understanding of the “process” definition. Traditional we are oriented on the production processes, supporting processes or we distinguish between managerial or operational processes. In the environment of Industry 4.0 concept we should make radical change in our thinking, because we are speaking about digital company—digital culture—digital processes. According to this fact we speak about new type of “process content” according to the digital enterprise environment. From our survey, we achieved secondary the following knowledge: most industrial companies have respect before traditional enterprise culture, standards infrastructure, intellectual property protection by workplace, personnel leadership and coaching. This is in direct correlation with traditional model of personnel security or personnel integrated management and decision making processes. By mentioned processes was the responsibility and delegated competencies by human, now in the Industry 4.0 concept there is necessary to transfer all important operational business competencies, responsibilities connected with production processes planning, scheduling and organization to the computer technologies and digital processes (\nFigure 2\n).
\nIdentification of core processes for Industry 4.0 implementation—process standardization and stabilization (source: author).
A lot of companies have clear vision about content of Industry 4.0 concept, they are waiting on positive experiences from other companies, that absolved first stages of implementation process. The realized questionnaire showed the accuracy of given hypothesis with an important signal to give to the companies more knowledge and skills from successful industrial companies having experiences with first implementation steps.
\nWhere is in enterprise competent to identify the vision and define process steps of Industry 4.0 by concept implementation? This was our principally question during realization of our research in industrial enterprises. Basic impulse for this question was the fact, that we know responsible person as a director in each enterprise for the production department (evtl. production process), but we do not know the director for implementation of supporting business processes—for example—for implementation of new IT projects. In more companies, we found during our survey product responsible person for implementation of IT project (78%), in better case for implementation of Industry 4.0 concept (14%). From point of process stabilization this is a crucial moment, because nobody from product managers cannot be responsible in industrial enterprises for combination of horizontal and vertical integrated processes. Firstly, as we can see, we should identify right person, which will be responsible complexly for the process of Industry 4.0 concept preparation and implementation (\nFigure 3\n).
\nIndustry 4.0: reality + vision—comparison between number of industrial companies (source: author).
Analysis of workplace layout (source: author).
Standardization of workplace according to the job layout, combined as “human-cobot,” evokes optimal time management (possibility to cancel job when it comes to overloading or defect). It reflects the combination of integrity, security, safety, accountability, equitability and altruism components. The single most important factor in job performance and advancement is emotional intelligence [13]. Goleman mentioned in accordance to the ability to learn on the job the following parameters:
listening and oral communication
adaptability and creative responses to setbacks and obstacles
personal management, confidence, motivation to work toward goals, a sense of wanting to develop one’s career and take pride in accomplishments
group and interpersonal effectiveness, cooperativeness and teamwork, skills at negotiating disagreements
effectiveness in the organization, wanting to make a contribution, leadership potential
Tested hypothesis:
\n
\n
adequate personification of tasks realized by job and on-line organized communication and management of production processes—247 companies
digitization and automation of manufacturing processes—137 companies
flexible real-time production management by workplace—198 companies
on-line reception and production organization based on customer order specification—211 companies
continuously production flow without human obstacles or cobot conflicts by workplace—167 companies
\n
\n
Used KPI’s by selected SMEs (250 companies):
Availability of continuously production flow by “human-cobot” workplace:
(PD—planned time of availability, ST—service time, PSM—preventive service maintenance)
Throughput time of e-process operation
(IIS—instruction input time in the system, DeOP—duration of e-operation, WTSR—waiting time on system reaction, IINO—instruction input time for next e-process operation)
Average reaction time of the system incident
(TUS—time of system unavailability, ID—incident diagnosis, IE—incident elimination)
Index of data completeness availability for process realization in Industry 4.0 system
(SRDO—number of successful realized digitized operations given into systems as requirements, RDI—returned no realized digitized operations)
Motivation factor for standardized “human-cobot” standardized ethical workplace:
(Xmproc—process motivation level, Xmprod—product motivation level, Xmpers—personality motivation level)
0,5 level of X: full completion of tasks integrated in human-cobot system, null level of changes or mutual personal/system conflicts (100% satisfaction).
0,4 level of X: completion of tasks in limit given by time, amount of transactions given to the e-process or system (80% satisfaction, 20% of small disruptions or conflicts, may be waiting on the system answer or delivery of right information from other worker integrated in “human-cobot” system).
0,3 level of X: average completion of tasks by given production plan (50% satisfaction, 50% registration of process conflicts—bad order specification, late order entry, prioritization of order in 1 hour, conflicts by persons or system settings).
0,2 level of X: small level of mutual information exchange between staff integrated in “human-cobot” system (20% jobs realized by plan, 80% of conflicts or absenteeism of right setting of e-connections in information systems and communication channels by machines.
Flexible ethical and standardized production workplace is determined by functional “code of ethics.” In many companies, we have led a highly productive discussion on the issue of the equality of working standards for workers and robots. As a result of the whole series of discussions, the standard structure of working standards for both categories should be maintained. The outcomes of these discussions were a catalog of prerequisites for the creation of an ethical standard of workplace (\nTable 1\n):
\nAnalysis of human-cobot operations (source: author): 1—comprehensive digital process map and digitized management; 2—optimal functional coordination of tasks realized by workplace; 3—defined on-line prioritization of operations and tasks; 4—flexible cooperative scheduling in real time; 7—clear standardization of ID production tasks codes; and 8—on-line digitized feedback “workplace-customer-supplier.”
Identification of all core process components integrated in Industry 4.0 concept | \n
Availability of all required functionalities of computerized and digitized technologies | \n
Number of available services integrated in digitized data and cloud system | \n
Number of intelligent drive units integrated in the Industry 4.0 concept | \n
Defined technical functionality, virtual functionality, communication capability and model process structure | \n
Communication ability verification by each Industry 4.0 system component | \n
Standardization of e-connections, standardization of input and output process parameters | \n
Number of objects managed through digitized technology in one e-chain (ID-chain) and by one ID-administrator | \n
Number of process conflicts in pre-implementation stage of Industry 4.0 concept (technical conflicts, technological conflicts, interface conflicts, data cybersecurity) | \n
Number of total digitized processes in production | \n
Number total digitized machines integrated in Industry 4.0 chain | \n
Defined human responsibility for each process component integrated in the Industry 4.0 chain | \n
Throughput time of production process before Industry 4.0 implementation | \n
Throughput time of production process during Industry 4.0 implementation | \n
Real time of system communication by realization of production process through Industry 4.0 system | \n
React time on delivery of system components availability for realization of production process after input of customer order into system (specification and commitment of customer order) | \n
Operative cost for order processing in digitized environment | \n
Testing and validation of digitized processes in according to the flexible planning and organization of production process | \n
Ability to re-plan the production process virtually by given instructions through ID competencies for flexible production organization | \n
Availability of all relevant data and on-line data corrections availability in integrated process components | \n
React time on process defect in system between process component owner (ID) and digitized workplace in production (identified by ID) | \n
Grade of standardization of interfaces and abilities of units for and digitized regulation of flexible production system | \n
Number of domain borders integrated in digitized environment for production system | \n
Stability and security of defined standards, technological and technical rules, mutual process e-communication and e-management | \n
Number of digital certificates for authentication of realized operations | \n
Number of identities with login data for maintenance and management of operational Industry 4.0 system | \n
Definition of system responsibilities for human—guaranty of system timeliness and usability | \n
Number of virtual instances for recovery functions and security incidents elimination in Industry 4.0 system | \n
Catalog of prerequisites integrated into ethical workplace standard (source: Author).
