IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3683",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineering the Future",title:"Engineering the Future",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book pilots the reader into the future. 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1. Introduction
Our universe consists of substance. Atoms and molecules are basic components of material. Each atom contains a nucleus which is spread in a small area of atom, and electrons. Also, a nucleus contains Neutrons and protons. It is well known today that electrons in atom and Neutrons and protons in the nucleus are interacting together through different forces. It is clear today that the source of different interactions are composed of four basic forces of the universe, namely gravitational, coulomb, strong and weak nuclear interactions.
In quantum mechanics, to study a particle, it is necessary to have knowledge about its interaction with the surrounding media. The Schrödinger equation is a second-order differential equation that is solved to obtain energy spectrum and wave functions of a particle in quantum mechanics. For a many-body system such as atom or nucleus, it is not possible to solve a set of Schrödinger equations to obtain energy spectrum and wave functions analytically. Therefore in such situations, it is necessary to use an average potential which is a mean potential of all interacting forces acting upon a single particle. Then the Schrödinger equation is should be solve for a single particle. This procedure is called the mean field method [1, 2, 3].
To review this method consider a system consisting of N identical interacting particles. The Hamiltonian of system composed of kinetic energy, T, and potential energy ,V, is defined as
where mN is the mass of each particle, and ri denotes the coordinates of particle i. A summed single particle potential energy, so far undefined, can be added and subtracted of the Hamiltonian to obtain the following relation,
is the mean residual interaction. It should be noted that the residual interaction is related to the strength of the actual interaction and can be reduced if the mean field potential is close to the actual potential of the system.
Actually, the mean field method is an approximation in which each particle of system moves under an external field generated by the remaining N−1 particles. This mean potential, VMF, can be considered as an average of all possible interactions of nucleons during the short time interval ΔT, between the selected nucleon and its surrenders,
It is important to know that the time average idea was considered only for clearance of the subject and not applicable in practice unless one studies the thermo-dynamical behavior of nucleus.
Therefore the idea of using mean field theory capable of reducing many particles interacting system in to a system of non-interacting (quasi-particles) considered in an external field ,VMF which is the mean potential of possible forces of interaction. The mean field potential is considered such that the stationary Schrödinger equation is solved simply to obtain single particle states and their related energy spectrum. These single-particle states are used to construct the N particle wave function as follows.
The corresponding N -particle Schrödinger equation is used to obtain solutions of the mean-field Hamiltonian HMF\n\t\t\t
HMFΨ0(r1,r2,....rN)=EΨ0(r1,r2,....rN).E6
\n\t\t\t
The wave function Ψ0(r1,r2,....rN) can be separated by using the ansatz single particle wave functions
Ψ0(r1,r2,....rN)=ϕα1(r1)ϕα2(r2)....ϕαN(rN).E7
\n\t\t\t
Substituting this ansatz in to the Schrödinger equation (6) yields N identical one-particle Schrödinger equations
h(r)ϕα(r)=εαϕα(r),h(r)=t(r)+v(r)=−ℏ22mN∇2+v(r).E8
\n\t\t\t
With the quasi-particle energy, εα, that is satisfies the following condition
E=∑i=1Nϵα.E9
\n\t\t\t
The wave function of the many- body system is thus an anti symmetric product of single-particle wave functions which are one-particle wave functions of an external potential well. In summary the mean field theory reduces the complicated many-body problem in to a simple one-particle system.
The main idea in this approach is to determine the mean field potential or in particular, an appropriate mean field potential in which the residual interactions between the quasi-particles should be optimal. To do so, one may seek an optimal set {ϕα(r)} of one-quasi-particle states. This is a Rayleigh-Ritz variational approximation in which the variation ϕα(r)→ϕα(r)+δϕα(r) of the single-particle orbital is minimized
Egs=〈Ψ0|H|Ψ0〉H=T+VMF+VRESE10
\n\t\t\t
As a starting point, one may construct an ansatz wave function. It is customary to use a product of single particle wave functions as Eigen function of the system,
Ψ0(r1,r2,....rN)=∏i=1Nϕαi(ri)E11
\n\t\t\t
It is an anti-symmetrized product ansatz wave function following the Hartree-Fock method and is called the Slater determinant of the given single particle states
Ψ0(r1,r2,....rN)=C[∏i=1Nϕαi(ri)].E12
\n\t\t\t
Here Ψ0(r1,r2,....rN) is an anti-symmetric wave function. Also C is the normalization constant. For instance, consider a three-particles system with its single-particle Eigen states labeled 1, 2, and 3. Then the normalized anti-symmetric state, or the Slater determinant, is
The energy E of the system has to be varied under the constraint that the normalization of Ψ0 is preserved, i.e. 〈Ψ0|Ψ0〉=1. This leads to the constrained variational problem,
δ(〈Ψ0|H|Ψ0〉Ψ0|Ψ0)=0,
\n\t\t\t
which can be transformed in to an unconstrained one by minimizing the energy for normalized wave function, Ψ0(r1,r2,....rN). After performing the variation, the single-particle energy, εα, is can also be obtained.
One powerful method to address such uncertainties is the following Hartree consistent equation [4,5],
This equation is like the Schrödinger equation except that the simple potential term, V (r), is replaced with a function of unknown wave function,
V(r)=VH(F)({ϕi(r)})
Here, the Hartree mean field potential, VH(F), is different from, VHF, Hartree-Fock mean field.
The differential equation (14) is nonlinear and therefore, much more difficult to solve than the regular Schrödinger equation. The solution can only be carried using consistent iteration method. In this procedure, one can start using a complete set of guessed single-particle states {ϕi0(r)},i=1,....N to calculate the initial potential term, VH(F)(0). In the next step, the equation for a complete set of new wave functions {ϕα(1)(r)}α=1,.....∞ is solved to obtain Eigen energies εα(1). The procedure is then repeated with new Eigen function ϕα(1)(r) to obtain the new potential ,VH(F)(1). This approach can be depicted through the following schematic diagram,
This procedure is repeated to achieve self-consistency for wave functions (or Eigen energies). This means that after each loop the resultant wave function or Eigen energies compared with the starting wave function or Eigen energies and when their difference becomes less than a given preset limit, i.e.
‖ϕα(n−1)−ϕα(n)‖<presetlimit,
\n\t\t\t
the procedure is repeated, otherwise, it will be automatically terminated. Where the ‖...‖ denotes the norm.
The results of each run, contain a self-consistent mean field, VH(F)(r), the Eigen state, ϕα(r), and its associated Eigen energies ,εα, are all simultaneously generated. We may also note that for a finite potential-well, there will be, in addition to the bound states, an infinite number of unbound states.
In our discussions, the generated mean-field potential is a central one, that is only a function of r. Central mean field potentials describe only systems with spherical symmetry such as spherical nuclei or atoms. This is because of natural real forces that are conservative and satisfy the conservation of energy.
In some convenient way to avoid self-consistency loops, a phenomenological potential like a simple square well with finite depth, simple harmonic oscillator well and complicated Woods-Saxon with considerable parameters that can be determined using the fit of potential with experimental data, is introduced.
