Typical applications of epoxy adhesives.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8385",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanocrystalline Materials",title:"Nanocrystalline Materials",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The term "nanocrystalline materials" relates to the sizes of structural elements. The range of application of these materials is huge, such as more efficient catalysts, films, magnetic materials, protective coatings, and biological and biomaterials. Many compounds and elements, if made on the nanoscale, behave quite differently from how they would have in their conventional state. The overall purpose of this book, "Nanocrystalline Materials", is to provide present selected advanced topics on nanocrystals, allowing the book to be a good resource for scholars and students of material science, nanotechnology, and physical chemistry.',isbn:"978-1-78985-594-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-593-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-274-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78515",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nanocrystalline-materials",numberOfPages:130,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"cf72d957868565da82cc4ad919e6c4d7",bookSignature:"Behrooz Movahedi",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8385.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5492,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:39,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:56,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 6th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 27th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 26th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 14th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 13th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"150371",title:"Prof.",name:"Behrooz",middleName:null,surname:"Movahedi",slug:"behrooz-movahedi",fullName:"Behrooz Movahedi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/150371/images/system/150371.jpg",biography:"Dr. Behrooz Movahedi obtained his Ph.D degree in Materials Engineering at Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) in Iran in 2010. During this period, while on a sabbatical leave he visited the School of Materials Science and Engineering in Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. After that he joined the Department of Nanotechnology Engineering in the University of Isfahan (UI) as an Associate Professor. Recently, he is the head of the Nanotechnology Engineering Department in Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies. Dr. Behrooz Movahedi has over 10 years of experience in the nanotechnology, amorphous materials, optical ceramics and advanced thermal spray coatings for environmental and industrial applications. He was invited as a reviewer in some potential ISI journals such as Materials & Design, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Surface and coatings Technology, Applied Surface Science, Materials Science & Engineering B, Ceramics International, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance.",institutionString:"University of Isfahan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"208",title:"Material Science",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science"}],chapters:[{id:"70447",title:"Introductory Chapter: Nanocrystalline Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90255",slug:"introductory-chapter-nanocrystalline-materials",totalDownloads:721,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Behrooz Movahedi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70447",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70447",authors:[{id:"92198",title:"Dr.",name:"Behrooz",surname:"Movahedi",slug:"behrooz-movahedi",fullName:"Behrooz Movahedi"}],corrections:null},{id:"67576",title:"Silicon Nanocrystals and Amorphous Nanoclusters in SiOx and SiNx: Atomic, Electronic Structure, and Memristor Effects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86508",slug:"silicon-nanocrystals-and-amorphous-nanoclusters-in-sio-sub-x-sub-and-sin-sub-x-sub-atomic-electronic",totalDownloads:887,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Semiconductor nanocrystals in dielectric films are interesting from fundamental aspect, because quantum-size effects in them appear even at room temperature, so such objects can be called as “quantum dots”. Silicon nanocrystals and amorphous silicon nanoclusters in substoichiometric SiOx and SiNx films are traps for electrons and holes that apply in nonvolatile memory devices. In this chapter the formation of silicon nanocrystals and silicon amorphous nanoclusters in SiOx and SiNx films was studied using structural and optical methods. The phonon confinement model was refined to obtain sizes of silicon nanocrystals from analysis of Raman scattering data. Structural models that lead to nanoscale potential fluctuation in amorphous SiOx and SiNx are considered. A new structural model which is intermediate between random mixture and random bonding models is proposed. Memristor effects in SiOx films are discussed.",signatures:"Vladimir Volodin, Vladimir Gritsenko, Andrei Gismatulin and Albert Chin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67576",authors:[{id:"295149",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Volodin",slug:"vladimir-volodin",fullName:"Vladimir Volodin"},{id:"299276",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Gritsenko",slug:"vladimir-gritsenko",fullName:"Vladimir Gritsenko"},{id:"317682",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",surname:"Gismatulin",slug:"andrei-gismatulin",fullName:"Andrei Gismatulin"},{id:"317683",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Chin",slug:"albert-chin",fullName:"Albert Chin"}],corrections:null},{id:"68155",title:"Ferrite-Based Nanoparticles Synthesized from Natural Iron Sand as the Fe3+ Ion Source",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88027",slug:"ferrite-based-nanoparticles-synthesized-from-natural-iron-sand-as-the-fe-sup-3-sup-ion-source",totalDownloads:1109,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ferrite-based nanoparticles, namely, bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) and calcium ferrite (CaFe4O7), have been synthesized via sol-gel and chemically dissolved method, respectively, employing hematite (α-Fe2O3) as the Fe3+ ion source. Firstly, α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared from natural iron sand containing mostly magnetite (Fe3O4) phase through coprecipitation technique continued by sintering process at 800°C for 2 h. Higher BiFeO3 phase content was achieved after Bi-Fe gel being annealed at 650°C for 1 h in air atmosphere. Furthermore, major phase of CaFe4O7 was formed with molar ratio of Fe3+/Ca2+ = 6 and sintering temperature of 800°C for 3 h. Interestingly, the powders with dominant CaFe4O7 phase, known as calcium biferrite, exhibit higher ferromagnetism at room temperature. The magnetic properties of the calcium biferrite are comparable to those of barium hexaferrite which can be applied for radar-absorbing material. Meanwhile, BiFeO3 powders also show weak room temperature ferromagnetism. It has also demonstrated that Ni doping in the bismuth ferrite (BiFe1−xNixO3 with x = 0.1) nanoparticles results in enhancement of the magnetic properties. Moreover, a ferroelectric hysteresis loop and a trend of frequency dependence of the dielectric constant have been observed, which were enhanced by Pb doping (Bi1−yPbyFeO3 with y = 0.1). These results suggest a multiferroic behavior in the BiFeO3 nanoparticles.",signatures:"Malik Anjelh Baqiya, Retno Asih, Muhammad Ghufron, Mastuki, Dwi Yuli Retnowati, Triwikantoro and Darminto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68155",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68155",authors:[{id:"192041",title:"Prof.",name:"D",surname:"Darminto",slug:"d-darminto",fullName:"D Darminto"},{id:"192812",title:"Dr.",name:"Malik",surname:"Baqiya",slug:"malik-baqiya",fullName:"Malik Baqiya"},{id:"195349",title:"Dr.",name:"T.",surname:"Triwikantoro",slug:"t.