Next, we were identified the crucial pillars of ethical production workplace standard:
knowledge of stabile daily structure of production program and available production technologies (elimination of daily changes in production program and higher flexibility during weekly structuring of production program)
certainties that the stocks intended for the production process are actually available (material, staff, information, standards, layout, material flow, etc.)
setting of clear productions and supporting processes for selected e-technology with regard to the allocation of responsibilities of specific staff (alternative for each shift individual responsible person with clear own e-code in information system)
readiness of actual dates on daily basis for production planning in information system (motivated man has all necessary information available in right structured information system, he does not need manually or with big time wastes looking for all necessary dates)
adequate working conditions by workplace for seamless realization of production planning and control (availability of databases, knowledge of performance and technological parameters by e-machines, standards for e-oriented production planning and control, software enabled flexible production planning and control in real time, feedback from unavailable machine capacity in information system just in time)
proper allocation of competencies and responsibilities by staff linked in a process planning and control network
possibility (competency) to influence selected parameters of e-technologies by customer requirements in real working day (in cooperation with IT-engineer)
real feedback from workplaces about realized production losses in information system (realized production amount, re-work pieces, re-typing times, cycle times, maintenance times, etc.)
competency to stop the production process by the system failure and active corrections in process management system as a preventive action
possibility of self-realization by planning—realization—control of production system in according to balancing the performance management system and innovations given for higher profitability of this performance management system (\nFigure 6\n)
Schema of mutual cooperation “human-cobot” (source: author).
As core processes were identified following:
Integration of planning and scheduling processes
Digitized automation of processes
Real time process quality control, on-line monitoring of production and manufacturing dates
System based, real-time and end-to-end structured processes and activities
Personalized and on-line organized processes
Customer oriented on-line order system
Maintenance of key technologies oriented on on-line principles
Personalized and on-line organized production planning, control and improvement (\nTable 2\n)
Specification of production order | \nSetting up and digitizing of identification codes for product parts and relevant types of production operations Creating digital bindings of the “product—manufacturing process” Providing comprehensive digital inputs and outputs | \n
Production portfolio management by production cell | \nIdentification, setting up and standardization of the collaborative platform for the digitally controlled manufacturing process Flexible simulation of the production process Database of availability and performance parameters of production technologies | \n
Production planning and scheduling | \nSetting up and standardizing the platform and procedures for digital decision making Personalization / Setting up the e-carrier of digital links Install and manage cloud storage of production data | \n
Flexible job organization | \nMulti-level, digitally-organized production scheduling in real time Organization and administration of data analytics in real time Creating online error identification and fault elimination | \n
Production process realization | \nOnline Workplace Performance Monitoring Scheme Optimizing material and information flows Digital management of production processes | \n
Customer satisfaction | \nSetting up a digital protocol for testing the quality of the manufactured product, the production process being carried out Creation of digitally controlled process improvement systems | \n
Production standard core content (source: Author).
Emotionally feeling of actual reality by workplace may be connected with overworking, or managing our emotions. Emphatically human by workplace owns the ability to detect what his colleague is feeling. Important question: is this formula valid by robot too? We do not have the same filters that other people do to block our stimulation. As a consequence, we absorb into our own bodies both the positive and stressful energies around us. We are so sensitive that it is like holding something in a hand that has 50 fingers instead of five. What is the difference between having empathy and being an empath? Having empathy means our heart goes out to another person in joy or pain. But, for empaths, it goes much farther. We actually feel others’ emotions, energy, and physical symptoms in our own bodies, without the usual defenses that most people have [14].
\nWe are supersensitive to their tone of voice and body movements. We can hear what they do not say in words but communicate nonverbally and through silence. My partner robot should understand the social situations by workplace and bring the energy to understanding of human sensitivities. Empaths are usually more successful in jobs that allow them to work in calm, well-maintained environments within a small team. Empathy goes hand in hand with emotionally intelligence. It is a complex set of skills that, when combined together, set the man up for correct relationships with other and together with yourself. And this is the first step to the self-improvement and self-motivation.
\nGeneral types of empaths:
physical empaths—human can identify physical symptoms of other people and tends to absorb them into own body
emotional empaths—human pick up other people’s emotions and can become a sponge for their feelings
intuitive empaths—human experiences extraordinary perceptions (telepathy, intuition)
Standardly we can speak about normal empath’s abilities, when the processes flow is realized continuously, without obstacles or job conflicts. If the people have not an idea, how they can collaborate or communicate in real time with cobots, they become psychologically unstable. Here it is necessary to give attention to the human sensitivity feeling moment—we should learn, how to manage standardly the human empathy, which is responsible for actual performance by workplace. In production standard is than important, to obtain real feedback to the actual experiences from loaded workflow. Man has the possibility to solve production performance defects in real time, he has also an empath to cope with the “just in moment” situation by workplace. Radically so grows his ability to react adequate according to the performance value and quality. Human is by workplace able to understand what the robot are going through in most production situations. Human empathy depends on the fact, if the automatized robot’s workflow has the required working sequence as planned:
parameters of standard construction: mind (mental state) and body (physical state)
we distinguish next between high sensitive (high emphatic ability) and no sensitive people (low empathic ability)
important parameter is the “depth of processing ability,” which initializes by human the creative potential or ability to think in more dimensions about problem solution, high sensitive people have so good influence on the improvement processes
big pressure on the performance or higher production value can leads to the overstimulation, which is in strong conflict with high sensitive human by workplace, is not productive and with strong influence on the surroundings (\nTable 3\n)
SMEs expectations—ethical aspects regarding human-cobot interaction (Analysis of 120 automotive companies CZ) | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethical concern | \nEthical aspects | \nUSER / OPERATOR ethical standards | \nMAINTAINER ethical standards | \nethical behaviour of the robot itself | \nhuman behaviour (SME have ethical standards) | \n
1st level (technical | \nIntegrity | \n85—full 12—particular 23—next year | \n98—full 22—particular | \n76 SMEs accept full | \n46 SMEs | \n
Safety | \n113—full 7—particular | \n95—full 25—particular | \n64 SMEs accept full | \n92 SMEs | \n|
Security | \n87—full 33—particular | \n89—full 12—particular 19—future | \n112 SMEs accept full | \n75 SMEs | \n|
2st level | \nAltruism | \n23—full 4—particular 93—next year | \n56—full 36—particular 84—future | \n118 SMEs accept full | \n24 SMEs | \n
\n | Accountability | \n85—full 12—particular 23—next year | \n98—full 22—particular | \n76 SMEs accept full | \n46 SMEs | \n
\n | Equitability | \n23—full 4—particular 93—next year | \n56—full 36—particular 84—future | \n118 SMEs accept full | \n24 SMEs | \n
\n | TOTAL ETHICAL OPINION | \n78 SMEs prefer organized ethical behaviour | \n112 SMEs will have ethical cooperation of maintainer with cobot and operator | \n\n | \n |
Preferred attributes for “code of ethics by “human-cobot workplace” | \n117 SMEs—knowledge and skills of human workplace 95 SMEs—competence and prestige of human by workplace (equal opportunity for human and cobot) 99 SMEs—preparedness to realize performance 120 SMEs—association with competent persons in company (responsible for ethical workplace organization and user-friendly standardization) | \n
Analysis of SMEs expectations—ethical aspects regarding human-cobot interaction (source: author).