2. Applications of mean-field theory in nuclear physics
Over the years after Rutherford\'s valuable experiments that suggest nuclei for atom, many theoretical and experimental attempts have been done to obtain knowledge about the stability of nuclei. It is clear today that a nucleus of mass number A, Neutron number N and proton number (atomic number) Z, consists of A strongly interacting nucleons (protons and neutrons in the nucleus without considering their different properties called nucleon.). In addition to the strong nuclear force that is responsible for nuclear stability, the protons also sense the attractive coulomb potential because of their charge. In regular nuclear physics, the protons and neutrons are considered the point particles without any internal structure. This is an excellent approximation when the aim is to study nuclear structure at low energies. In such approach, the nuclear forces are considered a central attractive force with proper specifications like independence of charge and low range. Note that in advance models of nuclear physics such as the Yukawa Meson exchange model, it is believed that nucleons constructed quarks and interact together through the meson exchange mechanism in the base of the particle physics lows. The lightest nucleus is Deuterium with one neutron and one proton. The interaction of nucleons in the nucleus can be studied both theoretically and practically using simple Deuteron nucleus. This two-nucleon system is described by two-body interaction matrix elements, without a detailed account of the methods used to obtain them. On the other hand, the A - nucleons nucleus in quantum mechanics using the Schrödinger equation is not a solvable problem analytically at least for A>10. Therefore, one has to look for a reasonable approximate method to solve this many-body problem consisting of strongly interacting nucleons. A powerful approximation is to convert such many-body system in to a non-interacting system of quasi-particles using a suitable external mean field potential. The remaining interactions, called residual interaction, can be treated as a perturbation potential in the base of perturbation approximation. As discussed earlier, the transformation of system of particles in to quasi-particles is not simple, and its success depends on the nuclear system under consideration.
As mentioned above, a conventional approach is to select a particular type of mean field potential to avoid the steps leading to self-consistency. The selected mean field potential and considered remaining residual interactions as approximations produce the preciseness of the obtained results. The simplest custom potential is the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator potential well
VHO(r) = -V1 + kr2 = -V1 + 12mω2r2E16
\n\t\t\t
where V1 and k are the parameters to be fitted to the practical data for best result. A common, more realistic choice is the Woods–Saxon potential [6]
vWS(r)=−V01+e(r−R)a.
\n\t\t\t
where V0, R and a are the nuclear potential depth, the nuclear radius, and the surface diffuseness, respectively. They are parameterized as follows,
V0=(51±33N−ZA)MeV,R=r0A13=1.27A13fm,a=0.67fm.
\n\t\t\t
The + and – signs are considered for protons and neutrons, respectively. In the case when there is no distinction between protons and neutrons a suitable average value of V0=57MeV can be used for nucleons.
The Woods–Saxon potential, vWS, is a suitable choice for the mean field potential however it is a complicated function of, r, and it is not an analytically solvable one. To overcome this problem, it is possible to select the proper three- dimensional oscillator potential with energy quantum, ℏω and depth, V1. The energy difference of levels, ℏω, and depth, V1, can be obtained with a best fit to the Woods–Saxon potential, vWS, as a function of, V0, R and a as the nuclear potential depth, nuclear radius, and surface diffuseness of the Woods–Saxon potential, respectively. The wave functions and energy spectrum of equivalent harmonic oscillator potential agreed well with the Woods–Saxon potential ones especially near the bottom of the wells in low energies. The difference of these potentials increases when the potential approaches zero. Actually the major difference of these potentials is that the harmonic oscillator potential varies more sharply than the Woods–Saxon one near the surface of the nucleus.
2.1. The spin–orbit interaction
Sometimes in 1949, Meyer and independently, Haxel, Jensen, and Swees showed that if in addition to mean field central potential, VMF, a non-central potential is included in the Schrödinger equation, all closed shell nucleon numbers can be obtained successfully. These numbers 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126 are called magic numbers because the origin of these numbers was not known at that time. The Woods-Saxon or its equivalent harmonic oscillator central potential is not able to reproduce experimentally observed precise data of the single-particle structure energies of the nucleus using the mean field approach.
The non-central potential due to the interaction between the spin of nucleons with the angular momentum of orbital that nucleons located on it, is called spin-orbit interaction. As a result of spin-orbit interaction [7, 8], the nuclear energy level for a given l (except for l=0) is split in to two sublevels. The sublevels are characterized by total angular momentum numbers equal to (l+12) and (l−12) corresponding to whether the spin is parallel or anti-parallel to the orbital angular momentum. Each sublevel with spin j accommodates (2j+1) neutrons or protons. The same interaction with a different structure is observed in atoms with a different sign as in the nucleus.
Consider that the harmonic oscillator central potential is produced only for the first three observed magic numbers 2, 8, and 20. To obtain the remaining numbers 28, 50, 82 and 126, it is necessary to add a spin-orbit interaction potential to the Schrödinger equation.
The origin of the spin–orbit interaction is not the same in atoms and nucleus. The atomic spin–orbit force is due to a well-known electromagnetic interaction, and the scale of energy separation is in the order of milli-electronvolts, while the energy difference of sublevels separated because of the nuclear spin-orbit interaction is in the order of million electronvolts and its origin is not well understood yet. In most cases, this force is considered phenomenologically. For the spin–orbit term, we use [9]
vLS(r)=vLS0(r0ℏ)21rddr[11+e(r−R)a]E17
\n\t\t\t\t
The second pair of parentheses guarantees that the derivative does not operate on the wave function when substituted in the radial Schrödinger equation. The r dependence of this interaction arises from its central nature.
The derivative part of this potential is often neglected for simplicity and vLS(r) is replaced by a constant; however, to obtain precise results, the radial part should be considered. We have
vLS0=0.44V0.e1
\n\t\t\t\t
To obtain the strength of the spin-orbit part, we use
J2=(L+S)2J2=L2+S2+2L.S,e2
\n\t\t\t\t
and its expectation value for the nuclear wave equation made
In addition to the mean field plus spin–orbit interaction, protons in nuclei interact together via the coulomb force, which is defined by the following relation, considering nuclei as a sphere with a constant charge density [10]
VC(r)=Ze24πε0{3−(rR)22Rr≤R,1rr≥RE18
\n\t\t\t\t
To obtain the energy spectrum and wave functions for neutrons, one needs to solve the radial Schrödinger equation for the Woods-Saxon and spin-orbit potentials. Such second-order differential equation cannot be solved analytically. To solve this complicated differential equation, it is necessary to introduce some new variables and use reasonable approximations. By introducing new variable [11] y=11+exp(r−R)a, the Woods–Saxon potential reduces to its simple form VWS=V0y while the spin-orbit term changes to VLS=(y−y2)R0+aln(1y−1). For orbits with small l, the Taylor expansion of the 1r near r=rm, is reasonable. According to the definition of variable y we have, f(y)≡11+exp(r−R)a hence by expanding f(y) around ym≡11+exp(rm−R0)a with 0<ym<1, since 0<y<1, y3 and the higher terms are negligible, the radial part of the spin-orbit term can be approximated using [12],
−arddr(11+exp(r−R)a)=1rm(C0+C1y+C2y2),E19
\n\t\t\t\t
where C0, C1, and C2 are dimensionless coefficients and evaluated as
This type of expansion has been widely used for differential equations resulting from the Schrödinger equation with different potentials [12].
