Silicon CVD conditions.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6728",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Trace Elements - Human Health and Environment",title:"Trace Elements",subtitle:"Human Health and Environment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Over the last few years, we have witnessed increasing efforts dedicated to the scientific investigation and characteristics of trace elements. Especially in the field of human and animal nutrition, trace elements display a considerably attractive issue for research because they play an essential role in the nutrition of both animals and humans. Aquatic environments contaminated with trace elements are an emerging research area due to the toxicity, abundance, and environmental persistence of trace elements. Accumulation of heavy metals as a class of trace elements in various environments, and the subsequent transition of these elements into the food and feed chain, severely affects human health. The determination of type and concentration of trace elements is regarded as the first and most important step to follow the mechanisms controlling the dispersal and accumulation of trace elements. Element speciation in different media (water, soil, food, plants, coal, biological matter, food, and fodder) is pivotal to assess an element's toxicity, bioavailability, environmental mobility, and biogeochemical performance. Recently, new analytical techniques have been developed, which greatly simplified the quantitation of many trace elements and considerably extended their detection range. In this context, the development of reproducible and accurate techniques for trace element analysis in different media using spectroscopic instrumentation is continuously updated.",isbn:"978-1-78923-671-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-670-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-677-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72339",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"trace-elements-human-health-and-environment",numberOfPages:186,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4e1144832b71a4ffcabc7cc31ce911b2",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. Saleh and Eithar El-Adham",publishedDate:"September 5th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6728.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9586,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:70,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 15th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 6th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 4th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 25th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 24th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144691/images/system/144691.png",biography:"Hosam M. Saleh is a Professor of Radioactive Waste Management in the Radioisotope Department, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt. He obtained an MSc and Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Cairo University, Egypt. He has more than 25 years of experience in hazardous waste management with an emphasis on treatment and developing new matrixes for the immobilization of these wastes. He is also interested in studying innovative economic and environmentally friendly techniques for the management of hazardous and radioactive wastes. He has authored many peer-reviewed scientific papers and chapters and served as an editor of several books. He was selected among the top 2% of scientists in the world according to the Stanford University report for 2020 and 2021.",institutionString:"Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"15",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"14",institution:{name:"Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"238395",title:"Dr.",name:"Eithar",middleName:"Karim",surname:"El-Adham",slug:"eithar-el-adham",fullName:"Eithar El-Adham",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238395/images/7823_n.png",biography:"Eithar El-Adham is Associate Professor of Pediatrics in the Radioisotope Department, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt. She was awarded an MSc from Cairo University and a PhD from the Institute of Postgraduate Childhood Studies. She has authored many peer-reviewed medical papers. Her interests lie in the diagnosis and therapy of pediatric diseases and common pediatric health problems, and experimental trials to find a safe natural alternative to lifelong iron chelation in thalassemics.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"129",title:"Environmental Health",slug:"environmental-sciences-environmental-health"}],chapters:[{id:"59819",title:"Introductory Chapter: An Introduction to Trace Elements",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75010",slug:"introductory-chapter-an-introduction-to-trace-elements",totalDownloads:1286,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Martin Koller and Hosam M. Saleh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59819",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59819",authors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],corrections:null},{id:"61016",title:"Minor and Trace Elements in Whole Blood, Tissues, Proteins and Immunoglobulins of Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75939",slug:"minor-and-trace-elements-in-whole-blood-tissues-proteins-and-immunoglobulins-of-mammals",totalDownloads:1183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Microelements play different important roles in many physiological processes in all biological systems in both normal physiological and pathological conditions. They take part in the transport of nutrients and gases, support temperature, acid-base balance, homeostasis of the human organisms, maternal and child mental health, the functioning of enzymes, protein and DNA syntheses, cytoskeleton activation, etc. We have performed simultaneous determination of a number of minor and trace elements in whole blood and tissues of mammals by two-jet plasma atomic emission spectrometry (TJP-AES). TJP-AES allows direct analysis of powders without wet acid digestion and can be used for analysis of both large and small amount of the sample, which is important for biomedical investigations with humans and experimental animals. In addition, a content of different elements in preparations of human immunoglobulins was estimated by TJP-AES as well as using different physicochemical methods, the functional role of metal ions in antibodies functioning was analyzed. The analysis of the relative activity of antibodies with catalytic activity (abzymes) in the hydrolysis of DNA, RNA, proteins, peptides and oxidation-reduction reactions and the role of metal ions in the catalysis of these reactions by abzymes were carried out.",signatures:"Natalia P. Zaksas and Georgy A. Nevinsky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61016",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61016",authors:[{id:"47119",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgy",surname:"Nevinsky",slug:"georgy-nevinsky",fullName:"Georgy Nevinsky"},{id:"52213",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Zaksas",slug:"natalia-zaksas",fullName:"Natalia Zaksas"}],corrections:null},{id:"59589",title:"Trace Elements in Hair: Relevance to Air Pollution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74373",slug:"trace-elements-in-hair-relevance-to-air-pollution",totalDownloads:973,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Elemental concentrations of single hair samples taken from 2003 to 2012 had been evaluated by X-ray fluorescence for the assessment of the relation between calcium and cancer. Early results implied a mechanism linking hair and serum element concentrations with a shift in element levels over time. After 2009, pollution-attributable differences were seen in the levels of Ca, Sr, P, Cl, Br, K, S, elements under renal control by parathyroid hormone (PTH), as well as Cu, Zn, Ti. Especially, hair taken from February to March 2011 showed low [Cu] and [Zn] indicating about half of the normal serum level and often three orders of magnitude higher [Ti] than typical. These specimens also showed higher serum [S] than usual, and except for one patient with PTH-related disease, all the subjects had the normal or lower hair calcium than typical for earlier years. Almost all the subjects showed store-operated Ca channel gating. The pollution era is associated with an increase in hair Na, a decrease in K, and abnormally low P, suggesting a functional deterioration of Na+/K+-ATPase. These results can be attributed to increases in serum Ca and S coincident with breathing the polluted air; the incorporated Ca closes the ion channels of hair matrix cells but may be moved with P to bone, resulting in the abnormal P deficiency, likely producing an ATP shortage in serum. This insufficient ATP supply may result in inactivated molecular pumps and hypokalemia contributing to fatal ventricular fibrillation in patients with myocardial infarction. The pollution increase [S] in serum may be excreted by forming sulfide compounds with Cu and Zn, resulting in Cu deficiency necessary for making elastin to repair damage in blood vessels. The K and Cu deficiencies observed appear to account for the reported increase in infarction mortality after high-pollution days.",signatures:"Jun-ichi Chikawa, Jeremy Salter, Hiroki Shima, Takaaki Tsuchida,\nTakashi Ueda, Kousaku Yamada and Shingo Yamamoto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59589",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59589",authors:[{id:"237291",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-ichi",surname:"Chikawa",slug:"jun-ichi-chikawa",fullName:"Jun-ichi Chikawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"60356",title:"Relation of Trace Elements on Dental Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75899",slug:"relation-of-trace-elements-on-dental-health",totalDownloads:1498,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Trace elements (TEs) play an important role in human health. Toxic effects are caused by deficiency or excess of TEs. TEs have significant effects on both dental health and human health. It participates in important biological polyphosphate compound functions such as ATP, DNA, and RNA. TEs are present at different concentrations in the tooth structure. Changes in the density of some TEs affect tooth. The alteration of the density of some TEs makes the teeth more susceptible to caries. Others are protective against caries formation. Important TEs zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) have important effects on dental health. Measuring the TE values through tissue sampling to identify and correct these effects has an important effect. In general, tissue samples such as blood, urine, teeth, nails, and hair are used in TE studies. Teeth are accepted as appropriate indication of TEs. As a result, TEs have significant effects on healthy tooth formation.",signatures:"Mehmet Sinan Doğan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60356",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60356",authors:[{id:"234584",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mehmet S",surname:"Dogan",slug:"mehmet-s-dogan",fullName:"Mehmet S Dogan"}],corrections:null},{id:"61510",title:"Trace Elements in the Human Milk",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76436",slug:"trace-elements-in-the-human-milk",totalDownloads:1109,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Human breast milk is considered to be the perfect food for infants, specifically adapted to their needs. Before birth, the mother transfers all the nutrients and bioactive components to the fetus through the placenta. After birth, these substances have to be transferred through colostrum and milk. In particular, human breast milk is supposed to provide all the essential trace elements that are required by the normal term newborn infant. Therefore, the composition of human breast milk and its changes during lactation is a topic of major importance and has been the subject for intensive research. Conversely, human milk can also be a transfer medium of undesirable (toxic) elements from the mother to the infant. An extensive review of the most recent literature was carried out focusing on the current trace elements levels and their changes during lactation. For several elements, there is a consistent knowledge of their characteristic concentrations throughout the various stages of lactation, their dependence on maternal nutritional status, inter-individual and geographical variability, metabolic pathways, inter-elemental relationships, and effects on child development. For many other elements, this knowledge does not exist or is quite limited.",signatures:"Manuel de Rezende Pinto and Agostinho A. Almeida",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61510",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61510",authors:[{id:"236498",title:"Prof.",name:"Agostinho",surname:"Almeida",slug:"agostinho-almeida",fullName:"Agostinho Almeida"},{id:"247475",title:"Dr.",name:"M.",surname:"De Rezende Pinto",slug:"m.