Glyphosate (EPSPs inhibitor) resistant weed species, countries of occurrence and type of resistance.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6075",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Management of Cities and Regions",title:"Management of Cities and Regions",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Cities and regions represent the driving force of development in economic, social, and cultural life and reflect the spatial organization of human society. Furthermore, strategic urban regions are becoming increasingly important players in the global economy, as the impact of national states decreases while the impact of cities and urban regions is increasing. The process of globalization is reflected in the tendency for gaining competitiveness and efficiencies of global trends. Once cities and regions have identified where they are, they need to decide where they want to be in the future. And to do this, they need to understand the significant trends that will influence the direction in which the future unfolds. Managing the identified capitals (four of them are subject of the sections in this book) effectively means taking a holistic approach, since each of the capitals depends on the others. The necessity of taking a holistic approach is one of the themes to emerge particularly strongly from the knowledge-based economy.",isbn:"978-953-51-3604-0",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3603-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4607-0",doi:"10.5772/68056",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"management-of-cities-and-regions",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d48181eeb151367a70ca227471933b0c",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",publishedDate:"November 17th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6075.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13460,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 1st 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 22nd 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 15th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"454",title:"Strategic Management",slug:"development-economics-strategic-management"}],chapters:[{id:"56904",title:"Collaboration: Long-Term Partnerships for Local Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70650",slug:"collaboration-long-term-partnerships-for-local-development",totalDownloads:1350,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Collaboration, as a process of social learning, facilitates the integration of different perspectives, forms of knowledge, and approaches to encounter multifaceted issues, such as climate change, energy transition, globalization, etc. Thus, political decision-makers increasingly involve a broad variety of actors in order to improve the efficacy and legitimacy of solutions. Also, for local development, the participation of citizens in processes of decision-making or planning has widely turned into common practice, but often does not reach beyond brief “on-off” involvement of citizens into government controlled activities. As the ability of local actors to interact and collaborate in a continuing social learning process is seen as a prerequisite for sustainability and resilience, obtaining knowledge on how governments and citizens may collaborate and work together successfully in the long run is of high relevance. This chapter follows the question on how to develop flexible, but reliable, local collaboration structures. Therefore, it moves beyond Sherry Arnstein’s theory of participation, and introduces Elinor Ostrom’s design principles for the management of the commons as valuable reference points. It concludes that acknowledging time-consuming group processes, the joint development of common goals, structures, and collaboration rules as well as flexibility and openness towards adaptive processes are prerequisites for long-term oriented collaboration.",signatures:"Elisabeth Schauppenlehner-Kloyber",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56904",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56904",authors:[{id:"212819",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabeth",surname:"Schauppenlehner",slug:"elisabeth-schauppenlehner",fullName:"Elisabeth Schauppenlehner"}],corrections:null},{id:"56923",title:"Evolution of Marketing in Smart Cities through the Collaboration Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70646",slug:"evolution-of-marketing-in-smart-cities-through-the-collaboration-design",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Our time sees more and more cities striving to grow into smart cities, which makes this market to grow with a considerable pace. However, there are many challenges of these processes such as municipal budgets, disposability of skilled staff, privacy and cyber security concerns, etc. Besides, by the technology-driven smart city development, an essential thing has been lost on the way—the human dimension. While the world has started to recognize this deficiency, the hunt for the right methodology to do better has begun, and so an open run to understand the relations among humans, technology, and society in order to manage their effect on business and economy. This development will eventually enter the perspective of the electoral body of democratic societies, thus influencing public policy. It will provide the room to a new equilibrium within the triad: people, businesses, and public policy. Being close to the population and their everyday needs (smart), cities will no doubt act as a push factor to these developments. Propelled with technology change and new values, the private-public-people partnerships (PPPP) will earn the pace. The communicators, bringing new relationship to life, are in this way challenged by metadesign: designing for the “new” designer(s)—the empowered end user. Therefore, for the communicators, the next challenge for marketing in smart cities is the creation of tools and methodologies for the new forms of the collaboration design. After presenting the unique factors that are driving the growth of smart cities in different parts of the world, authors identify important challenges that still need to be overcome in different markets. Special focus will be given on the discussion of contemporary challenges of public policy seen through smart cities development, which by requiring