By means of these expansions, the spin-orbit term transforms into
VLS =(C0+ C1y + C2y2),e7
\n\t\t\t\t
and the centrifugal term is obtained
Vc.f=(D0+D1y+D2y2).e8
\n\t\t\t\t
By using these expansions, the spin-orbit term transforms into VLS∝(Co+C1y+C2y2) and the centrifugal term is changed to the favorable type VCF∝(Do+D1y+D2y2). The substitution of VLS and VCF as a function of variable y into the Schrödinger equation transforms this equation in to the following analytically solvable differential equation
Equation (20) can be transformed into the well-known form of hypergeometric differential equation or, alternatively Nikiforo-Avorono (NU) type [13]. The obtained results using the NU method are
where Γ is the well-known gamma function, and C is the normalization constant. λ, μ, and η\' are defined as follows
λ=β2+ε2+γ2μ=iλη\'=γ2−1/4−1/2
\n\t\t\t\t
Note that λ is valid only for the β2>ε2+γ2 condition. In a special case where l=0, the solution reduces to its simple form. Also, the energy eigenvalues are obtained as a function of z satisfying the following relation
−z1−z2=tan∅(z),z=1−|E|V0
\n\t\t\t\t
which Ф (z) can be evaluated using a graphical method.
The results obtained in this special case are in agreement with the results obtained using other methods [14].
3. Conclusions
In this chapter we briefly discussed the idea of mean field theory as an improvable approximation method for many-body problems of identical particles like atoms and nucleus that cannot be solved analytically. We have shown that for a system of A - nucleons nucleus by considering a suitable potential using this model, one is able to obtain energy spectrum and wave equations. However, the obtained results cannot reproduce the measured nuclear spectroscopy, but one may hope to become successful by considering an accurate potential in the Schrödinger equation.
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/48411.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/48411.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48411",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48411",totalDownloads:1936,totalViews:626,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:9,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 5th 2014",dateReviewed:"March 16th 2015",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 13th 2015",dateFinished:"May 6th 2015",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/48411",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/48411",book:{id:"4503",slug:"selected-topics-in-applications-of-quantum-mechanics"},signatures:"M.R. Pahlavani",authors:[{id:"101263",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pahlavani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",slug:"mohammad-reza-pahlavani",email:"m.pahlavani@umz.ac.ir",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101263/images/system/101263.jpg",institution:{name:"University of Mazandaran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Applications of mean-field theory in nuclear physics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. The spin–orbit interaction",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Suhonen Jouni. From nucleon to nucleus. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2007).'},{id:"B2",body:'Ring P, Schuck P. The nuclear many-body problem. Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin, pages 126, 314 and 438 (1980).'},{id:"B3",body:'Kelban M, et al., Global properties of spherical nuclei obtained from Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations with the Gogny force, Phys. Rev. C 65 (2002) 024309.'},{id:"B4",body:'Hartree D R, Hartree-Fock theory, Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 24 (1928) 89.'},{id:"B5",body:'Slater J C, A simplification of Hartree-Fock method, Phys. Rev. 81 (1951) 385.'},{id:"B6",body:'Judek J, et al., Parameters of the deformed Wioods-Saxon potential outside A=110-210 nuclei, Journal of physics G: Nuclear and Particle physics, 5 (1979) 1359.'},{id:"B7",body:'Asmart Mahmoud and Ulloa Sergio, Spin-orbit interaction and isotropic electronic transport Graphen, Phys. Rev. Let. 112 (2014) 136602.'},{id:"B8",body:'Glazov M M, Sherman E ya and Dugaev V K, Two-dimensional electron gas with spin orbit disorder, Physica E 42 (2010) 2157.'},{id:"B9",body:'Hull Jr M H, Dyatt Jr K D, Fisher C R and Brelt G, Nucleon-Nucleon spin-orbit interaction potential, Phys. Rev. Let. 2 (1959) 264.'},{id:"B10",body:'Eder G and Berhummer O, The coulomb potential of spherical nuclei, Letters Al. Nuovo Cimento 15 (1976) 25.'},{id:"B11",body:'Pahlavani M R and Alavi S A, Solutions of Woods-Saxon potential with Spin-Orbit and centrifugal terms through Nikiforo-Uvarov method, Commun. Theor. Phys. 588 (2012) 793.'},{id:"B12",body:'Pahlavani M R and Alavi S A, Study of nuclear bound states using mean-field Woods-Saxon and spin orbit potentials, Modern Physics Letter A 27 (2012) 1250167.'},{id:"B13",body:'Cüneyt Berkdemir, Application of the Nikiforov-Uvarov Method in Quantum Mechanics, Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics, Prof. Mohammad Reza Pahlavani (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0088-1, InTech, (2012). DOI: 10.5772/33510.'},{id:"B14",body:'Lu G, analytic quantum mechanics of diatomic molecules with empirical potentials, Physics Scripta, 72 (2005) 349.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"M.R. Pahlavani",address:"m.pahlavani@umz.ac.ir",affiliation:'
Department of Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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\n
1. Introduction
\n
Snapping hip syndrome or coxa saltans is an abnormal hip condition that includes a painful popping sensation and sound with movement around the hip joint. In the general population, snapping hip can be found in about 5–10% and for most are asymptomatic. Snapping hip syndrome can be divided as intra-articular and extra-articular snapping as seen in Table 1.
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Intra-articular snapping
\n
Extra-articular snapping
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Soft tissue \n
Labral tears
Ligamentum teres rupture, impingement
Bone and cartilage \n
Chondral damage
Loose bodies
Chondromatosis
Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI)
\n
\n
Anterior or internal \n
Iliopsoas snapping (internal snapping hip)
Lateral or external \n
Iliotibial band snapping (external snapping hip)
\n
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Approach of the snapping hip syndrome that can be divided as intra-articular and extra-articular causes.
\n
Internal snapping hip syndrome is snapping hip caused by the iliopsoas tendon migrating over the superior pubic ramus, iliopectineal eminence, anterior hip joint, femoral head or the lesser trochanter. Multiple or bifid iliopsoas tendons can also be found during transcapsular iliopsoas release in about 17.85% of cases [1].
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Signs and symptoms include pain or a popping sensation in the area near the anterior groin. The clicking or popping sensation can be reproduced by allowing the patient to perform active hip extension and/or external rotation in a flexion position of the hip (Figure 1). Some patients present with a positive C-sign at the painful area. The patients may have focal tenderness over the iliopsoas (anterior groin) and a positive impingement test (Flexion-Adduction-Internal Rotation test, FADIR test) either with or without concomitant femoroacetabular impingement syndrome.
\n
Figure 1.
The internal snapping test is performed by letting the patient performs active hip extension and/or external rotation from the starting flexion position of the examined hip. Positive result when the clicking or popping sensation can be reproduced.
