Taxonomy of peach.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"733",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Muscle Biopsy",title:"Muscle Biopsy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Investigation of muscle diseases has changed dramatically with the understanding of genetic basis of a wide range of muscle diseases. 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She did her MD Pathology at Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. She had her training in Neuropathology at Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK. She established the neuropathology services in her laboratory in the state of Andhra Pradesh and is actively involved in the diagnosis of Neurooncology, Neuroinfections and neuromuscular diseases. She published a large series of mitochondrial myopathies with particular emphasis on chronic progressive external opthalmoplegia on muscle biopsy and genetics. 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In this context, a book that collects the experiences of authors with diverse backgrounds, and operating in different settings of palliative care, can be added to the many editorial products on the subject. Over five sections, this volume addresses such topics as palliative care in children, infants, and gynecologic oncology patients; the role of the caregiver; the use of drugs; and ethics, organization, and policy issues. Although this book should not be considered as an exhaustive treatise on palliative care, the many topics covered and the experience and competence of the authors involved make it a useful tool for those who are already experts in the field as well as those who are studying this field.",isbn:"978-1-83969-153-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-152-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-154-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92471",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"suggestions-for-addressing-clinical-and-non-clinical-issues-in-palliative-care",numberOfPages:346,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"1833efc8093256b2458f0ed06ed55ed0",bookSignature:"Marco Cascella and Michael John Stones",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10456.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:5585,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 20th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 4th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Marco Cascella is a member of the expert committee in cancer pain and palliative care of the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Reanimation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI). He acts as a research editor for the Italian Ministry of Health and is an editorial board member of several medical journals. He has been a speaker at numerous conferences and conventions and is the author of about 100 scientific publications, books, book chapters, etc.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"199335",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Cascella",slug:"marco-cascella",fullName:"Marco Cascella",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199335/images/system/199335.jpg",biography:"Marco Cascella, MD, works in the Department of Supportive Care at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale” – IRCCS, Naples, Italy, where he has responsibility for research in anesthesia and pain medicine. He was granted the National Scientific Habilitation (ASN) for Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care in Italian Universities and he is annual Professor of Physiology on the Degree Course in Biomedical Laboratory Techniques at the Faculty of Medicine, University “Federico II,” Naples. Dr. Cascella graduated with honors in Medicine and Surgery in 1997 from the University “Vanvitelli” of Naples and then undertook postgraduate studies in anesthesia and intensive care, obtaining his doctorate in 2001. He acts as an editorial board member for several medical journals. He has been a speaker at numerous conferences and conventions and is the author of about 150 scientific publications, books, and book chapters in the fields of anesthesia, pathophysiology, treatment of pain, oncology, and palliative care. Dr. Cascella also heads and participates in various research projects.",institutionString:"Istituto Nazionale Tumori - Fondazione 'G. Pascale'",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"289526",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael John",middleName:null,surname:"Stones",slug:"michael-john-stones",fullName:"Michael John Stones",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289526/images/system/289526.png",biography:"Michael John Stones is best known in academia for his contributions to gerontology. He has authored or edited 9 books, 37 book chapters, and more than 120 scientific articles, and 30 knowledge transmission articles aimed at professional or general readerships. His research interests include subjective well-being\r\nand quality of life in older people, age trends in sport and other physical performances, elder abuse, sexuality and intimacy in later life, and the use of health informatics to promote a better quality of care in long-term care settings. Applied endeavors include the development of senior resource centers in Newfoundland, assistance with the development of a resident assessment instrument for mental health used throughout Ontario, and leadership of a scientific team in Quebec that informed the provincial government about policy and practices.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lakehead University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1132",title:"Health Care",slug:"medicine-public-health-health-care"}],chapters:[{id:"77154",title:"Introductory Chapter: Delirium in Palliative Care",slug:"introductory-chapter-delirium-in-palliative-care",totalDownloads:132,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"199335",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Cascella",slug:"marco-cascella",fullName:"Marco Cascella"}]},{id:"76200",title:"Palliative Care of the Infant and Child in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit",slug:"palliative-care-of-the-infant-and-child-in-the-paediatric-intensive-care-unit",totalDownloads:265,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"338139",title:"Dr.",name:"Suzanne",surname:"Crowe",slug:"suzanne-crowe",fullName:"Suzanne Crowe"},{id:"338140",title:"Dr.",name:"Maeve",surname:"McAllister",slug:"maeve-mcallister",fullName:"Maeve McAllister"},{id:"338141",title:"Ms.",name:"Roisin",surname:"Ni Charra",slug:"roisin-ni-charra",fullName:"Roisin Ni Charra"},{id:"351044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann-Marie",surname:"Crowe",slug:"ann-marie-crowe",fullName:"Ann-Marie Crowe"},{id:"351046",title:"Ms.",name:"Julie",surname:"Edwards",slug:"julie-edwards",fullName:"Julie Edwards"}]},{id:"77344",title:"Home Based Palliative Care",slug:"home-based-palliative-care",totalDownloads:231,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"340203",title:"Dr.",name:"Sourav",surname:"Goswami",slug:"sourav-goswami",fullName:"Sourav Goswami"}]},{id:"76083",title:"Palliative Care in Gynaecological Oncology",slug:"palliative-care-in-gynaecological-oncology",totalDownloads:194,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"302210",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",surname:"Náležinská",slug:"monika-nalezinska",fullName:"Monika Náležinská"},{id:"346023",title:"Dr.",name:"Josef",surname:"Chovanec",slug:"josef-chovanec",fullName:"Josef Chovanec"}]},{id:"74522",title:"Introducer Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in Palliative Care of Patients with Esophageal Cancer",slug:"introducer-percutaneous-endoscopic-gastrostomy-in-palliative-care-of-patients-with-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:362,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"326313",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Prasit",surname:"Mahawongkajit",slug:"prasit-mahawongkajit",fullName:"Prasit Mahawongkajit"}]},{id:"74756",title:"Why Are We Missing the Teeth? 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Natural disasters, like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, intense rainfall, and anthropogenic factors, such as deforestation, contribute to slope failure, either by decreasing resisting forces or increasing driving forces of the soil mass [1]. Landslides are strongly related to steepness of the slope, soil moisture/water content of the soil layer, climate factors that increase the water content of the soil, and other anthropogenic factors and can be triggered by earthquakes, volcanoes, and floods. However, most of the slope failures are proceeded by intense rainfall and wet antecedent soil moisture conditions [2, 3, 4]. Often aggravated by rapid and uncontrolled development, landslides, either large or small, which happen every year in mountainous regions around the world [5, 6].
\nTo better understand and manage the potential landslides, it is essential to know the location and size of potential slope failures [7]. However, it is a difficult task to predict precise size and location of the possible landslides. Since slope failure is a complex phenomenon, it requires an in-depth understanding of slope failure mechanisms and monitoring techniques.
\nIt is necessary to collect/obtain high-resolution spatial information of the soil layer, topography, hydrologic conditions, geotechnical characteristics, and land use/land cover types to investigate landslide, including mapping, detection, monitoring, analysis, prediction, and others. Since slope failures commonly occur in the hilly region, especially in steep terrain, so it is rather challenging to obtain high-resolution data in conducting landslide studies [8, 9].
