Dimension parameters of the vertical axis wind turbine.
\r\n\tAn important component of this book must be dedicated to the more recent treatments namely with biologic therapies but focusing also on new small molecule inhibitors and experimental therapies.
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Thus, the blood cells are derived from the common lymphoid progenitor and the myeloid progenitor, apart from the megakaryocytes and red blood cells that are derived from specific progenitors. Particularly, the lymphoid progenitor gives rise to natural killer (NK) cells, T and B lineage cells of the human immune system, while the myeloid progenitor is the precursor of the granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (Figure 1).
Myeloid cells represent the major leukocyte population in the peripheral blood. Phylogenically, these cells are the oldest ones found in primitive invertebrates and, in vertebrates, sum to lymphoid cells to constantly supply to all tissues via peripheral blood circulation [1].
\nThe myeloid precursor gives rise to granulocytes and monocytes. Granulocytes are comprised of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils are known as the key effector cells in innate immunity against bacteria and are the first cells to be recruited into local sites on pathogen invasion, providing an immediate defense against infection in tissues. The main role of neutrophils is to isolate, engulf, and kill pathogens using oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms [1, 2].
\nMyelomonocytic cells give rise to mature monocytes that are present in circulation and were believed to mature terminally into macrophages in various tissues, where they may display a unique, tissue-dependent morphology and specific functions such as Kupffer cells in the liver or microglia in the brain. Monocytes may also differentiate into dendritic cells in lymphoid organs and Langerhans cells in skin, where they function as professional antigen presenting cells [2].
\nMonocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages are the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, they are a group of cells that are vital for the control of pathogens and for orchestration of a complete immune response, as well as for backing up tissue functions. These properties make them interesting targets for immune therapy, vaccination, and treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases [3, 4].
\nHowever, exactly how many cell types exist in the mononuclear phagocyte system, or whether they establish a family, has been a matter of discussion for many years. Historically, cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system have been referred to as erythrophagocytes, adventitia cells, histiocytes, and several other terminologies until their current terminology was established in 1972 by a bulletin published by the World Health Organization (WHO) [5]. The discovery of a new cell type termed dendritic cells in the 1970s by the Nobel Prize winner Ralph Steinman that was distinct from macrophages added more complexity to the mononuclear phagocyte system classification [6].
\nAccordingly, it took a while before dendritic cells were fully accepted as a true member of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Over time, there was appreciation that there were not just one but multiple dendritic cells subtypes, each with a specialized role [7]. Nowadays, there are several discussions about macrophages and dendritic cells nomenclature, subsets, and their
Thus in this chapter, the principles of hematopoiesis, phenotype, and transcription factors in myelomonocytic lineage will be highlighted, as well as their maturation and differentiation. The contribution of different cytokine environments modulating the monocytic lineage differentiation into subtypes of macrophages or dendritic cells will also be discussed.
Blood development in vertebrates includes two hematopoiesis waves: primitive and definitive ones [8]. The primitive wave involves an erythroid progenitor and gives rise to erythrocytes and macrophages during the early embryonic development [9]. The purpose of the primitive wave is to produce red blood cells in order to oxygenate the embryo tissues that experience a fast growth [10]. In mammals, these erythroid progenitor cells first appear in blood islands in the extra-embryonic yolk sac early in development [11]. The primitive wave is transitory, and these erythroid progenitors are not pluripotent and do not have self-renewal ability.
\nInstead, definitive hematopoiesis occurs later in development, markedly at different periods in different species. Definitive hematopoiesis involves hematopoietic stem cells, which are multipotent cells that can generate all blood lineages of an adult organism. In vertebrates, hematopoietic stem cells are born in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region of the developing embryo. They migrate to the fetal liver and then to the bone marrow, which is the final site for hematopoietic stem cells in adults [12].