-triwikantoro",fullName:"T. Triwikantoro"},{id:"299625",title:"Dr.",name:"Retno",surname:"Asih",slug:"retno-asih",fullName:"Retno Asih"},{id:"299626",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Gufron",slug:"muhammad-gufron",fullName:"Muhammad Gufron"},{id:"299627",title:"Ms.",name:"Dwi Yuli",surname:"Retnowati",slug:"dwi-yuli-retnowati",fullName:"Dwi Yuli Retnowati"},{id:"306331",title:"MSc.",name:"M",surname:"Mastuki",slug:"m-mastuki",fullName:"M Mastuki"}],corrections:null},{id:"67838",title:"Surface Plasmons in Oxide Semiconductor Nanoparticles: Effect of Size and Carrier Density",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86999",slug:"surface-plasmons-in-oxide-semiconductor-nanoparticles-effect-of-size-and-carrier-density",totalDownloads:808,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oxide semiconductors have received much attention for potential use in optoelectronic applications such as transparent electrodes, transistors, and emitting devices. Recently, new functionalities of oxide semiconductors have been discovered such as localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), which show high-efficiency plasmon excitations in the infrared (IR) range using different structures such as nanorods, nanoparticles (NPs), and nanodots. In this chapter, we introduce optical properties of carrier- and size-dependent LSPRs in oxide semiconductor NPs based on In2O3: Sn (ITO). In particular, systematic examinations of carrier- and size-dependent LSPRs reveal the damping mechanisms on LSPR excitations of ITO NPs, which play an important role in determining excitation efficiency of LSPRs. Additionally, the control of carrier and size in the ITO NPs contribute toward improving solar-thermal shielding in the IR range. The high IR reflectance of assembled films of ITO NPs is due to three-dimensional plasmon coupling between the NPs, which is related to electron carriers and particle size of ITO NPs. This chapter provides new information concerning structural design when fabricating thermal-shielding materials based on LSPRs in oxide semiconductor NPs.",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67838",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67838",authors:[{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui"}],corrections:null},{id:"68946",title:"A Facile Method for Formulation of Atenolol Nanocrystal Drug with Enhanced Bioavailability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88191",slug:"a-facile-method-for-formulation-of-atenolol-nanocrystal-drug-with-enhanced-bioavailability",totalDownloads:710,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Atenolol is a commonly used antihypertensive drug of class III BCS category. The objective of the present study is to enhance the permeability of atenolol by using a suitable technique which is economical and devoid of using any organic solvents. The nanocrystal technology by high pressure homogenization was chosen for this purpose, which is less expensive and simple method. In this technique, no organic solvent was used. The study was further aimed to characterize prepared nanocrystals in solid state by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns, particle size, zeta potential, % yield, and drug permeation study through isolated goat’s intestine. An in vivo study was carried out to determine the pharmacokinetic property in comparison to pure drug powder using rats as experimental animals. The formulation design was optimized by a 3(2) factorial design. In these designs, two factors, namely surfactant amount (X1) and speed of homogenizer (X2), were evaluated on three dependent variables, namely particle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), and production yield (Y3).",signatures:"Luis Castañeda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68946",authors:[{id:"294990",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Castañeda",slug:"luis-castaneda",fullName:"Luis Castañeda"}],corrections:null},{id:"68817",title:"Production, Processes and Modification of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Agro-Waste: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87001",slug:"production-processes-and-modification-of-nanocrystalline-cellulose-from-agro-waste-a-review",totalDownloads:1259,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:34,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Nanocrystalline cellulose is a renewable nanomaterial that has gained huge attention for its use in various applications from advanced biomedical material to food packaging material due to its exceptional physical and biological properties, such as high crystallinity degree, large specific surface area, high aspect ratio, high thermal resistance, good mechanical properties, abundance of surface hydroxyl groups, low toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. However, they still have drawbacks: (1) sources of raw materials and its utilization in the production of nanocomposites and (2) high chemical and energy consumption regarding the isolation of macro-sized fibers to nano-sized fibers. The incorporation of hydrophilic nanocrystalline cellulose within hydrophobic polymer limits the dispersion of nano-sized fibers, thus resulting in low mechanical properties of nanocomposites. Hence, surface modification on nano-sized fiber could be a solution to this problem. This review focuses on the advanced developments in pretreatment, nanocrystalline production and modifications, and its application in food packaging, biomedical materials, pharmaceutical, substitution biomaterials, drug excipient, drug delivery automotive, and nanopaper applications.",signatures:"R.A. Ilyas, S.M. Sapuan, R. Ibrahim, M.S.N. Atikah, A. Atiqah, M.N.M. Ansari and M.N.F. 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Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. 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Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296216",title:"M.D.",name:"Guntug",middleName:null,surname:"Batihan",fullName:"Guntug Batihan",slug:"guntug-batihan",email:"gbatihan@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Dr. Suat Seren Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},book:{id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Modern Multidisciplinary Management",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",bookSignature:"Henry S. Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10872",leadTitle:null,title:"Leptin",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe importance of leptin – a hormone made by adipocytes and enterocytes – in regulating energy balance cannot be undervalued. Leptin deficiency is related to obesity, metabolic disorders, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. It is also linked with an altered gut microbiome and increased susceptibility to intestinal pathogens. The signaling role in intestinal epithelium in defense against intestinal pathogens suggests that leptin could be possibly used as an adjuvant tool in vaccines to promote gut immunity.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book intends to provide newer advancements in the research of leptin’s role in intestinal dysbiosis and possible use as a vaccine candidate to protect from intestinal dysbiosis which is the cause of various diseases and conditions. The book is an attempt to understand leptin through evidence-based developments in this critically important area of human health, and it is imagined as a valuable guide for researchers and clinicians interested in intestinal immunity.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"9afc8dca4fe18fb89de35afac166970d",bookSignature:"Dr. Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10872.jpg",keywords:"Leptin, Microbe, Vaccine, Leptin Receptor, Hormone, Adipose Cell, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, Gut, Receptor Alteration, Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 14th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 12th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 1st 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 30th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj is a member of the Indian Association of Medical Microbiology (IAMM) and Gastrointestinal Infection Society of India (GISI) and has received grants from the Department of Science and Technology (India) for her research.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"178566",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia Bhonchal",middleName:null,surname:"Bhardwaj",slug:"sonia-bhonchal-bhardwaj",fullName:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178566/images/system/178566.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj, Ph.D., is a senior assistant professor at the Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. She has published several international publications in reputed journals as well as books, book chapters, and congress proceedings.\nDr. Bhardwaj has received grants from the Department of Science and Technology (India) and has worked on biofilm formation in Enterococcus faecalis in periodontitis, Streptococcus mutans, and phage therapy. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6717",title:"Oral Microbiology in Periodontitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"746619365268c3b5cf92bafea23a6bfa",slug:"oral-microbiology-in-periodontitis",bookSignature:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6717.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178566",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia Bhonchal",surname:"Bhardwaj",slug:"sonia-bhonchal-bhardwaj",fullName:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10221",title:"Bacteriophages in Therapeutics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96b799aada07c6e98864f2d8e5780bac",slug:"bacteriophages-in-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10221.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178566",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia Bhonchal",surname:"Bhardwaj",slug:"sonia-bhonchal-bhardwaj",fullName:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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Commercial supply of epoxy adhesives was started in late 1940s in Europe and USA. Various epoxy adhesives have been developed and commercialized since then and widely used as typical reactive adhesives for various structural bonding applications ranging from general industry, construction, electronics assembly, automobile production to aerospace market [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Their typical application area and examples as well as their supply type, curing method are summarized in Table 1. Major global suppliers for epoxy adhesives are Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, H.B. Fuller Company, 3M, Huntsman Corporation, Sika Corporation, Arkema Corporation, Cemendine Co., Ltd., Three-Bond Co., ltd., Huitian Adhesive, etc.