We collected qualitative data through semi-structured interviews with decision makers (production manager, CEOs) that are responsible are the acquisition and implementation of the cobots, workers that work side-by-side with the cobots, and through observations and demonstrations of the work system. Key requirements to the ethical standardization of “human-cobot” workplace was identified. Further research will be oriented on the next selected parameters of ethical standardized “human-cobot” workplace as automation, digitization, efficiency, intelligence with core attention given to the boundaries of digitized workplace, information by workplace, human ethical isolation (speaking with cobots), autonomy of workplace and type of knowledge used by human.
\nWork ethic is correlated with the intensity of firms’ incentives. In societies with the wide dissemination of work ethics, firms will want effort to be complementary (as in modern production process), while the opposite is true when the dissemination of work ethic is narrow [15]. In connection to the results, presented in this paper we achieved interesting new knowledge in the area of human-cobot channels communication, identification of self-optimizing potentials by human, motion planning and job coordination as by safety, maintenance and ethical workplace standard diagnose [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25].
\nIn general, optical image forming is to trace light ray from object to image shown in Figure 1, i.e., from the left to the right which represents the object and image spaces respectively [1, 2]. And this can be called the forward method (FM). This chapter shows that the retinal of the eye plays the role as the object, and the light ray is traced from the right to the left compared to the FM. Since the ray racing is formed from the right to the left, i.e., backward method, this is named as BM. By BM, it will be analytically examined the ametropia and presbyopia.
Forward method of retinal image forming of emmetropic eye with field angle varied by 0, 20, and 30°.
At retinal, its edge zones in curved facing to object with closer distance compared with the central zone. In BM, it traces the light in an offense controversial way as the retinal acts now as the object rather than an image as usual. Using BM, it gives another way to look after how human’s eye traces the light from the object to sit at the retina. But now, light rays emerge from the retinal is traced to the image plane where is at infinity as emmetropia or at the designated one as ametropia. Applying this unconventional geometry analysis, we can see the correction of ametropia by correction lens, i.e., spectacle, is to fulfill the needs to put the object at the conjugate places of the retina formed by the myopic and hyperopic eye [3]. Similarly, this geometric analysis will be applied to analyze the progressive addition lenses (PALs) [4] by the revised BM.
As mentioned in the fundamental infrastructure of the object and image layout [1]. The location and size of the image formed by a given optical system can be determined by locating the respective images of the sources making up the object. Here Figure 2 shows the methodology of backward method of retinal imaging forming of emmetropic eye.
Backward method of retinal image forming of emmetropic eye with object height varied by 0, 4, and 8 mm.
Figure 1 shows the conventional forward method of retinal image forming where retinal serves as the image. And Figure 2 shows the backward method of retinal image forming where retinal serves as an object. By the BM idea, the object distance is finite and its shape is curve rather than plane, this can be an alternative way to realize the way of image forming by emmetropic or ametropic eye.
The following sections will give a rigorous analysis of BM, and the optical simulation by Zemax will accompanied for ophthalmic lens maker to have a clue to design a suitable spectacle for the glass wear. The data sheets of emmetropic eye are shown in Tables 1 and 2 which represented the construction data of FM and BM of emmetropic eye.
Surf: type | Comment | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | Infinity | Infinity | Infinity | U | 0.000 | ||
1 | Standard | Infinity | 4.000 | 5.764 | 0.000 | |||
2* | Standard | Cornea | 7.800 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.500 |
3* | Standard | 6.700 | 1.500 | Aqueous | 6.000 | U | −0.300 | |
4 | Standard | 11.000 | 1.600 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | |
* | Standard | Pupil | Infinity | 0.100 | Aqueous | 1.500 | U | 0.000 |
6* | Standard | Lens | 10.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | 0.000 |
7* | Standard | −6.000 | 16.580 | Vitreous | 5.000 | U | −3.250 | |
IMA | Standard | Retina | −11.000 | — | Vitreous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 |
Optical data of forward method of retinal image forming of emmetropic eye (*next to the surface number means an aperture is defined on this surface).
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
Surf: type | Comment | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | Retina | 11.000 | 16.580 | Vitreous | 8.000 | 0.000 | |
1* | Standard | Lens | 6.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | −3.000 |
2* | Standard | −10.000 | 0.100 | Aqueous | 5.000 | U | 0.000 | |
STO | Standard | Pupil | Infinity | 1.600 | Aqueous | 2.000 | U | 0.000 |
4 | Standard | 1.500 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
5* | Standard | Cornea | −6.700 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.300 |
6* | Standard | Subject eye | −7.800 | 2.000 | 6.000 | U | −0.500 | |
IMA | Standard | Infinity | — | 5.340 | 0.000 |
Optical data of backward method of retinal image forming of emmetropic eye.
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
The function of ophthalmic lens to correct vision can be analysis on the basis of elementary of geometry. In geometric analysis, an object and the image of the object created by any optical system are said to be conjugate to one another. In a nonaccommodating emmetropic eye, a distant object is focus on the retina as shown in Figure 1.