\nIt is always recommended to obtain in-situ measurements for an accurate landslide study. However, such in-situ measurements are time-consuming and require complex data collection efforts even on local scales [2, 6]. Recently, remote sensing data and spatial analysis tools are widely used in landslide studies, including landslide detection, assessment, hazard, mapping, and inventories [10, 11, 12]. Remote sensing data makes it possible to conduct landslide studies, not only at inaccessible terrain but also at regional to global scale, which otherwise is not possible using in situ measurements.
\nData archives of national projects, besides constitute a sort of historical encyclopedia, they also represent a potential operational support tool useful and functional for planning and managing territorial and mitigation policies for landslide risks.
\nThe awareness that territorial planning and emergency plans can provide significant information from historical data series on localities and areas previously affected by hydrogeological disasters have recently stimulated the international scientific community to systematically collect data on landslides and floods [13]. Landslides, statistically, represent, after earthquakes and other external driving forces of natural disasters, which cause the most significant number of victims and damages built-up areas, infrastructures, environmental, historical, and cultural assets.
\nIn particular, those which cause the most damage are fast-moving landslides (rockfalls, rapid mudflows, and debris flows), as well as those which involve large volumes of rocks or soils. Several landslide investigation projects, economically supported by public agencies, tended to focus mainly on phenomena that caused significant or evident damages (preferably occurring in urban areas or correspondence with linear infrastructures). They often neglected some landslides, even a substantial entity, which had not affected or interacted with built-up areas, communication routes, or infrastructures.
\nHistorical memory helps play a fundamental and decision-making role that can be recovered and used through integrated methodological approaches. The collection of historical data aimed at knowledge and mapping of the instabilities allows us to complete and improve the information obtained with normal geological-geomorphological analysis, better defining fundamental aspects for assessments of danger and vulnerability of the region.
\nKnowledge of past landslides of a region, in terms of the occurrence of the event, controlling factors, and trigger conditions, are the main needed factors to evaluate spatial and temporal probabilistic hazard [14]. Therefore, the use of published and unpublished historical sources (federal, municipal, provincial, and state archives, publications, newspapers, press reviews, technical reports, photographs, and videos) can provide essential frameworks to understand the impact of hazard events over time in the areas monitored and evaluated during the new surveys.
\nHistorical information can be grouped into four categories:
Direct recorded changes or natural events, such as droughts, floods, landslides, and erosion rates;
Indirect data used to determine causes or explain patterns, such as historical rainfall series;
Other data that provides additional information, such as geological maps;
phenomenological data that may change with time (e.g., the response of aquifers to wet seasons).
The types of information available from local archive data of ancient inscriptions, annals, historical chronicles, private funds, ecclesiastical funds, newspapers, iconographies, magazines, monographs, old postcards, cartographies, and videos (Figure 1) are broad and may differ from place to place.
\nSynthesis of the remarkable diversity of historical documents potentially available to carry out geologic hazard analysis by integrating the present-day scenarios and data.
The data obtainable from these sources is extensive and vital but requires control and validation of the news and associated information, such as geographical (e.g., location, municipality, street) and temporal ones (exact day, time, etc.) or climatic conditions (rainfalls mm/h, local measurement stations, etc.).
\nThe historical-environmental analysis uses documentary information to reconstruct impact scenarios of natural events of the past on the environmental and anthropic context of the time [15]. A fundamental method of interpreting historical information is to bring it back to its cultural, political, and economic context. The degree of reliability of data is, in fact, directly proportional to the knowledge, more or less in-depth, of this context.
\nThere are numerous internal and external forces, natural and anthropogenic factors that trigger landslides [16, 17, 18, 19]. The primary natural and anthropogenic factors that triggered landslides are outlined below.
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The driving forces of landslides are physical/geological, morphological, and human in nature. Globally, the prominent causes of landslides are geological in nature and rainfall-induced. Landslides occurring majorly in mountainous and coastal terrains have also occurred in plains, which can be such as failures of the roadway and building, in addition to quarries and open-pit mines. These are sometimes the resultant effects of heavy rainfalls, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and droughts. Some areas are susceptible to landslides due to human activities affecting vegetation and topography. This also happens in places where wildfires occur.
\nLandslides are unpredictable. For example, landslides can occur due to human activities or non-human activities that affect slope stability [20]. Geological factors may account for 43% of landslides. This includes the impact of gravity on the topography of sloped areas, water pressure, weak soil formation, etc. The morphological causes, such as volcanic pressure, underground erosion, climate factors, vegetation elimination, crest accumulation. Human activities, such as excavation, irrigation, mining, deforestation, and slope encroachment, also enhance slope instability [21, 22]).
\nKazmi et al. [21] investigated 11 landslide events in Malaysia and summarized water movements, weak safety management, heavy downpours, inadequate slope protection, damaged drainage, flawed design, and construction were some of the underlying factors that triggered landslides. Singh and Singh [23] found urbanization as a contributing factor for the risk of landslides and hazards. They discussed one of the most famous landslide events in the history known as Frank Slide. The Frank Slide of Turtle Mountain of Canada occurred in 1903 and generated 82 million tons of limestone. The primary cause of this landslide was the geology of the mountain because weak rock and stones were covered by limestone rock. Another factor was the weather event prior to the landslide, which was more snowy than usual, which allowed snowmelt and rain to permeate the mountain. The resistance forces of the rocks were more weakened beyond bearable limits. Pal et al. [24] reviewed several other landslide events and found intense rainfall as a common triggering factor for these landslide events. Since the causes of landslides across the world are multi-faceted, more advanced researches are necessary to investigate the triggering factors of landslide events.
\nLandslide investigation has been promoted by the International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR, 1990–2000) proclaimed by the United Nations, when working groups on landslides were established (e.g., International Landslide Research Group (ILRG)). In addition, recent advances in landslide investigations include real-time monitoring, modeling, prediction, and assessment, which are helping communities and end-users to be better prepared to face potential landslide threats [25]. During the past three decades, tremendous developments have been made to investigate landslides. The investigation of Landslides has been carried out using surface and subsurface methods comprising qualitative and quantitative approaches. Although the wide range of applied geophysical techniques were used in landslide investigations, primarily these are grouped into two main classes: remote sensing techniques, which can be used to characterize the Earth’s surface, and sub-surface techniques, which characterize geological surface by using non-destructive approaches [26]. In addition, an integrated approach combining satellite, airborne, and ground-based sensing, is widely used to investigate landslides [27, 28]. The wide range of remote sensing data from various optical and microwave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors and the increased temporal and spatial resolution provides new opportunities to investigate landslides at a range of scales [26, 29].
\nSome other advancements for landslide investigation are the use of in-situ geophysical techniques and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), which can be used for landslide detection [27]. The interferometric techniques, which include Multi temporary interferometry (MTI) and advanced synthetic aperture radar differential interferometry (DInSAR) techniques, can be used to extract information on ground surface deformations. Also, interferometry SAR (InSAR) data combined with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images and aerial photography can be used to investigate slow-moving landslide [30]. Recently, application of UAV is growing to monitor rapidly occurring landslides and mapping in inaccessible terrains [31, 32].
\nMachine learning techniques are also getting popular in evaluating and detecting landslides [33, 34]. In addition, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technique is growing to investigate landslides, such as landslide susceptibility mapping, characterization, and prediction [35].