\nUsually, in order to characterize and quantify hematopoietic stem cells, flow cytometry techniques are commonly used. The immunophenotypic markers CD34 and CD38 are used to characterize and enumerate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and progenitors (HPC) as shown in Figures 1 and 2 [13]. Hematopoietic stem cells are a small population characterized by the expression of CD34+CD38−, and progenitors are recognized by the expression of CD34+CD38+ (Figure 2A). HSCs are also CD117−, and during differentiation toward common myeloid and lymphoid progenitors (CMP and CLP), they acquire CD117 and Human Leukocyte Antigen–DR (HLA-DR) expression; and later, as per their lineage commitment, they can or not preserve these markers (Figure 2B).
After hematopoiesis initiation, several decision steps are necessary for HSC pluripotency and quiescence maintenance or specification of lineage commitment [14]. One important checkpoint is the preservation of pluripotency by the combined action of Notch-1, GATA-2, HoxB4, and Ikaros transcription factors. Furthermore, the cell cycle inhibitor p21 is essential to keep a fraction of stem cells in quiescence [15].
\nDuring lineage commitment, transcription factors play critical roles at distinct differentiation branches. Concerning the myeloid-lineage commitment, PU.1, an Ets family of transcription factor, seems to play a key role [16]. PU.1-deficient mice lack monocytes and B cells with a greatly reduced number of granulocytes, while overexpression of PU.1 enhances the development of myeloid cells. Consequently, the enhanced expression of PU.1 favors myeloid commitment, while low-to-intermediate expression of PU.1 together with GATA-3 and Ikaros transcription factors commit HSC toward lymphoid lineage [17].
\nOnce the myeloid dominance has been established through increased PU.1 or GATA-1 expression, further transcriptional control determines the commitment along erythroid/megakaryocytic (GATA-1/2 dominance) or myelomonocytic (PU.1 dominance) lineages, while mafB together with PU.1 also play an essential role in monocyte/macrophage differentiation [18]. MafB, c-Maf, and Egr-1 are suggested to promote monocytic differentiation at the cost of granulopoiesis [19].
\nIn addition, the induction of C/EBPα or C/EBPβ modulates the fate of myeloid-committed cells toward granulocytic branches since CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP), a basic region leucine zipper DNA-binding protein, is responsible for the transactivation of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Receptor (G-CSFR) gene and retinoic acid receptors (RARs) [14]. It has been shown that C/EBP-deficient mice selectively lacks granulocytes and RAR-deficient mice shows a granulocyte differentiation arrested at the myelocyte stage.
\nMyelomonocytic cells are usually classified based on surface markers and biological responses. The common myeloid progenitor (CMP) is characterized by markers such as CD34 and CD117. These immature cells are able to differentiate into neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and under pathological conditions or induced by proinflammatory cytokines these cells can also generate a population known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells.
\nMyeloid-derived suppressor cells are part of the myeloid-cell lineage and a heterogeneous population that is comprised by myeloid-progenitors and precursors cells. In healthy individuals, immature myeloid cells rapidly differentiate toward mature granulocytes, macrophages, or dendritic cells. However, in pathological conditions such as cancer, infectious diseases, trauma, or some autoimmune disorders, a partial impairment in the immature myeloid cells differentiation result in the expansion of this population. Importantly, the activation of these cells in pathological conditions results in an upregulated expression of immune suppressive factors such as arginase, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased production. Together, these alterations results in the expansion of immature myeloid cells that possess suppressive activity [20].
Regarding phenotypes, monocyte maturation curve can be performed by flow cytometry and can display the differentiation of CD34+/CD117+/CD64−/CD14− myeloid precursor into monoblast CD64+ and further into promonocyte by increased expression of CD14lo/int. Additionally, these cells will become full mature monocytes by CD14hi expression (Figures 1 and 3A). During monocyte maturation, upregulation of CD64 is followed not only by CD14 but also increased levels of CD33, CD36, and CD300e expression toward mature monocytes (Figures 1 and 3A).