If the eyes’ optical elements do not create conjugant between the retina and a distance object, ametropia exists. In the myopic eye, the image of a distant object is not on the retina but located in front of it. Figure 3 shows an −10 D myopic eye whose axial distance is 20.28 mm compared with 16.58 mm of emmetropic one shown in Table 1, as eye axis increases by 0.37 mm, the diopter of the myopic eye increases by −1.00 D [5].
Layout of −10 D myopic eye.
If the retina of an eye is thought by BM as an object, the image of the retina formed by the optics of Eye will be located at the far point plane [6], i.e., the conjugate plane of the retina. Following the backward method (BM), in the emmetropic eye, the far point plane is located at optical infinity as shown in Figure 2. But in the myopic eye, the far point plane is not located at infinity but somewhere in front of the eye. And this can be simulated by optical simulation by Zemax shown in Figure 4.
−10 D myopia ray trace form optical simulation by BM.
This can also be explained graphically as the retina is located at a bit longer distance than the focal length of the myopic eye. The far point plane is real, inverted, and relative huge. And the higher the degree of myopia, the closer the far point plane is to the eye as shown in Figures 5 and 6.
Far point plane of low degree myopic eye. It is real, inverted, and relatively huge.
Far point plane of high degree myopic eye.
This can be explained by “Newtonian” form of the image Eq. (1), we can see:
where
In the case of lower degree of myopia, it means the retina is in front of the focal point of the optics of eye, i.e.,
Optical simulation by BM can also verify this phenomenon as illustrated in Figures 7 and 8, with −5 and −10 D myopia, respectively.
Ray tracing of −5 D myopic eye by BM.
Ray tracing of −10 D myopic eye by BM.
The magnification of the image of the retina is determined by Eq. (2):
This means the image size of the retina is relatively huge as
Surf: type | Comment | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | Retina | 11.000 | 18.430 | Vitreous | 8.000 | 0.000 | ||
1* | Standard | Lens | 6.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | −3.000 | |
2* | Standard | −10.000 | 0.100 | Aqueous | 5.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
STO | Standard | Pupil | Infinity | 1.600 | Aqueous | 2.000 | U | 0.000 | |
4 | Standard | −11.000 | 1.500 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
5* | Standard | Cornea | −6.700 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.300 | |
6* | Standard | Subject eye | −7.800 | 219.432 | M | 6.000 | U | −0.500 | |
IMA | Standard | −140.000 | — | 99.932 | 0.000 |
Optical data of −5 D myopic eye by BM (image semi-diameter: 99.932 mm).
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
Surf: type | Comment | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | Retina | 11.000 | 20.280 | Vitreous | 8.000 | 0.000 | ||
1* | Standard | Lens | 6.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | −3.000 | |
2* | Standard | −10.000 | 0.100 | Aqueous | 5.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
STO | Standard | Pupil | Infinity | 1.600 | Aqueous | 2.000 | U | 0.000 | |
4 | Standard | −11.000 | 1.500 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
5* | Standard | Cornea | −6.700 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.300 | |
6* | Standard | Subject eye | −7.800 | 115.780 | M | 6.000 | U | −0.500 | |
IMA | Standard | −70.000 | — | 45.389 | 0.000 |
Optical data of −10 D myopic eye by BM (image semi-diameter: 49.389 mm).
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
Concerning the image quality of BM of myopic eye ray trace, we can also see an interesting phenomenon indicating the distortion changed with the curvature of the image plane of the retina, i.e., the shape of viewing object. Figures 9 and 10 show the scale of the curvature of the retina’s image decreased from −140 to −70 mm to get a corrected undistorted image, i.e., distortion ≒ 0.2%.
Field curvature and distortion of −5 D myopic eye with corrected curvature of image plane of retina by BM.
Field curvature and distortion of −10 D myopic eye with corrected curvature of image plane of retina by BM.
From the above discussion, we can see that the scale and the curvature of the image plane changing from −5 to −10 D myopic eye are related to the factor of 2 as expected by Eq. (2). And Eq. (1) gives a clue to locate the places of far point plane; the thickness from eye to the image plane is 219.432 and 115.780 mm related to −5 and −10 D myopia, respectively.
The correction of myopia is to add the concave lens to let the distance object sit on the far point plane, and the design of the spectacle whose secondary focal plane is placed to coincide with the myopic eye’s far point plane, as shown in Figure 11 for the correction of −5 D myopia.
Correction of −5 D myopia with 99.232 object height.
Table 5 shows the optical datasheet of −5 D myopia correction, and the object distance, object curvature, and object height are got from Table 3 by BM.
Surf: type | Comment | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | 140.000 | 215.432 | 0.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
1 | Standard | Infinity | 4.000 | 5.488 | 0.000 | |||
2* | Standard | Cornea | 7.800 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.500 |
3* | Standard | 6.700 | 1.500 | Aqueous | 6.000 | U | −0.300 | |
4 | Standard | 11.000 | 1.600 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | |
* | Standard | Pupil | Infinity | 0.100 | Aqueous | 1.500 | U | 0.000 |
6* | Standard | Lens | 10.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | 0.000 |
7* | Standard | −6.000 | 18.430 | Vitreous | 5.000 | U | −3.250 | |
IMA | Standard | Retina | −11.000 | — | Vitreous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 |
Optical data of −5 D myopia correction.
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
We can see the spectacle is designed whose second focal point is coincide with the far point distance (219.432 mm), object’s curvature is set by 140 mm, and the object height is 99.232 mm which is same as the image’s semi-diameter in Table 3. Then the field curvature and distortion are well corrected by indication from Figure 12. It shows how BM can give a way to design an correction spectacle by finding the construction data from itself.
Field curvature and distortion of −5 D myopic eye with well correction by putting the far point at the designated data from
In the hyperopic eye, the image of a distance object is not on the retina but located behind of it as shown in Figure 13.
+5 D hyperopic eye with 1.85 mm [
In hyperopic eye, by BM the far point plane is virtual and located behind the eye in a virtual, erected, and relative large scale form because the retina is located at a bit shorter distance than the focal length of hyperopic eye. The higher degree of the hyperopia, the closer the far point plane is to the eye as shown in Figures 14 and 15 and the Tables 6 and 7 for the image distance changed from −178.364 to −83.003 mm respected with +5 to +10 D hyperopia.
Surf: type | Comment | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | Retina | 11.000 | 14.730 | Vitreous | 8.000 | 0.000 | ||
1* | Standard | Lens | 6.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | −3.000 | |
2* | Standard | −10.000 | 0.100 | Aqueous | 5.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
STO | Standard | Pupil | Infinity | 1.600 | Aqueous | 2.000 | U | 0.000 | |
4 | Standard | −11.000 | 1.500 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
5* | Standard | Cornea | −6.700 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.300 | |
6* | Standard | Subject eye | −7.800 | −178.364 | M | 6.000 | U | −0.500 | |
IMA | Standard | 130.000 | — | 94.996 | 0.000 |
Optical data of +5 D myopic eye by BM (image semi-diameter: 94.996 mm).