\n
The resisted straight leg raise (RSLR) test is performed by the patient flexing the hip actively at approximately 30° in full knee extension. The examiner places a hand just above the patient’s knee to resist hip flexion in that position (Figure 2). A positive result is when there is pain at the anterior groin or weakness in the hip flexion that represents iliopsoas problems or intra-articular pathologies [2].
\n
Figure 2.
The resisted straight leg raise (RSLR) test is performed by allowing the patient flex to the hip actively to approximately 30° in a full knee extension, the examiner places a hand just above the patient’s knee to resist hip flexion in that position. Positive result when pain or weakness represents iliopsoas pathology or intra-articular causes.
\n
The investigations include plain radiographs of the pelvis/hip that might be helpful in ruling out other causes of hip pain or detecting associated pathologies that can affect the hip joint. MRI of the affected hip could aid in ruling out others causes of hip pain or detect associated pathologies, particularly, an anterior labral lesion. Some studies showed the correlation of a 3 O’clock positioned labral tear/injury with iliopsoas impingement by the friction of the iliopsoas tendon to the predominately, anterior portion of the labrum caused tear [3, 4]. Dynamic ultrasonography is useful to detect snapping of the iliopsoas during actual hip motion and can be conjugate with an ultrasound-guided bursal injection. In iliopsoas impingement, the pain could be improved after an iliopsoas bursal injection rather than an intra-articular injection of anesthetic agents [4].
\n
Nowadays, total hip replacements (THR) are increasing in numbers and indications [5]. An iliopsoas impingement can be a complication of this procedure from impingement of the iliopsoas tendon with the acetabular component [6, 7] (Figure 3). This is noticeable in the large size of the acetabular components or in patients with dysplastic morphology of the native hip associated with under coverage of the anterior/superior acetabular rim.
\n
Figure 3.
A lateral cross table radiograph of the left hip following total hip arthroplasty demonstrates the anterior overhang of the acetabular component (red circle) at about 5 mm, leading to iliopsoas impingement.
\n
Conservative management of internal snapping hip syndrome includes rest, activity modification, anti-inflammatory medications, injections of a local anesthetic combined with a corticosteroid into the involved bursa or around the tendon sheath and the stretching of the iliopsoas (Figure 4).
\n
Figure 4.
Demonstrate the stretching method of the right iliopsoas muscle/tendon. The affected hip is extended during controlled trunk balancing.
\n
The surgical treatment consists of iliopsoas release via an open, arthroscopic or endoscopic approach with or without intra-articular procedures. In the total hip replacement patient with obvious acetabular component malposition or prominence, acetabular cup revision maybe necessary [6]. For the arthroscopic/endoscopic iliopsoas release techniques, these can be performed using: 1. the transcapsular release (proximal arthroscopic release) via the central or peripheral compartment and 2. releasing at the lesser trochanteric level (distal endoscopic release) (Figure 5).
\n
Figure 5.
Demonstration of the iliopsoas release techniques: (A) proximal arthroscopic transcapsular release via a central compartment approach; (B) proximal arthroscopic transcapsular release via a peripheral compartment approach; and (c) distal endoscopic release at the lesser trochanteric level.
\n
In this chapter, two common iliopsoas release procedures will be presented. The contents of indications, patients positioning, arthroscopic/endoscopic portals and the details of procedures are described. The evidence-based reviews of the procedures will also be presented.
Internal snapping hip syndrome with failed conservative treatments for more than 4–6 months.
Conjugate with the arthroscopic procedure of the hip (such as anterior labral repair).
\n\n
\n
\n
2.2 Patient position
\n
The iliopsoas release could be performed using the supine or lateral decubitus position. The author’s preferred patient position is supine on a traction radiolucent table (Maquet, Rastatt, Germany). Both legs and feet are well padded and wrapped with soft cotton and hung on the footplate. A large, well-padded perineal post is used to prevent complications from pudendal nerve compression. The C-arm is placed at the non-operative side and positioned horizontally to check the anteroposterior view of the affected hip. Traction is performed to check the possibility of central compartment assess and intra-articular arthroscopic work.
\n
\n
\n
2.3 Surgical technique
\n
The peripheral compartment approach is introduced in hip flexion of 20–30° using a proximal anterolateral portal (PAL). Peripheral compartment examination and synovectomy are performed using an anterior working portal (Figure 6). Following the peripheral compartment work that includes synovectomy and cam resection, the central compartment is assessed under traction of the hip in a full extension position. Intra-articular examination and surgical procedures are completely performed. These include; debridement, acetabuloplasty, and labral surgery.
\n
Figure 6.
The portals used in peripheral compartment approach of the right hip. Proximal anterolateral portal (PAL) is the start and viewing portal. Anterior (A) and anterolateral (AL) portals are shown. GT, greater trochanter; ASIS, anterior superior iliac spine.
\n
The arthroscopic iliopsoas tenotomy can performed by two methods: (1) central compartment approach under traction and (2) peripheral compartment approach with hip flexion of 20–30°.
\n
In a central compartment approach. After performing the intra-articular procedures, the arthroscope is retracted to the peripheral compartment to assess under traction the anterior hip capsule at approximately the 3 O’clock position of the anterior labrum. This step uses the anterolateral viewing portal and the anterior portal for the procedure. Inflammation of the anterior labrum may represent evidence of iliopsoas impingement. The iliopsoas tendon is located near the anteromedial aspect of the anterior hip capsule. The anterior capsule at this area is thin and some patients have an anterior capsular hole directly connected to the iliopsoas tendon [8]. A capsulotomy of approximately 1–2 cm is performed to the 3 O’clock position of the right hip. After capsulotomy, the synovial tissue around the iliopsoas tendon is identified and resected using an arthroscopic shaver or electrocautery. The iliopsoas tendon is identified and released until the iliacus muscle can be observed beneath the released portion of the tendon. Keeping this portion of the iliacus muscle may decrease of the risk of hip flexion weakness, postoperatively (Figure 7).
\n
Figure 7.
Arthroscopic view of the central compartment transcapsular iliopsoas tenotomy of the right hip. (A and B) Peripheral compartment first approach using the proximal anterolateral (PAL) viewing portal and anterior working portal. (C and D) Approach to the central compartment by direct visualization and inserting the switching stick through the anterior portal. (E and F) Examination in the central compartment. (G) Create the anterolateral (AL) portal under direct visualization using anterior viewing portal. (H and I) Switch the scope to the AL viewing portal and working from the anterior portal. (J to L) After a small anterior capsulotomy to about the 3 O’clock position, the iliopsoas tendon (IP) is cut using electrocautery. The iliacus muscle (*) is preserved. [L-labrum, FH-femoral head, FN-femoral neck, A-acetabulum, C-capsule].
\n
In the peripheral compartment approach, following the intra-articular work, the traction is released to reduce the hip joint. The arthroscope is inserted via the same AL viewing portal or re-inserted from the PAL portal in the hip at 20–30° in a flexion position. Then, the zona orbicularis, medial synovial fold, and the anterior labrum are identified. The medial synovial fold is the landmark for the most inferomedial head–neck area, also known as, the 6 O’clock position. The 1–2 cm capsulotomy is performed at the capsular space between the anterior labrum and the zona orbicularis close to the proximal attachment of the medial synovial fold. After capsulotomy, the synovial tissue around the iliopsoas tendon is resected as previously described and the iliopsoas tendon is released while preserving the iliacus muscle.