new marketing design is exercising pressure on public policy. Smart cities marketing design will be discussed from the perspective of the need to hear human needs, and at the same time to support the functionality of the 4Ps. Its concrete role will be in bringing understanding of the need for collaboration, which can reduce costs of public policy, thus enlarging benefits of collective action in smart cities.",signatures:"Urška Starc-Peceny, Anita Maček and Rasto Ovin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56923",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56923",authors:[{id:"175615",title:"Dr.",name:"Rasto",surname:"Ovin",slug:"rasto-ovin",fullName:"Rasto Ovin"},{id:"210805",title:"Prof.",name:"Anita",surname:"Maček",slug:"anita-macek",fullName:"Anita Maček"},{id:"217400",title:"Dr.",name:"Urška",surname:"Starc Peceny",slug:"urska-starc-peceny",fullName:"Urška Starc Peceny"}],corrections:null},{id:"57106",title:"Social Media Use and Citizen Engagement in Local Government of Thailand",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70982",slug:"social-media-use-and-citizen-engagement-in-local-government-of-thailand",totalDownloads:1386,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to present the situations of social media use for developing local governance in Thailand. The main objective is to study how social media can be applied for improving citizen engagement in local administration. So, this chapter would like to demonstrate these results through a case study, Phuket municipal. This study would present how Phuket municipal has applied social media to improve internal operations and relationship with people; how people can use social media for engaging with the municipal in several dimensions; and what are the impacts of those works in terms of local governance development.",signatures:"Sataporn Roengtam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57106",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57106",authors:[{id:"202614",title:"Dr.",name:"Sataporn",surname:"Roengtam",slug:"sataporn-roengtam",fullName:"Sataporn Roengtam"}],corrections:null},{id:"57051",title:"Urban Planning in Decentralization and Local Autonomy Era: A Case Study on the Relationship Between Local Government and Civic Group in Development and Budget Planning in Malang City (Indonesia)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70644",slug:"urban-planning-in-decentralization-and-local-autonomy-era-a-case-study-on-the-relationship-between-l",totalDownloads:1182,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study aims to explore the relationship between local government and civic groups in the budget planning process of the government of Malang during 2015. Using a grounded theory approach, qualitative methods are applied in this study. The unit of the study is Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Malang is selected as the unit of study because of the many civic groups. The findings of this study show that there exists a relationship between local government and civic groups but that the relationship does not represent the principles of democracy (equality, participation, and justice) in the budget planning. Local government has dominated civic groups in budget planning so that the budget policy does not take public interest into consideration. However, civic groups such as Malang Corruption Watch (MCW) and Education Forum of Society (FMPP) have developed different strategies to develop collective lobbying to direct the development of public awareness through education. These findings contribute to developing budget planning in Malang that establishes a democratic budget policy process that is more responsive to public needs. The local government should realize that public participation is a way to achieve democratic budget process. In this context, elected and appointed officials should provide access for civic groups to be involved in all stages of budget planning. At the same time, civic groups should build civic awareness and a willingness to participate in budget planning.",signatures:"Salahudin, Achmad Nurmandi and Jainuri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57051",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57051",authors:[{id:"206772",title:"Mr.",name:"Salahudin",surname:"Salahudin",slug:"salahudin-salahudin",fullName:"Salahudin Salahudin"},{id:"217285",title:"Mr.",name:"Jainuri",surname:"Jainuri",slug:"jainuri-jainuri",fullName:"Jainuri Jainuri"}],corrections:null},{id:"55729",title:"The Key Role of Integral Extension in Socio‐Environmental Innovation towards Sustainable Rural Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69454",slug:"the-key-role-of-integral-extension-in-socio-environmental-innovation-towards-sustainable-rural-devel",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In Mexico, traditional extension models have been linear, also they lack orientation towards the demands of the producers and the demands of the markets, the approach has been in general paternalistic and the attention is by individual producers. These extension models have not been sufficiently effective in promoting and adopting socio‐environmental innovations to create value along the supply chain. The principal purpose of this chapter is to understand, on the one hand, the elements of a novel integral extension model, and on the other hand, its key role in socio‐environmental innovation for contributing to achieve sustainable development in rural areas in Mexico. The integral extension model proposes the participation of extension workers as facilitators of the learning process to orient the change of attitudes and behaviors of local/regional actors, carrying out the socio‐technical‐environmental support to producers throughout the value chain perspective. Also, traditional and science‐based knowledge need to interact synergistically ensuring that further value is added to traditional knowledge of local producers. In conclusion, integral extension system plays a crucial role in the implementation of strategies for sustainable rural development in Mexico because it promotes models of interactions among local/regional actors consistently with future as well as present needs.",signatures:"Aida Huerta‐Barrientos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55729",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55729",authors:[{id:"180108",title:"Prof.",name:"Aida",surname:"Huerta