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
Surf: type | Comment | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | Retina | 11.000 | 12.880 | Vitreous | 8.000 | 0.000 | ||
1* | Standard | Lens | 6.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | −3.000 | |
2* | Standard | −10.000 | 0.100 | Aqueous | 5.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
STO | Standard | Pupil | Infinity | 1.600 | Aqueous | 2.000 | U | 0.000 | |
4 | Standard | −11.000 | 1.500 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
5* | Standard | Cornea | −6.700 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.300 | |
6* | Standard | Subject eye | −7.800 | −83.003 | M | 6.000 | U | −0.500 | |
IMA | Standard | 65.000 | — | 48.329 | 0.000 |
Optical data of +10 D myopic eye by BM (image semi-diameter: 48.329 mm).
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
Far point plane of +5 D hyperopic eye by BM.
Far point plane of +10 D hyperopic eye by BM.
The above optical simulation can also be graphically illustrated by Figures 16 and 17. It shows by using Eq. (1), we get
Far point plane of low degree hyperopic eye by BM. It is virtual, erected, and relatively huge.
Far point plane of high degree hyperopic eye by BM.
The correction of hyperopia is to add the concave lens to let the distance object sit on the far point plane, and the design of the spectacle whose secondary focal plane is placed to coincide with the hyperopic eye’s far point plane, as shown in Figure 18 for the correction of +5 D myopia.
Correction of +5 D hyperopia with 94.996 mm object height.
Table 8 shows the optical datasheet of +5 D hyperopia correction, and the object distance, object curvature, and object height are got from Table 6 by BM.
Surf: type | Comment | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | −130.000 | −156.214 | 0.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
1* | Standard | Cornea | 7.800 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.500 |
2* | Standard | 6.700 | 1.500 | Aqueous | 6.000 | U | −0.300 | |
3 | Standard | 11.000 | 1.600 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | |
* | Standard | Pupil | Infinity | 0.100 | Aqueous | 1.500 | U | 0.000 |
5* | Standard | Lens | 10.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | 0.000 |
6* | Standard | −6.000 | 14.730 | Vitreous | 5.000 | U | −3.250 | |
IMA | Standard | Retina | −11.000 | — | Vitreous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 |
Optical data of +5 D hyperopia correction.
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
We can see the spectacle is designed whose second focal point is coincide with the far point distance (−178.364 mm), object’s curvature is set by −130 mm, and the object height is 94.996 mm which is same as the image’s semi-diameter in Table 3. Then the field curvature and distortion are well corrected by indication from Figure 19. It shows how BM can give a way to design an correction spectacle by finding the construction data from itself.
Field curvature and distortion of +5 D hyperopic eye with well correction by putting the far point at the designated data from
The need to wear spectacles to see near objects is a result of presbyopia [7]. And this is different from the cases of hyperopia whose object is assumed at infinity. Presbyopia is a condition associated with aging in which the eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects. Multifocal spectacle lenses or progressive addition lenses (PALs) are primarily used in the treatment of presbyopia [8].
Using the developed BM in Section 2 and Eq. (1), we can see how the variation of
Presbyopia at the distant object distance, and the image point (red dot) is assumed as the quasi focus.
Presbyopia at the intermediate object distance, and the image point (red dot) is assumed as the quasi focus.
Presbyopia at the near object distance, and the image point (red dot) is assumed as the quasi focus.
In presbyopic eye, by BM the quasi far point plane is located behind the retina similar with hyperopia shown in Figure 23. And we can see each object distance results a corresponding quasi far point plane.
Quasi far point plane of presbyopia.
Choosing the object distance as 500 mm, and setting the curvature of the eye lens with 15 mm modified from 10 mm because of the aged effect losing the accommodation of eyes power, the focus error resulted to 1.628 mm shown in Figure 24 and Table 9.
Surf: type | Comment | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | Infinity | 500.000 | 0.000 | U | 0.000 | |||
1* | Standard | Cornea | 7.800 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.500 | |
2* | Standard | 6.700 | 1.500 | Aqueous | 6.000 | U | −0.300 | ||
3 | Standard | 11.000 | 1.600 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
* | Standard | Pupil | Infinity | 0.100 | Aqueous | 1.500 | U | 0.000 | |
5* | Standard | Lens | 15.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | 0.000 | |
6* | Standard | −6.000 | 16.580 | Vitreous | 5.000 | U | −3.250 | ||
7 | Standard | −11.000 | 1.628 | M | Vitreous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | |
IMA | Standard | Retina | −11.000 | — | Vitreous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 |
Optical data of presbyopia with 1.628 mm focus error.
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
Presbyopia with 1.628 mm focus error.
By BM, the optical simulation gives much more information of the presbyopia with 1.628 mm focus error, i.e., quasi far point plan distance, image height, and curvature of the image, illustrated in Figure 25 and Table 10 with object height varied by 0 and 4 mm.
Quasi far point plan of presbyopia with 1.628 mm focus error.
Surf: type | Comment | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | Retina | 11.000 | 1.628 | Vitreous | 4.000 | 0.000 | ||
1 | Standard | 11.000 | 16.580 | Vitreous | 8.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
2* | Standard | Lens | 6.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | −3.000 | |
3* | Standard | −15.000 | 0.100 | Aqueous | 5.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
STO | Standard | Pupil | Infinity | 1.600 | Aqueous | 2.000 | U | 0.000 | |
5 | Standard | −11.000 | 1.500 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 | ||
6* | Standard | Cornea | −6.700 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.300 | |
7* | Standard | Subject eye | −7.800 | 541.714 | M | 6.000 | U | −0.500 | |
IMA | Standard | −350.000 | — | 123.642 | 0.000 |
Optical data of presbyopia with 1.628 mm focus error.
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
Then the correction of presbyopia with 1.628 mm focus error can be design by putting the quasi far point plan at the second focal point of the convex lens illustrated in Figure 26 and Table 11 choosing the data from Table 10.
Layout of correction of presbyopia with 1.628 mm focus error.