-de-rezende-pinto",fullName:"M. De Rezende Pinto"}],corrections:null},{id:"60989",title:"Trace Elements in Suspended Particulate Matter and Sediments of the Cai River: Nha Trang Bay Estuarine System (South China Sea)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76471",slug:"trace-elements-in-suspended-particulate-matter-and-sediments-of-the-cai-river-nha-trang-bay-estuarin",totalDownloads:869,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The distribution of particulate form of organic carbon (POC), Al, Fe, Ti, Li, Zn, Pb, U, Sc, Sn, Bi, Zr, Ba, As, Sr, W, V, Co, Cu, Ni, Mo, Cr, Mn, Ba, Sn, Sb, Hg, and Ag in the Cai river and Nha Trang Bay generally followed the distribution of total suspended matter (SPM) and was characterized by the most significant loss in the frontal zone of the estuary with highest horizontal gradients within the salinity interval of 8–20‰. The most part of these elements are supplied to the estuary with the Cai river discharge. Sedimentary Al, Fe, Ti, Li, Sc, Co, Cs, Zr, Cr, Zn, Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Sn, and V are most likely controlled by the accumulation of their most fine-grained host minerals in sea floor depression of the bay. Sedimentary Bi, W, As, U, and Mo are mainly deposited with the coarse river material near the river mouth. The distribution of Ca, Sr, Mn, and Ba is largely controlled by the total inorganic carbon (TIC) content in the sediments. Metal form study revealed the highest percent contents of the labile forms for Mn, Co, and Pb in the sediments. The high levels of weak acid-soluble Pb and Co (30% and 43% of the total content in sediment, on average, respectively) contributes to a contamination problem in the Nha Trang Bay which arises from the Cai River discharge.",signatures:"Sofia Koukina and Nikolay Lobus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60989",authors:[{id:"111577",title:"Dr.",name:"Sofia",surname:"Koukina",slug:"sofia-koukina",fullName:"Sofia Koukina"},{id:"171083",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Lobus",slug:"nikolay-lobus",fullName:"Nikolay Lobus"}],corrections:null},{id:"58951",title:"A Simple and Highly Structured Procaine Hydrochloride as Fluorescent Quenching Chemosensor for Trace Determination of Mercury Species in Water",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73397",slug:"a-simple-and-highly-structured-procaine-hydrochloride-as-fluorescent-quenching-chemosensor-for-trace",totalDownloads:1002,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An ultrasensitive, simple and highly selective spectrofluorometric strategy for quantifying traces of mercury(II) in environmental water has been established using the fluorescent probe procaine hydrochloride (PQ+.Cl−). The procedure was based upon the formation of the ternary ion associate complex [(PQ+)2.(HgI4)2−] between PQ+.Cl− and mercury(II) in iodide media at pH 9.0–10.0 with its subsequent extraction onto dichloromethane accompanied by a change in fluorescence intensity at λex/em = 268/333 nm. The developed strategy exhibited a linear range of 1–114 μg L−1 with lower limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of mercury(II) 1.3 and 3.98 nM, respectively. Intra and inter-day laboratory accuracy and precision for trace analysis of mercury(II) in water were performed. Complexed mercury(II) in environmental water, chemical speciation and successful literature comparison was performed. The proposed system offered excellent selectivity towards mercury(II) ions examined in the presence of competent ions in excess, relevant to real water samples. The method was applied for analysis of mercury(II) in tap water samples. Statistical comparison (Student’s t and F tests) of the proposed method with the reference ICP-OES method revealed no significant differences in the accuracy and precision.",signatures:"Dyab A. Al-Eryani, Waqas Ahmad, Zeinab M. Saigl, Hassan Alwael,\nSaleh O. Bahaffi, Yousry M. Moustafa and Mohammad S. El-\nShahawi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58951",authors:[{id:"101794",title:"Dr.",name:"M. S.",surname:"El-Shahawi",slug:"m.-s.-el-shahawi",fullName:"M. S. El-Shahawi"},{id:"239123",title:"Dr.",name:"W.",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"w.-ahmad",fullName:"W. Ahmad"},{id:"239125",title:"Dr.",name:"Z.M.",surname:"Saigl",slug:"z.m.-saigl",fullName:"Z.M. Saigl"},{id:"240214",title:"Mr.",name:"D. A.",surname:"Al-Eryani",slug:"d.-a.-al-eryani",fullName:"D. A. Al-Eryani"},{id:"240215",title:"Dr.",name:"H.",surname:"Alwael",slug:"h.-alwael",fullName:"H. Alwael"},{id:"240216",title:"Dr.",name:"S.O.",surname:"Bahaffi",slug:"s.o.-bahaffi",fullName:"S.O. Bahaffi"},{id:"240217",title:"Prof.",name:"Y.M.",surname:"Moustafa",slug:"y.m.-moustafa",fullName:"Y.M. Moustafa"}],corrections:null},{id:"61979",title:"Biomonitoring of Trace Metals in the Coastal Waters Using Bivalve Molluscs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76938",slug:"biomonitoring-of-trace-metals-in-the-coastal-waters-using-bivalve-molluscs",totalDownloads:1666,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Several environmental contaminants including toxic trace metals are being discharged into the coastal environment causing serious threat to marine organisms and posing public health risk. Marine bivalves (mussel, oyster, and clam) have been successfully used as sentinel organisms for monitoring contaminant levels, including trace metals, in coastal waters around the globe. Chemical analyses measure the contaminants present in the biota but do not necessarily reveal potential biological effects. Therefore, the need to detect and assess the effects of contaminants, especially at low concentrations, has led to the development of molecular markers of contaminant effects called biomarkers. Owing to their short time of response, biomarkers in marine bivalves are used as early warning signals of biological effects caused by environmental pollutants. Research into the development and application of accurate biomarker-based monitoring tools for the environmental contaminants has been intensified in several developed countries.",signatures:"Periyadan K. Krishnakumar, Mohammad A. Qurban and Geetha\nSasikumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61979",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61979",authors:[{id:"228033",title:"Dr.",name:"Periyadan K",surname:"Krishnakumar",slug:"periyadan-k-krishnakumar",fullName:"Periyadan K Krishnakumar"},{id:"228065",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Qurban",slug:"mohammed-qurban",fullName:"Mohammed Qurban"},{id:"241429",title:"Dr.",name:"Geetha",surname:"Sasikumar",slug:"geetha-sasikumar",fullName:"Geetha Sasikumar"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6534",title:"Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7573426a162c18f39acc575c1e69f67",slug:"heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. Saleh and Refaat F. Aglan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6534.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2383",title:"Polyester",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79fd9d6314f8e1abd60d7e21896ce878",slug:"polyester",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2383.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. 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Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6513.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7640",title:"Perspective of Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b85a9957fad5206369eadf0c1ffa27d",slug:"perspective-of-carbon-nanotubes",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Saleh and Said Moawad Mohamed El-Sheikh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7640.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. 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A huge number of the device chips are produced in this manufacturing system. These trends require a huge investment for developing and preparing the plant.
However, we have the other technical trend [2] that the highly integrated device chips are customized and applied to various fields including the information technologies. For this purpose, a small amount of various chips are flexibly produced. Here, the Minimal Fab [3, 4, 5, 6] is expected to flexibly produce just the right number of electronic device chips, from one to million, on-demand and on-time, consuming less material and power. For this concept, a small silicon wafer having 12.5 mm diameter allows the great flexibility. It enables the very quick processes of the lithography, thin film formation, annealing and others. The instruments have a very small footprint. The chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process and its reactor should be developed as the key technology.
Ordinary CVD reactors used for epitaxial growth of large-diameter wafers consume a large amount of gases and heating power. For fast growth of small-scale devices, such as 12.5-mm wafer, Minimal Fab is designed better because a slow gas flow rate and slim heating modules are used. In addition, the environment inside the growth chamber is easily maintained and therefore the regular chamber cleaning for ordinary CVD reactors becomes less necessary for Minimal Fab. However, some parameters that are ignored in ordinary CVD systems may become effective in Minimal Fab. Special care should be paid to finely tune those important parameters.
To fabricate reactors for small substrates, the thermal condition becomes different when compared to that for the large substrates [7]. The concentrated infrared flux effectively heats the small substrate; the thermal process becomes very rapid. In addition to the heating system, the highly reactive gas of chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) [8] is chosen for the reactor cleaning because it can easily remove the silicon film, unnecessarily formed in the CVD reactor, at various temperatures even at room temperature.
In Section 2 [9], a small footprint CVD reactor for producing silicon thin films is explained. This employs the technical issues of (i) vertical gas flow, (ii) a concentrated infrared flux and (iii)
In this section, the CVD reactor was designed and developed, taking into account the thermal process using the reflector, which concentrates infrared flux. The reactor cleaning process using the highly reactive chlorine trifluoride gas is also employed.
The chemical reactions at silicon substrate surfaces [13] are briefly shown as follows:
Similar to the ordinary silicon epitaxial growth, trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) is used in a hydrogen ambient. Firstly, trichlorosilane is chemisorbed at the surface to form the intermediate species, *SiCl2. Next, it reacts with hydrogen to form silicon. Thus, the overall chemical reaction is written as follows:
Assuming the Eley-Rideal model, the growth rate is expressed as follows:
Where
Because the hydrogen concentration in the reactor is nearly constant, the epitaxial growth rate simply depends on the wafer temperature.
Generally, the epitaxial growth rate at 1100°C is about 1–4 μm/min by the ordinary horizontal cold wall reactor and is about 8 μm/min by the high-speed rotation vertical reactor.
In order to avoid the formation of surface defects, such as light point defects, the gas phase chemical reaction is suppressed by maintaining the gas phase temperature low, that is, by employing the cold wall environment.
Figure 1 shows the heat transport for the silicon wafer in the minimal CVD reactor. The half-inch silicon wafer is heated by the infrared flux,
Heat transport for the silicon wafer in the minimal CVD reactor.
By concentrating the infrared flux,
The minimal CVD reactor, (a) using the reflector concentrating the infrared flux to the silicon wafer, (b) using the ordinary type reflector, in which the silicon wafer is enclosed and (c) photograph of the minimal reactor.
By employing this geometry,
The reactor cleaning is necessary for removing the film produced around the substrate, such as at the wafer holder and the quartz tube. The typical silicon CVD process [14] utilizes hydrogen chloride gas near 1200°C. Such high-temperature process requires a long period for increasing and decreasing the temperature. By contrast, the chlorine trifluoride gas is useful, because the following chemical reaction occurs at any temperatures, even at room temperature [8],
Figure 2(a) shows the reactor, which consists of a quartz tube (inner diameter of 24 mm), a quartz wafer holder, gas inlets, three halogen lamps, and a reflector. A half-inch silicon wafer is set on the quartz wafer holder. The inner zone and the outer zone gas inlets have diameters of 7 and 24 mm, respectively. A half of the total gas was introduced to each of the inlets. The distance between the silicon wafer and the bottom of the inner zone gas inlet was 3 cm, in this section. Figure 2(c) shows a photograph which depicts the half-inch silicon wafer heated by the infrared flux.
Figure 2(b) shows the CVD reactor having an ordinary type reflector. The half-inch silicon wafer is enclosed in the reflector. The infrared flux approaches
The wafer temperature is measured in ambient nitrogen by an R-type thermocouple, directly attached to the backside of the half-inch silicon wafer. During the silicon film deposition in ambient hydrogen, the thermocouple is placed in the quartz wafer holder, as shown in Figure 2(a).
For the silicon film formation, the carrier gas and precursor gas are vertically introduced to the silicon wafer. The carrier gas is hydrogen (H2) and the precursor gas is trichlorosilane. The cleaning gas is chlorine trifluoride diluted to 5% in ambient nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The total gas flow rate is 0.2–1.2 slm. The half-inch silicon wafer is heated to 800–1100°C.
The silicon CVD process is shown in Figure 3. After the silicon wafer is heated, the trichlorosilane gas is introduced for the silicon deposition. After terminating the trichlorosilane gas supply, the wafer is cooled down and unloaded from the reactor. The chlorine trifluoride gas is introduced into the reactor at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature for removing the silicon film formed on various places in the reactor. The flow rate of nitrogen and chlorine trifluoride gas is 1 and 0.05 slm, respectively.
Silicon chemical vapour deposition process for the Minimal Fab.
The capability of the reflector is first evaluated by the cooling rate of the half-inch silicon wafer. Figure 4 shows the cooling rate of the minimal CVD reactor at the nitrogen flow rate of 1 slm, using the reflectors of minimal and ordinary type, shown in Figure 2(a) and (b), respectively. Figure 4 shows the decreasing temperatures of the half-inch wafer. The cooling rate of the minimal CVD reactor is −22 K/s, which is 20% greater than that using the ordinary-type reflector.
Cooling rate of half-inch silicon wafer in the minimal CVD reactor and the reactor using the ordinary type reflector. (In ambient nitrogen: 1 slm and atmospheric pressure.).