In addition, the differences in monocytes and granulocytes maturation curve can be seen using a combination of CD11b and HLA-DR markers. Granulocytes arise from a precursor that do express HLA-DR and downregulated its expression during maturation, while monocytes arise from a precursor with high expression of HLA-DR and preserve the HLA-DR expression to maturation, while both cells’ subsets have an increased expression of CD11b toward maturation (Figures 1 and 3B).
\nMonocytes were originally classified by their physical characteristics, but after flow cytometry advent, monocytes became also recognized by CD14 and CD16 expressions (Figures 1 and 4A). Classical monocytes CD14hi/CD16− (Figures 1 and 4B) are approximately 80% of all monocytes and considered to be better at secreting proinflammatory cytokines, phagocytosis, and ROS production [21]. The nonclassical CD14+/CD16+ cells resemble “resident” tissue macrophages with higher Major Histocompatibility Complex - Class II (MHC-II) expression. CD16+ monocytes are subdivided into CD14hi/CD16+ and CD14lo/CD16+ (Figures 1 and 4B). CD14hi/CD16+ monocytes express highest levels of phagocytosis; MHC-II and accessory molecule expression are also higher compared with CD14lo/CD16+ (Figures 1 and 4C) [21]. Functional data and gene arrays suggest that CD14hi/CD16+ monocytes share more common pattern with CD14hi/CD16− monocytes than with CD14lo/CD16+ [22].
These monocyte characteristics subsets have recently been reported as a signature diagnostic for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Researchers compared the population of monocytes among healthy bone marrow donors, patients with reactive monocytosis, another hematologic malignancy, and CMML patients, which demonstrate a characteristic increase in the fraction of CD14+/CD16− cells compared with the other samples [23].
\nIn addition, the development and biological significance of monocyte subsets remain a matter of active investigation, as well as their respective functions and developmental relationships. CD161 is another important marker that also defines monocytes subsets. These CD161 subsets seem to be expanded in a variety of clinical situations, including autoimmune diseases, bacterial and viral infections, asthma, stroke, and coronary artery disease [24–29]. In addition, there is a new emerging technology known as tissue macrophage scanning (TiMaScan), which is a sensitive intra-tissue total body scanning. This new technology promises to accurately detect and define monocyte and macrophage subsets in blood and tissues not only in homeostatic or traumatic injuries but also in cancer [30, 31].
\nMonocytes, macrophages, and myeloid DCs are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system that exhibit several functions during immune responses. Historically, these cells have been grouped together because although monocytes have their unique functions as mononuclear phagocytic cells, they were also considered as precursors of macrophages and myeloid DCs [32].
\nMonocytes and macrophages are critical effectors and regulators of inflammation involved in innate immune response, the immune system for immediate support. On the other hand, DCs are a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, because they initiate and regulate the highly pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses and play a central role in the development of immunological memory and tolerance. These cells can display significant heterogeneity in phenotype and function according to the tissue of residence. Dendritic cells are described as distinct lineage specialized in antigen presentation, initiation, and control of immunity, contributing to development of the immune response to pathogens, vaccines, and tumors [33].
\nHuman dendritic cells subsets found
Regarding transcription factors that regulate monocytes and DCs differentiation, there are several differences between mice and humans, but also similarities, which should be taken into consideration [37]. A straight comparison between human and mouse can be made due to the presence of Interferon Regulatory Factor 8 (IRF8) deficiency in both species. While human biallelic IRF8 mutation leads to complete loss of blood and skin DCs and monocytes derived cells, the autosomal dominant IRF8 mutation results in absence of CD1c expression and presence of a population CD11c+CD1c− not seen in a healthy control blood [37, 38]. In mice, IRF8 is required for the development of CD8+CD103+ DCs and plays a role in monocyte development through Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) interaction with Krüppel-like Factor 4 (KLF4) [39].