Surf: type | Radius | Thickness | Glass | Semi-diameter | Conic | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | Standard | 350.000 | 516.086 | 0.000 | U | 0.000 | |
1* | Standard | 7.800 | 0.520 | Cornea | 6.000 | U | −0.500 |
2* | Standard | 6.700 | 1.500 | Aqueous | 6.000 | U | −0.300 |
3 | Standard | 11.000 | 1.600 | Aqueous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 |
* | Standard | Infinity | 0.100 | Aqueous | 1.500 | U | 0.000 |
5* | Standard | 10.000 | 3.700 | Lens | 5.000 | U | 0.000 |
6* | Standard | −6.000 | 16.580 | Vitreous | 5.000 | U | −3.250 |
IMA | Standard | −11.000 | — | Vitreous | 11.000 | U | 0.000 |
Optical datasheet of correction of presbyopia with 1.628 mm focus error.
When an aperture is defined on a surface, ZEMAX will display an asterisk “*” symbol next to the surface number.
The image quality of correction of presbyopia of focus error with 1.628 mm is illustrated in Figure 27 whose field curvature and distortion are well corrected.
Field curvature and distortion of presbyopia of focus error with 1.628 mm.
From Sections 2 and 3, BM gives another point of view to explore the essence of image forming of eye for getting detail information of image forming of ametropia and presbyopia. And the results of optical simulation provide not only the qualitative but quantitative analyses which can be used in the design of ophthalmic lens such as the object distance, object height, and curvature of the object. We can also summarize the optical characteristics of ametropia listed in Table 12.
Properties | Retina position (object at infinity) | Position of far point plane | Type of far point plane | Type of spectacle |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ametropia | ||||
Myopia | Behind the focus | In front of the eye | Real, inverted | Concave lens |
Hyperopia | In front of the focus | Behind the eye | Virtual, erected | Convex lens |
Properties of ametropia.
Similarly, the optical characteristics of presbyopic eye are listed in Table 13.
Properties | Retina Position (object at infinity) | Position of far point plane | Type of far point plane | Type of spectacle |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ametropia | ||||
Presbyopia | In front of the quasi focus | Behind the eye | Virtual, erected | Convex PALs |
Properties of presbyopia.
Applying BM, it is easy to perceive the difference between the myopia and the hyperopia. The conjugant plane of the retina formed by myopia is real and inverted, then the distance object is imaged on this conjugate plane by a concave lens to redirect the object placed on the secondary focal plane of the lens where is the far point plane of myopia. But the conjugate plane of the retina formed by hyperopia is virtual and erected, then the distance object is imaged by adding a convex lens to let the distance object lie on secondary focal plane of the lens. Eventually, either myopia or hyperopia, the image formed on the retina is inverted just like the emmetropia. And the presented chapter uses the developed BM and series graphs and tables to explain how the correction lenses fulfill these requirements by BM and optical simulation.
We can also see the object height, object curvature are critical to get a better image performance for minimizing the field of curvature and distortion either in ametropia and presbyopia. And this can be useful for ophthalmic lens manufacture to make a better fit spectacle to the glass wearer.
In conclusion, this chapter gives a rigorous analysis of image formation of eye BM. Apparently, the far point plan of ametropia and quasi far point plan of presbyopia indicate a helpful information to design a better fit spectacle concerning the object height and its shape. Suppose this will give an innovation of spectacle design. And the concept and the procedures presented in this chapter is going to be patented.
I would like to thank Asia University in Taiwan for providing a suitable research environment and supporting this research granted by No. 107-ASIA-01 and No. ASIA-108-CMUH-17.
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Journals",metaDescription:"IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-journals",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Journal Article:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Article who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author. Co-Author: All other Authors of the Article besides the Corresponding Author. IntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Journal.
\\n\\nJournal: The publication as a collection of Articles compiled by IntechOpen .
\\n\\nArticle: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to publish, communicate to the public, reproduce, republish, transmit, sell, distribute and otherwise use and make available the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works, in electronic and print editions of the Publication and in derivative works and on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen, throughout the world, in all languages, and in all media and formats now known or later developed.
\\n\\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to create and store electronic archival copies of the Article, including the right to deposit the Article in open access digital repositories.
\\n\\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to license others to reproduce, translate, republish, transmit and distribute the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works under the condition that the Corresponding Author and each Co-Author is attributed (currently this is carried out by publishing the Article under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence).
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Article but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Article as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world. The Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Article and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Article.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Article as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Article arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re publishing the Article.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\n• Comply with all instructions and guidelines provided by IntechOpen;
\\n\\n• Produce the Article with all due skill, care and diligence, and in accordance with good scientific practice;
\\n\\n• Submit all the corrections in due time as defined during the publishing process schedule.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Article Processing Charge.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Article worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\\n\\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Article attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Article and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Article is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
\\n\\nIntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Journal Article:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Article who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author. Co-Author: All other Authors of the Article besides the Corresponding Author. IntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Journal.
\n\nJournal: The publication as a collection of Articles compiled by IntechOpen .
\n\nArticle: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to publish, communicate to the public, reproduce, republish, transmit, sell, distribute and otherwise use and make available the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works, in electronic and print editions of the Publication and in derivative works and on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen, throughout the world, in all languages, and in all media and formats now known or later developed.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to create and store electronic archival copies of the Article, including the right to deposit the Article in open access digital repositories.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to license others to reproduce, translate, republish, transmit and distribute the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works under the condition that the Corresponding Author and each Co-Author is attributed (currently this is carried out by publishing the Article under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence).
