\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7293",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The aim of this book is to show some applications of fractal analysis in the fields of sciences. The first chapter introduces the readers to the book, while the second chapter shows the methods and challenges of fractal analysis of time-series data sets. The third chapter demonstrates fractal geometry as an attractive choice for miniaturized planar microwave filter design. The fourth chapter presents fractal antennas for wearable applications. The objective of the fifth chapter is to show some Parrondian games in discrete dynamic systems, while the last chapter reveals fractal structures of carbon nanotube system arrays.",isbn:"978-1-78985-434-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-433-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-112-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74876",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"fractal-analysis",numberOfPages:112,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"136b50bd77fedb29057889faaca37947",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8294,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:19,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 30th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 20th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 19th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 7th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 6th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103826/images/system/103826.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sid-Ali Ouadfeul is currently an associate professor at the Department of Geophysics, Geology and Reservoir Engineering, Algerian Petroleum Institute-IAP Corporate University, Algeria. He received his Engineer diploma from University of Boumerdes, Algeria, a Magister and Phd in geophysics from the Faculty of Earth Sciences, USTHB, Algeria. During his Master and doctorate research he has developed many techniques based on the fractal analysis to understand the earth underlying system. His scientific research is focused on many topics such as advanced oil and gas\r\nreservoirs characterization techniques using well logs data, reservoirs characterization using seismic data based on genetic systems. Dr. Ouadfeul is the organizer of many sessions in international conferences over the world about the understanding of chaotic systems in Geophysics.",institutionString:"Algerian Petroleum Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"966",title:"Dynamical Systems Theory",slug:"dynamical-systems-theory"}],chapters:[{id:"65857",title:"Introductory Chapter: Fractal in Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84368",slug:"introductory-chapter-fractal-in-sciences",totalDownloads:1080,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65857",authors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],corrections:null},{id:"64463",title:"Fractal Analysis of Time-Series Data Sets: Methods and Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81958",slug:"fractal-analysis-of-time-series-data-sets-methods-and-challenges",totalDownloads:2947,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Many methods exist for quantifying the fractal characteristics of a structure via a fractal dimension. As a traditional example, a fractal dimension of a spatial fractal structure may be quantified via a box-counting fractal analysis that probes a manner in which the structure fills space. However, such spatial analyses generally are not well-suited for the analysis of so-called “time-series” fractals, which may exhibit exact or statistical self-affinity but which inherently lack well-defined spatial characteristics. In this chapter, we introduce and investigate a variety of fractal analysis techniques directed to time-series structures. We investigate the fidelity of such techniques by applying each technique to sets of computer-generated time-series data sets with well-defined fractal characteristics. Additionally, we investigate the inherent challenges in quantifying fractal characteristics (and indeed of verifying the presence of such fractal characteristics) in time-series traces modeled to resemble physical data sets.",signatures:"Ian Pilgrim and Richard P. Taylor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64463",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64463",authors:[{id:"262574",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ian",surname:"Pilgrim",slug:"ian-pilgrim",fullName:"Ian Pilgrim"},{id:"262816",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",surname:"Taylor",slug:"richard-taylor",fullName:"Richard Taylor"}],corrections:null},{id:"64430",title:"Fractal Geometry: An Attractive Choice for Miniaturized Planar Microwave Filter Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81353",slug:"fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",totalDownloads:1152,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Various fractal geometries are characterized by the self-similarity and space-filling properties. The space-filling feature has been successfully applied to design multiband antenna structures for a wide variety of multifunction wireless systems. On another hand, the second feature has proved its validity to produce miniaturized antennas and passive microwave circuits including the band-pass filters (BPF). This chapter demonstrates the design of miniaturized microstrip BPFs that are derived from fractal-based DGS resonators. Many microstrip BPFs based on the Minkowski fractal DGS resonators will be presented together with those based on Moore and Peano fractal geometries. Simulation results, of all of the presented BPFs, show that an extra-size reduction can be obtained as the iteration level becomes higher. Measured and simulated results agree well with each other. A comparison has been conducted with other filters based on Peano and Hilbert fractal geometries. The results reveal that the proposed BPF offers acceptable performance and a significant decrease of higher harmonics.",signatures:"Hadi T. Ziboon and Jawad K. Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64430",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64430",authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",surname:"Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali"},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",surname:"Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon"}],corrections:[{id:"66069",title:"Erratum - Fractal Geometry: An Attractive Choice for Miniaturized Planar Microwave Filter Design",doi:null,slug:"erratum-fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"64807",title:"Fractal Antennas for Wearable Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81503",slug:"fractal-antennas-for-wearable-applications",totalDownloads:1410,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the design and fabrication of different types of flexible and inflexible wearable fractal for modern wireless applications with body-area-networks (BANs). A wearable antenna is intended to be a part of clothing used for modern wireless communication purposes. Fractal technology allowed us to design compact antennas and integrate multiple communication services into one device. The proposed antennas were simulated and measured by CST simulator version 2017 and Agilent N9918A VNA respectively. Furthermore, these antennas were fabricated using folded copper. The measured results agree well with the simulated results.",signatures:"Mohamed I. Ahmed and Mai F. Ahmed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64807",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64807",authors:[{id:"261304",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed Ismail",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"mohamed-ismail-ahmed",fullName:"Mohamed Ismail Ahmed"},{id:"272048",title:"Dr.",name:"M. F.",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"m.-f.-ahmed",fullName:"M. F. Ahmed"}],corrections:null},{id:"63907",title:"Parrondian Games in Discrete Dynamic Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81499",slug:"parrondian-games-in-discrete-dynamic-systems",totalDownloads:930,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An interesting problem in nonlinear dynamics is the stabilization of chaotic trajectories, assuming that such chaotic behavior is undesirable. The method described in this chapter is based on the Parrondo’s paradox, where two losing games can be alternated, yielding a winning game. The idea of alternating parameter values has been used in chemical systems, but for these systems, the undesirable behavior is not chaotic. In contrast, ecological relevant map in one and two dimensions, most of the time, can sustain chaotic trajectories, which we consider as undesirable behaviors. Therefore, we analyze several of such ecological relevant maps by constructing bifurcation diagrams and finding intervals in parameter space that satisfy the conditions to yield a desirable behavior by alternating two undesirable behaviors. The relevance of the work relies on the apparent generality of method that establishes a dynamic pattern of behavior that allows us to state a simple conjecture for two-dimensional maps. Our results are applicable to models of seasonality for 2-D ecological maps, and it can also be used as a stabilization method to control chaotic dynamics.",signatures:"Steve A. Mendoza and Enrique Peacock-López",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63907",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63907",authors:[{id:"261062",title:"Prof.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Peacock-Lopez",slug:"enrique-peacock-lopez",fullName:"Enrique Peacock-Lopez"},{id:"271266",title:"Mr.",name:"Steven",surname:"Mendoza",slug:"steven-mendoza",fullName:"Steven Mendoza"}],corrections:null},{id:"64966",title:"Fractal Structures of the Carbon Nanotube System Arrays",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82306",slug:"fractal-structures-of-the-carbon-nanotube-system-arrays",totalDownloads:775,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this work, we investigate fractals in arrays of carbon nanotubes modeled by an evolution equation derived by using a rigorous application of the reductive perturbation formalism for the Maxwell equations and for the corresponding Boltzmann kinetic equation of the distribution function of electrons in such nanomaterials. We study the integrability properties of our dynamical system by using the Weiss-Tabor-Carnevale analysis. Actually, following the leading order analysis, we write the solution in the form of series of Laurent. We also use the Kruskal’s simplification to find the solutions. Using the truncated Painlevé expansion, we construct the auto-Backlund transformation of the system. We take advantage of the above properties to construct a wide panel of structures with fractals properties. As a result, we unearth some typical features, namely the fractal dromion, the fractal lump, the stochastic and nonlocal fractal excitations. We also address some physical implications of the results obtained.",signatures:"Raïssa S. Noule and Victor K. 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It has offered upgraded ways of economic production and consumption in many sectors. It has been bringing introduction of new ways of interactions through many different types of online or web-based interfaces, that have not been experienced before. Digital transformation has affected state or municipal government institutions, entrepreneurship, but also the public in their day-to-day task performing. The impact is being reflected in new business models, the means of communication with customers, that effect the relationship among businesses. Each industry, but particularly accounting, financial services and banking industry are exposed to the tremendous progress in the technology, digitisation, social media, and mobility that may be beneficial to people and organizations. The EU has been at the forefront of enabling innovative Fintech solutions, in particular in the payments sector, but lagging behind the USA, Switzerland Singapore, Hong Kong.
These ambitious digital transformation projects cannot be accomplished without investments into progressive digital technologies. Not only businesses but also governments worldwide have adopted strategies to enhance the digitalisation of public services. Everywhere we are witnesses that manufacturing, merchandise and service providing businesses are being modernized and augmented. Utilizing digital tools, the operating processes are being optimized leading to the higher efficient and effective production process that should result in higher net earnings but also in higher added value for the consumers. Global survey among companies from October 2020 showed that majority of the companies driven by pandemic lockdowns digitalised their activity from 20 to 25 times faster that they thought innovation is possible [1]. The modernisation and innovation in the company should not only lead to shareholders wealth maximization, but also to the society benefits.
Over many years, strong voice is heard from stakeholders who have been appealing to business entities so that they will provide a special bonus for society. Such bonuses may represent these societal benefits that have come traditionally in the form of corporate social responsibility [2]. CSR is the concept in which companies integrate social, environmental concerns into their business operations on a voluntary basis. Many researchers studied impact of a business entity’s getting involved into CSR activities and its performance measured as shareholders value maximization in short and long-run horizons. Opinions and results of their mutual influence vary.
The structure of our scientific work consists of several parts that will be investigated in our study to highlight the importance of the integrity of the CSR and Financial services nowadays. The first part highlights CSR ideas occurrence of historically significant personalities Adam Smith and Tomas Bata and Jan Antonin Bata at their work or CSR applied in the management approach (of brothers Tomas Bata and Jan Antonin Bata in their responsible entrepreneurship), although this CSR concept had not been defined during their life. CSR concept implementation and CSR complements and deviations are examined in the following part leading to the research results and discussion where CSR and related concepts from the development perspective in time are systemised and then financial services implemented in symbiosis with CSR in the digital environment.
As it implies from the abovementioned, the 21st century challenge is to successfully implement the process of digital transformation into society, the business life area or governmental organizations or variety of institutions but in symbiosis with concept of corporate social responsibility. Thus, it means, that the business entity strives to achieve the integrity of the organization’s strategy, management, incurred effort and its internal directives/policies, which are shaped by digital transformation and CSR activities, influencing the complex business performance, thereby mutually affecting society and businesses, in order to achieve a desired target on the enhanced level. We perceive that the integrity of CSR and digital financial services is to achieve such a state that management of (preferably not only) digital financial services is implemented compliant with CSR concept, thereby forming complete, compact and trustworthy system of digital financial services generating “CSR-quality financial service product” beneficial to the society.
The company influences both the internal and external environment with its activities. It cannot exist independently as a separate entity that does not affect other entities. Due to this impact a thorough analysis of values, principles and social consequences is essential and it requires to pay sufficient attention in order this mutual interaction would result in societal benefits. Creating a positive image is a must and main challenge of the world of modern, dynamic and top companies in this digital era. Moreover, radical progress of digital technologies worldwide is bringing revolutionary changes for profit or non-profit organizations, which make them search how they could gain financial and economic value implementing their CSR activities.
The research object of this study is CSR concept development, moreover its implementation in the digitalization era focusing on finance services. The aim of this research study is to focus on the integrity of CSR and digital technologies in finance services that assist in human decision making. The research methods applied in this study are qualitative methods comprised in the critical comparative analysis of the scientific concepts in the theory dealing and debating topics related to the business managerial approaches towards well-being of society. Then system of concepts generating benefits for the society is systemized in their historical development and their analysis and comparison are utilized for highlighting the results of the research, thus common features and discrepancies and deviations from the base of CSR in their historical perspective. CSR-quality product of the selected CSR concept cases leading to new CSR-quality financial product in the digital finance area are examined and compared, advantages and disadvantages of the process implementation are presented, and problems with CSR implementations are highlighted. So far the historical development was systemised till 2015 year in the research work of Gerde and Wokuch [3], in addition we concluded that certain deviations and complements of the CSR concept after 2015 are leading to enhanced CSR concept with its CSR-quality product that we defined, for which criteria must be identified and tested for products of the variety of industry sectors.