The electric power for heating the silicon wafer is evaluated with adjusting the gas flow rate and the trichlorosilane gas concentration. The half-inch wafer temperature is obtained following the relationship between the temperatures on the backside of the half-inch wafer and the temperature below the quartz wafer holder measured by thermocouple. Additionally, based on the silicon film growth rate saturation [13] at temperatures lower than 1000°C and at the high trichlorosilane gas concentrations, the half-inch wafer temperature is obtained.
The half-inch wafer temperature in a steady state is influenced by various conditions, such as the lamp voltage,
The
Following Eq. (7), the half-inch wafer temperature is estimated as a function of the lamp voltage and the total gas flow rate at the trichlorosilane concentration fixed to be 3.5%, as shown in Figure 5. Eq (7) shows that the lamp voltage becomes 10–20 V lower by decreasing the total gas flow rate.
Wafer temperature changing with the lamp voltage and the total gas flow rate.
As shown in Figure 6(a), a polysilicon film is formed on the wafer holder and on the inner wall of the quartz tube during the film deposition. The thick silicon film is formed at a height near that of the half-inch silicon wafer, because the reactor inner wall near the substrate is high.
Because the film on the quartz wall might produce particles to cause surface defects, it must be removed. Thus, chlorine trifluoride gas [2] at 5% is introduced into the reactor at room temperature in the ambient nitrogen. Figure 6(b) shows a reactor before introducing the chlorine trifluoride gas. Figure 6(c) shows that the silicon film on the right half of the reactor wall was removed after 1 min. The right half of the wafer holder is clearly observed. Although the silicon film on the left half of the reactor wall reduces, a thick film still remains.
Reactor appearance along the reactor cleaning at room temperature. (a) After the film deposition; (b–e): the decrease of poly Si film.
As shown in Figure 6(d), only a small amount of the polysilicon film remains after 2 min on the left position of the reactor wall. After 3 min, the polysilicon film is perfectly removed, as shown in Figure 6(e) which clearly gives an image of the entire wafer holder. The polysilicon film formed on the inner wall of the quartz tube is quickly and perfectly removed at room temperature.
The wafer temperature is influenced by many parameters [9] of lamp voltage, total gas flow rate and trichlorosilane gas concentration. The details of these thermal influences are evaluated. Particularly, the light absorption and the heat transport by the gases are the major issues. Table 1 shows the experimental conditions.
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Pressure | Atmospheric pressure |
Hydrogen gas flow rate | 100–1000 sccm |
Trichlorosilane gas flow rate | 2–60 sccm |
Chlorine trifluoride gas flow rate | 50 sccm |
Substrate | 12.5 mm diameter silicon wafer |
Electric power | 55–100 V |
Deposition time | 1 min × |
Substrate temperature | 800–1000°C |
Silicon CVD conditions.
Figure 7 shows the quartz wafer holder temperature. The hydrogen and trichlorosilane flow rate are 220 and 12 sccm, respectively. The wafer holder temperature slowly becomes 568°C in the ambient consisting of only hydrogen, as shown using dark squares. When the trichlorosilane gas is added from 9 to 13 min, the wafer holder temperature increases, as shown using white squares, and reaches 609°C. Empirically, the wafer surface temperature increase by the trichlorosilane gas is
Temperature shift cause by SiHCl3 supply for 4 min (at 64 V).
Trichlorosilane has the infrared light absorption [15] at 3.3 and 2.2 μm. The halogen lamp emits the light near 1 μm, the wavelength of which widely distributes [16] to that longer than 2 μm. Thus, the trichlorosilane considerably absorbs the infrared light from the halogen lamps; it increases the temperature of the gas phase.
Figure 8 shows the wafer holder temperature during the silicon deposition. Dark squares are the temperatures at the hydrogen and trichlorosilane flow rate of 220 and 12 sccm, respectively. The wafer holder temperature increases from 8 min; the temperature increase becomes faster after the addition of trichlorosilane at 10 min. The wafer holder temperature reaches 588°C. The temperatures at the hydrogen and trichlorosilane flow rate of 165 and 9 sccm, respectively, are shown by white squares. The wafer holder temperature reaches 626°C which is higher than that at the higher gas flow rate. The wafer holder temperature increases with the decreasing total gas flow rate.
Temperature increase by the decreasing H2 flow rate (at 65 V).
Although Figure 7 might show that the decrease in the trichlorosilane gas flow rate induces the temperature decrease by means of less infrared absorption, the wafer holder temperature is actually increased. It is due to the heat transport by the gas flow [9].
Figure 9 shows the relationship between the wafer temperature, the film surface and the quartz wall deposition. At a very high temperature, the silicon film deposition occurs at the silicon wafer surface and the quartz tube inner wall surface. The optimum temperatures produce the specular silicon epitaxial film without the tube wall deposition.
Film growth and wall deposition.
In order to achieve the uniform-thick epitaxial film, the thermal conditions are important. The important issues are the infrared ray reflection design [7] and the heat transport through the reflectors set around the wafer. The CVD reactor for the large-diameter wafer has the large infrared lamp module consisting of large and thick reflector plates [9, 10, 11]. The reflector surface not only concentrates the infrared rays to the wafer surface but also absorbs the heat coming from the lamps. Then, the reflector becomes high temperature. Through the reflector, various parts and the gas phase, the heat absorbed by the reflector is slowly conducted to the wafer. The temperature of reflector surface and wafer gradually increases during reaching the thermal steady state. Particularly, the massive metallic parts require long time for reaching a thermal steady state. In this case, the heating process requires more electric power and finer heat distribution control. In order to design a quick heat transport through the reflector maintaining low electric power, a thin and slim reflector is expected. The reflector geometry should be optimized for the minimal CVD reactor.
Infrared rays tend to converge to generate a hot spot [7]. For broadening the locally formed heat profile, a silicon carbide susceptor having high heat conductivity is convenient. Additionally, the wafer rotation is popular and effective for averaging the temperature distribution and the film growth rate [17].
In this section for achieving a quick thermal process, the heating behaviour is evaluated using two types of reflectors, that is, the Type-I reflector made of thick mirror plates used in the previous sections and the Type-II reflector made of thin plates. Additionally, the roles of the wafer rotation and the silicon carbide susceptor are explained for preparing a uniformly thick silicon epitaxial film.
Figure 10 shows the detail of minimal CVD reactor. Similar to the previous sections, the reactor has the inner and the outer inlet. The distance between the wafer and the inner inlet is 51–56 mm. In this section for improving the heat conduction, the silicon carbide plates are inserted beneath the wafer.
Half-inch silicon CVD reactor for the Minimal Fab.
Figure 11 shows the Type-I and Type-II reflectors covered with an electroplated gold film. Three reflectors are horizontally arranged around the quartz tube, as shown in Figure 10. Figure 11(a) shows the Type-I reflector, which is evaluated in the previous sections. The main body of the Type-I reflector is a 50-mm-thick mirror plate. Its thick body maintains the temperature stable during the long process, because it is not sensitive to fluctuations in the temperature around the reactor. However, it may result in slow heat conduction through it.
Two reflectors of (a) Type-I and (b) Type-II.
As shown in Figure 12(a) and (b), through the Type-I reflector and the Type-II reflector, respectively, the heat from the halogen lamps is transported to the silicon wafer. The solid lines indicate the heat conduction from the lamp to the reflector plate. This heat conduction also heats the wafer, with the radiation heat indicated by the dotted lines. Because the heat conduction requires long period to reach long distance, the large and thick Type-I reflector slowly achieves the steady state and makes the thermal process slow and long.
Heat transport from halogen lamp to silicon wafer through (a) Type-I and (b) Type-II reflectors. Dotted lines: heat transport by radiation; solid lines: heat transport by conduction and gas flow.
The Type-II reflector is shown in Figure 11(b). This reflector consists of a 5-mm-thick plate which is significantly thinner than that of the Type-I reflector. This thin plate makes the heat transport through itself quicker than that of the Type-I reflector. Particularly, the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the reflector plate is reduced. The thermal process by the Type-II reflector can be quicker than that of the Type-I reflector.
The gas mixture of hydrogen (H2) and trichlorosilane (SiHCl3, TCS) is vertically introduced to the silicon wafer in ambient hydrogen at atmospheric pressure, as shown in Figure 10. The gas flow rates of the H2 and TCS are 215 and 9 sccm, respectively. The electric power of 55–65 V is supplied to the halogen lamps. The total electric power is less than 1500 W.
Typically, the epitaxial film formation process has two major steps. Step A removes the native oxide film on the silicon wafer surface at 1100°C for 1 min. Next, the wafer temperature is adjusted to 700–1000°C for Step B, forming the silicon epitaxial film for several minutes by the chemical reaction [13] following Eq. (3).
The process shown in Figure 13(a) has the stand-by step, Step C, between Step A and Step B. Step C, waiting for Step B after Step A, realizes the parallel process. The two virtual reactors, the A and B Reactors, are arranged for Steps A and B, respectively. Step C transports the wafer from the A Reactor to the B Reactor at low temperatures. Although the additional period is necessary for increasing and decreasing the temperature, Steps A and B can be simultaneously performed. The parallel process of Steps A and B is expected to become quicker. Thus, in the first part, Step C is intentionally performed using the Type-I and -II reflectors, in order to compare their thermal behaviours through exactly the same process. In the second part, the effect of Step C was evaluated.
Process of silicon epitaxial growth by (a) Steps A–C and by (b) Steps A and B. Step A removes native oxide film, Step B forms silicon epitaxial film and Step C is for stand-by. Dotted lines show virtual reactor process.
For obtaining the uniform-thick epitaxial film by the classical ways [18], the wafer rotation and the silicon carbide susceptor are employed, as shown in Figure 14. Because even the slow wafer rotation has the effect of averaging the film growth rate along the concentric circle [17], the epitaxial film thickness is expected to become flat over the wafer. Silicon carbide has a high thermal conductivity [19] for decreasing the temperature difference over the wafer. The diameter and the thickness of the silicon carbide plate are 16 and 0.58 mm, respectively. Three silicon carbide plates are stacked beneath the silicon wafer.
Half-inch wafer and silicon carbide susceptor on rotating wafer holder.
The wafer holder temperature,
When the wafer holder temperature,
The silicon epitaxial film is formed by the two types of reflectors, as shown in Figure 15. The gas flow rates of the TCS and the H2 were 9 and 215 sccm, respectively. Step C is intentionally introduced for cooling the reflector and for comparing the two types of reflector through the same process. In Figure 15, the dotted line and the solid line show the wafer holder temperatures during Step B immediately after Step C, by the Type-I and -II reflectors, respectively.
Temperature of wafer holder during Step B immediately after Step C. Dotted line: Type-I reflector at 63 V for 5 min and solid line: Type-II reflector at 62 V for 4 min.
For the Type-I reflector, the TCS gas is introduced between 0 and 5 min. The wafer holder temperature finally becomes 573°C at 5 min at the halogen lamp voltage of 63 V. The solid line shows the temperature change using the Type-II reflector. The wafer holder temperature reaches 621°C at 4 min at the halogen lamp voltage of 62 V. The Type-II reflector can achieve the wafer temperature higher and faster than the Type-I reflector do.