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Article but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Article as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world. The Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Article and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Article.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Article as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Article arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re publishing the Article.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\n• Comply with all instructions and guidelines provided by IntechOpen;
\n\n• Produce the Article with all due skill, care and diligence, and in accordance with good scientific practice;
\n\n• Submit all the corrections in due time as defined during the publishing process schedule.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Article Processing Charge.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Article worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\n\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Article attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Article and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Article is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
\n\nIntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
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To achieve such properties, these structures are based on techniques that allow detection and diagnosis of failures in real time. Detection signals faults and diagnostics provide the root cause and location. Fault detection is based on signal and process mathematical models, while fault diagnosis is focused on systems theory and process modeling. Monitoring and supervision complement each other in fault management, thus enabling normal and continuous operation. Its application avoids stopping productive processes by early detection of failures and by applying real-time actions to eliminate them, such as predictive and proactive maintenance based on process conditions. The integration of all these methodologies enables intelligent monitoring and supervision systems, enabling real-time fault detection and diagnosis. Their high performance is associated with statistical decision-making techniques, expert systems, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and computational procedures, making them efficient and fully autonomous in making decisions in the real-time operation of a production system.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Gustavo Pérez Alvarez",authors:[{id:"216192",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:"Pérez",surname:"Alvarez",slug:"gustavo-alvarez",fullName:"Gustavo Alvarez"}]},{id:"65244",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83810",title:"Fault Diagnosis Techniques for a Wind Turbine System",slug:"fault-diagnosis-techniques-for-a-wind-turbine-system",totalDownloads:1219,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The fault diagnosis and prognosis of wind turbine systems represent a challenging issue, thus justifying the research topics developed in this work with application to safety-critical systems. Therefore, this chapter addresses these research issues and demonstrates viable techniques of fault diagnosis and condition monitoring. To this aim, the design of the so-called fault detector relies on its estimate, which involves data-driven methods, as they result effective methods for managing partial information of the system dynamics, together with errors, model-reality mismatch and disturbance effects. In particular, the considered data-driven strategies use fuzzy systems and neural networks, which are employed to establish non-linear dynamic links between measurements and faults. The selected prototypes are based on non-linear autoregressive with exogenous input descriptions, since they are able to approximate non-linear dynamic functions with arbitrary degree of accuracy. The capabilities of the designed fault diagnosis schemes are verified via a high-fidelity simulator, which describes the normal and the faulty behaviour of a wind turbine plant. Finally, the robustness and the reliability features of the proposed methods are validated in the presence of uncertainty and disturbance implemented in the wind turbine simulator.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Silvio Simani and Paolo Castaldi",authors:[{id:"209626",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvio",middleName:null,surname:"Simani",slug:"silvio-simani",fullName:"Silvio Simani"},{id:"209627",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Castaldi",slug:"paolo-castaldi",fullName:"Paolo Castaldi"}]},{id:"65747",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82781",title:"Prognostics 102: Efficient Bayesian-Based Prognostics Algorithm in MATLAB",slug:"prognostics-102-efficient-bayesian-based-prognostics-algorithm-in-matlab",totalDownloads:1297,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"An efficient Bayesian-based algorithm is presented for physics-based prognostics, which combines a physical model with observed health monitoring data. Unknown model parameters are estimated using the observed data, from which the remaining useful life (RUL) of the system is predicted. This paper focuses on the Bayesian method for parameter estimation of a damage degradation model where epistemic uncertainty in model parameters is reduced with the observed data. Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampling is used to generate samples from the posterior distribution, which are then propagated through the physical model to estimate the distribution of the RUL. A MATLAB script of 76 lines is included in this paper with detailed explanations. A battery degradation model and crack growth model are used to explain the process of parameter estimation, the evolution of degradation and RUL prediction. The code presented in this paper can easily be altered for different applications. This code may help beginners to understand and use Bayesian method-based prognostics.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Ting Dong, Dawn An and Nam H. Kim",authors:[{id:"278745",title:"Prof.",name:"Nam-Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"nam-ho-kim",fullName:"Nam-Ho Kim"},{id:"285438",title:"Ms.",name:"Ting",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",slug:"ting-dong",fullName:"Ting Dong"},{id:"285439",title:"Dr.",name:"Dawn",middleName:null,surname:"An",slug:"dawn-an",fullName:"Dawn An"}]},{id:"70067",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90157",title:"Analytic Prognostic in the Linear Damage Case Applied to Buried Petrochemical Pipelines and the Complex Probability Paradigm",slug:"analytic-prognostic-in-the-linear-damage-case-applied-to-buried-petrochemical-pipelines-and-the-comp",totalDownloads:2565,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In 1933, Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov established the system of five axioms that define the concept of mathematical probability. This system can be developed to include the set of imaginary numbers by adding a supplementary three original axioms. Therefore, any experiment can be performed in the set \n\nC\n\n of complex probabilities which is the summation of the set \n\nR\n\n of real probabilities and the set \n\nM\n\n of imaginary probabilities. The purpose here is to include additional imaginary dimensions to the experiment taking place in the “real” laboratory in \n\nR\n\n and hence to evaluate all the probabilities. Consequently, the probability in the entire set \n\nC\n=\nR\n+\nM\n\n is permanently equal to one no matter what the stochastic distribution of the input random variable in \n\nR\n\n is; therefore the outcome of the probabilistic experiment in \n\nC\n\n can be determined perfectly. This is due to the fact that the probability in \n\nC\n\n is calculated after subtracting from the degree of our knowledge the chaotic factor of the random experiment. Consequently, the purpose in this chapter is to join my complex probability paradigm to the analytic prognostic of buried petrochemical pipelines in the case of linear damage accumulation. Accordingly, after the calculation of the novel prognostic model parameters, we will be able to evaluate the degree of knowledge, the magnitude of the chaotic factor, the complex probability, the probabilities of the system failure and survival, and the probability of the remaining useful lifetime; after that a pressure time t has been applied to the pipeline, which are all functions of the system degradation subject to random and stochastic influences.