\nIn contrast, human macrophages are found throughout body tissues [40]. During HSC transplantation, dermal macrophages in the recipient show prolonged survival and delayed replacement compared with dermal DCs, which is consistent with the impression that macrophages are also self-maintaining in humans. Furthermore, patients carrying a mutation in GATA-2 lack blood monocytes and all conventional DCs subsets, yet they have normal numbers of Langerhans cells and macrophages in skin and lungs, respectively, suggesting that these populations development may also occur independent of monocytes and DCs [41].
\nAnother important characteristic of macrophages, which should be mentioned, is their polarization in two phenotypes M1 and M2, inflammatory macrophages are called M1, whereas those that decrease inflammation and favor tissue repair are called M2 macrophages. Later, findings regarding granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) effects in macrophages led to the independent inclusion of these as M1 and M2 stimuli, respectively. The polarized M2 phenotype, in a tumor microenvironment, has been named tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and is associated to tumor progression and to a poor prognosis [42].
It is possible to differentiate either dendritic cells or macrophages
Moreover, mice deficient either in the production of Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) or in the Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor Receptor (M-CSFR) have been reported to have decreased numbers of monocytes in the bone marrow and/or in circulation [48]. Homeostatic control of monocyte/macrophage development has been proposed to result from the modulation of M-CSF levels by differentiated cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, mature mononuclear phagocytes express high levels of the M-CSFR, and M-CSF is produced continuously by stromal cells, and the addition of IL-3 to cultured bone marrow cells enhances the activity of M-CSF [49].
\nAdditional growth factors, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4, are able to influence monocyte development and differentiation during inflammation.
IL-4 has been argued to drive both tissue-resident macrophage [55, 56] and monocyte [57] expansion during type 2 inflammation. IL-4 in combination with GM-CSF drives inflammatory dendritic cells
The two main colony-stimulating factors involved in monopoiesis, M-CSF and GM-CSF, have opposing polarizing properties.
Macrophages
Regarding phagocytosis, monocytes and macrophages are highly phagocytic cells, in contrast to DCs that according to maturation status lose their phagocytic ability and become the most efficient antigen-presenting cells. Differences in expression related to functional status of these cells are shown in Figures 5 and 6. DCs have increased expression in HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86 (molecules related to antigen presentation efficiency) compared with macrophages and monocytes (Figure 6).
Herein, we have presented the principles of hematopoiesis, transcription factors in myelomonocytic lineage phenotype, as well as their maturation and differentiation, and these topics have been the target of several studies for over a century using a variety of model systems. The human hematopoiesis understanding it is very important; this fundamental knowledge allowed scientists and physicians to identify diseases and their causes, leading to the development of new therapies.
\nIn addition, we have discussed the contribution of different cytokine/growth factors’ environment, modulating the monocytic lineage differentiation into subtypes of macrophages or dendritic cells and their development
This work was granted by National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) process number—441665/2014-4. We are grateful to Dr. Thiago Aloia by performing the confocal microscopy images and to Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Hospital Albert Einstein and Clinical Pathology Laboratory for all support.
In addition to achieving the energy conversion, wind energy heating system can also get the thermal energy needed by users through the "wind energy-mechanical energy-thermal energy" route [1]. The kinetic energy of the natural wind is captured and converted to mechanical energy by the wind turbine firstly, and then the heater converts the mechanical energy to the desired thermal energy. Compared with the first type of energy conversion, the second form is called the wind energy direct heating system and it saves the power generation equipment (as shown in Figure 1) and reduces the number of energy conversion time. The system will further reduce the initial investment cost and significantly improve the energy utilization coefficient.
Schematic diagram of the “wind energy-mechanical energy-thermal energy” conversion pathway.