Sustainable development goals (SDGs) define a universal call to social responsibility of corporations, governments and human beings to eradicate poverty, to protect our Planet and provide people global peace, sanity and prosperity. The design and pursue of the SDGs should result in balance of
The economist and moral philosopher of the 18th century, Adam Smith, well known with his famous book “The wealth of the Nations” as a contributor to the theoretical thresholds of capitalism, for his explanation and defense of the emerging system with his invisible hand belief. Although he is criticized for starting to think about others once the entrepreneur’s self-interests are satisfied, mocking him that this could highly likely happen only with the magician help [4] is not completely fair. It is actually very sad, a sort of tragedy that greediness is so prevailing trait of us, people. This author’s conceptualisation can be derided by his contemporaries. Is it fair that any individual’s thinking living in the 18th century under a certain political and economic regime be comparable with individual’s contemplative living in the 20st or 21st century? Who is compared misses the knowledge and experience of approximately 200 years of the development.1 Throughout history there are always good/correct and bad/ wrong examples, humans should learn from past experiences and take the best sublime elements out of it and build on them. Without experiencing where the bad decisions or wrong conclusion led to, we could miss the opportunity of this lecture. Analyzing Adam Smith’s legacy, we may perceive the elements of CSR in his statements. He may be perceived as an honest, moral, maybe naive, but his prioritizing profitability and stable and steady growth may be viewed as an
Smith stressed in some of his statements the importance of self-interested competition in the free market that would be beneficial for the society. He had been demonstrating responsibility towards the consumers addressing the issue of fair pricing and motivating producers to variety of products to satisfy the customers’ demand. Product’s utility and faultless performance were expected,
The behavior of sellers and consumers is not easily foreseeable, there are situations, as if a big supply of products surprisingly did not have effects on prices in certain geographical areas, for example, banking services or grocery products. Producers compete with the offer of ecologically free products, obviously the question is raised whether the customer is indeed ready and willing to pay more for such products as it is observable nowadays. What if they rather choose to save and sacrifice the
We also stressed that Smith had been an advocate of
Nevertheless, Smith was wary of businessmen and pointed out their “conspiracy against the public to raise prices” [7], with which he raised his worries of no CSR behavior on the entrepreneurs’ side, the term at those times not known yet, though. Smith stressed the danger of the collusive nature of business interests, which may form monopolies, fixing the highest price “which can be squeezed out of the buyers” [8]. No doubt was the interest of manufacturers and merchants always in some respects different from, and even opposite to, that of the public. Moreover, he warned that a business-dominated political system would allow a conspiracy of businesses and industry against consumers, with the former scheming to influence politics and legislation. The proposal of any new law or regulation of commerce which comes from this order, ought always to be listened to with great precaution, and ought never be adopted unless it had been long and carefully examined, not only with the most scrupulous, but with the most suspicious attention” [9]. Smith already at that time indirectly concluded that the efforts of many influential businesses to offer an assistance may affect decisions of politicians when approving laws or legislation in their favor but not prosperous to the society, thus not in accordance with the CSR concept. Currently, a corporate (or corporatizing) state may be perceived as further transmutation of the state into a corporate form [10]. Generalized into business environment Smith‘invisible hand of businesses not functioning as believed was explained by Stiglitz (Nobel price economist) simple justification: “the reason that the invisible hand often seems invisible is that it is often not there” [11].
Governments with their politics, so as significant players of the economic forum influence economy in their country /in the world in negative or positive way. The mixture of incorrect decisions approved in the area of economic politics, legislation, and behavior of the main actors in the world market not complaint with CSR were identified as a reason of the financial crisis [12], which confirms Thomas and Jan Antonin Batas’ s philosophy. In 1932 Czechoslovak entrepreneur Thomas Bata proclaimed that what was called a crisis is actually moral poverty. „Financial recovery must be preceded by moral recovery. Mr. Bata considered the moral poverty to be the cause of the crisis and the economic decline to be its consequence [13]. The big crises of the 21st century – the financial one and pandemic crisis caused by Covid 19, demonstrated examples of the states’ operating in the interests of oligarchs via various bailouts or financial or non-financial subsidies. These actions have become silent witnesses of the fact that the state has become a subordinate functionary of corporate economic power [14].
Historical records are witnesses of the CSR and pioneering thoughts of responsible capitalism characteristics also in our region. The T. & A. Baťa Shoe Company (Bata Shoes factory) was founded in 1894 by Tomáš Baťa in Moravian town Zlín with his siblings Antonin and Anna, (then Austro-Hungarian Empire, today Czechia). After his brother’s death he gained sole control over the business in 1908. The company was growing due to the innovative entrepreneurship of Tomas Bata, who made use of knowledge and experience of the family business and also knowledge and machine production experience gained in the USA. He introduced first automated shoe-production techniques in former Czechoslovakia. Its first mass product, that received the nickname “Baťovky,” was a leather and textile shoe for working-class that was notable for its simplicity, style, light weight, and affordable price [15, 16].
The first significant problems appeared in 1922 when an economic slump in the global economy, and in the newly created country of Czechoslovakia causing at the time hardship after WWI, marked by 75% currency devaluation. The decline in demand for products led to lowering production levels and soaring numbers of unemployment. The entrepreneur Tomáš Baťa’s respond to the crisis was cutting the prices of Bata shoes in half, this decision caused an expansion of the business as demand for the inexpensive shoes grew rapidly between 1923 and 1925, although other competitors were closing plants due to the in crisis lost demand. The company’s workers were offered not to lose their job, but their wages were temporarily reduced by 40 percent during the crisis, with which they agreed. Moreover, Mr. Baťa provided them with food, clothing, and other necessities at half-price in the company’s shop. The consumers welcomed the price decline and sales grew [15, 16, 17, 18].
The tragic death of Tomas Bata in 1932 did not cease his unrealised plans, as his half-brother Jan Antonín Baťa took over ownership of the Bata companies and carried on performing Tomas Bata visionary plans. He continued in expanding the business into new foreign markets and diversified it into new fields (e.g. Zlin aircraft planes and engines) with enthusiasm and brevity and inspired all around him loyalty. Tomas Bata was his excellent mentor, almost as a father and a great role model [15, 16, 17, 18].
Each Baťa factory was divided into guilds centres (business units) covering the entire manufacturing process and each guild centre was made responsible for its share of work in process thereby it motivated the entire centre for high quality performance. After adding its portion of work and value the guild centre sold the semi-product to another guild centre. Faulty or defective work could not be sold. The controllers were not needed (saving in operation costs), the workers themselves were in charge of a high-quality product. Each guild managed production separately and rewarded it separately. The guilds competed with one another. Baťa wanted everyone to participate in the success of the factory. He inspired every employee with his moral, role model behavior and his leadership with his charisma motivated them to improve their work and to contribute to higher production that should be beneficial to all. His shoe-sellers had to study ethics and psychology to treat the customers with respect. Tomas Bata was known by his attitude; “everything is possible if one wants”. He treated his stakeholders with high respect [15, 16, 17, 18].
Bata’s thoroughness aimed at high quality products and production efficiency goals led him to manage his supply chain. Bata company’s site was logically arranged by grouping tanneries, a brickyard, a chemical factory, a mechanical equipment plant and repair shop, workshops to produce rubber, a paper pulp and cardboard factory (for production of packaging), a fabric factory (for lining for shoes and socks), a shoe-shine factory to oversight the effective efficient production process. In addition, a power plant and farming activities were added to cover food and energy needs. He stressed to be a good manager the following traits are essential when dealing with stakeholders: a) open communication, b) direct and single negotiation, c) goodness and intention to help people, d) building trust in relation with his stakeholders, moreover, he emphasized to pay its debt is a responsible attitude for each well managed enterprise (Table 1).
Bata emporium and created Bata-villes | |
---|---|
Batadorp | the Netherlands |
Baťovany* at present the part of Partizánske, Svit | Czechoslovakia, today Slovakia |
Baťov now Bahňák, part of Otrokovice | Czechoslovakia, today Czechia |
Borovo-Bata now Borovo Naselje, part of Vukovar | Yugoslavia, today Croatia |
East Tilbury - the factory was an economic force in the area, a unique model of a company town | in Essex, England, Great Britain. |
Bata Park in Möhlin | Switzerland |
Bataville in Lorraine | France |
Batawa in Ontario | in Canada |
Batatuba in São Paulo Batayporã and Bataguassu (Mato Grosso do Sul) | Brazil |
Batapur | Pakistan |
Batanagar and Bataganj | India |
Belcamp, very modern functionalistic design, (look right through the building) | Maryland, USA Harford County |
Tomáš Baťa initiated the plan together with Jan Antonin Bata for improvement of working conditions by building Bata villages, they were set up around the factories for the workers and to supply schools and welfare. Employees and their families could benefit from necessary everyday life services and facilities. “Bata-ville” was a typical small town, with educational, cultural, sports, transport and tourism facilities, shops and post office [15, 17, 21, 22]. In 1932, the time of Great Depression, a big world economic crisis, Tomas Bata was asked to construct his Bata shoe factory to help to alleviate unemployment, e.g. in East Tilbury. At the beginnings Bata-villes were, in many areas, the only economic source, or main employer for years. Tomas Bata and his brother Jan Antonin, later also Thomas Bata’s son expanded building their Bata companies abroad also with the aim to overcome customs tariffs on foreign products to cut the operational costs [21]. Batas’ vision was for a whole society, where the Bata-ville was planned, to construct the factory and to complete it with worker housing, all shops and service facilities, schools for their children, and entertainment (cinemas, theater, filming studio), hospital and transport facilities. Tilbury’s story inspired the documentary film Bata-ville: “We Are Not Afraid of the Future” [15, 19] that we may name the cultural witness of the CSR example coming from great entrepreneurs from Czechoslovakia [22] (Table 2).
Characteristics of Responsible leader and entrepreneur Tomas Bata’s & Jan Antonin Bata’s business |
Knowledge and experience were at the start-up of business: a long history of shoemaking -spanning over 300 years - family business, since 1931 incorporated |
Courageous, enthusiastic entrepreneurs with ambitious goals |
The base is profound knowledge, education, and other skills training, (including management courses, psychology, ethics, communication), Bata School of Work |
Bata School of Work for men and women, to educate managers from their own employees, language education, pilot courses |
Importance of accounting knowledge and understanding For all levels of managers, information hidden in numbers are linked to their work |
Social consciousness Highly moral and human approach towards employees Fight against poverty, interest in employees (introduction of employee’s book where the employee plans how much he/she would like to earn – efforts made to fulfill it by Batas’) |
Health care system, prevention policy for employees Quality of food for employees in the plant canteen controlled |
All people working in the company were colleagues, Batas never called then workers |
Open to modernisation: mechanized production techniques, first shoe mass production |
Innovative approach in production and management, more than 100 patents |
Decentralization on management – guild centres (responsibility accounting and management) |
Introduction of planning (long term plans, tactical and operational daily plans), job costing, cost tracking |
Wages schemes (4 types) created to secure justice rewards |
Motivation to loyalty/ diligent work via employee participation scheme like ESOP |
Creating list of the customers, notes of their objections, wishes, questions, comments Credo for sale: winner’ reward is right and opportunity to serve customers |
Pricing - Bata prices ending with 9, the price 39 rather than 40 |
Functionality of production buildings that enable smooth workflows, supply chain |
Employee housing and community building aiming at employee welfare |
Export abroad and building foreign subsidiaries, as a strategy to fight again increased custom tariffs or domestic market protection policy |
Diversification e.g. in aviation, rubber, chemical, textile, wood and shoe production supporting industries, film studio for marketing aims |
Workers, “Baťamen”, and their families had at their disposal all the necessary everyday life services, including housing, shops, schools, and hospital. |
What was known as “Bata-ville” had all the services of a normal town, including a theater, sports facilities, hotel, restaurant, grocery and butcher shops, post office, and its own newspaper. |
Anticipating the Second World War, Baťa’s son Thomas J. Bata, along with over 100 families from Czechoslovakia, moved to Canada in 1939, carrying on in his father’s Bata-ville project, with the Bata Shoe Company of Canada developed, in town that still bears his name, Batawa, Ontario [15, 17, 18, 25]. For a 21st century developed environment to certain extent it may be perceived an utopia though, but “Bata-ville project”, for undeveloped regions all over the world e.g. African, Asian, Central American and other impoverished regions, where a strong and inspiring leadership is needed, it may be a possible alternative solution to cope with poverty and illiteracy securing economic, social and environmental sustainability. It provokes a room for the next research.