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Abdo Abou Jaoude",authors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}]},{id:"68106",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88025",title:"Probabilistic Modeling, Estimation and Control for CALS Organization-Technical-Economic Systems",slug:"probabilistic-modeling-estimation-and-control-for-cals-organization-technical-economic-systems",totalDownloads:654,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Theoretical propositions of new probabilistic methodology of analysis, modeling, estimation and control in stochastic organizational-technical-economic systems (OTES) based on stochastic CALS informational technologies are considered. Stochastic integrated logistic support (ILS) of OTES modeling life cycle (LC), stochastic optimal of current state estimation in stochastic media defined by internal and external noises (including specially organized OTES-NS (noise support) and stochastic OTES optimal control) according to social-technical-economic-support criteria in real time by informational-analytical tools (IAT) of global type are presented. OTES-CALS are nonlinear and continuous-discrete. So we use approximate methods of normal approximation of probabilistic densities both for modeling and estimation. Spectrum of possibilities may be broaden by solving problems of OTES-CALS integration for existing markets of finances, goods and services. Analytical modeling, analysis, parametric optimization and optimal stochastic processes regulation in limits of illustrate some technologies and IAT given plans.",book:{id:"8656",slug:"probability-combinatorics-and-control",title:"Probability, Combinatorics and Control",fullTitle:"Probability, Combinatorics and Control"},signatures:"Igor Sinitsyn and Anatoly Shalamov",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70067",title:"Analytic Prognostic in the Linear Damage Case Applied to Buried Petrochemical Pipelines and the Complex Probability Paradigm",slug:"analytic-prognostic-in-the-linear-damage-case-applied-to-buried-petrochemical-pipelines-and-the-comp",totalDownloads:2565,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In 1933, Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov established the system of five axioms that define the concept of mathematical probability. This system can be developed to include the set of imaginary numbers by adding a supplementary three original axioms. Therefore, any experiment can be performed in the set \n\nC\n\n of complex probabilities which is the summation of the set \n\nR\n\n of real probabilities and the set \n\nM\n\n of imaginary probabilities. The purpose here is to include additional imaginary dimensions to the experiment taking place in the “real” laboratory in \n\nR\n\n and hence to evaluate all the probabilities. Consequently, the probability in the entire set \n\nC\n=\nR\n+\nM\n\n is permanently equal to one no matter what the stochastic distribution of the input random variable in \n\nR\n\n is; therefore the outcome of the probabilistic experiment in \n\nC\n\n can be determined perfectly. This is due to the fact that the probability in \n\nC\n\n is calculated after subtracting from the degree of our knowledge the chaotic factor of the random experiment. Consequently, the purpose in this chapter is to join my complex probability paradigm to the analytic prognostic of buried petrochemical pipelines in the case of linear damage accumulation. Accordingly, after the calculation of the novel prognostic model parameters, we will be able to evaluate the degree of knowledge, the magnitude of the chaotic factor, the complex probability, the probabilities of the system failure and survival, and the probability of the remaining useful lifetime; after that a pressure time t has been applied to the pipeline, which are all functions of the system degradation subject to random and stochastic influences.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Abdo Abou Jaoude",authors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}]},{id:"65244",title:"Fault Diagnosis Techniques for a Wind Turbine System",slug:"fault-diagnosis-techniques-for-a-wind-turbine-system",totalDownloads:1219,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The fault diagnosis and prognosis of wind turbine systems represent a challenging issue, thus justifying the research topics developed in this work with application to safety-critical systems. Therefore, this chapter addresses these research issues and demonstrates viable techniques of fault diagnosis and condition monitoring. To this aim, the design of the so-called fault detector relies on its estimate, which involves data-driven methods, as they result effective methods for managing partial information of the system dynamics, together with errors, model-reality mismatch and disturbance effects. In particular, the considered data-driven strategies use fuzzy systems and neural networks, which are employed to establish non-linear dynamic links between measurements and faults. The selected prototypes are based on non-linear autoregressive with exogenous input descriptions, since they are able to approximate non-linear dynamic functions with arbitrary degree of accuracy. The capabilities of the designed fault diagnosis schemes are verified via a high-fidelity simulator, which describes the normal and the faulty behaviour of a wind turbine plant. Finally, the robustness and the reliability features of the proposed methods are validated in the presence of uncertainty and disturbance implemented in the wind turbine simulator.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Silvio Simani and Paolo Castaldi",authors:[{id:"209626",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvio",middleName:null,surname:"Simani",slug:"silvio-simani",fullName:"Silvio Simani"},{id:"209627",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Castaldi",slug:"paolo-castaldi",fullName:"Paolo Castaldi"}]},{id:"65747",title:"Prognostics 102: Efficient Bayesian-Based Prognostics Algorithm in MATLAB",slug:"prognostics-102-efficient-bayesian-based-prognostics-algorithm-in-matlab",totalDownloads:1297,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"An efficient Bayesian-based algorithm is presented for physics-based prognostics, which combines a physical model with observed health monitoring data. Unknown model parameters are estimated using the observed data, from which the remaining useful life (RUL) of the system is predicted. This paper focuses on the Bayesian method for parameter estimation of a damage degradation model where epistemic uncertainty in model parameters is reduced with the observed data. Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampling is used to generate samples from the posterior distribution, which are then propagated through the physical model to estimate the distribution of the RUL. A MATLAB script of 76 lines is included in this paper with detailed explanations. A battery degradation model and crack growth model are used to explain the process of parameter estimation, the evolution of degradation and RUL prediction. The code presented in this paper can easily be altered for different applications. This code may help beginners to understand and use Bayesian method-based prognostics.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Ting Dong, Dawn An and Nam H. Kim",authors:[{id:"278745",title:"Prof.",name:"Nam-Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"nam-ho-kim",fullName:"Nam-Ho Kim"},{id:"285438",title:"Ms.",name:"Ting",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",slug:"ting-dong",fullName:"Ting Dong"},{id:"285439",title:"Dr.",name:"Dawn",middleName:null,surname:"An",slug:"dawn-an",fullName:"Dawn An"}]},{id:"70649",title:"Real-Time Fault Detection and Diagnosis Using Intelligent Monitoring and Supervision Systems",slug:"real-time-fault-detection-and-diagnosis-using-intelligent-monitoring-and-supervision-systems",totalDownloads:1060,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In monitoring and supervision schemes, fault detection and diagnosis characterize high efficiency and quality production systems. To achieve such properties, these structures are based on techniques that allow detection and diagnosis of failures in real time. Detection signals faults and diagnostics provide the root cause and location. Fault detection is based on signal and process mathematical models, while fault diagnosis is focused on systems theory and process modeling. Monitoring and supervision complement each other in fault management, thus enabling normal and continuous operation. Its application avoids stopping productive processes by early detection of failures and by applying real-time actions to eliminate them, such as predictive and proactive maintenance based on process conditions. The integration of all these methodologies enables intelligent monitoring and supervision systems, enabling real-time fault detection and diagnosis. Their high performance is associated with statistical decision-making techniques, expert systems, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and computational procedures, making them efficient and fully autonomous in making decisions in the real-time operation of a production system.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Gustavo Pérez Alvarez",authors:[{id:"216192",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:"Pérez",surname:"Alvarez",slug:"gustavo-alvarez",fullName:"Gustavo Alvarez"}]},{id:"69286",title:"Probabilistic Methods for Cognitive Solving of Some Problems in Artificial Intelligence Systems",slug:"probabilistic-methods-for-cognitive-solving-of-some-problems-in-artificial-intelligence-systems",totalDownloads:772,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"As a result of the analysis of dispatcher intelligence centers and aerial, land, underground, underwater, universal, and functionally focused artificial intelligence robotics systems, the problems of rational control, due to be performed under specific conditions of uncertainties, are chosen for probabilistic study. The choice covers the problems of planning the possibilities of functions performance on the base of monitored information about events and conditions and the problem of robot route optimization under limitations on risk of “failure” in conditions of uncertainties. These problems are resolved with a use of the proposed probabilistic approach. The proposed methods are based on selected probabilistic models (for “black box” and complex systems), which are implemented effectively in wide application areas. The cognitive solving of problems consists in improvements, accumulation, analysis, and use of appearing knowledge. The described analytical solutions are demonstrated by practical examples.",book:{id:"8656",slug:"probability-combinatorics-and-control",title:"Probability, Combinatorics and Control",fullTitle:"Probability, Combinatorics and Control"},signatures:"Andrey Kostogryzov and Victor Korolev",authors:[{id:"148322",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Kostogryzov",slug:"andrey-kostogryzov",fullName:"Andrey Kostogryzov"},{id:"298431",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Korolev",slug:"victor-korolev",fullName:"Victor Korolev"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"968",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. 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Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. 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