The vertical axis wind turbine has attracted more and more attention due to its simple structure, low cost, and no yaw system required. The vertical axis wind turbine is divided into lift-type and drag-type vertical axis wind turbines, between which the lift-type one has a higher wind energy utilization coefficient under the high blade tip speed ratio, and thus the wind turbine has higher power. Lift-type vertical axis wind turbines are usually designed with two-or three-bladed wind turbines, and the three-bladed turbine has a lower shaft torque ripple and better self-starting characteristics compared to the two-bladed turbine [2].
The basic principle of the permanent magnet eddy current heater (Figure 2) is that when the rotor of the eddy current heater starts to rotate, the stator heating element is in the changing magnetic field. Since the stator heating element is generally a solid metal structure, many free loops can be formed inside it. Under the action of changing magnetic field, the magnetic flux of each circuit will change, which will produce an induced current. The impedance value formed in the stator heating body is small, so the circuit current will be large, so as to achieve the effect of heating.
For the study of wind energy heating, the authors in reference [3] set up an outdoor mixing heating experimental platform powered by natural wind and calculated the heating efficiency by the recorded wind speed, rotational speed, and temperature of working fluid. The authors in reference [4] compared the heating effects of the flat blade and the cylindrical blade and found that the heating effect of the flat blade is much better. The authors in reference [5] established a mathematical model to match the torque and the power, which provides a theoretical basis for the design of the stirred wind heating device. The authors in reference [6] optimized the structure of the wind turbine by using the Fluent software according to the relevant theory of wind turbine. The authors in reference [7] used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to analyze the thermal efficiency of wind energy heating, and verified the feasibility of using CFD to analyze the mixing heating device.
The basic principle of the liquid stirring heater (Figure 3) is that the wind turbine directly drives the agitator to rotate the liquid at high speed and make the liquid heat.
The authors in reference [8] studied the relationship between the torque required in the starting stage of the liquid stirring heater and the stirring impeller radius, angular acceleration. The liquid stirring heater is accompanied by a higher torque when starting.
The authors in reference [9] studied the permanent magnet eddy current heater directly driven by the vertical axis resistance differential wind turbine and analyzed the work of the permanent magnet eddy current heater under a certain wind speed. The authors in reference [10] simulated the permanent magnet eddy current heater model using the finite element method, determined the relevant geometric parameters and material properties of the model and obtained the heater power. The authors in reference [11] set up a permanent magnet eddy current heater experiment device, through which the relevant data were obtained. By using the test device, the temperature changes under different rotating speeds, working times, and different import and export water temperatures were measured, and then the corresponding conversion efficiency was obtained. The authors in reference [12] show that the increase of the thermal energy of the permanent magnet eddy current heater is roughly proportional to the square of the rotational speed increase. The authors in reference [13] pointed out that for the instability and intermittent nature of wind energy, connecting the thermal energy storage device after the permanent magnet eddy current heater can ensure the stable output of thermal energy.
In this study, the operation characteristics of the heater directly driven by a vertical axis wind turbine (Figure 4) under different working conditions are studied. The heating efficiencies of the two types of heaters are analyzed, and the matching relationship between the wind turbine and heater is optimized (see Figures 2–4).
Model of the permanent magnet eddy current heater.
Model of liquid stirring heater.
Model of vertical axis wind turbine in wind tunnel test.
The wind turbine model is a three-blade vertical axis wind turbine adopting the NACA0018 symmetrical airfoil. The string length (
Geometric model of vertical axis wind turbine.
The parameter name | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Blade height/ | 1 | m |
Airfoil | NACA0018 | — |
Chord length/ | 0.25 | m |
Blade number | 3 | — |
Rotor rotating diameter/ | 1.1 | m |
Dimension parameters of the vertical axis wind turbine.
Schematic diagram of the 3D Computational domain.
The aerodynamic characteristics of the vertical axis wind turbine can be expressed as follows:
The following speed relation is satisfied when the wind turbine blades are in each position as Eq. (1):
where,
The force analysis of a certain determined blade is shown in Figure 7. The central point of the vertical axis wind turbine is the
Force analysis of the element on the blade.