The Bata’s imperium expanded into new markets throughout Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. The Bata Shoe company had unprecedented growth. It became the world’s largest manufacturer and marketer of footwear selling over 300 million pairs of shoes each year and employing over 80,000 people. Sustainability of the Bata business is a proof of their very progressive sustainable CSR management concept and CSR leadership style, none of the leaders lives though [23, 24, 25].
Tomáš Baťa’s management concept was ultra-modern for that era characterized with introducing modern production and decentralization of the company’s management that he observed in Ford’s plant in Michigan in the USA enriching it with social consciousness. He wanted to motivate the workers to hard work and loyalty by introducing one of the first profit-sharing initiatives, transforming all employees into associates with a shared interest in the company’s success (today’s equivalent of performance-based incentives and stock options) [15]. The strong points of their leadership implemented in their work are summarized in Table 3.
The entrepreneurial, social, and humanitarian ideals of Tomas Bata that he set down in life-time: during his entrepreneurial and his short political career as a mayor of the town of Zlin served as a base for the responsible economic and political system and it is his heritage for today’s society. Tomas Bata can be considered as one of the most significant representatives of the responsible, inclusive capitalism with CSR activities embedded in it, together with his half-brother Jan Antonin and his son Thomas Jan who followed the founder’s moral testament and pursued Thomas Bata’s ideals, that are highly actual nowadays, as well. Nowadays we know that visionary leadership and management in business entities but also government institutions implementing in their work CSR concept is a primary objective for a well-being of each society.
The Council for Inclusive Capitalism is a movement of the world’s business and pu- blic sector leaders who are working to build a more inclusive, sustainable, and trusted economic system. Inclusive capitalism shall incorporate best practices of stakeholders and responsible capitalism, including the best experiences from the past connecting them with contemporary progressive inventions. The idea is not new, trust towards entrepreneurship and governments must be regained, without moral recovery we cannot face financial recovery, it is worth praising revival of the Bata’s ideas, or think over ideas of Freeman who summarized contemporary representatives’ thoughts and ideological streams in the paper The New Story of Business: Towards a More Responsible Capitalism. Mankind welcomes the effort and initiatives of The Council for Inclusive Capitalism which is supporting CSR concept implementation in addressing society’s challenges to improve people’ lives. The Coalition for Inclusive Capitalism, a not-for-profit organization, was formed in 2015 in the United States as, [26] with a belief that all stakeholders, including business and society, should be engaged in the enactment of an inclusive capitalism agenda [27, 28]. In 2020, the Council for Inclusive Capitalism, a partnership of the Coalition with the Vatican, was created [29, 30, 31]. We believe it is essential that global governments should also join this partnership because integrity of CSR and Government Social responsibility is inevitable.
Returning to the 1950-ties to identify CSR pioneers, a former executive with Standard Oil Company in New Jersey, Frank Abrams deserves to be mentioned, who presented concerns about management’s broader responsibilities in a complex world [32] and so does Howard Bowen and his Social Responsibilities of a Businessman, which were published two years later [33]. The formation process of the CSR together with its sisters’ concepts such as corporate social responsiveness2, corporate social performance3, and corporate citizenship4 has taken an interest of researchers and highlight how CSR concept appeal to them more than seventy years [36].
At first, discussions on the CSR prevailed among American authors, but since the 1980s the CSR theme has spread to Europe and across the world. With the time passing immense streams were derived from the first CSR concept and with the economic development and the multidimensional development of society new varieties of CSR concepts and definitions were introduced to justify the tension between economic profit, as a main firm’s responsibility, and benefits to the society provided by the entity.
The last two decades, full of financial and political scandals and public’s disgust and disappointment over inequality income gap increasing and inactivity of governments, are marked with strengthening corporate and government social responsibility development. It has been reflected also in the research focus and that can be traced in the literature of innumerable authors for a quite long time. A Nobel prize winner, the economist Friedman, considered the most important to achieve profitability and maximalization of shareholders’ wealth, the purpose of business is to ‘use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition, without deception or fraud’ [37]. His argument that without profitable company there would be no resources for thinking environmentally and socially friendly highlighted his preference for economic component. He explained that “boards of directors, insufficiently committed to making profits for their shareholders, were instead engaging in ‘pernicious benevolence’ by being philanthropic with money taken not from their own pockets but from those of the corporate shareholders [38]”. “One of the virtues of the market economy is that it protects individuals from conformity and the abuse of political power.” We are asking does it protect indeed, desired though? “For Friedman, power must be checked and used responsibly. Since in his view economic freedom is a large subset of political freedom, we may deduce that he would agree that economic power is also subject to responsible use [38].
But contemporary situation and progress in technology pushes companies to innovate production in the way that these aspects are not postponed but are incorporating already during the production process, so the impact is automatically generated. Therefore, countries that hesitate to join European Green Deal Project demonstrate their attitude of the economic profit importance, what cannot be considered as a responsible approach, from the perspective that we allow to destroy or scarify something what was built due to a big profit and then we start thinking how to cure and heal it again.
CSR management concept and its effects elaborated by the authors based on [
CSR is perceived to be a service to people, communities, the environment in ways that overstep the generally accepted level legally and financially required of a firm [44]. Enterprises send a signal on their product quality to the society via implementa-tion of their CSR activities. But it is necessary to emphasize that CSR is implemented by human beings running the company, by the management of the corporation or by the management in other companies as well. It is no use Moreover, researchers also found out that “firms use governance mechanisms, along with CSR engagement, to reduce conflicts of interest among managers and non-investing stakeholders [44]”. CSR is a stakeholder-oriented practice [45], performed for society, by society, and due to society; at its very core, its objective is to achieve both business and social growth and development [43].
We perceive CSR management concept is a subset of Ethics management, we consider it as the prerequisite for CSR activities implementation conducted by the corporate management. Managers should be familiar and follow a corporate code of ethics. Ethics management is characterized as “a fundamentally participative and collaborative process, as a way of building relationships with external stakeholders, balancing structured planning and flexible change, and profoundly amalgamating with human resource management processes [55]” and the managers who run this collaborative process are highly ethical and their behavior is compliant to the Code of ethics. It makes no sense to speak about either business or ethics without speaking about human beings [38]. The literature typically emphasizes “establishing internal relationships in the company, mostly on an owner-manager-employee basis setting the ethical tone at the top of the company, clarifying ethical norms and expectations, educating people in ethics, monitoring and control of behavior, evaluating behavior, drawing the consequences (rewards and punishments), fostering leader–member interactions, empowering employees, and building trustful relationships with external stakeholders [55]”. Owners/managers oversee managing and implementing CSR activities and responsible leaders highly respect their internal and external stakeholders, studying their cultural environment when they strive to meet their requirements. The respect and fulfilling commitments shall be reciprocal [58]. “CSR practises have made significant contributions to the growth and development of companies globally” [46] concerning the higher quality production and service processes focusing on augmenting the services of employees, other stakeholders, communities, and society, because “corporate policies directly or indirectly affect companies’ credibility” [47].
Lately, CSR emerged as an important
As the society became more aware of environmental and social issues such as global warming, endangered wildlife, deforestation, sweatshops, illiteracy and poverty, etc. changes are observed in the role of corporations and a significant increase in involvement into “social responsibility” and “sustainability” at the organizational level, engaging in a partnership with societal stakeholders [50].
“Doing well by doing good,” is a belief represented by major group of CSR initiatives what argues that financial performance will improve as a direct consequence of strong CSR performance. On the contrary, opponents, in part, supported by research argue that CSR activities are a waste of corporate resources, because only firms with excess of current resources will be asked to use resources for social investments [52], similarly firm’s resources would be provided if there is their excess [53].
The implicit assumption is that CSR initiatives use corporate resources, which implies that CSR expenditures are akin to a form of corporate charity. Researchers concentrated in their research to find out the correlation between provided capital to the company to support CSR activities (via testing their 3 hypothesis: charity, investment and signaling hypotheses) and found out that CSR performance is correlated with financial performance assuming the CSR activities are signaling the information on future company’s financial prospects and the CSR information is compliant with an accepted disclosure regulation for the content and creditability of corporate accountability reporting [59]. Digitalisation offers help. It requires digital access and spreading utilisation of different products and services but compliant to CSR approach [54]. At present the topic of CSR resonates in public life, entrepreneurs’ circle, in the municipal/state government level or variety of institutional authorities level due to many corruption scandals or fraudulent behavior cases, no unified definition or model is outlined, discrepancy in concepts of CSR exist, the terminology vary. Many conceptual definitions look for the support in the stakeholder theory and therefore stakeholders’ approach is frequent in researchers’ debates [56]. The interests of stakeholders are joint aiming at creating value for each and all stakeholders. Each of stakeholders is affected by the actions of others as well as managers.
Another dimension, which is also associated to the CSR and its activities, is explained by the substance of the socio-political issues with general approval, but also the ones that polarize a society. Within a democratic society the people or entities are guaranteed to express their stand, but both polarized sides must respect one another. This polarization may lead to clashes and public strikes aggravating towards unrest and violence that could be avoided by moral leadership secured on the level of government governance (backed with high quality legislation) and good corporate management. Commonly favored CSR activities support aims that majority of the general public approve and strive for. Nevertheless, there is another wing of the CSR that polarize or divide the general public. Many stakeholders assume enterprises to convey their stand for or against these distinctive socio-political issues which are considered difficult for solving at this moment, such as immigration, gun control, climate change. They are called partisan activities, which have a power to divide general public support, they have tendency to strengthen or sever stakeholder’s relationship, i.e. influencing by this positively or negatively an entity’s value. This phenomenon is called corporate socio-political activism (CSA) [2]. CPA and CSA activity may be used and abused for lobbying on the political level (Table 4).
Batas’ unique good governance: Corporate and municipal government.
Organizations and municipal & federal/state level governments linkage processed by authors based on [2].
Good governance is a way of measuring how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in a preferred way. Governance is “the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented.”
But it is also important to stress that at the time of democracy human’s rights to be respected, mutual respect shall be priority. If in gender question both sexes work and perform the same performance, under the same risk and working conditions, then the reward shall be the same, but if it differs the reward reflects the type of the work and qualification fulfilled for this type of work. But man and woman from physical anatomy perspective will never be the same, and this is a factor that has an impact on the performance of some activity, but democratic principle allows everybody to strive to perform the jobs that other sex would be more predetermined to it. The reward for the work shall reflect the quality of performance disregarding gender, race or religion. Not only for the reward but also for responsibilities, should the same job is performed, everybody must have equal duties and responsibilities if the reward is the same. Failing to fulfill them should signal an equal punishment, reduction in salary etc. without regard of gender, race or religion.
We are different and we have different capabilities and talent, that leads us to choose the direction in our life. But we all, as responsible citizens should be having responsible approach towards common duties to pursue common good of the society or specific duties implying for the job specification also eventually contributing to the common good of the society. The government oversees the education, health, and security of its citizens through good socially responsible governance representing the entire society with its citizen’s variety. Social political activism is useful to raise the problem for tackling, but it should not be abused for creating legislative norms that would be against the common good. Sound competitiveness among businesses must be a key to the success [60] not lobbying skills.
In human rights respecting society distinguishing e.g., laziness from illness, responsible from irresponsible approach of employees, diligent people from those fluctuant ones enable the courageous CSR leaders create the motivating and inspiring environment, although it seems trivial, it is a very difficult task. Moreover, if socially responsible politicians bring supporting legal norms to the life to support entrepreneurship, and education, health and security for all citizens, this mutual collaboration, mutual respect and responsibility influence and could contribute to accomplishment of SDGs becoming reality. Integrity of responsible governance5 and corporate social responsibility approach shall result in good corporate management6 and responsible, environmental and social government governance. Business entities, governmental institutions and non-government institutions and citizens should have the same goal to accomplish social and environmental responsibility concept.
IT is gaining a strategic role in organizations due to digitalisation and its expansion into different business areas. Once the trustworthy, verifiable data are processed and converted into information utilizing a new digital technology, the results are communicated to all interested parties. The trust that we can rely on this digital technology, on the various application being offered to us in the market is crucial. The control over the proper functioning of this technology must be regular, results shall be recorded and verifiable by humans and in symbiosis with the technology. Digital users must be persuaded that there are moral norms and ethical considerations taken into account, monitored, and regularly evaluated and updated and whether they are effective and applicable for humans.
Business performance is ever more dependent on the effective use of IT. Chief information officers (CIOs) are responsible for information systems and techniques functioning and in the case of failure they are first to be blamed [61]. A strong business–IT partnership relationship is recommended for companies since it helps to attract valuable customers and obtain a competitive advantage. This is particularly important where proper collaboration between business and IT is crucial [62]. The challenges of digital transformation, which refers to mutual effects of digital innovations, practices and values, require partners to significantly expand their cooperation capability [63].