\n
It is not necessary to perform the capsular closure if the capsulotomy is less than 1–2 cm. With complete tenotomy of the iliopsoas, either in the central or peripheral approach, the portals are sutured simple and the wounds are closed in standard fashion.
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\n
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2.4 Post-operative rehabilitation
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Active hip range of motion is allowed immediately post operatively. The hip flexion strength may decrease in the first 6 to 8 weeks and usually restores after 8 weeks. Active hip flexor strengthening exercises are allowed after 6 weeks postoperatively.
\n
Weight bearing is dependent on the intra-articular conditions. The patients apply partial weight bearing for 6 weeks if the cartilage or the labral lesions were repaired/fixated, or if osteochondroplasty of the cam lesion is done. In the isolated iliopsoas release patients, there is no need to protect weight bearing after post operatively. Return to sport activities are allowed after 3 months.
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3. Endoscopic iliopsoas release at the lesser trochanteric level (distal endoscopic release)
\n
\n
3.1 Indications
\n
\n
Painful iliopsoas impingement following a total hip replacement, no obvious malposition of the acetabular cup and the anterior overhang is <8 mm.
Failed conservative more than 4–6 months with positive iliopsoas injection test.
No evidence of prosthesis loosening or infection.
\n\n
\n
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3.2 Patient position
\n
Preoperative physical examination, blood analysis for white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), hip X-rays, and CT assessment are needed to evaluate possible other causes of hip/groin pain in total hip replacement patients. Infection and prosthesis loosening need to be ruled out.
\n
The author’s preferred patient position is supine on a radiolucent traction table (Maquet, Rastatt, Germany) similar for the patient with an arthroscopic proximal release. Both legs and feet are well padded, wrapped with soft cotton and hung to the footplate. A large, well-padded perineal post is used to prevent complications from pudendal nerve compression. The C-arm is placed at the non-operative side and positioned horizontally to check the anteroposterior view of the affected hip. Traction of the prosthetic component is not a requirement and the release is performed at the lesser trochanter level. The affected leg is placed in an externally rotated position of the hip in full knee extension. This moves the lesser trochanter further anteriorly (Figure 8).
\n
Figure 8.
Patient positioned for the endoscopic iliopsoas release of the left hip. Supine on the radiolucent traction table. The surgical hip is in external rotation, fully stretched in full knee extension that brings the lessor trochanter further anteriorly.
\n
\n
\n
3.3 Surgical technique
\n
The endoscopic portals are marked as seen in Figure 9. The anterolateral portal (1–2 cm anterior to level of tip of greater trochanter) and distal anterolateral portal (5–7 cm distal to anterolateral portal) are identified. The direction of the instrument and arthroscope can be aligned under fluoroscopic control toward the tip of the lesser trochanter (Figure 10). The needle and guidewire are inserted through the anterolateral portal with the designed trajectory toward the lesser trochanter. A 4.5-mm cannulated switching-stick (Smith and Nephew, MA, USA) is inserted then changed to a 5.0-mm cannula and an obturator. Blunt dissection using the cannula is performed above the lesser trochanter in a superior-inferior direction to create more working space anteriorly under fluoroscopic guidance. A 70° arthroscope is inserted via this anterolateral portal and the distal anterolateral portal is created as a second portal using a needle and guidewire under fluoroscopy. The 4.5-mm, cannulated switching stick is inserted through the guidewire under endoscopic control. The iliopsoas tendon is identified at the lesser trochanteric insertion then, the radiofrequency or an arthroscopic shaver is used via the distal anterolateral portal to remove the iliopsoas bursa surrounding the tendon and to obtain adequate visualization of the tendon. The iliopsoas tendon is ‘peeled’ from the lesser trochanter using radiofrequency under direct vision (Figure 11). After completion of the tenotomy, the portals are simply sutured, and the wounds are closed in standard fashion.
\n
Figure 9.
Endoscopic portals of the left hip in supine position without traction. Left hand is patient’s up and right is the legs. AL, anterolateral portal; DAL, distal anterolateral portal; ASIS, anterior superior iliac spine; GT, greater trochanter.
\n
Figure 10.
Demonstration of the direction of the instrument and endoscope under fluoroscopic control in a left, prosthetic hip: (A) both instruments aimed toward tip of the lessor trochanter in the convergence direction. (B) and (C)the endoscope is inserted from the AL portal and the radiofrequency abrasion is inserted from the DAL portal.
\n
Figure 11.
Endoscopic view from the anterolateral portal of the left hip; right is the proximal aspect and left is the distal aspect of the proximal femur: (A) and (B) identification of the anterior femoral cortex, iliopsoas bursa (IP bursa) and lessor trochanter (LT) using the distal anterolateral working portal; (C) identification of the iliopsoas tendon (IP) which attaches to the lessor trochanter; (D) peeled-off iliopsoas tendon from the lessor trochanter using radiofrequency; and (E) and (F) lessor trochanter and the surrounding tissue after the iliopsoas tendon release.
\n
\n
\n
3.4 Postoperative rehabilitation
\n
Active hip range of motion exercises are allowed immediately following surgery. Hip flexion strength may decrease in the first 6–8 weeks and usually returns to baseline after 8 weeks. Active hip flexor strengthening exercises are allowed after 6 weeks postoperative. The patients progress to full weight bearing as soon as possible, postoperatively. Return to normal activities is allowed 6–8 weeks after surgery.
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Discussion
\n
An iliopsoas tenotomy has shown good to excellent postoperative outcomes in indicated patients with iliopsoas snapping/impingement. The systematic reviews of 11 eligible studies (248 patients), level IV studies revealed ‘the resolution of snapping’ as seen in 100% of patients who underwent an arthroscopic release and 77% of those who underwent open procedures. The complication rates were higher in patients undergoing an open procedure (21%) compared with an arthroscopic procedure (2.3%). The analysis of the open procedure; either open transection of the iliopsoas tendon at the level of the lesser trochanter (14 patients) or open tendon lengthening of the iliopsoas tendon (105 patients) has shown 27 of 119 patients with recurrence of snapping and 4 of 119 experienced snapping with pain, 6 patients needed a second surgical intervention. There was an increased prevalence of recurrent snapping with open transection of the iliopsoas tendon as compared to patients with iliopsoas tendon lengthening (43% vs. 20%). The complications of the open procedure are postoperative pain (11–36%) and the hip flexion weakness (8–14%). In the arthroscopic group with transection at the lesser trochanter and transcapsular release, 3 of 37 (8%) patients of the group with transection at lesser trochanter reported complications including 2 cases of ischial bursitis and 1 case of greater trochanteric bursitis. No reported complications from the transcapsular release group. No hip flexion weakness was reported in the arthroscopic groups. None of the arthroscopically treated patients required a second surgical intervention [9].