The other component can be expressed as Eq. (3):
So, the force on the blade is expressed as Eq. (4):
Based on the above velocity decomposition relationship, the attack angle of blade is as Eq. (5):
The aerodynamic pressure acting on the blade can be expressed as Eq. (6):
The Lilienthal aerodynamic coefficient at this blade element is expressed as Eq. (7):
where
Component forces of normal direction and wing string direction of the blade are given as Eq. (8):
Decompose the above component forces to the flow wind speed direction, the resultant force received by the rotor in that direction is as Eq. (9):
where
The torque formula provided by the force acting on the blade for the rotor rotation axis is expressed as Eq. (10):
Integrating the above formulas, the torque of the whole rotor is expressed as Eq. (11):
Therefore, the power is expressed as Eq. (12):
The wind energy utilization coefficient
Grid division is a very important part in numerical simulation. Good grid division can improve the accuracy of the wind turbine performance prediction. In order to ensure the accuracy of the simulation, this study adopts the 3D structured grid for the wind turbine as shown in Figure 8.
Mesh of vertical axis wind turbine: (a) top view of mesh in rotating domain; (b) mesh around blade; (c) the entire mesh in the computational domain.
For the three-blade wind turbine model studied in this paper, the pressure-velocity coupling method and SIMPLE algorithm are used to solve the transient URANS Equation, and the pressure order, momentum term, and turbulence dissipation term are all solved by the second-order windward space dissipation algorithm, and the judgment criterion of convergence is set to 10−5. The turbulence model used in the simulation is the transition
Comparison of 3D numerical simulation results to experimental data and 2D numerical simulation results.
It is known from experiments that when the working fluid temperature of the bulk heat exchange surface increases by 60°C under different speed conditions, the faster the speed of the permanent magnet eddy current heater, the faster the working fluid temperature of the heat exchanger surface increases. However, if the speed is too fast, it will lead to an increase in heat production absorbed by the bulk metal during the heater operation, the uniform heating of circulating working fluid, and a high energy loss. Overall, the running speed of the heater is relatively suitable at 20 rad/s. The starting torque of the permanent magnet eddy current heater is about 6.89N·m, while after the magnetic eddy current heater is used as the wind turbine load, the wind turbine tip speed is relatively low, which will deviate from the optimal tip speed ratio interval, and thus leads to a low wind energy utilization coefficient during operation.
For the permanent magnet eddy current heater, when the wind speed varies from 13 m/s to 17 m/s, the output parameters of the wind turbine are shown in Table 2.
Wind speed/(m/s) | Rotating speed/(rad/s) | Tip speed ratio | CP | Torque/(N m) | Power of wind turbine/(W) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
13.0 | 5.76 | 0.24 | 0.027 | 7.01 | 40.39 |
13.5 | 6.80 | 0.27 | 0.033 | 8.09 | 55.09 |
14.0 | 8.37 | 0.33 | 0.044 | 9.61 | 80.54 |
14.5 | 9.94 | 0.38 | 0.045 | 11.33 | 112.78 |
15.0 | 11.51 | 0.42 | 0.067 | 13.23 | 152.45 |
15.5 | 13.08 | 0.46 | 0.080 | 15.24 | 199.60 |
16.0 | 15.70 | 0.59 | 0.127 | 16.70 | 350.34 |
16.5 | 17.79 | 0.60 | 0.128 | 21.54 | 383.52 |
17.0 | 19.89 | 0.64 | 0.150 | 24.89 | 495.21 |
Output parameters of wind turbine at 13–17 m/s wind speeds.
The rotating speed and torque curve of wind turbine under different wind speed conditions are shown in Figures 10 and 11. Clearly, the rotating speed and torque of the wind turbine both increase linearly with the wind speed increased.
Curve of the rotating speed change at 13–17 m/s wind speeds.
Curve of the torque change at 13–17 m/s wind speeds.