\nCurrently, remote sensing technologies are used in landslide monitoring, mapping, hazard prediction and assessment, inventory and detection, and other investigations. Some of the key technological advancements for investigating landslides outlined by Petley [26] are as follows:
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Landslide, a catastrophic disaster, has been on the rise due to the impact of natural and anthropogenic, such as climate and land use/land cover change, and growing population. Landslides are common around the world, especially in mountainous regions. Since landslides are a severe threat to lives and properties, it is essential to understand the physical processes, causes of landslides, movement characteristics, and potential risk factors. It is also vital to study landslides, which helps understand landslide mapping, prediction, monitoring, and risk assessment to reduce the impact of landslides. However, such in-depth landslide investigations require advanced technologies, robust methods, models, and high resolution spatial data, which includes in-situ and/or remotely sensed measurements globally.
\nWhile a high resolution data is required for landslide investigation, the potential landslide area is mostly inaccessible, which limits for in-situ measurements. Although recently, the application of satellite for landslide studies is growing, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite data are still limited on a global scale. Regardless of recent advancements in landslide studies, more research efforts, advanced technologies, and tools, high resolution spatial and temporal data, and effective management, awareness, and policy are needed in landslide research. It will help address the impact of future human activity, climate change, land use/land cover change on landslide hazards from local to the global scale.
\nThe peach is an important fruit crop of temperature region all over the world. Important centers of commercial fruit production usually lies between latitudes 30° and 45° North and South. According to geographical distribution, the peach cultivars have been divided into three groups namely, Northern, Southern and European or Persian group. Peach cultivars can also be divided into two groups, high chilling and low chilling on the basis of their chilling requirements. Low chilling cultivars developed in Florida during last three to four decades have become very popular in the sub-mountainous Himalayan region. Peach is a temperate fruit rich in proteins, sugar, minerals and vitamins. At low latitudes the winter requirement is not met. Cultivars with less than 100 hours of chilling requirement are known. Strains of peach are grown throughout the subtropical and tropical zones, especially at higher elevations, where the heat of low-elevation tropics is ameliorated.
According to geographical distribution, the peach cultivars have been divided into three groups namely, Northern, Southern and European or Persian group. Peach cultivars can also be divided into two groups, high chilling and low chilling on the basis of their chilling requirements. Low chilling cultivars developed in Florida during last three to four decades have become very popular in the sub-mountainous Himalayan region.
The peach with its smooth skin mutant is nectarine. Nectarines can be used in the same way as peaches, and may be considered as substitutes for peaches. Peaches and nectarine [
In India, high chilling peaches and nectarines are being grown in the mid hills of the Himalayan range in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand, whereas, low chilling peaches are grown on a limited scale in foot hills of northern western plains of Punjab, Haryana. Uttar Pradesh and Nilgiri hills.
The peach is the most widely grown species in.
A very important genus containing the European plum (
Kingdom Division: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Subgenus: Species: Binomial name | Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae |
Taxonomy of peach.
There are 17 species closely related to peach all belonging to same subgenus
The flowers of
The list of cultivars changes more rapidly than any other fruit tree
Short span life of the tree
Requirement of cultivars having hardiness to climate, soil, disease and pest reaction.
Possibility of procuring improved cultivars through various breeding methods
Less time required in establishing new peach orchard.
Choice of suitable cultivars for any region is governed by factors such as, type of market to be served, distance to market and adaptability to the local soil and climatic conditions. For table purpose, the cultivars should be yellow fleshed, freestone, regular producer and relatively free from fuzz. For canning purpose, the fruit should have yellow flesh, freestone, small non-splitting pit, good symmertrical size and should mature evenly.
Investigations in peach and nectarine breeding are concerned less with the inheritance of qualitative characters and more with an understanding of the transmission of quantitative traits. The manipulation of major genes to develop desired types of cultivars as free stones, canning cling stones or nectarines is basically understood. Development of efficient breeding system to maximize transmission of favorable variations is now of greater interest and importance. Extension of season of maturity makes an important objective in many breeding programmes. Improvement in flavor quality, both dessert and processed use, has become an important additional objective in most current breeding programmes. The main objectives in peach improvement and breeding programmes are:
High yield: Development of cultivars giving high yield at low cost production is essential in order to increase net returns that a triple income can be obtained by high density plantation than standard orchards.
Extension of season of maturity: Two factors account for this:
Existing cultivars are deficient in desirable traits at the extreme of the seasons.
Market opportunities are greatest at these times.
Processing purposes: Development of cultivars suitable for processing. Firmness of flesh, absence of tip on the pit, absence of split pits, freedom from loose fiber, fine texture, attractive color, non-browning of the flesh, flavor quality are all important traits needing improvement for processing outlets.
High fruit quality: It involves size, shape, skin color, flesh color, firmness, texture, freedom from loose fibers and non-browning of the flesh. Besides nutritive value, improvements of all these traits are needed to produce fruits of better quality.
Canopy modification: Increase in mechanization requires modification of tree structure and thus fruiting response. Therefore, canopy modification by controlling tree vigor to aid in mechanization and to lower the cost of manual labour in pruning, thinning and harvesting is a part of these changes.
Resistant varieties: Resistant varieties are the cheapest and most convenient methods of disease and insect control. The varieties resistant to disease (Leaf spot, Leaf curl, Blight, Crown ball, Brown rot, Mosaic etc.), pests (Fruit fly, Moth, Borer) and nematodes and to biotic and abiotic stress are needed to be evolved for successful cultivation. Recently, techniques like in vitro micrografting as a method for inoculation and slot-blot hybridization, with a digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled cRNA probe derived from PNRSV RNA3, for virus detection (Prunus necrotic ring spot virus) was evaluated and it was concluded that the system was suitable for rapid year round peach germplasm for resistance to PNRSV.
Similarly, the results of molecular hybridization have been effective for tomato ring spot virus detection in Prunus and substantiate the tomato RSV resistance of Marianna 2624 [4].
Broadening of genetic base: Reliance on distinctive gene source to meet the limiting requirement of environment conditions should be broadened so that the variants needed for diversity are available and the tendency of the breeding programmes to become highly inbred be stopped.
Evaluation of low chilling varieties: Main objectives of peach breeding programme for low chilling areas are:
Low chilling requirement and tolerance to high summer temperature.
Improvement of fruit quality for table use and processing.
Varieties which mature early between 60 and 70 days after full bloom.
Resistance to root knot nematode, water logging, pest and diseases.
Dwarfness of scion and rootstock.
Nutrient deficiencies like Fe-Chlorosis, Zn deficiency.
Heritability can be considered as that portion of observed variability due to heredity. Its estimation requires the partition of observed variability between gene effects and environmental effects. Traits of high heritability are subjected to large genetic gain, under selection per generation and those with low heritability may not be capable of significant advance through selection. Such studies are common in agronomic crops and are sparse for tree crops. The heritability estimates are given for several of the traits in specific peach population. Ripe date had an extremely high heritability of .84, this indicate that the population contained a great deal of additive genetic variability for this trait. So the investigation of heritability in peaches to proceed by evaluation of measurement applied to characterize traits and that only those that are adequate be used.
Selection of planting material as candidate for introduction as a new cultivar is largely subjective based on the experience of the plant breeder and the characteristics of the established cultivars against which the new selection must complete. It is usually based on the heritability studies, as phenotypes appear to be the best measure of the genotypes. So depending upon the climatic requirements and the performance desired, cultivars are introduced from time to time.