Application area | Application examples | Package type | Cure method |
---|---|---|---|
Industrial | Structural bonding | One component; Two components | R.T. cure Thermal cure |
Construction | Concrete repairing Anchor bolt fixture | Two components | R.T. cure |
Automotive | Structural bonding Hemming adhesion | One component; Two components | Thermal cure |
Aerospace | Metal, honeycomb & composite bonding, repairing | One component; Two components | Thermal cure |
Electronics | Electrically conductive Display assembly Image sensor assembly Underfills Medical bonding | One component; Two components | Thermal cure UV cure R.T. cure |
Others | Sports tools Consumer applications | Two components | R.T. cure |
Typical applications of epoxy adhesives.
Epoxy adhesives show good adhesion on various substrates and are suitable to bond metals, glass, concrete, ceramics, wood and many plastics. Curing shrinkage is very low. Cured epoxy resin possesses strong and rigid cross-linked chemical structure suitable for structural bonding applications. By combination of various epoxy resins and different curing agents, a number of epoxy adhesives have been commercialized for different applications. On the other hand, room temperature and thermal cure epoxy adhesives need relatively long cure time. Most cured epoxy adhesives are very rigid and are not suitable for bonding flexible substrates.
In selection and use of epoxy adhesives, cautions need to be paid on their pot life, cure condition, cure method, physical properties of un-cure and cured resin as well as adhesion performance.
Epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of epoxy resin and curing agent. Filler, toughener, plasticizer and other additives such as silane coupling agent, deformer and colorant, etc., can be formulated as needed. Common compositions and their main role of epoxy adhesives are illustrated in Table 2.
Constituent | Ingredient | Main role |
---|---|---|
Primary | Epoxy resin, reactive diluent | Adhesive base |
Curing agent/catalyst, accelerator | Curability | |
Modifying | Filler | Property modification |
Toughener | Toughening | |
Plasticizer | Flexibility | |
Additive | Coupling agent | Adhesion |
Colorant | Color |
Epoxy adhesive compositions.
Epoxy resins are mainly synthesized from reaction of active hydrogen in phenols, alcohols, amines and acids with epichorohydrin, abbreviated normally as ECH at certain well controlled conditions. Epoxy resin can be also prepared by oxidation of olefin with peroxide as in the case of preparation of cycloaliphatic epoxy resins. Main commercial epoxy resins, their preparation and key features are shown in Table 3. Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, often called as bisphenol A type epoxy resin, is the first commercialized and still most widely used epoxy resin. Synthesis of DGEBA is illustrated in Figure 1 [12]. In volume base, it is estimated that over 75% of epoxy resin used in industry is this type. Figure 2 illustrates chemical structure and key features of various functional groups for bisphenol A diglycidyl ether [13], the most common epoxy resin used in epoxy adhesives.
Epoxy resin type | Preparation from | Key features |
---|---|---|
Glycidyl ether of | ||
Bisphenol A Bisphenol F Novalac | Bisphenol A and ECH Bisphenol F and ECH Novalac with ECH | Standard epoxy resin Low viscosity Multi-functional |
Glycidyl ester | Carboxylic acids and ECH | Mainly for anhydrate cure |
Glycidyl amine | Amines and ECH | Multi-functional |
Cycloaliphatic | Oxidation of olefin by peroxide | Cationic cure |
Commercial epoxy resins.
Synthesis of DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A).
Chemical structure and key features of DGEBA.
Epoxide group is chemically very active. Epoxy resin can react with active hydrogen almost equivalently via polyaddition mechanism with polyamines, mercaptan compounds, phenols and anhydrates to become cross-linked strong thermoset polymers. Epoxy resin can also polymerize homogeneously via anionic polymerization mechanism by initiating of Lewis bases such as tertiary amines or imidazole compounds. It can also polymerize via cationic polymerization mechanism via initiating of Lewis acid such as Boron trifluoride amine complex or strong acid such as onium salts, iodonium salts. Table 4 lists typical curing agent, initiator used in epoxy adhesives. By combination of suitable epoxy resin with curing agent, epoxy adhesive is designed for various substrate bonding in different applications. It is supplied in both two-component and one-component package depending on the curing agent and curing method used. Two-component epoxy adhesive is prepared by packing epoxy composition and curing agent composition separately before use. It will cure soon after mixing based on designed mixing ratio. Almost all room temperature cure epoxy adhesives are supplied in two-component package. Epoxy adhesives can be formulated in one-component package where all components including epoxy resin and curing agent has been mixed in advance. One-component epoxy adhesives usually use elevated temperature cure and need to be stored at low temperature conditions in a refrigerator or even freezer for long shelf life.
Polymerization mechanism | Curing agent, initiator |
---|---|
Polyaddition | Polyamines Modified polyamines Mercaptans Phenols Anhydrates Dicyandiamide |
Anionic | Tertiary amines Imidazole compounds |
Cationic | Boron trifluoride monoethylamine Onium salts Iodonium salts |
Epoxy curing agents.
Room temperature cure epoxy adhesives are normally prepared and supplied in two-component package with epoxy resin component parked in one resin part and curing agent packed as the other hardener part. By mixing these two parts together, epoxy resin will react with curing agent quickly at room temperature conditions to become cross-linked strong thermoset structure that can bond adhesion substrates tightly. By use of different type of curing agents, pot life and cure time can be designed as needed.
Mercaptan compounds are usually selected as curing agent for fast room temperature curable epoxy adhesive because its reaction with epoxy resin is very fast in the existence of small amount of basic chemicals such as tertiary amine or imidazole as accelerator. As shown in Figure 3, epoxy resin reacts with mercaptan group equivalently via polyaddition reaction mechanism [14]. Fixture time can be <30 minutes or even 15 minutes at room temperature. Full cure time will need 24 hours. Precautions need to be paid on its very short work life, <10 minutes or even 5 minutes. Commercial fast cure epoxy adhesives supplied by Henkel AG & Co. KGaA and their typical properties are illustrated in Table 5 [15].
Polyaddition reaction of epoxy resin with mercaptan.
Product | LOCTITE EA E-05MR | LOCTITE EA E-00NS |
---|---|---|
Color | clear | translucent |
Viscosity, mPas/25°C | 25,000 | 100,000 |
Mix ratio | 1:1 | 1:1 |
Work life, minutes | 5 | 3 |
Fixture time, minutes | 15 | 10 |
Room temperature cure time, hours | 24 | 24 |
Shear strength, psi on steel | 3360 | 1600 |
Fast room temperature cure epoxy adhesives.
Aliphatic polyamines are most commonly used curing agents in epoxy resin technology. A number of modified polyamine type curing agents with adjustment on curability, handling or other physical properties for easy use have been commercialized in the market by curing agent suppliers. As shown in Figure 4, active hydrogen of primary and secondary amine reacts equivalently with epoxide via polyaddition mechanism [16]. Fixture time and work life can be adjusted by combination with suitable curing agent. Table 6 shows commercial room temperature epoxy adhesives supplied by Henkel AG & Co. KGaA and their properties [17].