The wafer holder temperature using the Type-I reflector still increases at 5 min as shown in Figure 15. As shown by the dotted line in Figure 16, the wafer holder temperature using the Type-I reflector at the halogen lamp voltage of 62 V can reach 553°C at 10 min. This is 70°C lower than that by the Type-II reflector. Additionally, the temperature using the Type-I reflector is entirely lower than that of Type-II through Steps A–C. Thus, the Type-II reflector achieves a quicker heating process.
Temperature of wafer holder during Step B after Step C. Dotted line by Type-I reflector at 62 V for 10 min. Solid line by Type-II reflector at 62 V for 4 min.
In Figures 15 and 16, the wafer holder temperature increases after introducing the TCS gas at Step B. Because TCS gas absorbs the infrared light [15, 16], the gas phase temperature increases and finally the wafer temperature increases.
For the thermal process optimization, the influence of Step C on the wafer temperature is evaluated using the Type-II reflector. Figure 17 shows the wafer holder temperature with and without Step C at the halogen lamp voltage of 62 V. The flow rates of H2 gas and TCS gas are 215 and 9 sccm, respectively.
Wafer holder temperature using Type-II reflector. Dotted line: along Steps A, C and B and solid line: along Steps A and B without Step C.
The dotted line shows the wafer holder temperature through Steps A, C and B. In Step A, the wafer holder temperature reaches 650°C. During Step C, the wafer holder temperature is cooled to about 250°C, by decreasing the halogen lamp voltage to 30 from 80 V. The wafer holder temperature is then increased in Step B. At the halogen lamp voltage of 62 V, the wafer holder temperature becomes 621°C at 14 min. However, the wafer holder temperature still increases even at 14 min.
The solid line shows the wafer holder temperature during Steps A and B without Step C. The temperature during Step A is the same as the dotted line. After Step A, the halogen lamp voltage is increased to 62 V. The wafer holder temperature reaches 618°C at 6 min in a steady state. Thus, the process deleting Step C can be quick and stable.
Using the Type-II reflector, the silicon epitaxial film is formed on the half-inch silicon wafer surface, by Steps A and B. The TCS and H2 flow rates are 9 and 215 sccm, respectively, for 4 min. The halogen lamp voltage at Step B is 60 V. The film thickness distribution is evaluated at five points along the longitudinal and transverse lines, using the dotted line and the solid line, respectively, as shown in Figure 18. Figure 18(a) shows the thickness profile of the epitaxial film which is formed without using the wafer rotation and without using the silicon carbide susceptor. The epitaxial film thickness along the
Thickness profile of obtained silicon epitaxial film: (a) without wafer rotation and without silicon carbide susceptor, (b) with wafer rotation and without silicon carbide susceptor and (c) with wafer rotation and with three silicon carbide susceptors.
Influence of gas flow from the inlet, wafer rotation and silicon carbide susceptor on the epitaxial film thickness (a) with no wafer rotation and no silicon carbide susceptor, (b) with wafer rotation and no silicon carbide susceptor and (c) with wafer rotation and three silicon carbide susceptors.
The wafer rotation is used for adjusting the asymmetric condition. Figure 18(b) shows the epitaxial film thickness profile, when the wafer rotates. The epitaxial film thickness shows a hill and a valley along the
The locally high and low temperatures over the wafer surface may be produced due to the quartz material having a low thermal conductivity [20]. The heat transport in the horizontal direction is enhanced by the silicon carbide susceptor. Figure 19(c) shows that the local non-uniformity of the wafer temperature remaining even using the wafer rotation is reduced by the high heat transport through the silicon carbide susceptor. As shown in Figure 18(c), the epitaxial film thickness becomes very flat along the
By using the small, thin and simple geometry of the reactor parts, the quick and flat epitaxial film production is possible. This concept is valid not only for the minimal CVD reactor.
A chemical vapour deposition reactor for the growth of half-inch silicon wafers is designed by employing (i) a vertical gas flow, (ii) rapid thermal operation using concentrated infrared light and (iii) a quick reactor cleaning process. For the rapid heating process, absorption of infrared light and heat transport by the flowing gases are active parameters. Under the optimized conditions, the cleaning-free process is possible. The reactor parts placed near the wafer must be small, slim and thin for quickly heating the wafer. The wafer rotation and the heat-conductive susceptor help to fabricate uniform silicon epitaxial films. Overall, important parameters are listed in Table 2. This table includes several parameters which are active and useful for the small-sized reactor.
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Substrate | 12.5 mm diameter silicon wafer |
Gas flow | Vertical (from top to bottom) |
Pressure | Atmospheric pressure |
Precursor | Trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) |
Hydrogen gas flow rate | Less than 200 sccm |
Trichlorosilane gas flow rate | 20 sccm |
Chlorine trifluoride gas flow rate (Reactor cleaning) | 50 sccm in 1000 sccm in N2 |
Heating module | Concentrated infrared light (Three halogen lamps) Slim and thin reflector |
Electric power | 55–65 V, less than 1500 W |
Substrate surface cleaning | Near 1000°C in H2 within 1 min |
Deposition time | 1–8 min |
Substrate temperature | 800–1000°C |
Substrate rotation | 4 rpm |
Susceptor | Silicon carbide plate |
Footprint | 30 × 45 cm |
List of parameters: silicon epitaxial growth for Minimal Fab.
The differences of the reactor design between the Minimal Fab and the ordinary CVD are listed in Table 3. The film growth on a small wafer using small gas flow rates significantly reduces system cost.
Minimal CVD reactor | Ordinary CVD reactor | |
---|---|---|
Wafer diameter | 12.5 mm, single wafer | 150, 200, 300 and 450 mm, multi-(batch) and single wafer |
Total gas flow rate | <0.2 slm | >100 slm |
Growth rate | Near 1 μm/min | 1–8 μm/min |
Pressure | 1 atm (or reduced pressure) | 1 atm or reduced pressure |
Precursor | SiHCl3 | SiHCl3, SiH2Cl2, SiH4, and so on |
Reactor cleaning | ClF3 gas at higher than RT | HCl gas near 1200°C |
Gas flow | Natural convection, Vertical (downward) | Forced flow, Vertical (downward), horizontal, cylinder, pancake, and so on |
Heating method | Concentrated light by lamp heating | Lamp, resistant and inductive heating |
Electric power | <1500 W | >100,000 W |
Footprint | 0.3 × 0.45 m2 | Several × Several m2 |
Throughput | Several tens wafers/min (Target) | Several wafers/min |
Reactor price | > $30,000 (Target) | > $3,000,000 |
Comparison between minimal and ordinary CVD reactor.
The chapter describes the change of banking regulation toward governance and environmental sustainability challenges. It shows that it has not been fully understood how these new types of environmental and social risks affect differently banking activity. As risks are global and systemic, it is necessary regulatory coordination. The main international and European initiative to assess the relevance of environmental climate risks for banking regulation considers some banking policy recommendations for countries to coordinate their regulatory actions. This is due to the fact that banks play a crucial role in providing credit and financial resources that can be used to mitigate the negative effects of environmental risks enabling the economy to become more resilient.
Regulators are now aware that there are linkages between natural disasters and financial market instability. In fact, climate change could potentially threaten financial resilience in general and economic prosperity over the longer term.
In recent times, the frequency and intensity of natural disasters have increased, causing much greater damage to economies. The negative effects are not only physical and material, but they can lead to high loan losses and provisioning for banks located in those areas with hard difficulties.
The main environmental risks create potentially negative externalities for the banking sector and for this reason banks are analyzing these risks and are putting them into their risk management models and governance frameworks.
By affording these challenges, banks also play an important role in supporting the economy’s adaptation to environmental changes and in creating financial resilience to environmental risks. For this reason, new loan policies are devoted to reallocating credit to more sustainable sectors of the economy; by doing so banks contribute to reducing environmental sustainability risks, mitigating their impact.
Banks are facing these risks by adopting different types of green banking practices. These practices are referred to as the option of the ESG guidelines with a particular focus on risk management in the area of project finance and the allocation of credit to renewable energy resources. Other practices are specifically positioned to mobilize capital to the green economy, including renewable and clean energy projects by making loans and investments, and structuring specialized transactions [1].
Banks are facing new challenges. For this reason the European regulatory framework for sustainable finance has greatly developed. European leadership in sustainable finance has given rise to several regulations. In particular, banks will consider the CRR Pillar 3 and EU taxonomy disclosures, also because EBA is also aligning its position to this view.
The structural shift toward the green transition and the climate crisis is exposing banks to physical and transition risks, which they need to be ready to manage. Banks will need to strengthen their risk management frameworks and reassess their business strategies. A recent ECB assessment shows that banks have made some progress in adapting their practices to manage these risks, but none are close to meeting the supervisory expectations [2]. For this reason, supervisors have already planned a number of specific measures for next years and beyond, including a thematic review of banks’ environmental risk management practices and a stress test on climate-related risks. Many of the proposed regulatory changes actually stem from research conducted by the European Banking Authority and the ECB and are focused on issues identified in the use of internal models by European banks. The chapter is structured with paragraph 2 that describes the relevance of ESG principles in the banking and financial sector and the source of ESG risks, with particular relevance for climate-related risk; paragraph 3 focuses on the difficulties of regulators to define so new rules and guidelines to define new strategies to control these new risks; paragraph 4 concludes the chapter pointing out the main policy implications of this new era for banks and financial institutions.
During the last years banking and financial sector has been involved in a great change, which has been characterized by the introduction of the new principles of Environmental Social and Governance (ESG). These principles are forcing banks toward an innovative vision of management both internal and external. It is known that there is a wide interpretation of the meaning of the ESG principles. In general, banks are becoming more and more active in investment and asset allocation, and in new business models as well. The attention to the environment and its exploitation, to the reduction of pollution or carbon emissions, are influencing their choices and strategies. New attention to social justice and social principles are very relevant so new governmental bodies are under control. The final goal is a more sustainable framework for financial activity with a selection of assets and sectors to finance.
The first step toward sustainable finance was the Action Plan of Financing Sustainable Growth, which was published in 2018 by the European Commission. The regulatory framework began to be defined to give banks and financial institutions a new scheme that granted the real development of innovative strategies about the introduction of sustainability principles as the basis for new growth of the financial system.
Beyond EC’s Action Plan there was EBA’s Plan which gave other guidelines to banks and rules about the adoption of ESG principles. In particular, it became necessary for regulators to implement ESG principles in their rules for the financial sector.
The definition of a complete framework of ESG principles is very important but it is still long to be completed; anyway it is important to reach a full acceptance and a full change toward sustainable finance.
The ESG principles are tied with the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda that considers environmental challenges, including climate change, as a major concern to the stability of the global economy. The most important step toward the control of the climate risk was the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015 to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change. Financial policy and regulation are increasingly recognized as important for managing the transition toward a more environmentally sustainable economy. The evolution to a more sustainable economy requires the adoption of new paradigms and the green guidelines in lending activity to reach a better selection of economic activities to finance [1]. At the same time, governmental or regulatory intervention is necessary to guide the banking sector in allocating more credit and investment to sustainable activity and in protecting the economy against related financial risks. The role of financial regulation in supporting the transition to a more sustainable economic path has been deemed critical by international organizations. The definition of ESG factors is not simple or easy also because there are a number of guidelines and rules formulated by various institutions. Table 1 presents the existing frameworks currently used by international institutions.