Barrientos",slug:"aida-huerta-barrientos",fullName:"Aida Huerta Barrientos"}],corrections:null},{id:"57322",title:"Export, Import, Economic Growth, and Carbon Emissions in Bangladesh: A Granger Causality Test under VAR (Restricted) Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70782",slug:"export-import-economic-growth-and-carbon-emissions-in-bangladesh-a-granger-causality-test-under-var-",totalDownloads:1399,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Purpose: This paper examines the causal and cointegrating relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions in a multivariate framework by including imports and exports as others control variables for an emerging economy like Bangladesh. Design/methodology: The paper applied vector error correction model (VECM) Granger casualty test for assessing the direction of causality and variance decomposition to explain the magnitude of the forecast error variance determined by the shocks to each of the explanatory variables over time. LB (Q-stat) test is to determine data properties and WILD test is to assess short run causality from independent variables to dependent variable. Findings: The study results revealed that variables are integrated in the same order. The results of Johansen Juselius cointegration tests indicate that there is a unique long-term or equilibrium relationship among variables. Again, Granger causality test revealed that short run unidirectional causality are running from carbon dioxide emission to exports, GDP to import, and from import to carbon dioxide emissions. Variance decomposition function shows that the positive shocks in error term will produce positive effects on all variables in the long run. Therefore, a concerted effort from all national and international stakeholders, i.e., enterprises, consumers, and governments are expected to take measures to offset carbon emission and pursue environment-friendly trade plan for better managing the cities and regions in order to fight against global warming and climate change risk.",signatures:"Farhana Ferdousi and Md. Qamruzzaman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57322",authors:[{id:"198685",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhana",surname:"Ferdousi",slug:"farhana-ferdousi",fullName:"Farhana Ferdousi"},{id:"217382",title:"Mr.",name:"Md",surname:"Qamruzzaman",slug:"md-qamruzzaman",fullName:"Md Qamruzzaman"}],corrections:null},{id:"57374",title:"Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71261",slug:"water-challenges-of-an-urbanizing-world",totalDownloads:1168,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The urban landscape has many impacts on the local climate such as reduced average wind speed due to the blocking effect of buildings and greater frequency of flash flooding owing to the higher proportion of ground sealed with concrete and asphalt and a corresponding reduction in natural drainage. Detailed estimate of climate change impacts and landscape modifications on water resources at the regional and local level are currently inaccurate due to inadequate data for water cycle and hydrogeology relations. Physical planning though equipped with modern means and best technologies is still lagging behind from the hands of urban planners due to their insufficient knowledge of natural systems and their correlations. Physical development as part of regional development such as construction of buildings, housings, roads, bridges and public utilities are continuously increasing due to the development in all sectors. Physical developments require land space and give positive impacts for the benefits of the people. However, it also creates negative impacts to the physical environment. It can be understood since a physical development is directly related to the land where constructions stand on, where water occurs as a source for water supply of men living on it and where the air is available for supporting life.",signatures:"Sheetal Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57374",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57374",authors:[{id:"207418",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheetal",surname:"Sharma",slug:"sheetal-sharma",fullName:"Sheetal Sharma"}],corrections:null},{id:"56587",title:"The Spatial Structure of Ecuador: Analysis Using Market Potentials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70204",slug:"the-spatial-structure-of-ecuador-analysis-using-market-potentials",totalDownloads:1148,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The goal of this chapter is to analyze the spatial structure of Ecuador, that is, to find out if the economic activity in this country is clustered in or around several provinces and/or regions. In other words, we want to establish from a geographical economics perspective which provinces are considered belonging to the so-called core and which ones to the periphery. We will carry out the analysis by computing each region’s market potentials. The methodological approach of this study is based on the well-known Harris, 1954, market potential concept of the regional economics literature. For each province and using as the time frame the period 2007–2014, we have computed its Harris, 1954, market potential, which takes into account the economic activity in the surrounding locations weighting them by the inverse of the distance. With regard to the weighting scheme, we will use two different proxies: on the one hand, the distance measured in kilometers between the capital of each province, and on the other hand, the distance measured in terms of the time needed to travel from the capital of one province to the other.",signatures:"Jorge Guido Sotomayor-Pereira, Jesús López-Rodríguez and Laura\nVarela-Candamio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56587",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56587",authors:[{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez"},{id:"207270",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge Guido",surname:"Sotomayor-Pereira",slug:"jorge-guido-sotomayor-pereira",fullName:"Jorge Guido Sotomayor-Pereira"},{id:"207273",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Varela-Candamio",slug:"laura-varela-candamio",fullName:"Laura Varela-Candamio"}],corrections:null},{id:"56489",title:"The Economic Geography of Most North‐Western Region of Spain: Galicia