We know the examples in the history of intentional or unintentional malpractice, for instant the latest and famous one is the Post office scandal in Great Britain linked to the Horizon used in the post offices over Great Britain. The Horizon was the computer system, developed by the Japanese company Fujitsu, used for tasks such as transactions, accounting and stocktaking, it was introduced in British post offices in 1999 and 20 years later in December 2019 it was proved to be flawed, the Post Office agreed to settle with 555 claimants. Many postmasters and postmistresses were sentenced to the jail for false accounting and theft, many were financially ruined and have described being shunned by their communities. Some have already died [64].” Control elements failed, or there were not sufficient technological controlling processes at that time capable of discovering the failing element in the technology. Since the society is endangered and exposed to the irresponsible behavior of individuals, does not matter if on the corporate level, governmental level or public citizen level controlling function in management cannot be ignored.
The largest successful cyberattack of the hacker in August 2021 in decentralized finance history exploiting a vulnerability in Poly Network’s code enabled hackers to transfer tokens to their own crypto wallets. It revealed a failure in programming of some security elements of Poly Network, decentralized financial platform in which led to the theft of 600 mil USD in crypto assets. Cybercrime example confirms that control is crucial and technology failure can be harmful, the hacker announced willingness to return money as an exchange for immunity, it never has intended to swindle the cryptocurrency, but the case is alarming because trust towards digital technology security is malfunctioning. Executed controls may assure that system does not contain “bugs, errors and defects”. It is the responsibility of management to carry out controls regularly and thoroughly because blind trust towards technology without proper control activities may lead to the similar situations again. It opens the area for research and the role of corporate digital responsibility. It is worthwhile investing in research on how to control these digital tools because the benefits of digital technology outcry their possible losses when abused by humans.
Corporate digital responsibility (CDR) has been proposed as a novel concept, CDR is defined as the set of shared values and norms guiding an organization’s operations with respect to four main processes related to digital technology and data. First of all,
a proper technology serving to seize and collect data must be created,
utilization of information in operations and for making a decision,
controlling activity is performed and their impact is evaluated,
finally technology and data are refined.
These processes are illustrated on Figure 2 [65].
Corporate digital responsibility elaborated by authors based on [
The digitalisation of data, information connected with the monetary or nonmonetary assets and other qualitative business information essentially requires a focus especially due to the protection from
keeping the information trustworthy, transparent
protecting the information gathered and stored or archived, and
assuring the legislation in effect to be compliant to the directives elaborated pursuing the highest quality.
keeping confidential information protected. (e.g. confidential information of the human resource management area, complex marketing information on the portfolio of products and their customers and potential customers, finalizing with sensitive accounting and financial information including management control systems).
Table 5 and Figure 3 illustrates digital technologies today in use and in future plans in supply chain companies.
Adoption of cutting-edge technologies by supply chain companies in 2020 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
In-use | 1–2 yrs | 3–5 yrs | over 6 yrs. | |
today | from now | |||
Cloud computing and storage | 57 | 21 | 10 | 3 |
Inventory and network optimization tools | 45 | 32 | 12 | 2 |
Sensors and automatic identification | 42 | 27 | 14 | 5 |
Robotics and automation | 38 | 23 | 15 | 7 |
Predictive and Prescriptive analytics | 31 | 30 | 18 | 7 |
Industrial internet-of-things (IoT) | 27 | 27 | 19 | 6 |
Wearable and mobile technology | 26 | 25 | 16 | 9 |
3D printing (additive manufacturing) | 21 | 15 | 17 | 8 |
Autonomous vehicles and drones | 20 | 19 | 18 | 8 |
Artificial intelligence technologies | 17 | 24 | 21 | 0 |
Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLT) | 12 | 22 | 19 | 10 |
In percentage [in %] |
Present and future digital technologies in the supply chain companies source: Statista database.
Present and future digital Technologies in the supply chain companies source: Statista database.
The theoretical analysis of CSR concept raises many questions, we have aimed at highlighting the existence of variety of its related scientific streams, deviations, substructures and superstructures, debating the selected CSR topics pointing out the complexity and interconnectedness of the CSR linked to business entities, public and government institutions. It was not a goal to debate CSR at the background of theories such as The Carroll Theory, The Triple Bottom Line Theory, and The Stakeholder etc., [38] we rather focused on past and present appearance CSR in theory and practice, leading to highlighting the significance responsible capitalism represented by Tomas and Jan Antonin Bata and in addition through CSR theories supported by stakeholders capitalism CSR showing and supporting the birth of Inclusive capitalism. Table 5 illustrates the CSR ‘s related concepts appearance over the time horizon covering period from 1950 up to present with additional super-constructs and substructures (Table 6).
CSR concept should be defined as the fundamental instrument for measuring CSR initiatives and degree of CSR involvement by enterprises. CSR concept management is the way how CSR is incorporated in managerial process. We only stress that there is room for research to be continued. All “possible CSR mutations” contributed to improvement and clarification of the original CSR itself with progressive incorporation of new stimuli and amendments that have arisen due to geographical, cultural, historical, and political discrepancies or dimensions or new deviations, streams appeared. Responsible government governance means that government responsibly and in efficient way oversee and makes decision on areas, such as: property ownership, education of inhabitants, welfare and other benefits programs, aid distribution for people, protecting people from local threats, maintaining a justice system, setting up local governments such as counties and municipalities, maintaining state highways and setting up the means of administrating local roads, regulation of industry, raising funds to support their activities.
Investors have become more intensively interested in knowing about sustainability, social responsibility or good corporate governance of their possible targeted investee. After investment, they need to obtain some background information on the business entities in which they have invested their capital. Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria are methodological tools representing a set of standards for a company’s operations that socially conscious investors use to screen potential investments. ESG reports inform about the analysis results of portfolios from different companies based on their sustainability criteria and social impact.
In recent years, the regulatory environment in the European Union has also required far-reaching obligations to disclose ESG-relevant data and to take them into account in investment decisions particularly in the case of institutional investors such as state pension funds and insurance companies [66, 67], so that financial market regulation – in addition to the self-interest of investors in reducing reputation risks, event risks, regulatory risks, technological and legal risks and saturating demand from private investors – provides additional incentives to include ESG criteria in the investment process [66].
Environmental, social, and governance criteria (ESG criteria) are increasingly in focus of companies as growing number of investments are being made based on such criteria [68, 69, 70]. Shares and bonds of companies that do good for the environment, society, and their own employees, suppliers, and customers in as many aspects as possible end up in special sustainability funds and receive more attention [71]. Thus, in the United States, for example, the total US-domiciled assets under management using sustainable strategies increased by 38% from USD 8,700bn (2016) to USD 12,000bn (2018) [69]. Thus, the consideration of ESG criteria and indicators is not only a question of ethics and morals because ESG criteria are considered relevant as filters for internal risks (e.g. event risks of assets) and external risks (e.g. climate change) [72, 73]. In the investment management framework, the pursuit of the highest possible risk/return ratio in capital investment may make it also necessary to minimize risk by taking ESG criteria into account [66]. Thus, ESG investing is not an irrational taste-of-assets decision (investor-taste decisions) but may have a performance-relevant effect so that ESG criteria should be considered as an instrument in rational decision-making [74].
Investment decisions today are largely made analytically in the framework of predefined processes analyzing continuously the same key figures more or less software-e-based resulting in the calculation of the risk/return ratios and the selected stocks and assets with the best ratios and indications [75, 76]. Such an approach quantitative investment results, on the one hand, from that globalization simply means that there are many more assets available as possible investment instruments, and it is no longer possible to evaluate them individually [77]. On the other hand, there is also a trend away from investment managers who base their investment decisions on gut instincts [78] or fundamental and technical analysis (discretionary asset management) and towards an automated, data-model-based investment decision process. So, what is required in general is standardized numerical data [79] such as ESG ratings provided from specialized rating agencies intending to assist in the selection and analysis of individual securities as well as funds and portfolios.
Therefore, the question arises on how ESG performance is measured [80], and to which extent such data is relevant in the investment process, particularly due to empirical results questioning the use for evaluating ESG risk exposure. Thus, Hübel and Scholz [70], for example, provide significant evidence by testing several different factor models finding that ESG ratings (in this case provided by EIKON) do not provide additional information useful in the management of ESG risks. Furthermore, they found no systematic ESG-related discount or risk premium [70] concluding that “investors can measure the ESG risk exposures of all firms in their portfolios using only stock returns, so that even stocks without qualitative ESG information can be easily considered in the management of ESG risks” [70]. From these results, they conclude that stock prices provide sufficient information also for the evaluation of ESG risk exposure [70]. Moreover, researchers [81, 82] find evidence that ESG ratings from different rating agencies show high positive correlations so that a data collection bias can be excluded as well, so that rating agency methodologies do not explain differences in research results from any form of selection bias.
Other recent studies have based their research on ESG indication effects on risk and performance by collecting primary data mainly from company reports such as [83] developing a carbon factor or using an individual methodology for calculating ESG ratings from company reports [84]. Both studies also provide evidence that ESG indications based on a larger number of indicators do not provide added value information. Nevertheless, selected data from company ESG reporting, particularly in the area of environmental criteria may provide information on ESG risks not included in stock price data [70, 84] recommending a different approach for future research and also risk management practitioners’ alternative to the use of agency ESG ratings or only the agencies’ sub-rating data.
It is thus not surprising that a recent Deutsche Bank Research study finds that although nine of ten of the world’s largest fund managers claim to have a responsible investing mandate, just two-fifths actually use ESG factors in the stock analysis. The study concludes that obviously, investment analysts have trouble translating non-financial information in terms of ESG data into investment decisions [79]. This leads to a follow-up question, how portfolio management practitioners in the area institutional investment use overall ESG performance ratings, or only parts of them or even completely different metrics to assess and manage ESG risks, because it seems to be obvious that agency ESG ratings have their limits in providing additional information on ESG risk exposure not included in market data. Yet, the research results on the integration of ESG information in the investment process of professional investors are rare in contrast to the more extensive research, including performance data and ESG ratings of funds or stocks. Besides the fact, that such research – as discussed above – provides only ambiguous findings on the performance effect of ESG ratings, the question remains unanswered how ESG data are included in the risk management process [71].
Digital and blockchain technology offers variety of utilization opportunities in many economic areas, such as accounting, finance, telecommunications, supply chain management, etc.. It requires understanding how new digital tools based on the progressive digital technology function and operate. A blockchain as a digital record of transactions, consists of records labeled as “blocks”, which are then linked together in a chain-like formation with a great deal of use. It is a financial domain with many applications. The following Table 7 summarizes benefits of blockchain implementation into daily management activities (Table 8).
CSR and related concepts in the time horizon processed by authors based on [3].
ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) criteria | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental | Social | Governance | ||
Climate change strategy Biodiversity Water efficiency Energy efficiency Carbon intensity Environmental management system | Equal opportunities Freedom of association Health and safety Human rights Customer & product responsibility Child labour | Business ethics Compliance Board independence Executive compensation Shareholder democracy |
Source: Elaborated by the authors based on [66].
Business leaders question: Why to use use blockchain? | CSR actions |
---|---|
Faster and more transparent settlements, The ledger is updated automatically, Visibility of a transaction to the authorized participants. | Transparent and controlled transactions. |
Information on the fee in advance Immediate visibility of transactions to authorized parties No one can tamper, delete or conceal any information added to the blockchain. | Preapproved transaction fees Auditability. |
Blockchain runs without failure. Transactions processed on the blockchain are immutable and irrevocable, eliminating the risks of fraud. | Reliability Due to its distributed nature |
Supply chain example:
A knowledgeable purchase manager designs an economic plan to eliminate waste and ongoing use of resources. Companies can act dishonestly, continue taking part in harmful activities very often while pretending environmental and social sustainability. Blockchain’s decentralized structure ensures that each participant oversees their processes and has access to appropriate data. “Procurement Blockchain” guarantees transparency, and acting on manager’s behalf when making purchases, negotiating different terms with suppliers, a procurement deal is based on total ecosystem volume (i.e. purchase data from purchaser and their partners). A blockchain-based database is capable of storing relevant data from all business partners, summarizing total volume of purchases, regardless of who managed the purchase activity. It enables calculating the exact volume discount based on the total purchase, in addition mathematical proof of a correct computation is provided. For instance, 25% reduction of costs of invoice factoring can be achieved as blockchain lowers the risk of selling multiple invoices. With blockchain technology operational data are constantly shared, no need for data-crosschecking – it enables audits to be conducted automatically, price verification process will be eliminated. With this detailed tracking and verification process, linking and sharing can be done synchronously. During the supply chain process, the details of every transaction are recorded and made accessible via a permanent history – once the data is created, it cannot be deleted or altered [86].