Polyaddition reaction between epoxy resin and amine.
Product | LOCTITE EA E-20HP | LOCTITE EA E-120HP |
---|---|---|
Color | Off-White | Amber |
Viscosity, mPas/25°C | 30,000 | 30,000 |
Mix ratio | 2:1 | 2:1 |
Work life, minutes | 20 | 120 |
Fixture time, minutes | 120 | >180 |
Room temperature cure time, hours | 24 | 24 |
Shear strength, psi on steel | 3270 | 4300 |
Room temperature cure epoxy adhesives.
Thermal cure epoxy adhesives are prepared and supplied in both one-component and two-component packages depending mainly on curing agent type used. Compared to room temperature cure type, thermal cure two-component epoxy adhesives usually have higher glass transition temperature that is suitable for high temperature resistance applications. One-component epoxy adhesives do not need pre-mixing in use and thus can be handled much easily. Many new one-component epoxy adhesives have been commercialized and become more and more important in recent years.
When use cycloaliphatic amine or aromatic amine as curing agent, post thermal cure process is usually required to achieve full cure as their reactivity, especially aromatic amines and secondary amine in cycloaliphatic amine, with epoxide is much lower with compared to aliphatic amines applicable for room temperature cure. Chemical structure of commonly used cycloaliphatic amine IPDA (isophorone diamine) and aromatic amine DDM (methylene dianiline) is shown in Figure 5 [18, 19]. Thermal cure epoxy adhesives have much stronger and rigid structure and normally possess higher glass transition temperature with compared to room temperature cure epoxy adhesives mainly based on aliphatic amines or mercaptans. Two-component thermal cure epoxy adhesives are mainly used for higher temperature resistance required applications such as automobile production and aerospace market.
Chemical structure of IPDA and DDM.
One-component epoxy adhesives do not require pre-mix before use since all components have been mixed together and there is no concern on insufficient mixing problem as often occurred in two-component use. Pot life of one-component epoxy adhesives is usually long and one-component adhesives are thus suitable for automatic dispensing systems. Compared to two-component type, one-component epoxy adhesives can be handled much easily. On the other hand, one-component epoxy adhesives usually need cure at higher temperature because of long enough room temperature stability needed for adhesive preparation and storage. Most one-component epoxy adhesives require storage condition at lower temperatures in a refrigerator or even freezer.
Recently one-component thermal cure epoxy adhesives have become more and more important especially in electronics assembly and automotive production where high production efficiency is required. With selection of suitable latent curing agents, a number of one-component epoxy adhesives have been developed and commercialized by epoxy adhesive suppliers for various applications. Typical commercial latent curing agents are summarized in Table 7.
Latency mechanism | Latent curing agent | Curing agent state | Typical curing temperature °C |
---|---|---|---|
Chemical block and physical separation | DICY | Solid | ≥150 |
Dihydrazines | ≥120 | ||
Physical separation | Modified imidazoles | Fine powder | ≥80 |
Modified polyamine | ≥80 | ||
Chemical block | Onium salts | Solid | ≥80 |
Amine-BF3 complex | Liquid | ≥130 |
Typical commercial latent curing agents.
DICY (dicyandiamide), chemical structure shown in Figure 6 [20], is the oldest and widely used latent curing agent for epoxy resin technology. It is a solid chemical with a melting point at 208°C. DICY formulated epoxy composition is very stable, up to 6 months at room temperature. Latency mechanism is a combination of physically separation and chemically blocking with epoxide group. DICY cured epoxy resin shows high adhesion and possesses high glass transition temperature especially suitable for high performance required applications such as vehicle parts bonding in automobile production. Cure temperature of DICY alone with epoxy resin normally needs at least 150°C to achieve full cure. By addition small amount of accelerator such as modified urea compounds and imidazole compound, cure temperature can be further lowered to 120°C [21].
Chemical structure of DICY.
In recent years, new type latent curing agents have been developed and commercialized by several curing agent suppliers [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. These latent curing agents are supplied as fine powder with average particle size well controlled in a few microns or premix of fine powder latent curing agent in epoxy resin. They are manufactured by grinding specially synthesized modified polyamine or imidazole solid with a softening point from 80 to 150°C. Latency mechanism is mainly physically separation between curing agent and epoxide. Curing temperature has been be lowered to as low as 80°C and its formulated epoxy composition can be still quite stable at room temperature. Many one-component epoxy adhesives commercialized recently are based on these new type latent curing agents because of their lower temperature curability suitable for use in bonding heat sensitive substrates such as plastics. By combination of small amount of liquid phenol compound with latent curing agent, it has been found that cure time of one-component epoxy adhesives can be shortened significantly [27, 28].
Ultra-violet light (UV) curable epoxy adhesives can be cured quickly and have been very successfully used in several new electronics assembly and general bonding applications such as image sensor module assembly, display panel and module assembly where fast production speed and high adhesion performance are required. Various UV cationic epoxy adhesive and UV acrylate hybrid thermal cure epoxy adhesives have been commercialized in recent years. As compared in Table 8, UV cure epoxy adhesives have no oxygen inhibition issue, low curing shrinkage and show better adhesion with compared to common UV acrylate adhesives.
Adhesive type | UV acrylate | UV cationic epoxy | Hybrid thermal cure epoxy |
---|---|---|---|
Main compositions | Acrylate | Epoxy resin | Acrylate |
Photoinitiator | Cationic photoinitiator | Photoinitiator | |
Epoxy resin | |||
Curing agent | |||
Polymerization | |||
UV cure | Radical | Cationic | Radical |
Thermal cure | N.A. | Cationic | Polyaddition, anionic |
Key features | |||
Oxygen inhibition | Yes | Yes | Partially |
Alkali inhibition | No | Medium | No |
UV curability | High | Preferred | High |
Post thermal cure | No need | Partially | Need |
Shadow cure | No | Low | Yes |
Cure shrinkage | High | Good | Low |
Adhesion | Moderate | Good |
Comparison of UV acrylate, cationic epoxy and hybrid epoxy adhesives.
UV cationic epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of epoxy resin and cationic photo-initiator [29, 30, 31]. Cycloaliphatic type epoxy resins are usually selected for UV cationic epoxy adhesives because of faster cationic polymerization rate than that of normal bisphenol A diglycidyl ether type epoxy resin. As illustrated in Figure 7 [32], cationic photoinitiator formulated in UV epoxy adhesives absorbs UV energy to generate strong acid that will react with epoxy to produce cationic which can initiate homo-polymerization of epoxy resin. Compared to common acrylate based UV adhesives, UV cationic epoxy adhesives have lower cure shrinkage because of epoxy structure and have no surface cure issue resulted from oxygen inhibition to free radical polymerization since they cure via cationic polymerization. On the other hand, UV cationic epoxy adhesives are not suitable for bonding basic substrates which terminate cationic polymerization. UV cationic epoxy adhesives will need some longer cure time. In real use, a post thermal cure of UV cationic epoxy adhesives after the UV radiation is commonly used for full cure to assure satisfactory adhesion performance.