Eighteen indigenous and five exotic (Kanto 5, Somerset, Dawne from USA and Shimizu Hakuto and Okubo from Japan) cultivars were planned in H.P. Shimizu Hakuto and Kanto-5 were found promising and recommended for mid hills of H.P. [5]. Out of 34 introductions made from Australia, Bulgaria and other countries, four cultivars viz. Stark Earliglo, Stark Early White Giant, Starking Delicious and Candore were considered good for mid hills of H.P. as these mature by the first and second week of June escaping rainy season [6]. Flordasun, Sun Red, 16–33, Floradared, Florda Balle, Early Amber, 15–39 bred in Florda (USA), Bonita, Rochan and Vantura bred in California (USA) were introduced during late sixties at PAU, Ludhiana [7, 8]. Flordasun, Sun Red, 16–33 and Flordared were found to be successful and became more popular than Sharbati and Khurmani, TA 170 has been released in Punjab.
Outcrossing in the peach is the range of 15–30%. The immediate goal was elucidation of the method of inheritance of several polymorphic traits really observable in the cultivars of that time such as foliar gland types, flower size, fruit flesh color etc. Selection of parents at these initial efforts relied on clones that were more or less unrelated, but that exhibited the contrasting characters to be studied. Later breeding programmes also relied on selection of unrelated parents but based on particular quantitative traits that, if combined would yield ultimate commercial variety. For eg: “Early Craw ford” used for its superior flavor, University of California, Davis through conscious outcrossing tried to incorporate higher processed fruit flavor in canning cling stone cultivars. Initially, a hybridization of identified sources of quality with so called conventional canning Cling stone was made and later selection of the improved quality derived from several such hybrid sources sill unrelated were combined with further hybridization. Finally the development of disease or pest resistant cultivars or seed sources, exemplified by the development of seed cultivars for root knot nematode resistant has relied on crossing of unrelated parents.
The most peach breeding programmes involve outcrossing initially, but then resort to some form of inbreeding, usually through the use of related selections for continued advance through the selection procedure to maintain heterozygosity. Inbreeding is attained most quickly and in highest degree by continued selfing, and many peach breeding programmes have relied heavily on self-pollination following original crosses between more or less unrelated parents. Major disadvantage of inbreeding is that much of the cultivars improvement carried out traces back to a few clones and hence to a limited gene pool [9]. Because of the apparent homozygosity within lines. Lesley, 1957 proposed that new cultivar might be developed by crossing between such highly inbred selections. The seedlings of such crosses would presumably be so nearly homogenous that variability among them would be insignificance. The problem connected with Lesley’s suggestion for the development of cultivars in this manner is the number of inbred lines needed to supply the type diversity required by the peach industry. Diversity could be generated only if additional inbred lines would develop.
In India, planned breeding programmes for developing varieties suited to sub-tropical region was initiated in 1957 at the Horticultural research institute, saharapur (up). As a result of crosses made between Sharbati, Elberta, Bidwill Warly, Tinston and Flordawon, 84 hybrids were evolved. But there is no record available about the release of any hybrid [10, 11].
Singh and Sirohi [10] suggested an improved technique for peach hybridization by emasculation and pollinating all the ready to emasculate buds on a branch followed by covering them in a large glassine bag as a faster method. By this method, success in crossing could be increased by 28% over the earlier method of single bud emasculation and pollination.
The varieties identified for use inhybridization were Gujrati for dwarf stature, SRE6, Safeda Early cream and happen for earliness and large fruits, sharbati for fruit quality and flordared, Flordawon and Okenawa for low chilling requirement [10].
Besides the study of Mendalian Characteristics in the above Table, there is today a renewal of interest for quantitative genetics which includes characteristics like ripening date, full bloom date, amount of bloom etc. the detail of heritability of which under different conditions is given in the Table below:
Interspecific hybrids involving the peach are summarized in table. Scorza and Okie [12] crosses between the peach like species
Induction of mutations usually by X-rays or gamma radiations or by certain chemicall is termed as mutation breeding. With the objective to increase mutation rated over those observed naturally. Two aspects that need to be studied adequately are:
Production of micromutants with lower doses.
Irradiation of pollen.
Pollen irradiation requires the growing of second and third generation progenies to uncover recessive mutants. It may prove useful in the long run in the development of useful variations due to ability to sexually transmit the mutation. Nectarine rose as peach mutants and their inheritance pattern is consistent with glabrous skin characteristics controlled by a single recessive gene [13]. A nectarine mutant is having higher chilling requirements and shorter fruit development periods.
Trees that have a prudent growth habit can easily be pruned in high density orchards are important goal in breeding programs. There are several single, recessive genes that cause extreme size reduction viz.; dwarf (dw, dw2, dw3), semi-dwarf (n).
Large number of molecular linkage maps have been identified for peach and its relatives. Five maps are identified for
Modern breeding of the species
Jun-JH found that (SCAR) markers, Sequence Characterized Amplified Region to be adequate to identify the F/f gene (Flesh adhesion gene) in segregating progenies and commercial cultivars. Randomly Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were performed to detect markers linked to F/f gene and it is established that these markers can reliably be used in the marker assisted selection of peach cross seedling at an early development stages of a trees.
In vitro selection and somaclonal variation can be used effectively to obtain peach trees with increased levels of resistance to the bacterial spot. In vitro selection of peach cells for insensitivity to pathotoxin produced by Xanthomonas compestris Pv. Pruni and subsequent regeneration of plants from the selected cells were carried out by Hammerschlag. Selection in vitro could be used in conjunction with mutagenesis to develop variants of established cultivars. For eg. Scorza and cordts found a differential response to cytokinin (benxyladenine) in vitro between ‘Redhaven’ and its compact mutant’ Com-pant Redhaven’. Mutagenesis and selection on high cytokinin medium could produce compact mutants of other cultivars. Hammerschlag and Ognjanov screened peach varieties for resistnce to Xanthomonas compestris pv. Pruni and
The objectives of rootstock breeding:
Resistant to nematodes, pest and soil borne diseases.
Tolerant to heat, cold and drought conditions.
Control of tree vigor for HDN system.
Consistent, quality and quantity yield.
Ease of propagation
Peach seedlings are the most usual rootstock for peaches. Generally peach seedlings are susceptible to nematode attack with the exception of “Nemaguard” and “Okinawa “seedling rootstock. “Nemared” is a descendant of “Nemaguard” are used specifically where root knot nematode are a problem [15]. Peach plum hybrid (
INRA peach interspecific breeding programme in France aimed at creating rootstocks with general grafting compatibility, waterlogging tolerance, Selection for resistance to root knot nematodes, tolerance of chlorosis, drought, salinity and crown gall. The studies reveal that the
Peach and nectarine breeding is one of the brightest facet in all tree fruit breeding achievement.
New producing regions have come to the fore through the efforts of peach and nectarine breeders.
Fruits are available in the market for a greatly expanded period of time
Cultivars for processing have been developed for regions not commonly recognized for such production.
Some disease problems have been alleviated
The genetics of the peach i.e. molecular mapping and gene transfer approaches to genetic improvement are being explored.
Emphasis us given on the fundamental problems involved in such interrelated traits as climatic adaptation, tree and fruit disease and pest resistance, fruit quality and processing and cultural management and production.