Framework | Year | Content |
---|---|---|
Equator Principles | 2003 | Guidelines used to identify, assess and manage environmental and social risks when financing projects |
Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) | 2006 | Referred asset owners/institutional investors, investment managers, and service providers to incorporate ESG factors into their investment and ownership decision |
International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) | 2010 | Framework for integrated reporting along the lines of six capitals (financial, manufactured, intellectual, human, social and relationship and natural) |
International Finance Corporation Environmental and Social Performance Standards (IFC Performance Standards) | 2012 | Definition of IFC clients’ responsibilities for managing environmental and social risks. |
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) | 2015 | Collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future intended to be achieved by 2030 |
Global Sustainability Standards Board Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) | 2016 | Principles used by organizations to better understand, manage and communicate their impacts on sustainability-related issues |
OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct | 2018 | Guidelines covering non-binding principles and standards for responsible business conduct in a global context consistent with applicable laws and internationally recognized standards |
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Guidance for Applying Enterprise Risk Management to ESG-related risks | 2018 | Guidelines to overcome ESG-related risk challenges across the ERM process and provides methods for managing both upside and downside ESG-related risks. |
United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) | 2019 | Principles aiming at aligning banks’ business strategies with the objectives of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement |
Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) Standards | 2019 | Standards that help companies disclose financially-material sustainability information to investors |
World Economic Forum (WEF) report on ‘Measuring Stakeholder Capitalism’ | 2020 | Common metrics and disclosures on non-financial factors can be used by companies to align their mainstream reporting on performance against ESG indicators and track their contributions to the SDGs |
Recommendations of the Financial Stability Board Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) | 2017 | Framework to disclose climate-related risks and opportunities through their existing reporting processes. |
International Capital Market Association Green Bond Principles | 2017 1ST ed. updated 2021 | Principles for the qualification of green bonds |
Natural Capital Protocol + Supplement (Finance) | 2018 | Framework for organizations to identify, measure, and value their impacts and dependencies on natural capital. |
Climate Bond Initiative Climate Bonds Standard | 2018 | Sector-specific eligibility criteria for assets and projects that can be labeled as green investments |
Climate Disclosure Project (CDP), UN Global Compact (UNGC), World Resources Institute (WRI), and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi) | 2018 | Targets and guidelines referred to the Paris Agreement |
Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials Global GHG Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Financial Industry | 2019 | Guidelines for the specific asset class |
International frameworks and standards defining ESG factors.
Elaboration from EBA 2021.
In Table 1, if one considers the frameworks addressing ESG factors, it can be noticed that the idea to have a wider vision of the factors different from the economic and financial ones, begins in 2003 with the Equator Principles that induce banks to consider and measure environmental and social risks in lending activity. The most recent Principles of UNEP FI are specifically devoted to the adoption of SDGs and the Paris Agreement in banking activity.
Guidelines, frameworks, and principles try to offer a multi-layer dimension of ESG factors. This effort is due to regulators’ position to recognize the relevance of these aspects for banks and to induce their choices and managerial strategies.
As concerns the environmental factors international institutions and authorities are working in recent times. It consists of guidelines and best practices proposed as suggestions to banks and financial institutions. These guidelines are important because they are the first step to having a uniform discipline about sustainable finance and green financial assets. On the basis of these initial definitions, banks and financial institutions must face new risks deriving from these factors that should be considered in financial management and the financial markets.
ESG factors are characterizing the definition of new strategies for banks and financial institutions. This paragraph starts from EBA’s definition of ESG risks and shows some considerations about their evaluation and management.
According to EBA [3] “
These risks may have different and typical features, due to their main causes and effects. ESG risks influence banking activity both in lending and in asset class allocation. For this reason, banks must classify ESG risks. By doing they must consider separately the three factors, Environmental, Social, and Governance. As concerns environmental risks, which are caused by a number of factors, banks must face both their physical impact and the effects of transition, as it is specifically happening in the so-called “green transition.” Social risks are caused by the diffusion of social inequality, health troubles, or the exploitation of human labor. The governance risks are important as well; and for example they are caused by corruption or similar in the board of directors of the company.
This complex articulation of such risks imposes banks to become more selective in their activity. Moreover, these risks are also more difficult to be measured as they are mainly focused on subjective elements and all quantitative indicators are still to be defined. For this reason, ESG risks are considered systemic and can impact the financial system as a whole. Institutions need to build their resilience to ESG risks across different time horizons, by taking a comprehensive and forward-looking view, as well as early and proactive actions, under supervisory control.
According to EBA, it is necessary to include ESG risks into the banking regulatory and supervisory framework, giving a particular emphasis on climate and environmental risks although social and governance risks are already important and necessitate attention. The main attention to these risks is due to the fact that they seem to be the most relevant because of climate change and the governments’ requirements to move toward “green economy” by converting the “brown business.”
To manage these risks, their transmission channels must be considered and incorporated into disclosures, risk management, and supervision. ESG disclosure is very relevant for stakeholders interested in assessing banks’ risks and their sustainable finance strategy [3]. This is why the Basel Third Pillar must be integrated and the non-financial reporting is linked to this need.
The analysis of ESG risks is very important because it is considered by supervisors as the new frontier to reach a resilient business model and risk management system to ensure banks’ preparedness for ESG-related challenges. ESG risks-related considerations must be fully taken into account in the definition of strategies and objectives, as the same must be done integrating ESG risks in governance structures, and managing these risks as drivers of financial risks. The actual regulatory framework is based on these actions expected by banks and the new supervisory and evaluation process (SREP) will be performed including these risks [2].
The materialization of ESG factors has consequences on banks’ performance because it is linked to all financial risks, such as credit, market, operational, liquidity, and funding risks. In general, we can maintain that ESG risks can be defined as the negative materialization of ESG factors through their counterparties or invested assets [3]. For example, if a bank grants a loan to a company that is suffering under the transition risk and costs of a green economy, its difficulties will influence the bank’s credit position and credit risk. This happens because this company will have problems in loan repayment and reimbursement due to the high expenses caused by the transition itself.
It is evident that ESG risks must be considered under a double perspective, proposed by EBA as an outside-in and inside-out perspective. According to the first dimension, banks can be impacted by ESG risks through their counterparties and invested assets, but at the same time, they may be impacted by or have an impact on (inside-out perspective) ESG factors. Even if both perspectives are important, the inside-out becomes much more relevant. The relationship between the inside-out and outside-in perspective is explained by the double materiality, which is divided into financial materiality and environmental and social materiality.
The double materiality implies that banks must measure and evaluate both the internal choices and the influence of the external behavior of companies and clients referring to ESG factors. The financial materiality can be explained by considering the effects on the company’s economic and financial activities. The environmental and social materiality refers to the influence of the above-mentioned company’s economic and financial activities on ESG factors themselves. With a circular process, this influence may cause, at the same time, financial materiality.
The assessment of ESG risks is done using three different methods—portfolio alignment method, risk framework method, and exposure method.
At the core of the portfolio alignment method, there is the meaning of alignment. According to this method banks, investors and supervisors will consider how far portfolios are aligned with globally agreed targets. This method could mainly be used for strategic purposes rather than risk management purposes because it does not explain the link between the global targets and the risk indicators of the bank.
The risk framework method includes the climate-stress test. This method is particularly relevant for climate risk, which is a forward-looking risk and stress testing over a future time horizon is, therefore, a useful tool for modeling climate risk impacts. On the contrary, the other ESG risks are in general more backward-looking. The risk framework method focuses on the sensitivity of portfolios and the impact that climate change has on the real risk of the exposures. The actions to face the risk are derived from the level of measured sensitivity or direct risk of losses considering the current level of environmental factors (or climate factors, more specifically) and the possible developments under the selected scenario. The application of this method brings to a risk-based adjusted portfolio in the medium-long term and makes it possible to consider also internal components of banking and trading book.
An exposure method is a tool that banks can apply directly to the assessment of individual counterparties and individual exposures, even in isolation. This method is based on a direct evaluation of the performance of exposure in terms of its ESG attributes. This method can be used to complement the standard assessment of financial risk categories. Thanks to this approach, there is a calibration at the specific company level. It is possible to put in evidence the specific sensitivities to ESG factors of different segments and sub-segments of economic activity. This method suits well to all three aspects of ESG.
This method is considered the most suitable if compared with the others. Even if it is not based on complex scenario analysis, it considers backward-looking metrics and makes banks able to classify their ESG risks’ exposures. This method gives banks the possibility to take adequate decisions to face ESG risks. The exposure method has developed some methodologies that can bring to ESG risks measurement. Regulators classify them in the following four methodologies—a. ESG ratings provided by specialized rating agencies; b. ESG evaluations provided by credit rating agencies; c. ESG evaluation models developed by banks in-house for their own assessment; and d. ESG scoring models developed by asset managers and data providers.
With the first methodology ESG ratings are provided by specialized rating agencies. They are stand-alone ratings on ESG factors, and consider the risk exposure to ESG factors. Rating agencies consider also the ability of the management to afford risks and to catch opportunities. These methodologies are generally built on a quantitative analysis of key issues identified for each company, but they also consider qualitative information collected by analysts from public information and engagement with companies.
In the case of ESG evaluations provided by credit rating agencies (e.g., S&P ESG), these evaluations integrate ESG factors into the standard credit analysis. They measure how ESG factors affect both certain scorecard components such as cash flows and leverage, and elements outside of the scorecard. They contribute to giving additional input to the existing financial risk assessment. Anyway, some difficulties in comparing ESG ratings by different providers are present as they include the different weights applied to the individual elements of ESG factors.
The internal methodologies have been developed by larger banks that were organizing their information systems on the basis of internal data deriving from wide data sets concerning their customers. These are internal and need the validation of regulatory authorities to be compliant with the existing rules. Finally, the ESG scoring models developed by asset managers and data providers, are publicly available.
Even if there are a number of methodologies, they are still improving both by banks and by regulators and they can be still considered at the early stages of development. These methods are very different both for the factors that are considered and for the results. They also differ for time horizons and for these reasons banks are experimenting with them all on different basis and portfolios. Anyway, the exposure origination is very important because it shows the future composition of a bank’s portfolio and signals to counterparties, investors, and wider market participants that investments are no longer sustainable and supported by the financial sector. This is true and relevant because the EBA Guidelines on Loan Origination and Monitoring are oriented to consider ESG factors as taken into account in banks’ credit risk appetite, policies and procedures.
The analysis of ESG risks requires a real ESG disclosure; this means that banks must map all business units and divisions on the basis of ESG risks’ framework and above all on the basis of the inside-out and outside-in perspective.
This mapping is finalized to manage the risk of conflicting or inconsistent information being disclosed; to ensure consistency and/or alignment of the disclosure; and to identify the overlaps in the reporting pillars where common reporting metrics can be considered. This kind of risk disclosure is important as it is the expression of internal analysis and mapping of ESG risks, which must be constantly monitored in the next future. This mapping can be considered as an absolute improvement of Basel Third Pillar.
The environmental aspect is really important as it is considered as the core for climate risk. Climate risk has a double dimension; in fact, banks and financial institutions are both impacted by and contribute to climate risks. For this reason, regulators are prioritizing appropriate climate risk disclosures as part of ensuring the broader transition of the financial industry to more sustainable, and positively impactful business models. According to the Financial Stability Board [4], climate risk must be considered by banks as physical risk and transition risk.