\n
A study of 25 patients with 2-year follow up following transcapsular release with intra-articular procedures in the internal snapping hip with combined pathologies revealed 88% of patients with good to excellent results without serious complications [10]. A comparative case-series with 20 patients, including 6 patients with a release at the lesser trochanter level vs. 14 central compartment release patients revealed the same favorable results based-on WOMAC scores. Just 1 of 14 patient with central compartment release had a recurrence of snapping that required surgical intervention. No complications were reported in both groups [11].
\n
The iliopsoas release/tenotomy is the treatment option for iliopsoas tendinopathy or impingement following a total hip replacement. A systematic review of level IV studies in 18 studies (11 case series, 6 case reports and 1 prospective cohort) of 171 patients who underwent hip arthroscopy after an arthroplasty revealed the pathology, including 35.8% of iliopsoas tendinopathy, 24.6% of symptomatic hips with no clear diagnosis, 6.4% of periprosthetic infection, and 3.5% of intra-articular loose bodies. Almost all patients who underwent hip arthroscopy experienced positive outcomes from the procedure [12]. A systematic review of 11 studies, 280 hips treated for iliopsoas impingement, following a total hip replacement, showed improved outcome scores in all three treatment groups including: 1. conservative treatment group (54 patients using local injections and physical therapy), 2. Iliopsoas tenotomy group (133 patients using either arthroscopic, endoscopic or an open approach), and 3. Revision arthroplasty (93 patients by exchange of the acetabular component). The tenotomy group reported 5 (3.76%) complications that included 1 patient with a 13-mm acetabular prominence with continuing groin pain and subsequently needed component revision, 1 patient with a heterotrophic ossification, 1 anterior dislocation, 1 compressive hematoma affecting the peroneal nerve, and 1 periprosthetic ossification. The revision arthroplasty group reported 18 (19.4%) complications including 5 developing trochanteric bursitis, 4 with recurrent groin pain, 2 revision surgeries, 2 dislocations, 1 DVT, 1 deep infection, 1 trochanteric nonunion, 1 superficial wound infection, and 1 disarticulation [13].
\n
A retrospective review of 49 patients [6] who had been treated for iliopsoas impingement after a primary total hip arthroplasty with 4 years of mean follow-up show 50% (10 patients) in the nonoperative group had groin pain resolution as compared to 76% (22 patients) in the operative group (p = 0.06). The patients with <8 mm of component prominent tenotomy stated 100% resolution of groin pain (5 patients) but patients with ≥8 mm of prominent tenotomy led to groin pain resolution at only 33% (3 patients). Acetabular revision in patients with ≥8 mm of prominence had groin pain resolution in 92% (12 of 13 patients) (p = 0.07). Thus, it is suggested that use of tenotomy in patients with <8 mm of component prominence and acetabular revision in patients with ≥8 mm of prominence is indicated.
\n
\n
\n
5. Conclusion
\n
Iliopsoas snapping is one of the causes of hip pain in either, native or prosthetic hips. The mainstay treatment is conservative management, especially, in iliopsoas stretching. The iliopsoas release is the definite treatment in failed conservative patients. Either arthroscopic iliopsoas release from the central/peripheral compartment or, endoscopic iliopsoas release at the lesser trochanter level have shown good to excellent results in the postoperative outcomes. Acetabular revision may be considered in patients with ≥8 mm of prominence with persistent groin pain following a total hip replacement.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
The author thanks the Orthopedics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University and Thammasat University Hospital for the kind support. No funding was obtained regarding this manuscript.
\n
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n
Appendices and nomenclature
\n
\n\n\ninternal snapping hip syndrome\n\n\ncoxa saltans interna\n\n\niliopectineal eminence\n\n\narthroscopic iliopsoas release\n\n\nendoscopic iliopsoas release\n\n\ntotal hip replacement\n\n\n
\n
\n',keywords:"internal snapping hip syndrome, iliopsoas impingement, coxa saltans interna, iliopsoas release",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71604.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/71604.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71604",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71604",totalDownloads:735,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"April 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"February 27th 2020",datePrePublished:"March 30th 2020",datePublished:"July 29th 2020",dateFinished:"March 30th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Internal snapping hip syndrome or coxa saltans interna results from the iliopsoas tendon snapping over the superior pubic ramus, iliopectineal eminence, anterior hip joint, femoral head or the lesser trochanter. This condition occurs in either the native hip or a prosthetic hip joint. Conservative management is the mainstay treatment, but iliopsoas release continues to be the definitive treatment in patients with failed conservative measures. The arthroscopic iliopsoas release from the central or peripheral compartment is useful in the management of internal snapping syndrome and may have less hip flexion strength deficits postoperatively as compared to the releasing from the lesser trochanteric level. Endoscopic iliopsoas release at the lesser trochanter level is the preferred operative treatment option for internal snapping patients who have undergone a total hip replacement.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71604",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71604",signatures:"Adinun Apivatgaroon",book:{id:"9413",type:"book",title:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle",slug:"essentials-in-hip-and-ankle",publishedDate:"July 29th 2020",bookSignature:"Carlos Suarez-Ahedo, Anell Olivos-Meza and Arie M. Rijke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9413.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-326-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-325-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-601-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"235976",title:"M.D.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Suarez-Ahedo",slug:"carlos-suarez-ahedo",fullName:"Carlos Suarez-Ahedo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"238107",title:"Dr.",name:"Adinun",middleName:null,surname:"Apivatgaroon",fullName:"Adinun Apivatgaroon",slug:"adinun-apivatgaroon",email:"adino_ball@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Arthroscopic transcapsular release (proximal arthroscopic release)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Indications",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Patient position",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Surgical technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Post-operative rehabilitation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Endoscopic iliopsoas release at the lesser trochanteric level (distal endoscopic release)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 Indications",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2 Patient position",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.3 Surgical technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.4 Postoperative rehabilitation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Appendices and nomenclature",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nIlizaliturri VM Jr, Suarez-Ahedo C, Acuña M. Internal snapping hip syndrome: Incidence of multiple-tendon existence and outcome after endoscopic transcapsular release. Arthroscopy. 2015;31(10):1991-1995\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nTroelsen A, Mechlenburg I, Gelineck J, Bolvig L, Jacobsen S, Søballe K. What is the role of clinical tests and ultrasound in acetabular labral tear diagnostics? Acta Orthopaedica. 2009;80(3):314-318\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nBlankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ, Keene JS, del Rio AM. Labral injuries due to iliopsoas impingement: Can they be diagnosed on MR arthrography? American Journal of Roentgenology. 2012;199(4):894-900\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nDomb BG, Shindle MK, McArthur B, Voos JE, Magennis EM, Kelly BT. Iliopsoas impingement: A newly identified cause of labral pathology in the hip. HSS Journal. 2011;7(2):145-150\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nSingh JA, Yu S, Chen L, Cleveland JD. Rates of total joint replacement in the United States: Future projections to 2020-2040 using the National Inpatient Sample. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2019;46(9):1134-1140\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nChalmers BP, Sculco PK, Sierra RJ, Trousdale RT, Berry DJ. Iliopsoas impingement after primary total hip arthroplasty: Operative and nonoperative treatment outcomes. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2017;99(7):557-564\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nGuicherd W, Bonin N, Gicquel T, Gedouin JE, Flecher X, Wettstein M, et al. Endoscopic or arthroscopic iliopsoas tenotomy for iliopsoas impingement following total hip replacement. A prospective multicenter 64-case series. Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research. 2017;103(8S):S207-S214\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nWettstein M, Jung J, Dienst M. Arthroscopic psoas tenotomy. Arthroscopy. 2006;22(8):907.e1-4\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nKhan M, Philippon MJ, et al. Surgical management of internal snapping hip syndrome: A systematic review evaluating open and arthroscopic approaches. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(5):942-948\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nHwang DS, Hwang JM, Kim PS, Rhee SM, Park SH, Kang SY, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of symptomatic internal snapping hip with combined pathologies. Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery. 2015;7(2):158-163\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nIlizaliturri VM Jr, Buganza-Tepole M, Olivos-Meza A, Acuna M, Acosta-Rodriguez E. Central compartment release versus lesser trochanter release of the iliopsoas tendon for the treatment of internal snapping hip: A comparative study. Arthroscopy. 2014;30(7):790-795\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nHeaven S, de Sa D, Simunovic N, Williams DS, Naudie D, Ayeni OR. Hip arthroscopy in the setting of hip arthroplasty. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2016;24(1):287-294\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nShapira J, Chen SL, Wojnowski NM, Lall AC, Rosinsky PJ, Maldonado DR, et al. Outcomes of nonoperative management, iliopsoas tenotomy, and revision arthroplasty for Iliopsoas impingement after total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2019;34(9):2184-2191\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Adinun Apivatgaroon",address:"adino_ball@yahoo.com",affiliation:'
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If it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
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AFFILIATION
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Authors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
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Policy last updated: 2017-05-29
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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Roy"}]},{id:"65365",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83402",title:"Mob Grazing Results in High Forage Utilization and Reduced Western Snowberry Size",slug:"mob-grazing-results-in-high-forage-utilization-and-reduced-western-snowberry-size",totalDownloads:979,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Mob-grazing strives to maximize forage utilization and minimize selective grazing by using high stocking densities in small paddocks for short durations (12–24 hr). Rotational-grazing uses low stocking densities for a longer time period, retaining about half of the original available forage; although selective grazing can occur. Three cattle (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) grazing intensities: mob- (stocking densities from 32,000 to 67,000 kg ha−1; duration—24 hr); rotation (stocking density—2500 kg ha−1; duration—35 d); and non-grazed systems were compared based on forage utilization and changes to western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) (WS) patch volume in a 2-year South Dakota study. Pre- and post-grazing forage height was measured every 2.5 m along multiple 50-m transects with WS patch volume measured every 5 m. Forage utilization (consumed and trampled) ranged from 42 to 90% in mob-grazed areas, and harvest efficiency (forage consumed) ranged from 15 to 64%. WS patch volumes decreased by ≥45% in mob-grazed treatments compared with no change in rotational-grazing and increased cover in non-grazed areas. WS pre-graze patch size influenced mob-grazing impact; patches >6500 cm3 were browsed or trampled to a greater extent than smaller patches.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Heidi Reed, Sharon Clay, Alexander Smart, David Clay and Michelle\nOhrtman",authors:[{id:"37140",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Clay",slug:"david-clay",fullName:"David Clay"},{id:"87430",title:"Prof.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Clay",slug:"sharon-clay",fullName:"Sharon Clay"},{id:"255998",title:"Dr.",name:"Heidi",middleName:null,surname:"Reed",slug:"heidi-reed",fullName:"Heidi Reed"},{id:"256000",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Smart",slug:"alexander-smart",fullName:"Alexander Smart"},{id:"285225",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",middleName:null,surname:"Ohrtman",slug:"michelle-ohrtman",fullName:"Michelle Ohrtman"}]},{id:"67736",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86996",title:"The Infection Unit: An Overlooked Conceptual Unit for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Function",slug:"the-infection-unit-an-overlooked-conceptual-unit-for-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-function",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Most land plant species have their roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These symbiotic associations are often found in the roots of field crops. The biological basis and practical significance of this symbiosis have been extensively studied, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the initial colonization process and the nutrient exchange between the host plant and the AMF have been elucidated. However, developmental processes and turnover of elements of the mycorrhiza, and the resulting changes in mycorrhizal function, are not well understood. The enigmatic nature of the development-function relationship is probably due to the short life span of the infection unit, which has largely been overlooked in studies investigating mycorrhizal function at the macroscopic level. This paper outlines the concept of the infection unit and functional expression patterns in terms of the transient aspects of the micro-symbiont during its life cycle in this symbiosis.",book:{id:"8044",slug:"root-biology-growth-physiology-and-functions",title:"Root Biology",fullTitle:"Root Biology - Growth, Physiology, and Functions"},signatures:"Yoshihiro Kobae",authors:null},{id:"65604",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83643",title:"Evaluation and Prediction of the Nutritive Value of Underutilised Forages as Potential Feeds for Ruminants",slug:"evaluation-and-prediction-of-the-nutritive-value-of-underutilised-forages-as-potential-feeds-for-rum",totalDownloads:1602,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The aim of the chapter was to evaluate and predict the nutritive and feeding value of unknown and underutilised forages. Underutilised forages were collected from various regions. Chemical composition and degradability of forages in the rumen were determined. A dataset was created bearing degradability parameters of feeds from 40 studies. Using the dataset, a step-wise regression procedure was used to develop regression equations to predict rumen degradability. Of the underutilised forages, crude protein content tended to be double for Brassica oleracea var. acephala compared to Colophospermum mopane leaves and pods. Forage grasses tended to have very low crude protein contents compared to legumes and concentrates. Underutilised Brassica oleracea var. acephala tended to have higher crude protein levels compared to commonly used protein sources. The regression model for predicting the soluble fraction accounted for 59% (development) and 71% (validation) of the variation. The regression model for predicting the potential degradability accounted for 65% (development) and 24% (validation) of the variation. In conclusion, the nutritive value of underutilised forages was good, high in crude protein and high potential degradability. After correcting for factors that significantly affected degradability parameters, predicted solubility and effective degradability lay near the ideal prediction line, giving good predictions.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Mehluli Moyo, Siyabonga T. Bhiya, Masande Katamzi and Ignatius\nV. Nsahlai",authors:[{id:"201527",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignatius V.",middleName:null,surname:"Nsahlai",slug:"ignatius-v.