The following diagram illustrates how blockchain technology impact at nearly every element of the complex Procure-to-Pay (PTP) process (see the diagram) (Figure 4).
Blockchain Technology for Procure-to-pay process – Accenture source: [
Managers can benefit from blockchain technology in the management process, for instance, cost-savings, achieving increased operational efficiency or forming new operational models within management of working capital cycle, specifically in the following areas of supply chain management: procurement, provenance, product authenticity and traceability, digital payments and contracts, logistics and manufacturing.
Order fulfillment and transaction execution incorporated in a company’s supply chain management
Smart contracts can help reduce data redundancy across trading partners and eliminate costly mistakes. Can automate the invoicing process and “patch” the expensive procure-to-pay gaps.
“The smart contract: the brain of the blockchain It is a computer protocol designed to automate the execution of the terms of a contract. Once coded and deployed on the blockchain, the smart contract is tamper-proof, autonomous in its execution, verifiable by all parties of the network because it is distributed [91]”.
Transportation of goods from warehouses to markets
State, quality, and price of the products
Order fulfillment and transaction execution
Business efficiency improved: transaction cost and time reduction
Principles of trust and transparency
detailed tracking and verification process
linking and sharing done synchronously
eliminating human errors, reducing costs, minimizing time delays associated with performing transactions.
High energy consumption
Lack of knowledge, lack of employees
The following table summarizes benefits of blockchain implementation into daily management activities [85, 86, 87, 88] (Table 9).
Transparency in results and processes | Leaders may see what elicits the best response from a target audience, empower executives with the insight needed to make informed decisions. |
---|---|
Consumers demand social responsibility and accountability | To align the CSR initiatives with trustworthiness and reliability |
Archive 1. concrete proof the company about 2. keeping its promise | Blockchain can build both tasks into a company’s processes |
1. The enterprise may leverage blockchain to record impact results. | To record and measure activities contributes to making better decisions |
2. The enterprise must be open about their intentions | To showcase relevant impact metrics and demonstrate progress. |
consumers choose brands they perceive as taking a stand on social issues or being environmentally aware | a way to illustrate the firm’s belief, personal values using a blockchain technology |
3. The enterprise use AI for predictive analysis | Conduct a predictive analysis of the impact of CSR initiatives before they begin |
Over time, FinTech companies have been recognized as an imperative element of business operations, especially with respect to CSR activities. FinTech companies could be considered as companies designing and developing technological and digital programs to aid financial or banking operations and services help businesses immensely in regulating the financial approach. Employing a FinTech company to CSR activities can contribute greatly to any business.
First major potential examples of blockchainization in the supply chain can occur in the following areas:
Distribution of fresh produce. Recalls have been a major and costly industry issue for years. Thus, several major food-borne bacteria outbreaks (USA case) is a driver for the companies to look into blockchain as a new method for increasing visibility and traceability of the goods.
The information about high quality of the grocery goods for sale - The goods’ provenance, authenticity and “life before reaching the shelves”.
Increased visibility - the retailer is capable to track incoming food supplies from “farm to store” in near real-time.
The company also explores and illustrates how blockchain technology can be extended towards monitoring and controlling the spread of foodborne illnesses and help minimize costly recalls.
Most consumers are ready to pay a premium for sustainable and ethically made goods. According to Nielsen, 49% of shoppers will pay extra for products that have top high quality/safety standards.
blockchain can be used to certify the origin and paths of goods sold and provide data on the authenticity of products.
blockchain-based protocol allows tracking every wine bottle from the vineyard to the stores. In China, nearly 30,000 counterfeit wine bottles are sold every hour.
anti-counterfeit technology that utilizes photochromic ink together with unique QR codes helps to verify the provenance and authenticity of every bottle health control measurements – help to reveal hazardous additives added to wine that can cause serious health problems among consumers.
Conclusion: early pilots testing already this innovative technology, prove, blockchain and supply chain management can be a powerful combination (20% of the top 10 global grocers will adopt blockchain for food safety and traceability to ramp up their visibility into production, quality, and freshness.)
creation of new solutions for tracking and authenticating their products with blockchain throughout the supply chain. is attempting to do the same.
plans to release a cryptographic provenance platform for their portfolio of 60+ luxury brands – in LVMH conglomerate
UPS pending patent application, a blockchain-based solution for planning package routes and tracking them globally, through multiple carriers.
Existing successes of financial services that contributed to benefits of the society in are digital payments, crowd funding, helping businesses to reduce operational costs.
access to banking enabled due to the inception of FinTech,
FinTech as intermediary between the lender and borrower and even reaching people who do not own a bank account.
They are further helping the customers by providing assistance before, during and after the financial transaction by extending the ecosystem of the banking system.
For instance, Bangladesh has about 70% of people living in the rural areas where not even half of them own a bank account. To cover the deficiency, ‘bKash’, a FinTech initiative, allows such people to receive as well as send money through mobile phones.
FinTech solutions and access to finance.
Lending, insurance and related needs for people in underdeveloped locations
Corporate Social Responsibility has become a complex phenomenon with companies developing holistic policies to address the demands of the public. As such, there come several problems related to the execution of initiatives such as disbursal and tracking of funds, cost–benefit issues, etc. [86, 87, 88, 89, 90].
Disbursement of Money | Accountability of Money |
---|---|
Every company indulging in CSR has an exclusive monetary account through which the company disburses money for various causes. However, due to lack of digitization, such money is disbur-sed in the most haphazard manner, making it practically difficult to keep track of the amount | Once disbursed, there is hardly any check on how such grants are being deployed and utilized by those concerned. This makes it almost impossible for an entity to recognize the cost–benefit of its contribution. Without any digitization of money movement, the amount once paid out is nowhere to be accounted for, indicating lack of answerability and utter pecuniary wastage. |
The chapter “Corporate Social Responsibility Theories” from the book The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility highlights on the weak and strong points of the four CSR theories – 1. Corporate Social Performance, 2. Shareholder Value, 3. A Stakeholder Theory, 4. Corporate Citizenship. The last one is the most used, the key concept is participation in society, going beyond fulfilling legal duties as occurs with state citizenship, to actively contributing to the good of society or the world as a whole, as in the case of “global corporate citizenship [91]”. This theory recovers the position of the company in society and suggests that the company stands shoulder to shoulder with citizens who together form a community supported by government responsibility. It expands the functionalist vision that would reduce business to an economic purpose. Moreover, it has a global scope. Critics argue that the concept is too diffuse, and it is difficult to define global standards for corporate citizenship. Nonetheless, a growing number of companies, particularly transnational firms, are adopting this approach [91]”. We defined that the integrity of CSR and digital financial services is to achieve such a state that management of (preferably not only) digital financial services is implemented compliant with CSR concept, thereby forming complete, compact and trustworthy system of digital financial services generating “CSR-quality financial service product” beneficial to the society. The enhancement of CSR concept by complements and deviations with its CSR-quality product which we defined, offers a room for other research focusing which criteria must be identified and tested for products of the variety of industry sectors.
Digitalisation contributes to innovation of e.g. accounting and financial services. Technological innovations in this sphere are visible in implementing electronic smart invoicing, e-reporting to the tax authorities on VAT payments, etc. but users must obtain the trust to new digital technology and have to master how to use them.
The producers via blockchainization may persuade the consumers informing them in the campaign on positive product characteristics thereby winning their support that it is worthwhile paying even more if this brings benefits to the environment or people, i.e. to society, in general. However, successful innovation and digital transformation of operations may be utilized to accomplish more efficient and effective way of production. If the effort of the manufacturers will be aimed at finding new and more economically efficient production, then it will be a natural choice for an educated and solvent consumer to prefer certified products if this also be reflected in the product price and product quality.
Shareholders/management and executive controlling units should understand not only benefits and the advantages of technologies introduced but moreover, also the potential threats of their abuse or shortcomings linked to them in order that those responsible should be prepared to cope with them and contributed to their augmentation if needed.
Finance environment cannot function without incorporating CSR concept management, there are many initiatives to monitor environmental or social issues that affect economic area, for instance the issuance of the first Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines in 2000 (GRI, 2015), and the initiation and expansion of services offered by accounting firms regarding climate change and sustainability services. Many companies strive to develop tools and measurement for assessing this activity in the companies. The area of social and environmental accounting (SEA) encompasses various branches of research- management accounting research for social and environmental issues; accounting for sustainable development; accounting for human rights and biodiversity; social accountability; relations between corporate social performance (CSP), corporate social disclosure (CSD), and corporate financial performance (CFP), the blockchain implementation in the area of accounting and finance services. CSR concept management may assist nowadays if implemented properly, another area for research, because the uncertainty or fear that is present in economic confidence indicators adds volatility into the market [92], fear may be a bad advisor and may discontinue CSR activity for a limited time. It was observed that the unstable confidence indicators were further damaged in 2020. Reporting ended for the UK early in 2021, however the EU demonstrated a rebound of confidence during 2020, followed by a substantial increase in confidence in 2021, after the UK exited the EU, with consumer and services confidence indicator showing the largest percentage change in 2021. The EU financial markets experienced similar volatility as a result of COVID-19, with increased co-movement in times of uncertainty [93].
Blockchain technology can assist in identifying and correcting contract violations, redundancies, and bottlenecks in the flow of goods. This ease of tracking and identification also improves Corporate Social Responsibility. Blockchain can be incorporated in a business’ CSR efforts as it can create a record of transaction and production history. This can serve as proof of a company’s utilization of humanely sourced raw materials or products. It also provides an opportunity for consumers to be well-informed on a corporation’s business practices and sustainability within their products, allowing them to make knowledgeable decisions on where to spend their money. Increased consumer awareness would also encourage companies to sustainably source their materials and ensure social responsibility throughout all steps of the supply chain.
Businesses and Government with the assistance CSR concept management shall form well- being for the people in the country not only in the digital era.
This research study was realised within the project ERASMUS + ERASMUS MUNDUS and Jean Monet Activities: With the support of ERASMUS + Programme of the European Union “Business in the European Economic Area - the Present and Future of EU Integration” (600433-EPP-1-2018-1-SK-EPPJMO-MODULE). Financed from European Union resources.
Generally, a wing or tail of an aircraft will be damped by damping when the speed of it is low; when the speed of flight exceeds a certain value, small disturbance will cause vibration divergence and the structure to collapse in a matter of seconds or even tens of milliseconds. This phenomenon is called flutter. Flutter is the most important subject in aeroelasticity. It is a kind of self-excited vibration which can maintain the constant amplitude oscillation under the interaction of elastic force, inertia force and aerodynamic force when the lifting surface moves at a certain speed in the air flow. At this time, the damping (g) equals 0. Due to the existence of system damping (g < 0), the vibration of the aircraft soon attenuates or even disappears completely with a small flight speed after being disturbed, but when the flight speed increases to a certain value, the amplitude caused by the disturbance just keeps the same. This speed is called the critical flutter speed, the vibration frequency at this time is called the critical flutter frequency and g = 0. In order to prevent flutter, the critical flutter velocity must be larger than the maximum flight velocity under all flight conditions and there must be some margin. Figure 1 taken from a Chinese book written by Liu, C., F. and Qiu, J. [1] is an example of the wing flutter calculation: when the speed of flight, VCR, is 850 m/s, the wing is in constant amplitude vibration, and if the speed of flight is less than or greater than it, the wing vibration will attenuate or disperse.
The wing flutter calculation, VCR = 850 m/s.