Physical risk is
Transition risk
Many stakeholders are interested in these two dimensions of climate risk and want to understand banks’ strategies in financing the transition to a zero-carbon economy. Under EBA’s requirement banks are required to disclose information on climate risks, mitigation action, and green asset ratio [5].
The disclosure about climate risks is due to the fact that according to EBA it is important to put in evidence how climate change may reinforce and worsen other risks in banks’ balance sheets. Concerning mitigating actions banks must inform about what they have in place to address those risks including financing activities that reduce carbon emissions.
With the Green Asset Ratio, it is possible to understand how institutions are financing activities that will meet the publicly agreed Paris agreement objectives of climate change mitigation and adaptation based on the EU taxonomy of green activities. The Green Asset Ratio is based on the EU taxonomy. It is a measure of the financial support that banks are willing to give to sustainable activities. Through this ratio, it is possible to put in evidence the assets that can be considered environmentally sustainable as they are referred to grant finance to activities of climate change mitigation on climate change adaptation. It is important in setting strategies, and even a bank with a low Green Asset Ratio can identify how it wants to change its financing activities over time to meet the Paris agreement objectives and measures. It gives information about a strategy that must be monitored. It is expected by EBA to receive from counterparties subject to NFRD disclosure obligations reliable data for the Green Asset Ratio from December 2022, developing a framework that identifies the required disclosure standards and their materiality triggers. The most commonly referenced framework in the case of climate disclosures is the TCFD framework, which is recognized by regulators in the EU and is considered as guidance on climate-related disclosures.
Banks and financial institutions are exposed to climate-related risks through both their own operational impacts and the activities of their borrowers, customers, or counterparties. According to the outside-in and inside-out approaches, banks that provide loans or trade the securities of companies with direct exposure to climate-related risks suffer and accumulate climate-related risks via their credit and equity operations. In addition, as the markets for lower-carbon and energy-efficient alternatives grow, firms may assume material exposures in their lending and investment businesses.
The ECB Guide [5] represents a shared document that shows how relevant are a disclosed analysis of such risks to grant that banks are managed in a sound and safe way. The relevance of climate-related risks is really great and the ECB has declared that banks conducted a self-assessment in light of the supervisory expectations outlined in the guide and to draw up action plans on that basis. The self-assessment plans will be considered by ECB as the first step toward more accurate monitoring of climate risk among all typical financial risks. This importance is also evident in the declaration of the climate-related risks stress test that will be run by ECB during this year.
As it has been described above, physical risks are specifically referred to as natural catastrophes and the economic losses caused by them; and this situation has increased in the last decades. The number of some types of extreme weather events has globally increased. Such events have become more likely or more severe due to the effects of climate change, and it is known that further warming will intensify them and consequently the negative effects at the basis of the increase of climate risk.
Physical risks include losses stemming from changes in physical capital because natural disasters destroy infrastructure and divert resources toward reconstruction and replacement. These risks affect also human capital, through deterioration in health and living conditions. The hard conditions due to the physical risks may have consequences on future expectations with a reduction of investment, given the prevailing uncertainty about future demand and growth prospects.
If there is no action to reduce the effects of climate change, physical risks will continue to increase in the future. The frequency and severity of extreme weather events might increase non-linearly and become increasingly correlated with each other over time. The consequences of physical risks can affect mainly market and credit risks.
The climate risk consequences may influence the value of financial assets causing losses for banks, investors, and financial institutions. The losses are the expression of market risk, but they are not directly caused by negative movement of financial variables (i.e., interest rates or assets prices), instead, their origin is connected with the losses due to the material destruction due to physical risk. As concerns credit risk it is almost easier to be understood as it is the consequence of the impossibility to repay and/or to reimburse loans, because of the physical destruction of assets, things, or the death of human beings. It is evident that banks are in presence of a large and composite number of risks and aspects of the same risk [4].
The impact of physical risk is not easy to be estimated with the effect on a bank’s assets. Estimates are based on a number of assumptions and subject to numerous sources of uncertainty concerning the global emissions with the potential increases in global temperatures and the severity of extreme weather events. So, the macroeconomic scenario and the variation in financial assets value are highly uncertain. Finally, there are the uncertainties associated with the future path of climate change and its impact on asset prices. Heating temperatures are increasing climate risk and physical risk in particular. They seem to be unavoidable, and this will cause an increase of negative effects on the financial system and assets prices [6, 7]. As physical risks are different in the sector and geographical areas, market and credit risks may be affected by these differences. This condition reinforces the situation in which other differences and in particular significant losses derive also from the disruption at the national level, and concentrated in certain countries with and exposure to operational risks that could disrupt firms’ operations, and affect other firms (financial and non-financial) provided by banks’ financial services amplifying risks for financial stability.
It is known the necessity of bringing the temperature to be below 2° C above pre-industrial level. Transition risks stem from the possible process of adjustment to a low carbon economy, and its possible effects are expected on the value of financial assets and liabilities. Such a transition to a low carbon economy would imply significant structural changes to the economy, including a major reallocation of investment. This could have a significant impact on firms involved in the production of fossil fuels, as well as other sectors whose business models rely on using such fossil fuels or that are energy intensive. The effect changes in asset prices with consequences on banks’ portfolios. These prospective effects might have also the consequence of reallocating financial resources from highly risky sectors or businesses tied, for example, in fossil fuels to new and less pollutant activities, by doing so supporting a real transition to a green economy. We can affirm that there will be a transformation of banks’ strategies and the support of market segments devoted to new and more sustainable sectors. We can say that the transition risks represent the lever to accelerate banks’ contribution to a renewal of economy and financial flows besides the real beginning of sustainable finance. On the contrary, a disorderly transition to a low-carbon economy, unanticipated by market participants, could have a destabilizing effect on the financial system. The most relevant effect will be an increase in credit risk due to the instability of such companies operating in brown sectors and receiving loans from banks. A transition to a low-carbon economy might reduce some borrowers’ capacity to generate sufficient income to service and repay their debts [8]. From this situation, banks are forced to face a higher credit risk, which is the result of a double scenario. The former is connected to the well-known difficulties in payments, and the latter is the increasing risks connected with the reduction of collateral value [7]. Transition scenarios are not able to catch all policy, technology and/or consumer preferences they change very rapidly. Moreover firms’ vulnerability to transition risks isn’t easy to be evaluated; in fact it is not only due to the firms’ operations, but also to their suppliers and customers.
Since time regulators are exploring this kind of risk and its widespread and are also analyzing possible ways to reduce them. However, the control of climate and ESG risks is at an early stage [9, 10, 11]. In the Appendices at the end of the chapter, there are the main initiatives that show the timeline and the complexity of the regulators’ activity with regard to ESG disclosure, climate risk analysis, and reporting for banks.
In this context, financial regulators are defining the principles about which climate risks are managed by banks. This interest derives from the necessity to reduce their impact both for banks themselves and for the financial system as a whole. Supervisory expectations aim at covering some institutional risk management elements (i.e., governance, strategy, scenario analysis, and/or risk management) and some financial standard-setting bodies are also starting to work on supervisory guidance related to climate risk. In fact, till now climate risks are considered as the worst for financial stability.
For example, scenario analysis can be used to quantify the totality of exposures of banks to climate-related risks within their framework and this is also called “climate stress test” [5]. There is also a significant approach to consider macro-prudential policies to mitigate climate risks to save the stability of the financial system, by giving banks a major resilience.
A large number of guidelines, best practices, and notices are the evidence that banking regulation shows a kind of difficulties to make a unitary proposal. As it has been said climate risk has a “liquid” structure that makes it really complex for banks to define their ambits and strategies.
The further evolution is the complete introduction of the ESG factors and ESG risks in the supervisory process and all control systems. These risks are not yet explicitly included in the CRD, the IFD, or in the SREP guidelines; at the same time, the consideration of these factors by supervisory authorities should be made with respect to the principle of proportionality, that links the conditions of each bank and its exposure to risks specifically referred to their dimension, context, and background [3].
Any way the integration of ESG risks into the supervisory review will be implemented gradually, considering the development of the related methodologies for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of ESG risks. The first step is the integration of these factors in the strategies and policies adopted by banks, with an improvement of the corporate and risk culture, and of the risk management frameworks. Only after the initial period when ESG risks will be completely introduced in banking management and there will be structured data, the supervisory assessment might cover all risks with the analysis of capital and liquidity.
The mechanism of the supervisory review is based on the consideration of the risk profile, but also the business model and the strategies adopted by the bank. Moreover, another check should be compliant with the IFD and IFR and with the financial risks afforded by the bank. The supervisory review is defined on the basis of the SREP elements; and so there is the business model analysis, the evaluation of the internal governance, of the internal controls, the analysis of the risks to capital and to liquidity and funding.
ESG factors are ESG matters that may have different impacts on banks’ financial performance because they can turn into ESG risks as financial risks as they are in the analysis of the supervisory process and in particular of the assessment of the viability and sustainability of banks’ business model. For this reason, supervisors are interested in the forward-looking analyses implemented by the banks themselves, in non-financial reporting that contains a number of information useful to discover the level of attention to a sustainable economy and in the bank’s ESG ratings. The supervisory process is changing in line with these new risks; banks are compelled to show their capacity and ability to afford and manage adequately their impact. New business models and a new and more effective supervisory function should be a forward-looking assessment of the future business environment.
In the previous paragraphs, the relevance of ESG factors and their possible characteristic of being a source of risks have been described. In addition, climate risk is considered one of the most important and actual risks in banks’ regulation. These two assumptions are influencing also banks’ business models.
Banks are organizing their activities to control their CO2 impact. At the same time, it is entering new selective methods in granting funds to green projects, avoiding the greenwashing trap that could increase ESG risks.
The business model is analyzed both under a quantitative dimension and from a qualitative point of view. The new business model being influenced by new risks requires also different capital adequacy. This adequacy is measured with respect to the capacity of absorbing ESG risks, while the qualitative analysis aims at the evaluation of the bank’s performance considering its risk appetite, but also the presence of other drivers.
According to EBA and Basel Committee [3, 6], to understand the impact of ESG factors on the current business model, the quantitative analysis should be based on the consideration of the portion of the bank’s profitability that derives from assets that are more exposed to ESG risks. The differences in the profitability of conventional loans and loans that include ESG risk-related objectives must be compared as the concentration of assets, highly exposed to ESG risks. The geographical concentration of lending or deposit-taking from households in a region where the economy heavily depends on carbon-intensive industries or that is prone to disasters is an example of the possible effects of ESG risks. The consequence is the search of assets and liabilities with more complex variables. For this reason, regulators are presenting new guidelines and banks are looking for new schemes for the development of more effective strategies.
From the previous discussion, it is evident that ESG risks impact the existing financial risks (e.g., credit risk, market risk, and operational risk). If it is so, it is evident that regulators and supervisors need to consider the impact on capital requirement [11]. According to the function of capital requirement, its entity is tied to the classification of risks to be faced. The risk-weighted assets are expressed on the basis of quantitative inputs classified by each bank starting from authorities’ rules and regulations. The definition of capital requirement for ESG risks is influenced by their measurement and it is not yet well complied. In fact, as concerns climate-related risks and environmental risks a number of quantitative indicators are developing; on the contrary social and governance risks are mainly managed through qualitative methods. The supervisory position is focused on the way used to manage these risks, or better to analyze how banks are becoming aware of these risks. Right now the relationship under monitoring is the effects on credit risk profile.