According to the experimental data, the relationship between the heat absorption power
The relationship between the power of heat absorption
Therefore, the efficiency of the heater can be expressed as Eq. (16):
where
The system efficiency is the ratio of the heat obtained by the circulating working fluid to the wind energy swept by the wind turbine. It can directly reflect how much energy the heating system captures from the natural wind. The expression is Eq. (17):
According to the above formulas, the heating efficiency and system efficiency of the permanent magnet eddy current heater can be obtained (Table 3) by using the output power of the wind turbine.
Wind speed/(m/s) | Power of wind turbine/(W) | Thermal energy exchange power/(W) | Heating efficiency/(%) | System efficiency/(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
13.0 | 40.39 | 17.11 | 42.36 | 1.14 |
13.5 | 55.09 | 22.94 | 41.64 | 1.37 |
14.0 | 80.54 | 33.85 | 42.02 | 1.85 |
14.5 | 112.78 | 49.15 | 43.58 | 1.96 |
15.0 | 152.45 | 70.27 | 46.09 | 3.09 |
15.5 | 199.60 | 98.64 | 49.42 | 3.95 |
16.0 | 350.34 | 213.21 | 60.68 | 7.73 |
16.5 | 383.52 | 243.31 | 63.44 | 8.12 |
17.0 | 495.21 | 357.58 | 72.21 | 10.83 |
The heating efficiency and system efficiency of the permanent magnet eddy current heater.
As seen from Figures 12 and 13, with the increase of the test wind speed, the heating efficiency increases at the same time. The heating efficiency and system efficiency are significantly increased when the wind speed is higher than 15.5 m/s. When the wind speed is 17 m/s, the heating efficiency and system efficiency reach the maximum values of 72.21% and 10.83%, respectively. Hence, the permanent magnet eddy current heater has higher efficiency under the condition of higher wind speed and rotating speed.
Curve of the heating efficiency change at 13–17 m/s wind speeds.
Curve of the system efficiency change at 13–17 m/s wind speeds.
According to the experiment results, the temperature rise rate fluctuates in a certain range when the liquid stirring heater rotates at different speeds, but it does not attenuate with the increase of the working fluid temperature. Hence, with the rise of work fluid temperature, the increase of environmental thermal dissipation will not significantly affect the working fluid temperature rise rate. The changes in working fluid temperature at different heater speeds are in linear function, and the effect of heater speed on heating is significant. The strength and stiffness of mixing blade and the plate under high speed are also need to be considered.
The wind turbine can complete the start-up operation at a low wind speed, and the starting torque is much lower than the permanent magnet eddy current heater at the same power level. Therefore, compared with the permanent magnet eddy current heater, the mixing heater can use the wind energy at a lower speed and improve the wind energy utilization. Due to the small drive torque of the stirring heater, the wind turbine speed is increased, the tip speed ratio is close to the optimal tip speed ratio with a higher wind energy utilization coefficient.
When the wind speed varies from 7 m/s to 13 m/s, the output parameters are given in Table 4.
Wind speed/(m/s) | Rotating speed/(rad/s) | Tip speed ratio | CP | Torque/(N m) | Power of wind turbine/(W) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.0 | 13.61 | 1.07 | 0.202 | 3.62 | 49.30 |
8.0 | 18.84 | 1.29 | 0.264 | 5.10 | 96.17 |
9.0 | 21.98 | 1.34 | 0.281 | 6.63 | 145.75 |
10.0 | 26.17 | 1.43 | 0.292 | 7.94 | 207.76 |
11.0 | 29.30 | 1.46 | 0.295 | 9.53 | 279.37 |
12.0 | 32.44 | 1.49 | 0.297 | 11.26 | 365.15 |
13.0 | 35.59 | 1.51 | 0.295 | 12.96 | 461.13 |
Output parameters of wind turbine at 7–13 m/s wind speeds.