Classical flutter calculations in frequency domain are performed using either the K method proposed by Bisplinghof, R. L., and Ashley, H. [2] or the P-K method proposed by Hassig, H. [3] and Lawrence, J. A., and Jackson, P. [4]. The K method is generally very fast and quite simple, but it has a downfall in that sometimes the frequency and damping values “loop” around themselves and generate multi-value frequency and damping as a function of velocity. The K method solution is only valid when g = 0 and the structural motion is neutrally stable and matches the aerodynamic motion with the neutral stability. The P-K method is acknowledged to provide more accurate modal damping values after the K method. Gradually, the P-K method has become one of the most widely used methods in aeroelastic engineering. After that, the p method, proposed by Abel, I. [5], improves the damping and frequency trends by taking into account the effect of nonzero damping by means of generalized aerodynamic forces, which are approximately valid for the damping-frequency area under consideration. At the end of the 1990s, the
In the new and challenging field of energy harvesting through fluid–structure instabilities, such as analysis in time domain, the coupled-mode flutter mechanism has been recently scrutinized. A lot of complicated aeroelastic characteristics are predicted by a structural-aerodynamic fully-coupled formulation, such as rotorcraft written by Bernardini G., Serafini J., Molica Colella M., and Gennaretti M. [12], a transport wing’s wingtip introduced by Peng Cui and Jinglong Han [13], a transonic wing analyzed by Xiang Zhao, Yongfeng Zhu and Sijun Zhang [14]. Francisco Palacios, Michael R. Colonno, and etc. [15] showed an integrated platform for multi-physics simulation and design, e.g. flutter predictions by a loosely-coupled method, remained open source and serves as a starting point for new capabilities that will hopefully be contributed by users in both academic and industrial environments. Most recently, Leclercq T., Peake N., and de Langre E. [16] pointed out that flutter did not prevent drag reduction by reconfiguration. Eirikur Jonsson [17] put flutter and post-flutter constraints into the process of the aircraft design optimization. Sergey Shitov and Vasily Vedeneev [18] investigated the flutter boundaries of rectangular panels simply supported at all edges, and used potential flow theory to calculate the unsteady pressure.
Naturally, for every simulation and every test, it is desired to produce a model that could be accurate, studied by Samuel C. Mclntosh Jr., Robert E. Reed Jr. T. and William P. Rodden [19], so as to permit meaningfully calculated and experimental comparisons and to provide data for evaluating new theoretical or numerical techniques for treating aeroelastic problems. The studies of all cases suggest that at increased airspeeds the aircraft may develop unstable oscillations leading to a catastrophic failure, described by Jieun Song, Seung Jin Song and Taehyoun Kim [20], Jie Zeng and Sunil L. Kukreja [21], Thomas Andrianne and Grigorios Dimitriadis [22]. At all times, on one hand, there exist analytical models and tools that allow estimating the onset of the dynamic instability, but they are often subject to modeling uncertainties and limitations that can produce inaccurate, unreliable results. On the other hand, the test data are a direct reflection of the actual aircraft, to some degree, and hence can be used with confidence. Also, it is a common and required practice in aerospace industry to conduct flight flutter tests and validate the simulation effect of the analysis model before aircraft enter into service.
Since the beginning of the century, American Society of Mechanical Engineers guide to Verification and Validation (V&V) defined the goal of V&V process as to develop standards for assessing the correctness and credibility of modeling and simulation in computational science. According to the paper, for Validation, and Predictive Capability in Computational Engineering and Physics, written by William L. Oberkampf, Timothy G. Trucano, Charles Hirsch [23], a proposed question was how confidence in modeling and simulation should be critically assessed. Verification and validation (V&V) of computational simulations are the primary methods for building and quantifying this confidence. Briefly, verification is the assessment of the accuracy of the solution to a computational model. Validation is the assessment of the accuracy of a computational simulation by comparison with experimental data. In verification, the relationship of the simulation to the real world is not an issue. In validation, the relationship between computation and the real world, i.e., experimental data, is the issue. Furthermore, Verification is defined as following: the process of determining that a model implementation accurately represents the developer’s conceptual description of the model and the solution to the model, while Validation means that the process of determining the degree to which a model is an accurate representation of the real world from the perspective of the intended uses of the model. Supanee Arthasartsri and He Ren [24], in A380 Aircraft Reliability Program also pointed out that the validation is a process determining whether the mathematical model describes sufficiently well the reality with respect to the decision to be made, which includes requirement validation and product validation, whereas, the purpose of Validation is to ensure that the requirements for a product are sufficiently correct and complete to achieve safety and to satisfy the needs of the customer within program constraints (e.g. cost, schedule). The Product Validation is to check if product meets the implicit needs of the customer. It is also to ensure the final product meets the requirement, for example, airworthiness certification of commercial aircraft. Additionally, V & V method was described in Guide for Verification and Validation in Computational Solid Mechanics, written by Schwer L. E. and etc. [25].
In Figure 2, it is evident to see the test has not been involved in the first stage of the V&V process, Verification and only is employed in the second step, Validation.
Verification and Validation’s activities and products.
When V & V technique is widely used to aerospace engineering, civil engineering, auto engineering, etc., it obtains fruitful achievements. For instance, the example of V&V method implementation on GP7200 by Engine Alliance, which the results of reliability before entry into service exceeded the expectation requirements from FAA. With the entry into service of Airbus A380, the application of validation and verification method in safety and reliability program has been proven successful. The other example is Validation and Verification of the Lunar Atmosphere Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) mission models and software. This program identified and prioritized a set of V&V technologies that significantly reduced the development cost and compressed the development schedule of emerging safety critical flight control systems. It is predicted that it could also be applied to other aerospace system design and to other industry that require the high level of safety and V&V Method would be used to provide the confidence in the results from simulation.
The present research uses V & V technologies to handle the flutter problem of the rudder. There is, however, a significant difference, that is to say, the experimental data were added to modify the simulated models, besides codes and software verification.
In the Verification process, the stiffness of the rudder axis could be adjusted during the flight or the experiment. The accuracy of the flutter-prediction results of these methods heavily depends on how good the model or mode estimations are. Therefore, the modes of the rudder directly influencing flutter speeds become very critical. In order to obtain a precise model to simulate two cases of supersonic flutter, the appropriate axis structures were provided by optimization process. Unlike traditionally aeroelastic systems of maximum performance and minimum weight, studied by Melike Nikbay, and Muhammet N. Kuru, [26], the objective was a minimal 1-order or 2-order error which was a ratio of test eigenvectors and calculated ones, constraints were the first and second natural frequencies, and design variables were stiffness of the different rudder axles. Finally, modes of the first bending and second twisting of the rudder were found out in Case one, and these of the first torsion and second bending were extracted in Case two. In addition, it focused on finding a right analysis model by optimization method, according to experimental data of mode shapes studied by Zimmerman, N. H., and Weissenburer, J. T. [27]. Test investigations were first presented, followed by verifying the structural model and mode by optimization. Although two flutter cases both had the same flutter mechanism, classical bending-torsion flutter, they had their own critical flutter points, respectively.
The present work also aims at a deeper understanding of the phenomena by characterizing the tight interaction between the unsteady flow patterns in the flow-field and the response of the structure. After numerical aeroelastic simulations were finished, the test data were employed to validate flutter prediction to confirm the observed critical velocity and coupled-mode flutter in the validation stage of V& V technologies.
Flight flutter testing is an expensive and hazardous task, but it is required to verify if the aircraft is truly free from flutter within the margin of the aircraft’s operational envelope.
In order to validate the supersonic flutter calculation method and the verification of the flutter model accuracy, done by Bingyuan Yang, Weili Song [28], in FD-06 wind tunnel of 701 Institute, a test of a rudder was conducted. The data of eigenvector records taken in ground vibration test (GVT) were being preserved and would be available for further analysis. All test conditions and model configurations for available data are summarized in Table 1.
Case 1 Test Number: 2 | Mach number = 1.53 Angle of attack = 2°10′ 1st order frequency:35.86 2nd order: 64.74 | 1st order mode: −0.8039 −0.3889 −0.2023 −0.0046 0.1788 0.3497 0.7712 −0.7353 −0.3562 −0.1222 0.0454 0.2275 0.3726 0.8007 −0.5425 −0.2471 −0.0853 0.1294 0.3065 0.4967 0.9575 −0.4314 −0.1592 0.0239 0.1654 0.2892 0.5000 0.9444 −0.2748 −0.0588 0.1150 0.2128 0.3399 0.5490 0.9902 −0.1085 0.0660 0.1856 0.3301 0.4804 0.6307 1.0000 2nd order mode: 0.8040 0.4517 0.3125 0.1040 0.0054 −0.1389 −0.3665 0.9347 0.5426 0.3040 0.1744 0.0713 −0.0599 −0.2503 0.9034 0.5284 0.3636 0.2710 0.1739 0.0514 −0.1298 0.9688 0.5682 0.4318 0.3324 0.2310 0.1679 0.0744 1.0000 0.6307 0.5256 0.3977 0.3296 0.2778 0.2401 0.9517 0.7358 0.6136 0.5682 0.5398 0.4517 0.4347 |
Case 2 Test Number: 13 | Mach number = 2.51 Angle of attack = 4°50′ 1st order frequency:29.68 2nd order: 58.86 | 1st order mode: −0.7386 −0.4281 −0.1837 −0.0046 0.2301 0.4895 0.8628 −0.6863 −0.3033 −0.1137 0.0739 0.2680 0.4994 0.8431 −0.5170 −0.2281 −0.0268 0.1288 0.3222 0.5373 0.9085 −0.3915 −0.0987 0.0510 0.1954 0.3706 0.6183 1.0000 −0.2529 −0.0229 0.1346 0.2804 0.4556 0.6314 0.9281 −0.0791 0.0869 0.2183 0.3523 0.5170 0.7190 0.9739 2nd order mode: 0.6652 0.5773 0.3856 0.1864 0.0265 −0.1591 -0.3258 0.7455 0.6159 0.4364 0.2515 0.1402 −0.0568 -0.2470 0.8030 0.6576 0.4644 0.3538 0.2447 0.1061 −0.0902 0.8712 0.7189 0.5871 0.4992 0.3689 0.2470 0.1205 1.0000 0.8561 0.7106 0.5811 0.5061 0.4265 0.2197 1.0000 0.8939 0.8258 0.7349 0.6689 0.5386 0.4311 |
Data of vibration test.
In the Table 1 above, the control points of vibration shapes are shown in Figure 3.
Location of monitoring points for eigenvectors (unit: Millimeter).
Table 2 shows the flutter results via this test.
Case | Points*1 | Mach | Angle of attack | Static pressure*2 (Pa) | Temperature(K) | Density (Kg/m3) | Speed of sound (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 1.53 | 2°10´ | 33230 | 197.215 | 0.5873 | 281.44 |
2 | 13 | 2.51 | 4°50´ | 15457 | 127.720 | 0.40132 | 226.49 |
Test parameters.
Points refer to the number of the test.
the initial angle causes static pressure.
The following section introduces the details of the rudder model used in the test and the generation of an accurate FEM (Finite Element Method), which matches experimental data.
The rudder axle in Figure 4 was attached to the pitch and twist springs. The outer leaves of the springs were rigidly mounted to the tunnel walls. The pitch springs were commercially available flexure pivots that allowed ±7.5 deg. of rotation through the elastic bending of rudder flexures. The twist springs had a flexural rigidity range. Usually, the spring retained its linear characteristics over large displacements. Also, there were no sliding surfaces at support points which would produce damping. The springs were designed to deflect elastically approximately 10 mm. During flight or in the wind tunnel, rudder stiffness uncertainties are related to spring rotation and operating conditions. In particular, some record data from the experiment are not so reliable, maybe, from immature operations or instrumental limitations. So, it is naturally involved in designing and optimizing a realistic structure for a required level of reliability and efficiency for supersonic flutter validation.
Rudder model (unit: Millimeter).
The rudder was composed of a Ti-alloy material with the rudder torque tube that was made of a steel material. The material parameters are listed in Table 3.
Parameters | Young module(MPa) | Poisson ratio | Density (Kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
Rudder | 4.1e10 | 0.34 | 1810. |
Axle | 2.11e11 | 0.3 | 7800. |
Structural material parameters.
The finite element model was composed of 540 hexahedral structural elements. The rudder torque tube was modeled with 10 linear beam elements in Figure 5.
FEM of rudder.
The node at the end of the rudder shaft was fixed in 3 translations and 2 rotations, but was free to rotate about the axis of the shaft.
In the present research, Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP), also known as Quadratic Approximation, is applied. It has arguably become the most successful method for solving nonlinearly constrained optimization problems. Its outstanding strongpoint is the less number of function and gradient evaluation, and the higher computational efficiency, especially for the rudder structural optimization objective function being a linear or nonlinear function of the design variables, and constraints such as frequencies for a function of the design variables. Using the method to optimize its stiffness, applying the mode shape error derivative concept to calculate the sensitivity of the stiffness, and employing this Method in the iterative process to make rapid the optimization convergence, and reliable the computational results.
Monitoring nodes of FEM.
When the optimal model was established, it was possible to define the optimization conditions and perform mode analysis.
The objective function:
From Table 1, the vibration amplitude distribution of the first frequency of the rudder was nonlinear in Case 1, and therefore, the eigenvector error equation was written by.
N sample nodes were located at the same location of the test points from the upper rudder surface in Figure 6.
For Case 2, the eigenvector error equation was defined by linear, due to the linear changing of the vibration displacements.