As concerns ESG climate risk and environmental risks in determining capital adequacy is relevant the consideration that they are long term risk; in fact, the physical impact of environmental change and/or because previously insufficient political action forces a sudden and comprehensive transition.
Consequently, the supervisory process will be adapted to review whether and how the banks ensure that their banking book is sustainable in the medium to long term. To simulate the condition of risk, banks can adopt scenario analysis that gives a measure of the bank’s resilience.
Supervisory activity tests capital adequacy by considering both qualitative and quantitative information. Anyway, the most important aspect is referred to the quantitative methodologies in which supervisory authorities assess bank’s risk measurement tools. Starting from this approach to measure the relationship between credit risk and ESG risk, the standard credit risk assessment is used to take into account the impact of ESG risks. As credit risk is assessed in the short to medium term, the use of forward-looking metrics is relevant to measure the impact of ESG factor on bank’s own exposure to credit risk. This evaluation is important to measure the sustainability of long-term loans in the bank’s banking book. In determining the capital requirement, the maturity of the loan portfolio is more and more important to absorb the impact of ESG risks. The starting point is connected to the evaluation of the awareness of how ESG risks drive credit risk for each portfolio and the connection with the risk appetite framework of the bank. For this reason, supervisors might check that institutions have properly embedded the material ESG factors into their rating assignment and review process.
The above-mentioned geographical variable is relevant also for determining capital adequacy; in fact, as said, the location has an influence on physical risk, so the higher is the risk of natural disaster, the higher should be the capital requirement to cover unexpected risks.
Even if there is the incorporation of ESG risks into the review of the credit quality of the portfolio, this causes a number of questions, one of which is the availability of reliable data and information. Supervisors will consequently check that the credit strategy is fully aligned and properly reflects the underlying ESG risk appetite. Performing these assessments also implies controlling how the responsibilities for implementing and monitoring the ESG-related targets are set.
The control of credit and loans implies the analysis of loans originating. At the end of this step, it means that it is necessary to identify projects, activities, and criteria used to select environmentally sustainable lending. This analysis is a guide to avoid greenwashing activities that might require a higher capital level, with a higher risk level [10]. This check on loan activity to quantify the capital requirement is necessary to cover the bank from the reputational risk, it might incur in.
While the link between ESG risks and liquidity and funding is seen by institutions as more indirect, it is deemed important to not overlook these links when evaluating the risks to liquidity and funding; ESG factors could also result in funding issues for institutions or make some assets less liquid. The evaluation of liquidity needs in the short and medium term, in particular, whether ESG risks could cause net cash outflows that negatively impact the institution’s liquidity position.
The analysis of ESG risks is still at an early stage, also because it is not yet simple in banking activity but it is relevant also for supervisory authority to assess the adequacy of internal capital to face these risks.
Environmental conditions and climate changes are influencing banking activity and regulators’ duties. For a few years, ESG factors are impacting financial context and are inducing managers to adopt new approaches in running their business. Banks are changing their methods to consider the principles of sustainable finance both as concerns the banking book and consequently the loans activity, but also the new green investments. On the other side, climate changes and climate-related risks have demonstrated that the brown economy must leave the place to a green economy.
This new approach has induced banks to consider new risks deriving from the ESG factor and from climate change itself. Banking managers are reshaping their risk management scheme introducing also ESG and climate-related risks.
The framework is aggravated by the fast evolution of the social and governance models that must be structured in a new way.
Regulators and supervisors are running in giving guidelines and new frameworks to induce banks to pay more and more attention to these risks.
The whole supervisory process is reshaping by introducing the measurement of ESG risks and climate-related risks but the greatest problem is due to the huge relevance of these risks and the overlapping of rules, regulations, and guidelines that are still at an early stage but are renewing the banking activity whose main role to bring the economy to put in practice a real new green deal.
Directive 2013/36/EU – Capital Requirement Directive Regulation (EU) 2019/876 – Capital Requirement Regulation Financial market participant Directive (EU) 2019/2034 – The Investment Firms Directive Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 Regulation (EU) 2019/2089 – The Low Carbon Benchmark Regulation Directive 2014/95/EU – The Non-Financial Reporting Directive Regulatory Technical Standards Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 – The Sustainable Finance Disclosure Directive Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process Regulation (EU) 2020/852 Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures
Year/Date | |
---|---|
Banks must consider NFDR | |
February | EBA launches consultation about the revision of NFDR |
April | LCBMR in force |
September | EBA opens a survey on Pillar 3 disclosure on ESG risks |
November | Opening of EBA’s consultation on management and supervision of ESG risks for credit institutions and investment firms |
December | LCMBR level II in force |
Closing of IFRS consultation on Sustainable Reporting | |
February | Closing of EBA’s consultation on management and supervision of ESG risks for credit institutions and investment firms |
SFDR final draft RTS on indicators for the adverse impact of environment delivered to EC | |
March | Opening of EBA consultation on draft ITS on Pillar 3 disclosure |
SFDR principal website disclosure obligations apply to sustainability risk management; PAis; and remuneration policy | |
June | Proposal regarding the review of NFRD |
Closing of EBA consultation on draft ITS on Pillar 3 disclosure | |
EBA report on management and supervision of ESG risks | |
November | EBA on sustainable securitization |
December | SFDR final draft RTS on indicators for social and human matters |
EBA’s submission of the final draft of ITS on Pillar 3 disclosure | |
EBA guidelines and Standards on ESG integration in risk management and supervision | |
Publication of EBA discussion paper with a consultation on the classification and prudential treatment of assets from a sustainability perspective | |
EBA final report on the classification and prudential treatment of assets from a sustainability perspective |
Year/Date | |
---|---|
TCFD Guidelines available | |
June | EU publishes guidelines on reporting of climate-related information |
July | EU Taxonomy Regulation enters in force |
EBA delivers advice to EC on KPIs and methodology for disclosure under NFRD | |
June | EC adoption of a delegated act on the additional transparency requirement for financial and non-financial undertakings under the EU Taxonomy Regulation |
January | EU Taxonomy Regulation delegated acts on climate change mitigation and adaptation to apply |
Application of all EU Taxonomy Regulation delegated acts other than on climate change mitigation and adaptation |
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\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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degeneration result in joint pain, swelling, the consequent loss of joint function, and eventually osteoarthritis. Articular tissue possesses a poor ability to regenerate that further complicates the therapeutic approaches. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising alternative treatment. Recently, it has been reported that a wide variety of strategies ranging from merely using cells in the injured area to employ biofunctional substitutes in which cells are harmonizing with scaffolding and growth factors to create an engineered cartilage tissue.",book:{id:"5770",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation-characterization-and-applications",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Lizeth Fuentes-Mera, Alberto Camacho, Nidia K. Moncada-Saucedo\nand Víctor Peña-Martínez",authors:[{id:"196376",title:"Dr.",name:"Lizeth",middleName:null,surname:"Fuentes-Mera",slug:"lizeth-fuentes-mera",fullName:"Lizeth Fuentes-Mera"},{id:"198410",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Camacho",slug:"alberto-camacho",fullName:"Alberto Camacho"},{id:"204534",title:"Dr.",name:"Nidia K.",middleName:null,surname:"Moncada-Saucedo",slug:"nidia-k.-moncada-saucedo",fullName:"Nidia K. Moncada-Saucedo"},{id:"205441",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Peña-Martinez",slug:"victor-pena-martinez",fullName:"Victor Peña-Martinez"}]},{id:"55767",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69392",title:"Characteristics of Full-Term Amniotic Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Different Culture Media",slug:"characteristics-of-full-term-amniotic-fluid-derived-mesenchymal-stem-cells-in-different-culture-medi",totalDownloads:1350,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Amniotic fluid contains precious therapeutic stem cells with ideal features such as they are broadly multipotent, genetically stable, and non-tumorigenic. One of the stem cells that is abundantly found in amniotic fluid is mesenchymal stem cells. Human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (hAFMSCs) had been successfully isolated from amniotic fluid obtained from second or third trimester amniocentesis. However, studies on hAFMSCs obtained during full-term delivery are still lacking. Furthermore, suitable culture media to propagate hAFMSCs for therapeutic purposes have not been fully established. Basal medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum is commonly used, and unfortunately, this condition has been associated with the risk of transmission of animal pathogens and xenogenic immune reaction. An efficient isolation and expansion method together with suitable culture conditions is essential in establishing a specific homogenous cell population, such as full-term hAFMSCs, of clinical grade. In this chapter we briefly describe the feasibility of generating hAFMSCs from full-term amniotic fluid obtained during cesarean section using serum-free medium as opposed to the conventional serum containing media. These findings would be very useful in utilizing stem cells for bench side application from a source that is accessible and devoid of ethical and safety concerns.",book:{id:"5770",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation-characterization-and-applications",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Karuppiah Thilakavathy, Norshariza Nordin, Rajesh Ramasamy,\nPeyman Ghoraishizadeh, Izanwati Mohd Rawi Rohayu and Gurbind\nSingh",authors:[{id:"195911",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Thilakavathy",middleName:null,surname:"Karuppiah",slug:"thilakavathy-karuppiah",fullName:"Thilakavathy Karuppiah"},{id:"201873",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"rajesh-ramasamy",fullName:"Rajesh Ramasamy"},{id:"205278",title:"Dr.",name:"Norshariza",middleName:null,surname:"Nordin",slug:"norshariza-nordin",fullName:"Norshariza Nordin"},{id:"205279",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurbind",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"gurbind-singh",fullName:"Gurbind Singh"},{id:"205280",title:"Ms.",name:"Rohayu Izanwati",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Rawi",slug:"rohayu-izanwati-mohd-rawi",fullName:"Rohayu Izanwati Mohd Rawi"},{id:"205281",title:"Mr.",name:"Peyman",middleName:null,surname:"Ghoraishizadeh",slug:"peyman-ghoraishizadeh",fullName:"Peyman Ghoraishizadeh"}]},{id:"55235",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68174",title:"Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Biomaterials: A New Combination to Regenerative Therapies after Peripheral Nerve Injury",slug:"olfactory-mucosa-mesenchymal-stem-cells-and-biomaterials-a-new-combination-to-regenerative-therapies",totalDownloads:1896,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The peripheral nerve injury after trauma is a common occurrence in both human and veterinary medicine and has severe consequences for the survival and quality of life of the patients. Despite the continuous efforts and the creation of diverse medical and surgical techniques, the harmful effects of this type of injury are far from being overcome. Regenerative medicine has been growing in the scientific milieu as a new therapeutic approach for different situations. Among the cell-based therapies explored, the mesenchymal stem cells are evidenced by their features, versatility and potential applications. The olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells, components of the olfactory system and identified in the lamina propria, were newly identified and are still undergoing characterization, appearing as a new promise in the regenerative therapy of several tissues but with special emphasis on the nervous system in general and the peripheral nervous system in particular, for which they appear to have special regenerative aptitude.",book:{id:"5770",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation-characterization-and-applications",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Rui Damásio Alvites, Ana Rita Caseiro Santos, Artur Severo Proença\nVarejão and Ana Colette Pereira de Castro Osório