Research on the expression of fruit specific genes may allow breeders in the future to selectively manipulate through gene transfer in certain aspects of fruit development / quality in their advanced breeding lines thus reducing the time necessary for cultivar development. This would be particularly useful in breeding programmes, hybridizing standard cultivars with exotic germplasm of low fruit quality. The use of exotic germplasm will be important for the expansion of the peach germplasm base and the development of stress resistant cultivars.
More immediate results of research on fruit specific gene expression will provide a better understanding of fruit development and quality. It is required to learn how the differences at the gene level correlate with quality characteristics. With the continued cooperation of fruit biochemists it is expected to obtain a better definition of fruit quality and a better understanding of fruit biochemistry. The potential will exit to generate a range of “anti-sense mutants” i.e. transgenic plants expressing anti-sense gene contstructs that reduce or nullify the effects of the normal gene. The phenotypes of these mutants could help to define the biochemistry, genetics and quality of peach fruit.
The development of efficient regeneration and transformation system in peach will be useful not only for the modification of fruit characteristics, but also for the transfer and manipulation of genes affecting stress resistance and other economically important characters. It is clear that an understanding of the genetic, molecular biology, and biochemistry of peaches and other perennial fruit crops along with a development of the technologies to manipulate these crops at the molecular level will be important for efficient progress in genetic improvement.
Plum is an important temperate fruit, which is used both as fresh and in preserved form. Of the stone fruits it next to the peaches in economic importance. Plum belongs to family Rosaceae and sub-family Prunoideae. It require certain period of chilling during winter to break dormancy, thus grown in areas where winter is cold. Fruits are rich source of minerals, vitamins, sugars and organic acids in addition to protein fat and carbohydrates. Plums with high sugar content which can be dried with stones in them and without fermentation, are known as prunes. In India, plum was introduced by Alexander Coutts and two types i.e. European (
European plums with a high enough sugar content so that they can be dried with the pit intact are referred to as prunes. Japanese plums (
There are at least five centres of origin for different species of plums. (1)
The major plum producing countries are Germany, Yugoslavia, USA, Russia, Romania, France. Turkey and China, In India, plums are cultivated on a commercial scale in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, hills of Uttar Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. It is also ultivated on a small scale in Nagaland, Sikkim and the Nilgiri Hills.
Historically,
Some authorities distinguish the wild forms as a separate species,
In China,
Plum stones have been found in Japan dating back to the Yayoi Era, about 2300 years ago. Japanese books dating back 1500 years mention cultivated plums. Plums have been common garden plants in Japan for centuries, but improvement efforts have occurred only in the last century. Low-chilling types are found in southern China and Taiwan. Cold-hardy plums in northern China have been classified as
Wilson’s Early, Billington, Duffy’s Early Jewel,Black Amber, Black Diamond, Fortune, Queen Rosa and Santa Rosa.
Native American plum species were already being grown by Native Americans. On the northeast coast,
Roach cites Gerard’s report in 1597 that he had a collection of 60 of the best European plums, suggesting that slow but steady selection was occurring. Several cultivars known at that time are still grown, such as ‘Reine Claude’. One of the earliest plum breeders was Thomas Andrew Knight in England, whose work encouraged two English nurserymen, Thomas Rivers and Thomas Laxton. Rivers released *Eaily Rivers’ in 1834, followed by ‘Early Transparent Gage’, ‘Czar’, ‘Monarch’, and Tresident’. Laxton’s cultivars were less enduring. Early settlers to North America brought European plums with them but the plums thrived only in more northern areas. A few selections were made but improvements were minor. Luther Burbank also developed European plums but only ‘Giant’, ‘Sugar’, and ‘Standard’ were important commercially.
The principal objective in a plum breeding program is the development of plums that can be grown successfully in a particular locality and that can be marketed profitably. A salable fruit must have an attractive appearance, adequate size and firmness, and acceptable flavor and texture. To be grown successfully, the trees must be productive and must be resistant or tolerant to local problems, that is, they must be hardy in northern regions, meet low chilling requirements for buds in southern regions, and be resistance to diseases and physiological problems. Suecessful marketing involves orchard location, proximity and types of markets, and the fruit’s intended usage—shipping, canning, drying, or processing.
The techniques used in plum breeding are similar to those that are used for other deciduous fruits. They involve pollen collection, emasculation and pollination of flowers, seed collection and germination, and an evaluation study of the progeny.
Because clonal rootstocks are being used for plum, particularly in Europe, tissue culture has been developed for commercial production. Much of the industry now uses rootstocks produced through tissue culture. Some plums, such as ‘Santa Rosa’, Marianna, and myrobalan, are relatively easy to multiply and root in vitro. Thermotherapy, meristem culture, and micrografting are commonly used to obtain virus-free propagating wood of both scions and rootstocks. Virus-free material is routinely available in North America and Europe. In some cases virus-free material grows much faster than infected plants. Micrografting may be more suitable than thermotherapy because it is less stressful to the plant material. In vitro methods have also been used to screen plums for resistance to crown gall caused by
“Cherry Plum” Hybrid myrobalan plum x Japanese plum (
Pluerry™ complex
Pluot® complex
Plumcot simple cross of plum and apricot (
The selection of parents in breeding new cultivars is most important. Parents should be strong in the particular characters desired in the progeny. Parents are often chosen to complement each other’s deficiencies. The purpose is to recombine desired traits into a single individual. Small-fruited parents seldom give large-fruited progeny; thus at least one parent should be large-fruited. Parents should be selected for time of maturity, firmness of flesh, flavor, or other characters. Progeny will tend to be intermediate in various characters that are quantitatively inherited, with occasional seedlings possessing certain characters beyond the range of either parent.
Mariana (uncertain origin, possibly
Pixie (
St.Julian X (
St. Julian A (
Myrobalan B (
Apricot belongs to the Rosaceae family, subfamily Prunoidese, genus Prunus L., subgenus Prunophora (Neck.) Focke, section Armeniaca. The Prunus genus comprises other tree crops of high economical importance in temperate regions, including peach, cherry, almond and plum. In term of economics, apricot is the third most important species of the stone fruit crops Apricot is diploid (2n = 16). Breeding programme of apricot has a long tradition in Europe and has achieved many very interesting results in some countries.
The apricot fruit moved westward from central Asia through Iran and transcaucasus region and reached Italy during first century, to England in 13th century and to North America by 1720. The major apricot producing countries are China, USSR, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Greece, France and USA. Commercial cultivation of apricot in India is at recent origin and was started by European settler and missionaries after 1870. there are three important regionsas origin of apricots although Armenia had been supposed apricot’s origin and named as
The Chinese center (China and Tibet).
The Central Asian center (from Tien-Shan to Kashmir).
The Near-Eastern center (Iran, Caucasus, Turkey).
The apricot has a perfect, perigynous flower with a single pistil. The petals are usually white, though some are tinted and occasionally even deep pink in color. Pollen sterility occurs and is inherited as a single recessive (Hesse, personal com- munication). Cultivars may be either self-compatible or self-incompatible. Careful breeding work in the future may well demonstrate an allelic series forself-incom- patibility like that known for sweet cherries, since T. Toyama, USDA, Prosser, Washington (personal communication), has observed that some crosses between self-incompatible selections have been unsuccessful.