The rotating speed and torque curve of the wind turbine in the test wind speed interval are shown in Figures 14 and 15. It can be seen that the rotating speed and torque both change linearly in the test wind speed range. Therefore, when the rotating speed of the heater increases, the mixing resistance is borne by the blade and the flow resistance plate will also increase simultaneously. When the heater power is necessary to be further improved, the design of the mixing blade and the damping plate structure should be optimized to increase the mixing resistance and reduce the maximum rotating speed.
Curve of the rotating speed change at 7–13 m/s wind speeds.
Curve of the torque change at 7–13 m/s wind speeds.
Based on Eqs. (15)–(17), the heating efficiency and system efficiency (Table 5) of the liquid stirring heater can be obtained according to the output power of the wind turbine.
Wind speed/(m/s) | Power of wind turbine/(W) | Thermal energy exchange power/(W) | Heating efficiency/(%) | System efficiency/(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
7.0 | 49.30 | 8.71 | 16.67 | 3.57 |
8.0 | 96.17 | 27.91 | 29.02 | 7.66 |
9.0 | 145.75 | 49.66 | 34.07 | 9.57 |
10.0 | 207.76 | 78.93 | 37.99 | 11.09 |
11.0 | 279.37 | 115.60 | 41.38 | 12.21 |
12.0 | 365.15 | 163.58 | 40.80 | 13.31 |
13.0 | 461.13 | 222.50 | 48.25 | 14.23 |
The heating efficiency and system efficiency of the liquid stirring heater.
According to Table 5, Figures 16 and 17, the heating efficiency increases with the wind speed increased in the test wind speed range, and the maximum efficiency is 48% when the wind speed is 13 m/s. The corresponding wind energy utilization coefficient is 0.295 with the highest system efficiency. Though the permanent magnet eddy current heater efficiency is high, while the matching characteristics with the wind turbine are poor, leading to low system efficiency. Thus, the good matching of heater and wind turbine will effectively improve the efficiency of the wind energy heating system.
Curve of the heating efficiency change at 7–13 m/s wind speeds.
Curve of the system efficiency change at 7–13 m/s wind speeds.
According to the existing experimental results, the numerical simulation method is applied to study the vertical axis wind turbine under different working conditions, the conclusion are as follows:
The input torque of the liquid stirring heater has a linear relationship with the rotating speed when its geometric structure and working fluid are determined. Therefore, replacing the working quality with high viscosity can effectively reduce the volume of the heating device. On the basis of guaranteeing the quantity of heat, optimizing the type of the stirring blade and flow resistance plate can reduce the working speed of the device, achieve a good match with the wind machine, improve the utilization coefficient of the wind turbine, and improve the heating efficiency of the system. According to the numerical simulation results, the maximum heating efficiency is up to 48.25%.
Compared with the liquid stirring heater in the same power level, the starting torque of the permanent magnet eddy current heater is higher, and due to the poor self-starting characteristics of the vertical axis wind turbine, the permanent magnet eddy current heater driven by the wind turbine can be put into operation at high wind speed, which cannot effectively use the wind energy at low wind speed. The wind energy utilization coefficient of the system can be improved by the cooperative operation with the liquid stirring heater. According to the numerical simulation results, the maximum heating efficiency is up to 72.21%.
The heater directly driven by a vertical axis wind turbine system has a certain referred significance for other permanent magnet eddy current heater and liquid stirring heater with vertical axis wind turbine.
Authors are listed below with their open access chapters linked via author name:
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen authors on the Global Highly Cited Researchers 2018 list",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
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\\n\\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\\n\\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFei Wei 2016-18
\\n\\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\\n\\nQi Xie 2016-18
\\n\\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
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\n\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\n\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\n\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\n\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\n\nGang Chen 2016-18
\n\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\n\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\n\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\n\nMark Connors 2015-18
\n\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\n\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\n\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\n\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
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\n\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
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\n\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. 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