Maurício",authors:[{id:"56285",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Colette",middleName:null,surname:"Maurício",slug:"ana-colette-mauricio",fullName:"Ana Colette Maurício"},{id:"56291",title:"Dr.",name:"Artur",middleName:null,surname:"Varejão",slug:"artur-varejao",fullName:"Artur Varejão"},{id:"188034",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Caseiro",slug:"rita-caseiro",fullName:"Rita Caseiro"},{id:"196044",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui",middleName:"Damásio",surname:"Alvites",slug:"rui-alvites",fullName:"Rui Alvites"}]},{id:"57478",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68516",title:"The Proangiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Therapeutic Applications",slug:"the-proangiogenic-potential-of-mesenchymal-stem-cells-and-their-therapeutic-applications",totalDownloads:1249,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from many tissue types and following in vitro culture expansion, large numbers of patient-specific or allogenic cells can be produced for clinical applications. MSCs exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and are identified as lacking major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Cellular-based approaches using MSCs to enhance new blood vessel formation have shown promise in preclinical models and preliminary clinical trials. Transplantation of MSCs in vivo has significantly enhanced the formation of new blood vessels and promoted the healing of chronic wounds. The proangiogenic potential of MSCs can be further enhanced through gene delivery such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) providing long-term therapeutic expression. In this chapter, we review recent advances on the isolation and characterization of MSCs and in vivo applications for promoting angiogenesis. Enhancement of angiogenesis is also required for improved healing in myocardial infarction and cerebral ischemia, and the use of MSCs in these areas will also be reviewed. Furthermore, the combination of MSCs with biomaterials has greatly improved their survival and potency with improved vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs and integration within the host. In summary, this chapter provides an overview of both the basic science supporting the proangiogenic properties of MSCs and their translational use.",book:{id:"5770",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation-characterization-and-applications",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Nadeeka Bandara, Shiang Lim, Haiying Chen, Shuangfeng Chen, Le-\nXin Wang and Padraig Strappe",authors:[{id:"179037",title:"Dr.",name:"Padraig",middleName:null,surname:"Strappe",slug:"padraig-strappe",fullName:"Padraig Strappe"}]},{id:"54643",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68173",title:"Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth: Biology and Therapeutic Potential",slug:"stem-cells-from-human-exfoliated-deciduous-teeth-biology-and-therapeutic-potential",totalDownloads:1636,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) are a type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), widely investigated for regenerative treatment. They are isolated from dental pulp tissues remaining in physiologically shedding human deciduous teeth. Thus, SHEDs are easy to access and not required invasive procedure to obtain cells. SHEDs are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells; however, they possess distinct properties when compared to other MSCs. In this regard, SHEDs exhibit higher proliferative rate than bone marrow‐derived MSCs and greater osteogenic differentiation potency than human dental pulp stem cells. This chapter reviews the isolation technique and basic characteristics of SHEDs. Moreover, the intracellular signalling involved in the stemness regulation and differentiation ability of SHEDs is discussed, particularly on fibroblast growth factor, Notch, and Wnt signalling. Finally, the potential regenerative therapeutic application of SHEDs is also described.",book:{id:"5770",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation-characterization-and-applications",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Waleerat Sukarawan and Thanaphum Osathanon",authors:[{id:"195871",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Thanaphum",middleName:null,surname:"Osathanon",slug:"thanaphum-osathanon",fullName:"Thanaphum Osathanon"},{id:"195872",title:"Dr.",name:"Waleerat",middleName:null,surname:"Sukarawan",slug:"waleerat-sukarawan",fullName:"Waleerat Sukarawan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55235",title:"Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Biomaterials: A New Combination to Regenerative Therapies after Peripheral Nerve Injury",slug:"olfactory-mucosa-mesenchymal-stem-cells-and-biomaterials-a-new-combination-to-regenerative-therapies",totalDownloads:1901,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The peripheral nerve injury after trauma is a common occurrence in both human and veterinary medicine and has severe consequences for the survival and quality of life of the patients. Despite the continuous efforts and the creation of diverse medical and surgical techniques, the harmful effects of this type of injury are far from being overcome. Regenerative medicine has been growing in the scientific milieu as a new therapeutic approach for different situations. Among the cell-based therapies explored, the mesenchymal stem cells are evidenced by their features, versatility and potential applications. The olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells, components of the olfactory system and identified in the lamina propria, were newly identified and are still undergoing characterization, appearing as a new promise in the regenerative therapy of several tissues but with special emphasis on the nervous system in general and the peripheral nervous system in particular, for which they appear to have special regenerative aptitude.",book:{id:"5770",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation-characterization-and-applications",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Rui Damásio Alvites, Ana Rita Caseiro Santos, Artur Severo Proença\nVarejão and Ana Colette Pereira de Castro Osório Maurício",authors:[{id:"56285",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Colette",middleName:null,surname:"Maurício",slug:"ana-colette-mauricio",fullName:"Ana Colette Maurício"},{id:"56291",title:"Dr.",name:"Artur",middleName:null,surname:"Varejão",slug:"artur-varejao",fullName:"Artur Varejão"},{id:"188034",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Caseiro",slug:"rita-caseiro",fullName:"Rita Caseiro"},{id:"196044",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui",middleName:"Damásio",surname:"Alvites",slug:"rui-alvites",fullName:"Rui Alvites"}]},{id:"54431",title:"Transportation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Clinical Applications",slug:"transportation-of-mesenchymal-stem-cells-for-clinical-applications",totalDownloads:1670,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Cell‐processing procedures are conducted in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices, and clinical procedures are performed by highly optimised methods. A high‐quality transportation system is essential for safe and effective handling of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) between cell‐processing and transplantation stages. For MSC transportation, either frozen cell or non‐frozen cell transportation is performed. There are many requirements for transporting a package by either type of transportation. In frozen cell transportation, some issues have yet to be resolved: the primary receptacle and cryoprotectant reagents. In non‐frozen cell transportation, control of cell metabolism and protection from environmental changes are more serious problems. Stabilisation of temperature, shock resistance, gas control, and an ultraviolet radiation (UVR) shielding technology should be considered. The transportation system should be established in compliance with the guidelines. Both development of a high‐quality transportation package and establishment of a high‐quality transportation system are important for the effective use of MSCs in clinical applications.",book:{id:"5770",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation-characterization-and-applications",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Tomoki Aoyama",authors:[{id:"126501",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoki",middleName:null,surname:"Aoyama",slug:"tomoki-aoyama",fullName:"Tomoki Aoyama"}]},{id:"54643",title:"Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth: Biology and Therapeutic Potential",slug:"stem-cells-from-human-exfoliated-deciduous-teeth-biology-and-therapeutic-potential",totalDownloads:1641,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) are a type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), widely investigated for regenerative treatment. They are isolated from dental pulp tissues remaining in physiologically shedding human deciduous teeth. Thus, SHEDs are easy to access and not required invasive procedure to obtain cells. SHEDs are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells; however, they possess distinct properties when compared to other MSCs. In this regard, SHEDs exhibit higher proliferative rate than bone marrow‐derived MSCs and greater osteogenic differentiation potency than human dental pulp stem cells. This chapter reviews the isolation technique and basic characteristics of SHEDs. Moreover, the intracellular signalling involved in the stemness regulation and differentiation ability of SHEDs is discussed, particularly on fibroblast growth factor, Notch, and Wnt signalling. Finally, the potential regenerative therapeutic application of SHEDs is also described.",book:{id:"5770",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation-characterization-and-applications",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Waleerat Sukarawan and Thanaphum Osathanon",authors:[{id:"195871",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Thanaphum",middleName:null,surname:"Osathanon",slug:"thanaphum-osathanon",fullName:"Thanaphum Osathanon"},{id:"195872",title:"Dr.",name:"Waleerat",middleName:null,surname:"Sukarawan",slug:"waleerat-sukarawan",fullName:"Waleerat Sukarawan"}]},{id:"55767",title:"Characteristics of Full-Term Amniotic Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Different Culture Media",slug:"characteristics-of-full-term-amniotic-fluid-derived-mesenchymal-stem-cells-in-different-culture-medi",totalDownloads:1352,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Amniotic fluid contains precious therapeutic stem cells with ideal features such as they are broadly multipotent, genetically stable, and non-tumorigenic. One of the stem cells that is abundantly found in amniotic fluid is mesenchymal stem cells. Human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (hAFMSCs) had been successfully isolated from amniotic fluid obtained from second or third trimester amniocentesis. However, studies on hAFMSCs obtained during full-term delivery are still lacking. Furthermore, suitable culture media to propagate hAFMSCs for therapeutic purposes have not been fully established. Basal medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum is commonly used, and unfortunately, this condition has been associated with the risk of transmission of animal pathogens and xenogenic immune reaction. An efficient isolation and expansion method together with suitable culture conditions is essential in establishing a specific homogenous cell population, such as full-term hAFMSCs, of clinical grade. In this chapter we briefly describe the feasibility of generating hAFMSCs from full-term amniotic fluid obtained during cesarean section using serum-free medium as opposed to the conventional serum containing media. These findings would be very useful in utilizing stem cells for bench side application from a source that is accessible and devoid of ethical and safety concerns.",book:{id:"5770",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation-characterization-and-applications",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Karuppiah Thilakavathy, Norshariza Nordin, Rajesh Ramasamy,\nPeyman Ghoraishizadeh, Izanwati Mohd Rawi Rohayu and Gurbind\nSingh",authors:[{id:"195911",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Thilakavathy",middleName:null,surname:"Karuppiah",slug:"thilakavathy-karuppiah",fullName:"Thilakavathy Karuppiah"},{id:"201873",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"rajesh-ramasamy",fullName:"Rajesh Ramasamy"},{id:"205278",title:"Dr.",name:"Norshariza",middleName:null,surname:"Nordin",slug:"norshariza-nordin",fullName:"Norshariza Nordin"},{id:"205279",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurbind",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"gurbind-singh",fullName:"Gurbind Singh"},{id:"205280",title:"Ms.",name:"Rohayu Izanwati",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Rawi",slug:"rohayu-izanwati-mohd-rawi",fullName:"Rohayu Izanwati Mohd Rawi"},{id:"205281",title:"Mr.",name:"Peyman",middleName:null,surname:"Ghoraishizadeh",slug:"peyman-ghoraishizadeh",fullName:"Peyman Ghoraishizadeh"}]},{id:"55815",title:"Physical versus Immunological Purification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells",slug:"physical-versus-immunological-purification-of-mesenchymal-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1596,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"A prerequisite before dealing with any cell type is to identify it and isolate it from the heterogeneous cell population that it belongs to. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be found in nearly all tissues and are mostly located in perivascular niches.",book:{id:"5770",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation-characterization-and-applications",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Radwa Ali Mehanna",authors:[{id:"182118",title:"Dr.",name:"Radwa Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Mehanna",slug:"radwa-ali-mehanna",fullName:"Radwa Ali Mehanna"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"390",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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