UV cationic polymerization of epoxy adhesives.
UV cationic epoxy adhesives have been commercialized and used in optical parts bonding, camera module sensor packaging and OLED panel assembly applications [33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. The authors have found that adhesion reliability performance of UV cationic epoxy adhesives can be much improved by combination use of cationic photo initiator with thermal cationic initiator [38].
Most widely used UV cure adhesives are acrylate compositions [39, 40, 41]. Acrylate based UV cure adhesives are mainly composed of acrylate monomer, acrylate oligomer and radical photo-initiator. Acrylate based UV cure adhesives can be cured instantly, within seconds. Limitations of UV cure acrylate adhesives are surface cure issue, shadow cure problem, high cure shrinkage and poor humidity reliability. By combination of UV acrylate composition with thermal cure epoxy composition, UV and thermal cure hybrid epoxy adhesives have been developed and commercialized for over two decades [42, 43, 44]. Acrylate monomer, epoxy resin, photo-initiator and epoxy curing agent are primarily formulated in the UV and thermal cure hybrid adhesives. UV hybrid epoxy adhesives combine advantages from both UV acrylate proportion and thermal cure epoxy part. Adhesion reliability performance could be much improved by introduction of epoxy composition with compared to normal UV acrylate adhesives. In the meantime, production efficiency could be much improved by shortening the fixture time to seconds via UV radiation with compared to at least dozens of minutes needed for thermal cure epoxy adhesives. Surface cure issue, shadow cure issue and cure shrinkage problem of acrylate UV adhesives could also be improved to certain degree because of lower contents of free radical curable acrylate compositions. In some cases, thermal initiator such as peroxide is also formulated in the hybrid adhesive to assure curing remained acrylate compositions after UV radiation or those at shadow areas where UV light cannot reach.
Successful development and industrialization of so called ODF (One Drop Fill) process for large size LCD (liquid crystal panel) panel production was one important technology revolution in early 2000s that have made a big impact on our modern life. Development and commercialization of LCD ODF main sealant, an UV hybrid epoxy adhesive, played a key role in its mass production success [45, 46, 47]. LCD ODF main sealant is an adhesive material that is used to bond two glass substrates and seal liquid crystal material between them. It is a UV hybrid epoxy adhesive, typically composed of acrylate monomer, photo-initiator, partially acrylate epoxy resin and latent curing agent. Main steps for the adhesive use in this process are: (1) dispensing LCD main sealant; (2) dropping off liquid crystal materials into each cell; (3) alignment and assembly; (4) UV cure the sealant; and (5) thermal cure the sealant. The author has invented initiator free UV hybrid thermal cure epoxy adhesives by combination with bismaleimides that shows much better compatibility with liquid crystal material and high performance [48, 49, 50].
Epoxy adhesives show very good adhesion to various substrates and are the most important structural adhesives. Epoxy adhesives can be cured at room temperature condition, at elevated temperature condition or via UV light radiation mainly depending on curing agent type formulated. Lots of epoxy adhesives, either supplied in one-component or two-component package, have been commercialized and widely used for bonding metals, concrete, glass, ceramics, concrete, many plastics, wood, etc. in various industrial production and applications.
Menaquinone-7 belongs to Vitamin K group. The two general categories of vitamin K are Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) and Menaquinones, also referred as MK-n (clinical nomenclature Vitamin K2-n) having side chains with 4–12 prenyl units (MK-n where n stands for the number of isoprenoid units, MK-4 to MK-12) 9 (Figure 1). Their physiological and patho- physiological roles are specific.
Chemical structures of various isoforms of Vitamin K. chemical structures of some K vitamins and metabolites. Nomenclature: Chemical name and IUPAC name and abbreviation in brackets: (I) 2-methyl1,4-naphthoquinone (Menadione; K3), (II) 2-methyl3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (Phylloquinone; K1), (III) 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone-2,3-epoxide (Phylloquinone epoxide; K1O), (IV) 2-methyl-3-geranyl-geranyl1,4-naphthoquinone (Menaquinone-4; MK-4), (V) 2-methyl-3-farnesylgeranylgeranyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (Menaquinone-7; MK-7).
Vitamin K was discovered by the Danish scientist, Henrik Dam, in the 1930s. Dam’s discovery was during his quest to understand chicken’s cholesterol metabolism by feeding them a diet free of sterols and low in fat [1]. This reduced their intake of fat-soluble vitamin K, resulting in chickens developing large subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhages. This initial finding led to isolating, identifying, and characterizing the structure of vitamin K and its importance as an anti-haemorrhagic agent. Of the many metabolic processes related to vitamin K deficiency, bleeding remains the potentially most serious generally known consequence. However, the role of vitamin K’s impact on osteoporosis and its inhibitory role in arterial calcification and vascular biology is now recognized in general populations. It is axiomatic that these metabolisms require vitamin K for γ-carboxylation and that this step is essential to their proper functioning. However, there are many other functions of vitamin K recently discovered that seem to be independent of its classical co-factor function. Vitamin K’s metabolic effects, e.g., ameliorating effect on peripheral neuropathy, cramps, autonomic nervous system, improving perfusion, etc., remain unexplained. Additionally, vitamin K also acts as a ligand for the receptor SXR, the steroid and xenobiotic sensing nuclear receptor (SXR), which is a transcriptional regulator of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP3A4.
Over the years, the understanding of the vitamin K family has evolved, with the recognition of two primary forms of vitamin K- vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (menaquinones). All K-vitamins have same function, but they exhibit differences in bioavailability and bioactivity. Vitamin K2, the main storage form in animals, has several subtypes, which differ in isoprenoid sidechain length. These vitamin K2 homologs are called menaquinones and are characterized by the number of isoprenoid residues in their side chains. Menaquinones are abbreviated as MK-n, where M stands for menaquinone, the K stands for vitamin K, and the n signifies the number of isoprenoid side chain residues. MK-4 and MK-7 are the two prominent menaquinones in human nutrition. MK-7 and other long-chain menaquinones are different from MK-4 in that they are not produced by human tissue but are generated by bacteria in the gut. The available information suggests that a range of vitamin K2 analogues are present as a mixture in several foods, e.g., in sauerkraut, hard cheese, soft cheese and curd cheese [2]. These foods have a long history of consumption by humans as basic foods.
Diet (Natto and cheeses) rich in menaquinones (primarily MK-7) is safe and requires no systemic validation for toxicity. However, because of the role of vitamin K (K1 and K2) in blood coagulation and potential health benefits, there has been considerable effort to elucidate the mechanism of action of menaquinones, primarily MK-7. There is no known toxicity associated with high doses (dietary or supplemental) of the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) or menaquinones (vitamin K2) forms of vitamin K. In several human studies, Natto food, known to contain MK-7, has been investigated for its health benefits.
The adverse effects of menaquinones, including Menaquinone-7 has been investigated in several animal and
The European Union has permitted the use of Menaquinone-7 as a source of vitamin K for nutritional purposes in foodstuffs. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2008) [5] examined the safety of Menaquinone-7. The chemistry, nomenclature, dietary sources, intake levels, and pharmacokinetics of menaquinones, and data of nonclinical toxicity and on clinical outcomes related to safety (adverse events) was extensively reviewed by US Pharmacopeia Convention [6] and by the Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2000). The report considers menaquinone as an active form of vitamin K [7].