-nsahlai",fullName:"Ignatius V. Nsahlai"},{id:"203798",title:"Mr.",name:"Mehluli",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"mehluli-moyo",fullName:"Mehluli Moyo"},{id:"260135",title:"Mr.",name:"Katamzi",middleName:null,surname:"Masande",slug:"katamzi-masande",fullName:"Katamzi Masande"},{id:"283732",title:"Mr.",name:"Siyabonga",middleName:null,surname:"Bhiya",slug:"siyabonga-bhiya",fullName:"Siyabonga Bhiya"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63148",title:"Domestic Livestock and Its Alleged Role in Climate Change",slug:"domestic-livestock-and-its-alleged-role-in-climate-change",totalDownloads:15946,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is very old wisdom that climate dictates farm management strategies. In recent years, however, we are increasingly confronted with claims that agriculture, livestock husbandry, and even food consumption habits are forcing the climate to change. We subjected this worrisome concern expressed by public institutions, the media, policy makers, and even scientists to a rigorous review, cross-checking critical coherence and (in)compatibilities within and between published scientific papers. Our key conclusion is there is no need for anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and even less so for livestock-born emissions, to explain climate change. Climate has always been changing, and even the present warming is most likely driven by natural factors. The warming potential of anthropogenic GHG emissions has been exaggerated, and the beneficial impacts of manmade CO2 emissions for nature, agriculture, and global food security have been systematically suppressed, ignored, or at least downplayed by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and other UN (United Nations) agencies. Furthermore, we expose important methodological deficiencies in IPCC and FAO (Food Agriculture Organization) instructions and applications for the quantification of the manmade part of non-CO2-GHG emissions from agro-ecosystems. However, so far, these fatal errors inexorably propagated through scientific literature. Finally, we could not find a clear domestic livestock fingerprint, neither in the geographical methane distribution nor in the historical evolution of mean atmospheric methane concentration. In conclusion, everybody is free to choose a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle, but there is no scientific basis, whatsoever, for claiming this decision could contribute to save the planet’s climate.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Albrecht Glatzle",authors:[{id:"252990",title:"Dr.",name:"Albrecht",middleName:null,surname:"Glatzle",slug:"albrecht-glatzle",fullName:"Albrecht Glatzle"}]},{id:"32711",title:"Flooding Stress on Plants: Anatomical, Morphological and Physiological Responses",slug:"flooding-stress-on-plants-anatomical-morphological-and-physiological-responses",totalDownloads:7850,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1814",slug:"botany",title:"Botany",fullTitle:"Botany"},signatures:"Gustavo Gabriel Striker",authors:[{id:"93232",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:"Gabriel",surname:"Striker",slug:"gustavo-striker",fullName:"Gustavo Striker"}]},{id:"65604",title:"Evaluation and Prediction of the Nutritive Value of Underutilised Forages as Potential Feeds for Ruminants",slug:"evaluation-and-prediction-of-the-nutritive-value-of-underutilised-forages-as-potential-feeds-for-rum",totalDownloads:1601,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The aim of the chapter was to evaluate and predict the nutritive and feeding value of unknown and underutilised forages. Underutilised forages were collected from various regions. Chemical composition and degradability of forages in the rumen were determined. A dataset was created bearing degradability parameters of feeds from 40 studies. Using the dataset, a step-wise regression procedure was used to develop regression equations to predict rumen degradability. Of the underutilised forages, crude protein content tended to be double for Brassica oleracea var. acephala compared to Colophospermum mopane leaves and pods. Forage grasses tended to have very low crude protein contents compared to legumes and concentrates. Underutilised Brassica oleracea var. acephala tended to have higher crude protein levels compared to commonly used protein sources. The regression model for predicting the soluble fraction accounted for 59% (development) and 71% (validation) of the variation. The regression model for predicting the potential degradability accounted for 65% (development) and 24% (validation) of the variation. In conclusion, the nutritive value of underutilised forages was good, high in crude protein and high potential degradability. After correcting for factors that significantly affected degradability parameters, predicted solubility and effective degradability lay near the ideal prediction line, giving good predictions.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Mehluli Moyo, Siyabonga T. Bhiya, Masande Katamzi and Ignatius\nV. Nsahlai",authors:[{id:"201527",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignatius V.",middleName:null,surname:"Nsahlai",slug:"ignatius-v.-nsahlai",fullName:"Ignatius V. Nsahlai"},{id:"203798",title:"Mr.",name:"Mehluli",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"mehluli-moyo",fullName:"Mehluli Moyo"},{id:"260135",title:"Mr.",name:"Katamzi",middleName:null,surname:"Masande",slug:"katamzi-masande",fullName:"Katamzi Masande"},{id:"283732",title:"Mr.",name:"Siyabonga",middleName:null,surname:"Bhiya",slug:"siyabonga-bhiya",fullName:"Siyabonga Bhiya"}]},{id:"76675",title:"Introductory Chapter: Studies on Cucumber",slug:"introductory-chapter-studies-on-cucumber",totalDownloads:487,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"9704",slug:"cucumber-economic-values-and-its-cultivation-and-breeding",title:"Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding",fullTitle:"Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding"},signatures:"Huixia Jia and Haiping Wang",authors:[{id:"280406",title:"Dr.",name:"Haiping",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"haiping-wang",fullName:"Haiping Wang"},{id:"417904",title:"Dr.",name:"Huixia",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",slug:"huixia-jia",fullName:"Huixia Jia"}]},{id:"64176",title:"Tropical Forage Legumes in India: Status and Scope for Sustaining Livestock Production",slug:"tropical-forage-legumes-in-india-status-and-scope-for-sustaining-livestock-production",totalDownloads:2040,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Livestock contributes enormously in food and nutritional security apart from livelihood security to rural population all over the world. India has the largest number of livestock, representing over 17% of world population. Availability of forage legumes is essential for better animal health, production and increasing the nutritive value of forage-based rations, besides providing a source of biological nitrogen fixation for enriching soil, reducing land degradation and mitigating climate change. However, supply of quality green fodder in India is extremely precarious, and the gap is huge against demand. The major fodder legume crops cultivated in India are Medicago sativa, Trifolium alexandrinum, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna umbellate and range legumes are Stylosanthes spp., Desmanthus virgatus, and Clitoria ternatea. Indian subcontinent represents wide spectrum of eco-climates and reported diversity of 21 forage legumes genera viz., Desmodium, Lablab, Stylosanthes, Vigna, Macroptelium, Centrosema and browse plants Leucaena, Sesbania, Albizia, Bauhinia, Cassia, Grewia, etc. Diversity of forage legumes were collected (>3200 accessions), evaluated and sources for different biotic and abiotic stress tolerance were identified, apart from >50 cultivars developed. Considering these aspects, tropical legumes for livestock production, soil health and ecosystem services, diversity, evaluation and breeding for improved varieties are discussed in this chapter.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Tejveer Singh, Srinivasan Ramakrishnan, Sanat Kumar Mahanta,\nVikas C. Tyagi and Ajoy Kumar Roy",authors:[{id:"254954",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"},{id:"254958",title:"Dr.",name:"Tejveer",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"tejveer-singh",fullName:"Tejveer Singh"},{id:"254959",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanath Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahanta",slug:"sanath-kumar-mahanta",fullName:"Sanath Kumar Mahanta"},{id:"254960",title:"Dr.",name:"Vikas",middleName:null,surname:"Tyagi",slug:"vikas-tyagi",fullName:"Vikas Tyagi"},{id:"254961",title:"Dr.",name:"A.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"a.k.-roy",fullName:"A.K. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 8th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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