The two errors in modal analysis of the rudder were the objectives to be minimized in this research, respectively.
Constraints:
The first and second frequencies were taken as constraints. At the same time, the stiffness of the rotation shaft was also restricted to some limits.
Design variables:
The stiffness of the rudder axle was defined as design variables.
The optimization typically took 9 and 26 iterations, for Case 1 and Case 2 respectively to converge to the precision required for the gradient optimization in Figures 7 and 8.
History of case 1 (vertical axis shows percent error in
History of case 2 (vertical axis shows percent error in
In Case 1, the first mode surface was fitted in the test data and the optimization monitoring points in Figure 9.
First mode surface of the test data(left) VS. first mode surface of the optimization monitoring points (right).
The Figure 9 above shows that the experimental points change dramatically and disorderedly, while the optimized ones transit gradually and softly. It also demonstrates the 2nd-order error for the first mode shape in Case 1 is selected very right.
In Case 2, the first mode surface is fitted in the test data and the optimization monitoring points in Figure 10.
First mode surface of the test data(left) VS. first mode surface of the optimization monitoring points(right).
It is indicated in Figure 10 that more test data deviate from the fit left surface, but almost all of optimization points lie in the right surface.
In cases 1 and 2, the natural frequencies and mode shapes are shown in Figures 11–14.
First bending mode (case 1).
Second torsion mode (case 1).
First torsion mode (case 2).
Second bending mode (case 2).
Compared with the experimental frequencies, the errors are shown in Table 4.
Cases | First frequency | Error (%) | Second frequency | Error (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | Opti. | Test | Opti. | |||
1 | 35.86 | 36.002 | 0.396 | 64.74 | 64.35 | 0.602 |
2 | 29.68 | 30.024 | 1.16 | 58.86 | 58.029 | 1.41 |
Frequency errors between test and optimization.
From Table 4, the error of the first frequency is less than 1%, and that of the second one is not more than 1.5%. Again, it represents optimization design is very successful.
In this section, two flutter-prediction method, namely Zona51of Nastran from MSC Software Corporation [29], and Local piston theory, which is performed by home-made software are employed to obtain the flutter speeds.
ZONA51, written by MSC Software Corporation, is a supersonic lifting surface theory that accounts for the interference among multiple lifting surfaces. It is similar to the Doublet-Lattice method (DLM) in that both are acceleration potential methods that need not consider flow characteristics in any wake. An outline of the development of the acceleration-potential approach for ZONA51 and its outgrowth from the harmonic gradient method (HGM) are described. ZONA51 is a linearized aerodynamic small disturbance theory that assumes all interfering lifting surfaces lie nearly parallel to the airflow, which is uniform and either steady or vibrating harmonically. As in the DLM, the linearized supersonic theory does neglect any thickness effects of the lifting surfaces.
For aeroelastic analysis, the unsteady aerodynamic forces are obtained using Doublet Lattice for supersonic flight. The rudder section was subdivided into a lattice of 20 chordwise
DLM grid.
Through the flutter analysis by Nastran’s ZONA51, the V-g and V-f curves of Case 1 are shown in Figures 16 and 17, when M = 1.35 and Density Ratio = 0.479.
V-g curve.
V-f curve.
From Figure 16, g of the first bending mode changes from the negative value to the positive at the speed of 380 m/s, and Figure 17 presents frequencies of the second torsion mode and the first bending mode try to go toward the same value at the speed of 380 m/s, that is, 1.35 M. At this point, flutter occurs.
Through the flutter analysis, the V-g and V-f curves of Case 2 are shown in Figures 18 and 19, when M = 2.4 and Density Ratio = 0.327.
V-g curve.
V-f curve.
From Figure 18, g of the 2st-order bending mode changes from the negative value to the positive at the speed of 550 m/s, and Figure 19 presents frequencies of the second bending mode and the first torsion mode try to go toward the same value at the speed of 550 m/s, e.g. 2.4 M. At this point, flutter occurs.
As can be seen from the preceding Figures 16–19, two cases present the same bending-torsion coupling modes that lead to flutter failure in terms of the same flutter mechanisms. However, aeroelastic flutter speeds have somewhat obvious differences, though the first two frequencies are slightly similar.
Due to the different aerodynamic expressions, Zona51, and Local piston theory, the flutter results are indicated in Table 5.
Cases | Flutter speed (Mach) | Error (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | Zona51 | Local piston theory | Zona51 | Local piston theory | |
1 | 1.53 | 1.35 | 1.33 | 11.76 | 13.07 |
2 | 2.51 | 2.4 | 2.46 | 4.38 | 1.99 |
Comparison of flutter prediction.
From the above table, the error is somewhat large in Case 1, because it is different for getting unsteady aerodynamic forces near transonic flight, and the other reason is not to consider the static pressure, which is caused by an initial angle and test points are much fewer.
In Figure 20, there is only two test points, which is connected to a straight line transcend the zero point, and makes us find the flutter speed. However, the other two colorful curves also go through the horizontal axis, which gets the different flutter speeds, greater than the former or less than it.
Flutter V-g curve.
But in Case 2, in supersonic flight, the test result is in good agreement with all three methods, due to better optimization model and much more test points.
From experimental mode data to mode verification, optimized FEM is much closer to the test rudder. Through flutter predictions, the predicated results are basically similar to the test data. We can draw some conclusions listed as follows:
According to the experimental eigenvectors in two supersonic flight cases, optimization technique with the sensitivity-based approximation approaches, and the first-order and second-order errors, helps to find the different finite element models with the first bending and second torsion, or the first torsion and second bending, by modifying the stiffness of the rudder axle.
During the optimization procedure, Figures 11 and 12 represent the optimized mode surface can correct some mistake of the test data, perhaps, coming from manual errors or tool limitations.
Via the flutter prediction in frequency domain, it is in agreement with the mechanism of coupled mode instability, and the classical bending-twist coupled flutter failure is presented, once more.
By two flutter prediction methods, their results shown in Table 5 and supplied by the current solutions agree well with the test values. Once again, it reveals the optimized model is reliable and robust.
The predicated flutter speeds are less than the test ones. It shows flutter predictions are safe at most of times. But, being a robust analysis of its flutter margin solution might be too conservative to be realistic.
The most important is that V&V technologies are utilized to the flutter prediction of flight vehicles, the GVT figures are added to the modeling for simulation in the Verification, and the flutter test validates the simulated results. Experimental data are involved in the first phase, which greatly increases confidence and reliability for validation in the second one.
From the preceding discussions, an interesting phenomenon is observed, when we rotate the rudder axle for getting the diverse stiffness, the flutter speed is increased from 1.53 M to 2.51 M, but the structural weight or the rudder itself does not vary. Does it mean that the rudder itself can suppress flutter as the rudder is operated or controlled appropriately, and thereby, the flutter boundary is expanded?
Besides, V&V are tools for assessing the accuracy of the conceptual and computerized models. It can be extended to airworthiness certification of civil aircraft (see Figure 21).
V & V for airworthiness certification.
From the above flowchart, if we modify the calculated model by test data, which ensures the analyzed precision, does it mean that analysis prediction could directly pass by Airworthiness Certification? Especially, for much of the Operational Reliability work, other highly nonlinear dynamic problems or very high frequency of acoustic ones, the assessment is so difficult, if it is not possible to copy in the experiment, that V&V became more associated with the issue of credibility, i.e., the quality, capability, or power to elicit belief, when we use the test to modify the model.
My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Mr. Erwin Johnson and Mr. Mohan Barbela, my previous coworkers in MSC, for their revisions of this paper. I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to MSC Software Corporation which has given me precious chances and experiences to improve my knowledge of FEM analysis.
This research work was financially supported by Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (Grant agreement No. 13QB1401500).
g = Damping | |
n = Sample number | |
xi = Calculated value of eigenvector corresponding to point i | |
yi = Test value of eigenvector corresponding to point i |
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\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
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Jane Grande-Allen"}]},{id:"59778",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74768",title:"Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction",slug:"epidemiology-of-myocardial-infarction",totalDownloads:4515,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The most common form of CHD is the myocardial infarction. It is responsible for over 15% of mortality each year, among the vast majority of people suffering from non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) than ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) is higher in men in all age-specific groups than women. Although the incidence of MI is decreased in the industrialized nations partly because of improved health systems and implementation of effective public health strategies, nevertheless the rates are surging in the developing countries such as South Asia, parts of Latin America, and Eastern Europe. The modifiable risk factors represent over 90% of the risk for acute MI. The risk factors such as dyslipidemia, smoking, psychosocial stressors, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables were strongly associated with acute MI.",book:{id:"6373",slug:"myocardial-infarction",title:"Myocardial Infarction",fullTitle:"Myocardial Infarction"},signatures:"Joshua Chadwick Jayaraj, Karapet Davatyan, S.S. Subramanian and Jemmi Priya",authors:[{id:"223196",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Chadwick",slug:"joshua-chadwick",fullName:"Joshua Chadwick"},{id:"231054",title:"Dr.",name:"Karapet",middleName:null,surname:"Davatyan",slug:"karapet-davatyan",fullName:"Karapet Davatyan"},{id:"231055",title:"Ms.",name:"Jemmi",middleName:null,surname:"Priya",slug:"jemmi-priya",fullName:"Jemmi Priya"},{id:"244487",title:"Dr.",name:"S.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Subramanian",slug:"s.s.-subramanian",fullName:"S.S. Subramanian"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"80213",title:"Evolution of Heart Transplantation Surgical Techniques",slug:"evolution-of-heart-transplantation-surgical-techniques",totalDownloads:241,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Organ transplantation has kindled the human imagination since the beginning of time. Prehistorically, transplantation appeared as mythological stories: from creatures with body parts from different species, the heart transplant between two Chinese soldiers by Pien Ch’iao, to the leg transplant by physician Saints Cosmas and Damian. By 19th century, the transplantation concept become possible by extensive contributions from scientists and clinicians whose works had taken generations. Although Alexis Carrel is known as the founding father of experimental organ transplantation, many legendary names had contributed to the experimental works of heart transplantation, including Guthrie, Mann, and Demikhov. The major contribution to experimental heart transplantation before the clinical era were made by a team lead by Richard Lower and Norman Shumway at Stanford University in the early 1960s. They played the vital role in developing experimental and clinical heart transplantation as it is known today. Using Shumway biatrial technique Christiaan Barnard started a new era of clinical heart transplantation, by performing the first in man human-to-human heart transplantation in 1967. The techniques of heart transplant have evolved since the first heart transplant. This chapter will summarize the techniques that have been used in clinical heart transplantation.",book:{id:"11236",slug:null,title:"Heart Transplantation - New Insights in Therapeutic Strategies",fullTitle:"Heart Transplantation - New Insights in Therapeutic Strategies"},signatures:"Samuel Jacob, Anthony N. Pham and Si M. Pham",authors:null},{id:"65757",title:"Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Goal Attainment with Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Insights from Thai Multicenter Study and Overview of the Major Guidelines",slug:"prevalence-of-dyslipidemia-and-goal-attainment-with-lipid-lowering-therapy-insights-from-thai-multic",totalDownloads:2359,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Background Since the release in Thailand in 2001 of the Third Guidelines by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults or the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III), there have been no nationwide studies on the proportion of dyslipidaemic patients who have achieved the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. The authors therefore aimed to estimate the percentage achievement of LDL-C goals based on the modified NCEP ATP III guidelines in intermediate- to high-risk patients. Methods The authors conducted a hospital-based, cross-sectional, epidemiological survey. Patients (1240) were selected consecutively from 50 hospitals across Thailand. Patients were included if they had been treated with statins for at least 3 months. Results Two-thirds were female, and the mean age was 61.7+69.5 years. The median duration of statin treatment was 21 months. Half (633/1240) of the patients achieved the LDL-C goal levels as defined by the NCEP guidelines (51.1%, 95% CI 48.3% to 53.8%). The very high-risk group had the lowest percentage achievement (11.6%; 95% CI 1.6% to 21.6%), compared with 54.2% (95% CI 50.9% to 57.4%) for the high-risk group and 47.0% (95% CI 41.1% to 52.8%) for the moderate-risk group. More males achieved the LDL-C goals than females (55.6% vs. 48.9%; P = 0.029). Conclusions Overall, 51.1% of the patients with cardiovascular risk, on statins treatment, achieved the NCEP ATP III LDL-C goal levels.",book:{id:"7556",slug:"dyslipidemia",title:"Dyslipidemia",fullTitle:"Dyslipidemia"},signatures:"Songkwan Silaruks, Charn Sriratanasathavorn, Petch Rawdaree, Rapeephon Kunjara-Na-Ayudhaya, Bandit Thinkhamrop and Piyamitr Sritara",authors:[{id:"256769",title:"Prof.",name:"Songkwan",middleName:null,surname:"Silaruks",slug:"songkwan-silaruks",fullName:"Songkwan