Schurgers et al. [2] have studied levels of Menaquinone-7 in many food products globally and found that the Menaquinone-7 levels are quite negligible in all the food products except Natto, a staple food in Eastern Japan which contains almost 998 mcg of Menaquinone-7 per 100 gm of Natto. The investigators also found small amounts of Menaquinone-7 in natural cheese. Researchers at Synergia Life Sciences have undertaken a study where a number of Indian food products were examined for the levels of Menaquinone-7. The foods tested had particularly included fermented foods consumed by Indians at large. It was observed that the regularly consumed food including fermented foods lack in Menaquinone-7. So, it can be said that Menaquinone-7 is negligible in Indian diet.
The only rich source of Menaquinone-7 is Natto which contains early 900 mcg of Menaquinone-7 in 100 gm’s breakfast [2, 8] and different types of cheese [9] though in small amounts. The various common 18 varieties of Dutch cheeses and 13 varieties of European cheeses contain approximately on an average 1.14 and 1.36 mcg Menaquinone-7 per 100 gm of cheese respectively [9]. The hard cheese, soft cheese and curd cheese from Netherlands contains approximately 1.3, 0.5 and 0.3 mcg Menaquinone-7 per 100 gm cheese respectively [2]. Processed cheese from Japan reported 0.3 mcg Menaquinone-7 per 100 gm cheese [10].
Serum concentrations of Menaquinone-7 are higher in frequent natto eaters. Natto is a popular breakfast item used more widely in win Eastern Japan, as compared to Western Japan. The study by Kaneki
Globally speaking Menaquinone-7 is negligible in diet. It is true that many bacteria that populate microbiota of the human intestine synthesize Menaquinones. However, it is realized that in the small intestine bacterial growth availing Menaquinone-7 is limited by the rapid transit times. Most synthesis of Menaquinones occur in the large intestine. Shearer
Geleijnse et al. [15] studied 4807 men and women of aged 55 yrs. for 10 years to assess the association of dietary intake of K1 and K2 with aortic calcification, CVD, and total mortality. They concluded that “When consuming daily 45 mcg dietary K2, you have: 50% reduction of arterial calcification, 50% reduction of cardiovascular death, 25 % reduction of all-cause mortality as compared to low intake of dietary K2!”
Gast et al. [16] studied 16,057 women, aged 49–70 years and free of cardiovascular diseases (at baseline) for 8.1 ± 1.6 years. The intake of vitamin K1 was 211.7 ± 100.3 mcg/d and of vitamin K2 intake was 29.1 ± 12.8 mcg/d. They concluded that there is inverse association of vitamin K2 with CHD with reduction of 9.1% per 10 mcg/day. They also found out that vitamin K1 is not related to CHD.
The publication of the above two epidemiological studies, viz. Geleijnse
Knapen
Spronk HMH
In a study by Yamaguchi
A decade-long study of 38,094 Dutch males and females aged 20–70 found that the quartile of participants who consumed the most dietary Vitamin K were 20% less likely to develop type 2 diabetes than the quartile with the lowest intake of Vitamin K [25]. Vitamin K2 is linked to lowered risk of developing type 2 diabetes and also a stronger relationship exists for Vitamin K2 intake. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes drops for every 10 mcg (0.01 mg) increase in Vitamin K2 intake. In this study participants with the highest intake of K2 consumed 250–360 mcg (0.25–0.36 mg)/day. Thus, higher intake of Vitamin K2 is linked to lower diabetes risk.
In an attempt to better understand how Vitamin K2 improves insulin sensitivity, researchers from S. Korea studied 42 healthy male volunteers. Participants were either given 30 mg (30,000 mcg) of Vitamin K2 or a placebo each day for 4 weeks. Vitamin K2 supplementation significantly increased insulin sensitivity and seemed to be related to increased carboxylation (activation) of osteocalcin. Researchers concluded that Vitamin K2 can help regulate glucose metabolism by activating osteocalcin, an endocrine hormone that increases insulin sensitivity in humans [26].
Research has shown that for elderly men Vitamin K slows the development of insulin resistance [27]. The researchers concluded that Vitamin K2 plays a potentially beneficial role in reducing the progression of insulin resistance amongst elderly men.
In a recent randomized controlled trial, McFarlin et al. investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Menaquinone-7 on cardiovascular responses to a graded cycle ergometer test. Menaquinone-7 supplementation was associated with a 12% increase in maximal cardiac output, with a trend toward an increase in heart-rate AUC. No significant changes occurred in stroke volume [28]. Figure 2 demonstrates that Menaquinone-7 treatment was associated with increased cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, and decreased blood lactate. Overall, these changes are consistent with increase maximal cardiovascular performance with oral Menaquinone-7 supplementation.
To visualize the 5 outcome variables (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate) on the same scale all data maximal response data after 8 weeks of treatment with either a vitamin K2 (red) or control (rice flour; blue) were normalized using a Log10 adjustment. Plotted values represent increments of a Log10 scale consuming a specific supplement.
Synergia research group has identified Menaquinone-7’s pivotal role in mitochondrial ATP generation by acting as a mitochondrial electron transport carrier, thus participating in the energy cycle of the cell. In human cell experiments, it has been shown that the cells’ maximum capacity to generate energy, defined as the reserve energy, increases by 30–40% with Menaquinone-7, thus, identifying the role of Menaquinone-7 in redox cycle by transporting electrons in electron transport chain and also mitochondrial generation of ATP (Figure 3). This dual role of Menaquinone-7 is especially important to the aging geriatric population and athletes in their need of a greater oxygen supply for the oxidative phosphorylation.
Mitochondrial respiration: Test sequence in sea horse XF-96 platform.
In another
Chronic inflammation is considered an underlying pathology of many diseases that remain poorly understood and treated. Several important chronic diseases with an inflammatory background have been associated with vitamin K deficiency. These include cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, chronic kidney disease and osteoporosis [31, 32]. Circulatory markers of low-grade inflammation such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) positively correlate with endothelial damage, atheroma formation, cardiovascular disease, and aging. Menaquinone-7 can modulate immune and inflammatory reactions in the dose–response inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β gene expression and protein production [33]. These findings highlight the anti-inflammatory properties of Menaquinone-7, elucidating the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Menaquinone-7 and in establishing the potential biomarker targets in clinical testing of the role of Menaquinone-7 in cardiovascular health as well as other chronic degenerative conditions.
Vitamin K deficiency impacts neuromuscular and vascular function, thus affecting the physical functioning. Vitamin K has a function in promoting vascular smooth muscle differentiation [34]. As disabilities in patients are directly related to muscle strength and physical performance, therefore it is crucial to focus on muscle strength and performance rather than muscle mass [35].