In apricot, usually three buds develop in the axil of a leaf at each node on a shoot and spur. The central one being a vegetative bud, the two side buds are floral. Time of flowering and its duration varies with the variety and the prevailing weather conditions. Under mid hills condition the flowering in apricot comes in the month of March and higher hills in end of March & April. Most of the commercial as a apricot are self fruitful and set fruits without pollinizer. However, varieties Charmagz and Perfection have been reported self incompatible. There is generally a good fruit set in the apricot Cvs growing in appropriate climatic conditions. There is 40–60% fruit set in the cultivars commercially grown in mid hills, but fruit drop is to the extent of 79% in these cultivars, which occurs mostly in second week after fruit set.
The major objective in most apricot breeding projects is climatic adaptation. The development of apricots with a long period of winter development of the flower buds (i.e., a long chilling period) that will withstand fluctuating temperatures in late winter is probably the most important objective for extending the region where apricots can be grown. In addition to the slow development of flower buds in midwinter, it is important that the flower buds respond very slowly (require relatively high amounts of degree days of heat) to waning temperatures in the spring after their rest has been satisfied. The combination of these two characteristics will likely give the ultimate in late blooming so that the buds or flowers may escape spring frosts Apricots, because they are the earliest to bloom of the cultivated stone fruits, frequently encounter periods of cool, windy, cloudy, wet weather during or after the bloom period, often with a negative effect on fruit set Later blooming would be helpful in avoiding late spring frosts. Apricot trees that grow well and ripen fruit under humid growing conditions are objectives of many breeding programs. Trees with a lower chilling requirement or trees with a high chilling requirement that is met at a higher threshold are needed to extend the production of apricots into warmer regions. Should be an objective:
High yield
Climate adaptability
Extension of season of maturity
Processing purposes
High fruit quality
Canopy modification
Resistant varieties
Broadening of genetic base
Evaluation of low chilling varieties
This statement should provide the basic perspective for apricot breeders. In any breeding program at any one time it is necessary to budget the total resources of the
Aprium- complex Prunus hybrid primarily of apricot and plum (
Color-Cot- complex Apricot hybrid (
Peacotum-complex apricot-plum-peach hybrid (
Certain characters, such as
Biotechnology has obvious implications as a new tool that can be employed in apricot breeding. Potential areas for its application include regeneration and micropropagation, virus elimination, and genetic improvement which could include somaclonal variation, protoplast culture and fusion, embryo rescue, and haploid induction. Recombinant DNA technology might also be employed to carry out genetic transformation and gene characterization. With the exception of micro-propagation, embryo rescue, and virus elimination Fridlund, biotechnology has not yet been fully employed as a tool in apricot breeding.
Early Blenheim’ was selected following thermal neutron irradiation and was introduced by Lapins as an early ripening cultivar tor local markets. Lapin’s work is the only report of achievement from mutation breeding with apricots.
The objectives of rootstock breeding:
Resistant to nematodes, pest and soil borne diseases.
Tolerant to heat, cold and drought conditions.
Control of tree vigor for HDP system.
Consistent, quality and quantity yield.
Ease of propagation
Soil and Climate adaptability
Stock-scion interaction
Nursery handling feautures.
Apricot is a temperate and subtropical zones fruit. China, the Irano-Caucasian region (Turkey and Iran), Central Asia, Europe and North America are the main producer regionsin the world. The Central Asia is the oldest and the primary genetic source of apricot groupis the Central Asian accessions are self-incompatible; the Irano-Caucasian apricots which aremostly the cultivated ones are mostly self-incompatible, with large fruits and low chillingrequirements. The European and the North American apricots are originated from Irano-Caucasia has relatively narrow genetic diversity and are self-compatible with large fruits. For a long period, genetic diversity in apricot was studied with pomological, morphological and phenological characteristics. DNA-based markers that have been used in the last decade clarify the relationship among the apricot accessions. For breeding and commercialization of promising apricot cultivars, a precise characterization and discrimination of the cultivars are prerequest. Different types of markersuch as morphological, molecular, biochemical systems have been used for genetic analysisin horticultural plants. However, due to the effects of environmental factors, asessment of morphological and pomological traits may be ambiguous. Therefore, markers in dependent from the environment are necessary for reliable identification and discrimination of genotypes and cultivars. DNA markers are well known independent from environmental interactions and they show high level of polymorphism. Therefore, they are considered invaluable tools for determining genetic relationships/diversity. Various types of DNA markers are now available. Among them, RAPD developed by Williams et al. has been commonly used method in apricot to assess genetic variability and relationshipsamong cultivars techniques has also been used in apricot tocharacterize different cultivars belongs to diverse eco-geographical groups. The diversity determined between apricot cultivars was probably due to crosses betweenwild and cultivated apricots and cultivars from different eco-geographic origin. Microsatellite analyses suggested that European cultivars might have originatedthrough hybridization among Irano-Caucasian genotypes and also most of the European cultivars have originated by hybridization with genotypes from the Irano-Caucasian group. The heterozygosity of the apricotgenotypes narrowed while apricot transfer from China to Europe. Pedryc et al. show that Middle European and Chinese apricot are distantly related. Molecular markes have created new era in genetic diversity researches since early nineties. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and PCR based markers such asrandomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), sequence-related amplifiedpolymorphism (SRAP), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), micro-satellites or simplesequence repeats (SSRs) are mostly used marker systems in plants and also in apricot genetic divesity researches. Microsattelites among all is a very useful tool for apricotdiversity studies, and most promising to cleary genetic relation among the apricots andtravel routes of apricots. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers assesment for thegenotyping of 118 commercial apricot accessions and some related apricot species. The researchers clustered the apricots into four groups corresponding to theirgeographic distribution; (1) Mediterranean apricots, (2) Chinese apricots, (3) apricots ofcontinental Europe and (4) Europe-North American apricots. Their data confirmed that themigration of apricot from the East to West. They also showed with molecular markers that
Hayashi et al. studied Japanese apricot (
Turkish germplasm was studied by Yilmaz and Uzun et al. and geneticdiversity and relationships among the accesessions were determined using RAPD, ISSR, SRAP and SSR markers. The researchers reported the high genetic diversity in Turkishapricots. Four high chilling requiring cultivars originated from Eastern Turkey clustered apart from the rest. European, South African, North American and other Turkish cultivarswere not clearly grouped regarding to their geographic districts. Therefore the researcherssuggested that these cultivars, despite their different geographic origins, have similargenetic background.
The first apricot cultivars from controlled pollinations were introduced in Russia Recently cultivars have been introduced in Canada, the United States, South Africa, Australia, Argentina, Romania, Hungary, France, and Czechoslovakia. A large proportion of these are from open pollination. Until now, such new cultivars have made no appreciable impact on production in established areas. Some of the cultivars from eastern North America, as well as some from the breeding programs in European Russia, seem to be more winter hardy and resistant to disease. Thus they give promise that the range of commercial apricot production can be extended into the humid, temperate fruit-growing regions that are close to concentrations of population.
The variability existing in desirable fruit characters assures the breeder that new cultivars can be produced that will be readily accepted in competition with other fruits, and the range in ecological adaptation indicates that apricots can be grown much more widely, so they certainly can become a greater part of the world’s fruit production. But the limited ecological adaptation of any one genotype is the challenge to apricot breeders. Cultivars must be bred for each producing area and for each marketing opportunity. It is exasperating to realize that whenever a new character is introduced from another region into a breeding program it will likely be associated with unadapted attributes. With this perspective in mind, it becomes obvious that ambitious and persistent breeding programs are essential to expand the apricot industry throughout the temperate fruit regions.