Silaruks"},{id:"283455",title:"Dr.",name:"Charn",middleName:null,surname:"Sriratanasathavorn",slug:"charn-sriratanasathavorn",fullName:"Charn Sriratanasathavorn"},{id:"283456",title:"Dr.",name:"Petch",middleName:null,surname:"Rawdaree",slug:"petch-rawdaree",fullName:"Petch Rawdaree"},{id:"283457",title:"Dr.",name:"Rapeephon",middleName:null,surname:"Kunjara-Na-Ayudhaya",slug:"rapeephon-kunjara-na-ayudhaya",fullName:"Rapeephon Kunjara-Na-Ayudhaya"},{id:"283458",title:"Dr.",name:"Bandit",middleName:null,surname:"Thinkhamrop",slug:"bandit-thinkhamrop",fullName:"Bandit Thinkhamrop"},{id:"283459",title:"Prof.",name:"Piyamitr",middleName:null,surname:"Sritara",slug:"piyamitr-sritara",fullName:"Piyamitr Sritara"}]},{id:"59778",title:"Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction",slug:"epidemiology-of-myocardial-infarction",totalDownloads:4507,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The most common form of CHD is the myocardial infarction. It is responsible for over 15% of mortality each year, among the vast majority of people suffering from non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) than ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) is higher in men in all age-specific groups than women. Although the incidence of MI is decreased in the industrialized nations partly because of improved health systems and implementation of effective public health strategies, nevertheless the rates are surging in the developing countries such as South Asia, parts of Latin America, and Eastern Europe. The modifiable risk factors represent over 90% of the risk for acute MI. The risk factors such as dyslipidemia, smoking, psychosocial stressors, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables were strongly associated with acute MI.",book:{id:"6373",slug:"myocardial-infarction",title:"Myocardial Infarction",fullTitle:"Myocardial Infarction"},signatures:"Joshua Chadwick Jayaraj, Karapet Davatyan, S.S. Subramanian and Jemmi Priya",authors:[{id:"223196",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Chadwick",slug:"joshua-chadwick",fullName:"Joshua Chadwick"},{id:"231054",title:"Dr.",name:"Karapet",middleName:null,surname:"Davatyan",slug:"karapet-davatyan",fullName:"Karapet Davatyan"},{id:"231055",title:"Ms.",name:"Jemmi",middleName:null,surname:"Priya",slug:"jemmi-priya",fullName:"Jemmi Priya"},{id:"244487",title:"Dr.",name:"S.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Subramanian",slug:"s.s.-subramanian",fullName:"S.S. Subramanian"}]},{id:"70032",title:"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Surgical Anastomosis: Tips and Tricks",slug:"coronary-artery-bypass-grafting-surgical-anastomosis-tips-and-tricks",totalDownloads:1363,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The definite feature of coronary artery disease is the focal narrowing in the vascular endothelium, and this leads to the decrease in the flow of blood to the myocardium. Atherosclerotic plaque is the main lesion. These patients can present with chest pain (angina or myocardial infarction) and need further workup noninvasively and invasively for the management. The main reasons for myocardial revascularization can be: (1) relief from symptoms of myocardial ischemia; (2) reduce the risks of future mortality; (3) to treat or prevent morbidities such as myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, or heart failure. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the surgical technique of cardiac revascularization. In 1910, Dr. Alexis Carrel described a series of canine experiments in which he devised means to treat CAD by creating a “complementary circulation” for the diseased native coronary arteries. No clinical translation occurred at the time, but he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Experimental refinements of coronary arterial revascularization, including the use of internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts, were later reported by Murray and colleagues, Demikhov, and Goetz and colleagues in the 1950s and early 1960s. Dr. Rene Favaloro performed his first coronary bypass operation in May 1967 with an interposed saphenous vein graft (SVG) and shortly thereafter used aortocoronary bypasses sutured proximally to the ascending aorta. The stenosed segment is bypassed using an arterial or venous graft. Left internal thoracic artery is the most commonly used artery, and long saphenous vein is the most commonly used vein for the coronary artery grafting to reestablish the blood flow to the compromised myocardium. This can be performed with or without the help of cardiopulmonary bypass machine and also with or without arresting the heart. These techniques are called as on-pump beating or on-pump arrested and off-pump beating coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Distal and proximal anastomoses are usually performed in an end-to-side manner, but in the case of doing sequential grafting, side-to-side anastomosis is also performed proximal to the end-to-side anastomosis. In this chapter we are going to discuss the coronary artery bypass grafting tips and tricks in details.",book:{id:"9060",slug:"the-current-perspectives-on-coronary-artery-bypass-grafting",title:"The Current Perspectives on Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting",fullTitle:"The Current Perspectives on Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting"},signatures:"Mohd. Shahbaaz Khan",authors:[{id:"278633",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd. Shahbaaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"mohd.-shahbaaz-khan",fullName:"Mohd. Shahbaaz Khan"}]},{id:"53810",title:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Below-the-Knee Artery Disease",slug:"angiography-and-endovascular-therapy-for-below-the-knee-artery-disease",totalDownloads:3130,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is growing in global prevalence and is associated with high rates of limb loss and mortality. “Endovascular-first” approach is considered to be the current standard care for symptomatic infrainguinal atherosclerotic disease. Given the facts that many CLI patients have severe comorbidities and endovascular-first approach is a common practice and may reduce the magnitude of the surgical trauma and systemic complications. In this chapter, updated angiographic approach for below-the-knee disease is described with endovascular technique.",book:{id:"5596",slug:"angiography-and-endovascular-therapy-for-peripheral-artery-disease",title:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease",fullTitle:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease"},signatures:"Akihiro Higashimori",authors:[{id:"195500",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Higashimori",slug:"akihiro-higashimori",fullName:"Akihiro Higashimori"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"170",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81437",title:"Pediatric Heart Transplantation",slug:"pediatric-heart-transplantation",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104518",abstract:"Despite advances in medical management, patients submitted for heart transplantation procedures still are at risk to development of complications. This chapter will discuss some specific topics of pediatric heart transplantation, focusing on perioperative care: (i) recipient management, (ii) donor evaluation, (iii) immunosuppression, (iv) early postoperative management, (v) complications, and (vi) conclusions.",book:{id:"11236",title:"Heart Transplantation - New Insights in Therapeutic Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11236.jpg"},signatures:"Estela Azeka"},{id:"81451",title:"Donor Assessment and Management for Heart Transplantation",slug:"donor-assessment-and-management-for-heart-transplantation",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104504",abstract:"For many years, heart transplantation has been an established procedure for patients with end-stage heart failure using the so-called “Standard Criteria” for an optimal heart donor. However, annually listed patients for heart transplantation greatly increased worldwide, and the use of extended criteria donor hearts has been utilized as many as possible in many countries. In this chapter, firstly, pathophysiology of brain death is explained. Secondly, donor assessment and issues of extended criteria donors are introduced. Then, donor management to maximize the heart graft availability, and the Japanese donor assessment and evaluation system and its outcome are reviewed.",book:{id:"11236",title:"Heart Transplantation - New Insights in Therapeutic Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11236.jpg"},signatures:"Norihide Fukushima"},{id:"81057",title:"Induction Therapy in the Current Immunosuppressive Therapy",slug:"induction-therapy-in-the-current-immunosuppressive-therapy",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103746",abstract:"The current immunosuppressive therapy including calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids, has substantially suppress rejections and improved clinical outcomes in heart transplant (HTx) recipients. Nevertheless, the management of drug-related nephrotoxicity, fatal acute cellular rejection (ACR), antibody-mediated rejection and infections remains challenging. Although previous some studies suggested that perioperative induction immunosuppressive therapy may be effective for the suppressing ACR and deterioration of renal function, increased incidence of infection and malignancy was concerned in recipients with induction immunosuppressive therapy. The international society of heart and lung transplantation (ISHLT) guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients do not recommend routine use of induction immunosuppressive therapy, except for the patients with high risk of acute rejection or renal dysfunction, however, appropriate therapeutic regimen and indication of induction immunosuppressive therapy remains unclear in HTx recipients. We review current evidence of induction immunosuppressive therapy in HTx recipients, and discuss the appropriate therapeutic regimen and indication of induction therapy.",book:{id:"11236",title:"Heart Transplantation - New Insights in Therapeutic Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11236.jpg"},signatures:"Takuya Watanabe, Yasumasa Tsukamoto, Hiroki Mochizuki, Masaya Shimojima, Tasuku Hada, Satsuki Fukushima, Tomoyuki Fujita and Osamu Seguchi"},{id:"80305",title:"Hepatic and Endocrine Aspects of Heart Transplantation",slug:"hepatic-and-endocrine-aspects-of-heart-transplantation",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102418",abstract:"End-organ dysfunction is a progression that can often develop in patients with end-stage heart failure. Hepatic abnormalities in advanced systolic heart failure may affect several aspects of the liver function. Hepatic function is dependent on age, nutrition, previous hepatic diseases, and drugs. The hepatic dysfunction can have metabolic, synthetic, and vascular consequences, which strongly influence the short- and long-term results of the transplantation. In this chapter, the diagnostic and treatment modalities of the transplanted patient will be discussed. On the other hand, endocrine abnormalities, particularly thyroid dysfunction, are also frequently detected in patients on the waiting list. Endocrine supplementation during donor management after brain death is crucial. Inappropriate management of central diabetes insipidus, hyperglycemia, or adrenal insufficiency can lead to circulatory failure and graft dysfunction during procurement. Thyroid dysfunction in donors and recipients is conversely discussed.",book:{id:"11236",title:"Heart Transplantation - New Insights in Therapeutic Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11236.jpg"},signatures:"Andrea Székely, András Szabó and Balázs Szécsi"},{id:"79970",title:"The Role of Large Impella Devices in Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support for Patients Undergoing Heart Transplantation",slug:"the-role-of-large-impella-devices-in-temporary-mechanical-circulatory-support-for-patients-undergoin",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101680",abstract:"Large microaxial pump systems (Impella 5.0, or Impella 5.5; i.e., Impella 5+) (Abiomed Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) have gained increasing levels of attendance as valuable tools of mechanical circulatory support (MCS). Patients undergoing heart transplantation (HTX) often need temporary MCS in the perioperative course, either as a preoperative bridge or occasionally in the early post-transplant period. Here we present our experience using Impella 5+ support for patients designated to undergo HTX, describe technical aspects of implantation and removal, and further analyze factors influencing the overall patient outcome. Significant factors are discussed in front of the background of contemporary international literature, and current scientific questions are highlighted.",book:{id:"11236",title:"Heart Transplantation - New Insights in Therapeutic Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11236.jpg"},signatures:"Yukiharu Sugimura, Sebastian Bauer, Moritz Benjamin Immohr, Arash Mehdiani, Hug Aubin, Ralf Westenfeld, Udo Boeken, Artur Lichtenberg and Payam Akhyari"},{id:"80721",title:"Gene Therapy for Cardiac Transplantation",slug:"gene-therapy-for-cardiac-transplantation",totalDownloads:85,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102865",abstract:"Gene therapy is an advanced treatment approach that alters the genetic composition of cells to confer therapeutic protein or RNA expression to the target organ. It has been successfully introduced into clinical practice for the treatment of various diseases. Cardiac transplantation stands to benefit from applications of gene therapy to prevent the onset of post-transplantation complications, such as primary graft dysfunction, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and rejection. Additionally, gene therapy can be used to minimize or potentially eliminate the need for immunosuppression post-transplantation. Several animal models and delivery strategies have been developed over the years with the goal of achieving robust gene expression in the heart. However, a method for doing this has yet to be successfully translated into clinical practice. The recent advances in ex vivo perfusion for organ preservation provide potential ways to overcome several barriers to achieving gene therapy for cardiac transplantation into clinical practice. Optimizing the selection of the gene-carrying vector for gene delivery and selection of the therapeutic gene to be conferred is also crucial for being able to implement gene therapy in cardiac transplantation. Here, we discuss the history and current state of research on gene therapy for cardiac transplantation.",book:{id:"11236",title:"Heart Transplantation - New Insights in Therapeutic Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11236.jpg"},signatures:"Michelle Mendiola Pla, Yuting Chiang, Jun-Neng Roan and Dawn E. Bowles"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:19},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. 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Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/116456",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"116456"},fullPath:"/profiles/116456",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()