Handgrip indicates muscle strength and is directly related to lower-extremity strength. Calf circumference indicates skeletal muscle mass and is associated with higher strength [36, 37]. A longitudinal cohort study conducted in community-dwelling adults (n: 633, aged: 55–65 years) analyzed the association between vitamin K status and physical functioning over 13 years. An association of low vitamin K status with lower handgrip strength, smaller calf circumference was observed. Low vitamin status in women indicated an existence of association of low vitamin status with poorer functional performance score [38].
Some observational studies conducted in sarcopenia patients showed an association of high vitamin K status in plasma with muscle strength, large muscle mass, and high physical performance.
Thus, it was concluded that physical performance scores rather than muscle mass indicated the beneficial effect of vitamin K on muscle quality [35].
Systremma or leg cramps is a common and distressing problem characterized by involuntary, painful, sudden contractions of the skeletal muscles. It has affecting 30% of people who are over sixty-year-of age and 50% of people over eighty years of age [39, 40]. Muscle cramps may occur in normal subjects during a strong voluntary contraction, sleep, sports or pregnancy but it can also occur due to several pathological conditions such as myopathies, neuropathies, motoneuron diseases, metabolic disorders, hydroelectrolyte imbalances or endocrine pathologies, cirrhosis of liver, in patients on dialysis or may be triggered by intake of certain drugs such as diuretics, laxatives, beta2-agonists, cimetidine, and phenothiazines. Treatment of the underlying cause could successfully relieve this symptom [41, 42].
Diverse causes of muscle cramps has led to varied treatment modalities in clinical practice with varying degree of success in relieving the symptoms [43, 44]. These modalities include quinine Sulphate [45], calcium channel blockers [46], magnesium [47], gabapentin [48], botulinum toxin [49], phenytoin [50], Vit E [51], carisoprodol and orphenadrine [52]. Although quinine is the most used treatment modality in this condition [41], it is associated with several side effects like arrhythmia, tinnitus, headache, nausea, tremor, hypotension, and gastrointestinal upset, and occasionally, potentially fatal hypersensitivity reactions and thrombocytopenia [40, 41]. Due to severe toxicity encountered, US FDA has banned over-the-counter quinine-based products used for leg cramps [41, 53, 54]. This has generated a need for alternative therapeutic agents.
A preliminary open labeled observational study conducted by Vaidya
Decrease in mean severity of cramps as noted on VAS score in both the groups which were divided depending upon the frequency of cramps viz., cramps every day in group A and 2–3 cramps every week in group B.
A research done by Mehta and Vaidya showed that daily administration of vitamin K relieves muscle cramps and prevents its recurrence. Vitamin MK-7 has longer half-life which facilitates its further utilization as it stays in the body for a longer duration. Vitamin K is a safe prophylactic for muscle cramps. Vitamin K also improves the muscle strength evident by relief of fatigue. The inventors have discovered relief from cramps when sufficient dose of vitamin K was administered systematically daily once or more. The preferred range was 10 μg to 1000 μg per day, and the preferred vitamin K was vitamin MK-7 [56].
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) also known as distal symmetric neuropathy or sensorimotor neuropathy, is a common problem with multifactorial aetiologies. Diabetes mellitus is the most common etiology of PN. Neural signals from sensory receptors in the cellular pathway of the peripheral nervous system are damaged in PN. It is a neurological complication where the nerves carrying sensory neurons from different parts of the body to the central nervous system are denervated hence causing numbness, tingling, motor paralysis and gland or organ dysfunction. PN is a disease with vast spectrum, found in a variety of groups of populations, commonly observed in geriatrics, obese and diabetic population [57].
An epidemiological study conducted by Martyn
Indian population is susceptible to PN due to large population density, exposed to different adverse environments for a living [59]. Amongst diabetic Indian population, prevalence of neuropathy has been 26–31% [60, 61, 62]. In an Indian epidemiological survey conducted amongst about 40 million diabetics in India, at least 10.4 million diabetics showed the symptoms of PN [63].
Some patients with neuropathy may experience extremely painful symptoms, whereas others may have objectively marked neurological deficit without significant painful neurological symptoms [64].
A systematic review analyzing the data of several studies stated that painful diabetic PN occurs in about one in six people with diabetes, impairing the quality of life of people and increasing healthcare cost. Although guidelines have suggested several treatment related recommendations, but they are associated with adjuvant side effects [65]. The risk of developing PN increases with the duration of diabetes and deteriorating glycemic control [64].
Neuropathy is a devastating event in patients with myeloma. Prolonged treatment of Multiple Myeloma (MM) related drugs leads to development of PN in 70% of patients [66]. Neuropathic events in such patients leads to dose reduction of the primary agents (Bortezomib, Thalidomide and Lenalidomide) or reduction in frequency of the therapy. This could further lead to discontinuation of therapy by some of the patients. Therefore, neuropathy in MM needs to be addressed.
The etiopathology of PN is poorly understood. Many factors, including dietary deficiencies, may contribute to the clinical manifestation of the condition [67].
The neurologic manifestations of folate deficiency overlap with those of vitamin B12 deficiency and include cognitive impairment, dementia, depression and commonly PN [64].
Myelopathy with or without an associated neuropathy is the commonly recognized neurological manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency [68]. Methyl cobalamin is a vitamin B12 analogue, necessary for the maintenance of the nervous system [69]. The diagnosis of neuropathy due to B12 vitamin deficiency remains a real challenge for the clinician [70].
The etiology of diabetic neuropathy has been a debatable topic however, neuropathy due to an inflammatory autoimmune condition that damages the myelin sheet of peripheral nerves and role of menaquinone-7 deficiency in alleviating this condition are considered as the evolving possibilities for diabetic neuropathy.
Vitamin K is considered to have a role in myelin synthesis and repair in central and peripheral nervous systems. Myelin is a sphingolipid, a group of complex lipids which are found in all mammalian cells as a major components of cell membranes, present particularly in high concentrations in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems [71]. Certain sphingolipids found in the central and peripheral nervous systems have shown a high correlation with the tissue levels of vitamin K. Initially recognized for their structural role, sphingolipids are now considered as the key players in major cellular events such as proliferation, differentiation, senescence, cell–cell interaction, and transformation [72]. Furthermore, several recent research have shown a corelation of alterations in sphingolipids metabolism with aging process [73] and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease [52, 74].
Scientific legacy of Meir Lev’s group depicted the role for vitamin K in sphingolipid metabolism in a report published in Nature in 1958 [75]. The report showed that Vitamin K serves as a growth factor for the rumen strain
In the nervous system, vitamin K activates the carboxylation and activation of Gla residues on GAS6 protein (growth arrest-specific gene 6 protein) which is structurally related to another vitamin K-dependent protein (VKDP), anticoagulation factor protein S [77]. GAS6 and related S protein bind and activate the receptor tyrosine kinases of the Tyro3, Axl, and Mer (TAM) family. They are responsible for cell signaling which stimulates the generation of central nervous system repair cells (oligodendrocytes) and increased myelin production including repair after myelin injury (demyelinating injury) [78]. Vitamin K may also act in the central nervous system independent to its role in the carboxylation reaction [79]. Vitamin K independent of VKDP, activates enzyme 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (3-KDS), involved in sphingolipid synthesis which is critical for healthy myelin [80].