The fruit qualities acceptable to consumers in the great centers of population will be quite similar, so the breeding programs will have similar objectives. Also, the ecological inflexibility of any genotype will require parallel bleeding programs. Certainly, it will be most efficient to have coordinated interregional and international breeding programs using a common gene pool and, in some cases, even common seedling populations that an understanding of the genetic, molecular biology, and biochemistry of peaches and other perennial fruit crops along with a development of the technologies to manipulate these crops at the molecular level will be important for efficient progress in genetic improvement.
IntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
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Important species in Chilean aquaculture include salmonids, algae, mollusks, and turbot. Salmonids are the dominant species in Chilean aquaculture for both harvest volume and export value, their production reaching greater than 800-thousand tons in 2015. However, this growth has been accompanied by an increase in disease presence, requiring greater drug use to control. This increase in drug use is an environmental and public health concern for the authorities, the salmon industry itself, and the destination markets. In this chapter, we review the literature on drug use, antibiotic resistance, regulatory framework, and alternatives, with focus on Chile.",book:{id:"6179",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-animals",title:"Antibiotic Use in Animals",fullTitle:"Antibiotic Use in Animals"},signatures:"Ivonne Lozano, Nelson F. Díaz, Susana Muñoz and Carlos Riquelme",authors:[{id:"208847",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivonne",middleName:null,surname:"Lozano",slug:"ivonne-lozano",fullName:"Ivonne Lozano"},{id:"208895",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson F.",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz",slug:"nelson-f.-diaz",fullName:"Nelson F. Díaz"},{id:"208897",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Riquelme",slug:"carlos-riquelme",fullName:"Carlos Riquelme"},{id:"208898",title:"MSc.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz",slug:"susana-munoz",fullName:"Susana Muñoz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56612",title:"Reproduction in Goats",slug:"reproduction-in-goats",totalDownloads:2892,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Reproductive activity of the goat begins when the females reach puberty, which happens at 5 months of age. The ovarian or estrous cycle is the period between two consecutive estrus. It is also the time that lasts the development of the follicle in the ovary, until rupture occurs and ovulation takes place, which coincides with the appearance of estrus. This chapter will describe the physiological and endocrinological bases of estrus in the goat. Likewise, factors affecting the presence of estrus and ovulation will be described. At another point, synchronization of estrus and ovulation, factors affecting the presence of estrus and external symptoms of estrus, will be described. To achieve synchronization of estrus or induction of ovulation within or outside the breeding season, it may be necessary to manage light hours, male effect, and/or use of hormones. The importance of artificial insemination is described, as well as the current situation of this technique worldwide. Currently, the techniques of artificial insemination in goats have been limited worldwide, due to the lack of resources of producers and trained technicians. The techniques of artificial insemination with estrous synchronization programs and ovulation with current research results will be described.",book:{id:"5987",slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"Fernando Sánchez Dávila, Alejandro Sergio del Bosque González\nand Hugo Bernal Barragán",authors:[{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila"},{id:"206127",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Del Bosque-Gonzalez",slug:"alejandro-sergio-del-bosque-gonzalez",fullName:"Alejandro Sergio Del Bosque-Gonzalez"},{id:"206128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Bernal-Barragán",slug:"hugo-bernal-barragan",fullName:"Hugo Bernal-Barragán"}]},{id:"58095",title:"The Innovative Techniques in Animal Husbandry",slug:"the-innovative-techniques-in-animal-husbandry",totalDownloads:3766,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Technology is developing rapidly. In this development, the transfer of computer systems and software to the application has made an important contribution. Technologic instruments made farmers can work more comfortable and increased animal production efficiency and profitability. Therefore, technologic developments are the main research area for animal productivity and sustainability. Many technologic equipment and tools made animal husbandry easier and comfortable. Especially management decisions and applications are effected highly ratio with this rapid development. In animal husbandry management decisions that need to be done daily are configured according to the correctness of the decisions to be made. At this point, smart systems give many opportunities to farmers. Milking, feeding, environmental control, reproductive performance constitute everyday jobs most affected by correct management decisions. Human errors in this works and decisions made big effect on last product quality and profitability are not able to be risked. This chapter deal with valuable information on the latest challenges and key innovations affecting the animal husbandry. Also, innovative approaches and applications for animal husbandry are tried to be summarized with detail latest research results.",book:{id:"6384",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Serap Göncü and Cahit Güngör",authors:[{id:"215579",title:"Prof.",name:"Serap",middleName:null,surname:"Goncu",slug:"serap-goncu",fullName:"Serap Goncu"},{id:"218971",title:"Dr.",name:"Cahit",middleName:null,surname:"Güngör",slug:"cahit-gungor",fullName:"Cahit Güngör"}]},{id:"58486",title:"Quality of Chicken Meat",slug:"quality-of-chicken-meat",totalDownloads:3290,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Chicken meat is considered as an easily available source of high-quality protein and other nutrients that are necessary for proper body functioning. In order to meet the consumers’ growing demands for high-quality protein, the poultry industry focused on selection of fast-growing broilers, which reach a body mass of about 2.5 kg within 6-week-intensive fattening. Relatively low sales prices of chicken meat, in comparison to other types of meat, speak in favor of the increased chicken meat consumption. In addition, chicken meat is known by its nutritional quality, as it contains significant amount of high-quality and easily digestible protein and a low portion of saturated fat. Therefore, chicken meat is recommended for consumption by all age groups. The technological parameters of chicken meat quality are related to various factors (keeping conditions, feeding treatment, feed composition, transport, stress before slaughter, etc.). Composition of chicken meat can be influenced through modification of chicken feed composition (addition of different types of oils, vitamins, microelements and amino acids), to produce meat enriched with functional ingredients (n-3 PUFA, carnosine, selenium and vitamin E). By this way, chicken meat becomes a foodstuff with added value, which, in addition to high-quality nutritional composition, also contains ingredients that are beneficial to human health.",book:{id:"6384",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Gordana Kralik, Zlata Kralik, Manuela Grčević and Danica Hanžek",authors:[{id:"207236",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"gordana-kralik",fullName:"Gordana Kralik"},{id:"227281",title:"Prof.",name:"Zlata",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"zlata-kralik",fullName:"Zlata Kralik"},{id:"227283",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Grčević",slug:"manuela-grcevic",fullName:"Manuela Grčević"},{id:"227284",title:"BSc.",name:"Danica",middleName:null,surname:"Hanžek",slug:"danica-hanzek",fullName:"Danica Hanžek"}]},{id:"56453",title:"Goat System Productions: Advantages and Disadvantages to the Animal, Environment and Farmer",slug:"goat-system-productions-advantages-and-disadvantages-to-the-animal-environment-and-farmer",totalDownloads:4328,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Goats have always been considered very useful animals. Goats success is related to its excellent adaptability to the difficult mountain conditions, extreme weather and low value feed acceptance, versatile habits and high production considering their size. These are some reasons because goats are among the first animals to be domesticated. In terms of evolution, goats could be separated by their dispersion area in three large groups: the European, the Asian, and the African. Global goat populations, mainly in Africa and in Asia, have increased for centuries but very strongly in the past decades, well above the world population growth. They are also used for forest grazing, an integrated and alternative production system, very useful to control weed growth reducing fire risk. Despite some exceptions, no large‐scale effort to professionalize this industry has been made so far. There are consumers for goat dairy products and there is enough global production, but misses a professional network between both. Regarding goat meat, the world leadership also stays in Africa and Asia, namely in China, and there is a new phenomenon, the spreading of goat meat tradition through Europe due to migrants from Africa and other places with strong goat meat consumption.",book:{id:"5987",slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"António Monteiro, José Manuel Costa and Maria João Lima",authors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"},{id:"203680",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"maria-joao-lima",fullName:"Maria João Lima"},{id:"203683",title:"MSc.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"jose-manuel-costa",fullName:"José Manuel Costa"}]},{id:"70760",title:"Induction and Synchronization of Estrus",slug:"induction-and-synchronization-of-estrus",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Estrus cycle is a rhythmic change that occur in the reproductive system of females starting from one estrus phase to another. The normal duration of estrus cycle is 21 days in cow, sow, and mare, 17 days in ewe, and 20 days in doe. The species which exhibit a single estrus cycle are known as monstrous and species which come into estrus twice or more are termed polyestrous animals. Among them some species have estrus cycles in a particular season and defined as seasonal polyestrous. It includes goats, sheep, and horses. On the other hand, cattle undergo estrus throughout the year. The estrus inducers can grossly be divided into two parts, that is, non-hormonal and hormonal. Non-hormonal treatments include plant-derived heat inducers, mineral supplementation, uterine and ovarian massage, and use of Lugol’s iodine. The hormones that are used in estrus induction are estrogen, progesterone, GnRH, prostaglandin, insulin, and anti-prolactin-based treatment. Synchronization can shorten the breeding period to less than 5 days, instead of females being bred over a 21-day period, depending on the treatment regimen. The combination of GnRH with the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)- and progesterone-based synchronization program has shown a novel direction in the estrus synchronization of cattle with the follicular development manipulation.",book:{id:"8545",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Prasanna Pal and Mohammad Rayees Dar",authors:[{id:"299126",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Rayees",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mohammad-rayees-dar",fullName:"Mohammad Rayees Dar"},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"25",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",abstract:"The unique diversity of parvoviral vectors with innate antioncogenic properties, autonomous replication, ease of recombinant vector production and stable transgene expression in target cells makes them an attractive choice as viral vectors for gene therapy protocols. Amongst various parvoviruses that have been identified so far, recombinant vectors originating from adeno-associated virus, minute virus of mice (MVM), LuIII and parvovirus H1 have shown promising results in many preclinical models of human diseases including cancer. The adeno-associated virus (AAV), a non-pathogenic human parvovirus, has gained attention as a potentially useful vector. The improved understanding of the metabolism of vector genomes and the mechanism of transduction by AAV vectors is leading to advancement in the development of more sophisticated AAV vectors. The in-depth studies of AAV vector biology is opening avenues for more robust design of AAV vectors that have potentially increased transduction efficiency, increased specificity in cellular targeting, and an increased payload capacity. This chapter gives an overview of the application of autonomous parvoviral vectors and AAV vectors, based on our current understanding of viral biology and the state of the platform.",book:{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg"},signatures:"Megha Gupta"},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",abstract:"Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious and key enteropathogen affecting the canine population around the globe by causing canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) and vomition. CPVE is one of the the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in puppies and young dogs. Over the years, five distinct antigenic variants of CPV-2, namely CPV-2a, CPV-2b, new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, have emerged throughout the world. CPV-2 infects a diverse range of wild animals, and the newer variants of CPV-2 have expanded their host range to include felines. Despite the availability of highly specific diagnostics and efficacious vaccines, CPV-2 outbreaks have been reported globally due to the emergence of newer antigenic variants, expansion of the viral host range, and vaccination failures. The present chapter describes the latest information pertaining to virus properties and replication, disease manifestations in animals, and an additional recent updates on diagnostic, prevention and control strategies of CPV-2.",book:{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg"},signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy"},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",abstract:"Parvoviridae are small viruses composed of a 4–6 kb linear single-stranded DNA protected by an icosahedral capsid. The viral genes coding non-structural (NS), capsid, and accessory proteins are flanked by intriguing sequences, namely the telomeres. Telomeres are essential for parvovirus genome replication, encapsidation, and integration. Similar (homotelomeric) or different (heterotelomeric) at the two ends, they all contain imperfect palindromes that fold into hairpin structures. Up to 550 nucleotides in length, they harbor a wide variety of motifs and structures known to be recognized by host cell factors. Our study aims to comprehensively analyze parvovirus ends to better understand the role of these particular sequences in the virus life cycle. Forty Parvoviridae terminal repeats (TR) were publicly available in databases. The folding and specific DNA secondary structures, such as G4 and triplex, were systematically analyzed. A principal component analysis was carried out from the prediction data to determine variables signing parvovirus groups. A special focus will be put on adeno-associated virus (AAV) inverted terminal repeats (ITR), a member of the genus Dependoparvovirus used as vectors for gene therapy. This chapter highlights the diversity of the Parvoviridae telomeres regarding shape and secondary structures, providing information that could be relevant for virus-host interactions studies.",book:{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg"},signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo"},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:151,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",abstract:"Veterinary physiology is a basic curricular unit for every course within the veterinary field. It is mandatory to understand how the animal body works, and what to expect of a healthy body, in order to recognize any misfunction, and to be able to treat it. Classic physiology teaching involves wet labs, much equipment, many reagents, some animals, and a lot of time. But times are changing. In the 21st century, it is expected that the teaching and learning process can be more active and attractive, motivating students to learn better. It is necessary to understand what students like, and to introduce novelties into the school routine. The use of a game-based learning, using “new” technologies, creating virtual experiences and labs, reducing the costs of reagents, equipment, and especially reducing the use of animals, will be the future for physiology teaching.",book:{id:"10665",title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg"},signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala"},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:182,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",abstract:"Four pulmonary veins come from respective lung lobes drain oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium. Failure of incorporation with the left atrium can lead to a condition, called Cor triatriatum sinister, that the left atrium is separated into two chambers by an abortive fibrous tissue. The venous system of lung and whole body communicate with each other in the earlier time and they will be disconnected in the following developmental process. Total or partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection refers to that there is/are some degree of the communication exists after birth, which can occur in different sites. In the veterinary field, retrospective studies and several case reports have been published to describe these rare congenital cardiovascular diseases in several species. More cases are need for better understanding their clinical manifestation, treatment options and outcomes.",book:{id:"10665",title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg"},signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung"},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:344,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",abstract:"Amongst the non-human primates, the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is the most commonly investigated species in biomedical research. Its similarity to humans regarding the anatomy and physiology has resulted in an increasing number of studies in which the rhesus monkey serves as a model. This book chapter aims to fulfill the researcher’s need for easily accessible anatomical data on the rhesus monkey by presenting the essentials of its various anatomical systems. The cadavers of several rhesus monkeys of either gender were dissected for gross anatomical study of the muscular, digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems. The circulatory system was studied after injection of latex into the blood vessels. Not only did this technique allow for better visualization of the blood vessels, but it was also valuable during the description of the peripheral nerves. In addition, methyl methacrylate casts were prepared to gain insight into the organization of the arterial system. The arthrology of the rhesus monkey was studied during the maceration of several cadavers, which ultimately revealed the individual bones that were described. From one such cadaver the skeleton was mounted. The results of the dissections are textually described and illustrated by means of numerous figures.",book:{id:"10665",title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg"},signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. 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