Sakaue M et al. investigated the protective effects of different forms of Vitamin K (Vitamin K1 and Vitamin K2–4) in an
A serendipitous discovery by two researchers, Mehta and Vaidya is that Menaquinone-7 relieves idiopathic muscle cramps as well as symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. PCT/IN2008/000465, application further claims the safety of usage of Menaquinone-7 in the various novel conditions like neuropathy [56].
In an open labeled study conducted by Kulkarni et al., it was shown that Menaquinone-7 at a dose of 100 mcg twice a day for 8 weeks (Figure 5) was well tolerated and safe with a therapeutic activity for the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy [83].
Decrease in the intensity and severity of PN from baseline to 8th week as noted on VAS score in the groups a and B, where group A (severe) had a VAS score of 8–9 and group B (moderate) with a score of 6–8 at baseline.
Based on the results of these studies, the next study which is a follow-up study in a larger cohort (n = 100) was planned to address the peripheral neuropathy experienced by patients. Menaquinone-7 capsules (100 mcg / capsule, twice a day) were given orally for 8 weeks and were followed up to 12 weeks. By twelfth week, the score was reduced in megaloblastic anemia as well as in diabetes mellitus groups to 1–2 (Figure 6). The decrease was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The tingling and numbness had reduced significantly. There was a significant decrease in the weakness and fatigue [84].
Decrease in the intensity and severity of PN from baseline to 8th week as noted on VAS score in the groups VBD (Vitamin B12 deficiency) and T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Recently a double-blind placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of Menaquinone-7 was conducted in 60 patients presenting with peripheral neuropathy and suffering from either vitamin B12 deficiency and/ or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients from both the groups’ i.e., Vitamin B12 deficiency and type 2 diabetes mellitus had overall VAS score of 9 at baseline. By the end of the twelfth week, patients who were receiving Menaquinone-7 showed statistically significant reduction in the VAS score in Vitamin B12 deficiency as well as in type 2 diabetes mellitus to 2; whereas the patients who were taking placebo in Vitamin B12 deficiency group had reduced to 8, and in type 2 diabetes mellitus group to 9. This study was again performed with same protocol along with estimation of serum Menaquinone-7 levels in serum in a small sample size. The VAS score showed an inverse relationship between Menaquinone-7 levels and peripheral neuropathy symptoms (Figure 7) [85, 86].
Average VAS score and serum Vitamin K2–7 levels (ng/ml) in Vitamin B12 deficiency group (A) and type 2 diabetes mellitus group (B).
Antineoplastic agents are the chemotherapy drugs used for cancer. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the most frequent side effects caused by antineoplastic agents having a prevalence ranging from 19% to over 85%. CIPN is a mostly sensory neuropathy and is associated with motor and autonomic changes of varying intensity and duration [87]. Chemotherapeutics induces toxicity in peripheral nervous system. Oxaliplatin, an antineoplastic agent damages the blood brain barrier (BBB). The possible mechanisms of BBB damage may include proinflammatory cytokines, ROS, or other neurotransmitters, all of which are involved in the peripheral nervous system toxicity induced by chemotherapeutics [88, 89]. The study of Sanna et al. has shown a direct correlation between structural changes in the central nervous system and chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity [90].
An open labeled observational study to evaluate the iatrogenic neuropathy and its amelioration using Menaquinone-7 in patients with Multiple Myeloma with drug induced PN suggests for the first time that Menaquinone-7 has an ameliorative potential for relief of iatrogenic PN in Multiple Myeloma patients. Menaquinone-7 reduces the symptoms of PN like tingling, numbness, burning sensation, pain, causalgia, wooly feeling, and cramps caused during treatment of MM, thus Menaquinone-7 is found to be useful in the treatment of PN caused due to the therapy of MM [91].
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a type of hematological cancer which is characterized by excessive production of malignant plasma cell clones in the bone marrow [92]. Incidence of iatrogenic PN has been observed in patients with MM who received chemotherapy. It is primarily of a sensory or sensorimotor nature, and the symptoms of tingling, numbness, burning sensation and pain are predominantly bilaterally symmetric [93]. Development of debilitating drug induced PN is one of the major challenges in the treatment of MM, affecting compliance leading to discontinuation of therapy or dose/drug modification [94]. Thus, there is a need of any modality that could reduce the severity and allows continuation of effective therapy in the clinical setting. This preliminary observational study is the first study revealing the potential of Menaquinone-7 in relieving the symptoms of iatrogenic PN in MM patients.
Menaquinone-7 appears promising in the areas of chronic degenerative conditions such as bone health, cardiovascular, diabetes, energy metabolism, peripheral neuropathy, cramps etc. Newer research is ongoing to confirm its role in many other areas including immunity, cognition, cancer etc. With the recent discovery of its many biological functions, Menaquinone-7 is sometimes referred to as a multitasking vitamin. Globally speaking Menaquinone-7 is negligible in diet consumed by the population all around the world except in small pockets leading to Menaquinone-7 insufficiency. Either lack or deficiency of a given vitamin invites multiple pathologies, some mild some severe, some experiential some silent, some acute some chronic. Until this knowledge is available to an individual, he is likely to consider multiple healing effects of a vitamin as panacea. Researchers have now realized that most of the global population is facing multiple severe morbidities due to lack of or inadequate levels of Menaquinone-7 in diet and supplementation. The “Next Big Thing” in medicine is Menaquinone-7 with what the science has revealed already. This vitamin will advance on an exponential curve.
Dr. Dilip S. Mehta, Dr. Anselm de Souza, and Dr. Shashank S. Jadhav are CEO, Managing Director and Medical Director of Synergia Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd.
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\\n\\n• Submit all the corrections in due time as defined during the publishing process schedule.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Article Processing Charge.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Article worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\\n\\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Article attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Article and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Article is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
\\n\\nIntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Journal Article:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Article who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author. Co-Author: All other Authors of the Article besides the Corresponding Author. IntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Journal.
\n\nJournal: The publication as a collection of Articles compiled by IntechOpen .
\n\nArticle: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to publish, communicate to the public, reproduce, republish, transmit, sell, distribute and otherwise use and make available the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works, in electronic and print editions of the Publication and in derivative works and on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen, throughout the world, in all languages, and in all media and formats now known or later developed.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to create and store electronic archival copies of the Article, including the right to deposit the Article in open access digital repositories.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to license others to reproduce, translate, republish, transmit and distribute the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works under the condition that the Corresponding Author and each Co-Author is attributed (currently this is carried out by publishing the Article under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence).
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Article but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Article as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world. The Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Article and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Article.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Article as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Article arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re publishing the Article.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\n• Comply with all instructions and guidelines provided by IntechOpen;
\n\n• Produce the Article with all due skill, care and diligence, and in accordance with good scientific practice;
\n\n• Submit all the corrections in due time as defined during the publishing process schedule.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Article Processing Charge.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Article worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\n\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Article attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Article and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Article is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
\n\nIntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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