and the Effect of Market Access on Regional Development Levels",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70158",slug:"the-economic-geography-of-most-north-western-region-of-spain-galicia-and-the-effect-of-market-access",totalDownloads:1200,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter estimates the nominal wage equation of the geographical economics literature using data on the Galician regions over the period 2003–2013. The results of the estimations show the existence of a spatial wage structure across the Galician regions with a clear West‐East gradient. Additionally, we have controlled for the inclusion of potential covariates that might be influencing the levels of regional per capita income such as educational attainment levels and technological levels. The results are robust to these alternative estimations",signatures:"Jesús López‐Rodríguez and Guillermo Manso‐Fernández",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56489",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56489",authors:[{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez"},{id:"207335",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Manso-Fernandez",slug:"guillermo-manso-fernandez",fullName:"Guillermo Manso-Fernandez"}],corrections:null},{id:"57152",title:"Some Perpetually Old and New Development Issues in the EU Regions: Competitiveness, Resilience, and Convergence: Where Do the New Member States Stand?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70645",slug:"some-perpetually-old-and-new-development-issues-in-the-eu-regions-competitiveness-resilience-and-con",totalDownloads:1168,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Competitiveness, resilience, and convergence were topics that for decades were listed among the hot issues that have animated the scientific and political debates in the area of economic growth and economic development. For the new member states (NMS) of the European Union, which have accessed the Union since 2004, competitiveness and cohesion became from the first days of their EU membership key topics on their national policy agendas, both as directives of the EU policies to be transposed and implemented nationally and as genuine domestic concerns to be addressed by each of the NMS, while resilience revealed its importance a little bit later, on the occasion of the global economic crisis of 2008–2010 and subsequent recession. Considering their importance for the current and future socioeconomic development of the new member states, the authors present and briefly analyze the topics of competitiveness, resilience, and cohesion in a joint framework, at regional level, based on their common roots within the economic growth and development theories, with the help of a minimal, but powerful, set of relevant indicators, over three significant recent periods: ante-crisis, crisis, and post-crisis. The findings point toward both different and similar competitiveness, resilience, and convergence developments within the new member states and across countries, regions, and periods, also revealing growth and adaptation patterns similar to those found in the more developed regions and countries of the EU, especially in the wake of the global economic crisis.",signatures:"Marioara Iordan and Mihaela-Nona Chilian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57152",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57152",authors:[{id:"207360",title:"Dr.",name:"Marioara",surname:"Iordan",slug:"marioara-iordan",fullName:"Marioara Iordan"},{id:"207363",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Nona",surname:"Chilian",slug:"mihaela-nona-chilian",fullName:"Mihaela Nona Chilian"}],corrections:null},{id:"56626",title:"Regional Analysis for European Structural and Investment Funds on the Case of Slovenia-Austria Cross-Border Cooperation 2014–2020",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70257",slug:"regional-analysis-for-european-structural-and-investment-funds-on-the-case-of-slovenia-austria-cross",totalDownloads:977,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In 2012, the EU Commission provided each member state with a country position paper outlining the analysis of the Commission of the main challenges and funding priorities relevant for the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESI) in the programming period 2014–2020, including in relation to European Territorial Cooperation. These position papers have guided the ensuing dialogue with the Commission in particular in relation to the prioritisation of development needs and concentration of support, as well as in terms of the presentation of information. In this chapter, authors are presenting relevant social, economic and environmental aspects of the programme area and describe how the cooperation programme’s strategy in the case of cross-border cooperation between Slovenia and Austria for 2014–2020 period has contributed to the delivery of the Union strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth and for achieving economic, social and territorial cohesion.",signatures:"Vito Bobek and Anita Maček",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56626",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56626",authors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"},{id:"210805",title:"Prof.",name:"Anita",surname:"Maček",slug:"anita-macek",fullName:"Anita Maček"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2355",title:"International Trade from Economic and Policy Perspective",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8fe6804794ddc1a7f4202db20aed5985",slug:"international-trade-from-economic-and-policy-perspective",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2355.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4686",title:"Perspectives on Business and Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39e4396dfbd84c6c0f014bc4b1263110",slug:"perspectives-on-business-and-management",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6487",title:"Trade and Global Market",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f1afebc7552003672f0c62b354538be",slug:"trade-and-global-market",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6487.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7624",title:"Smart Urban Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"455e3fe68e90610076558c6db2a591e1",slug:"smart-urban-development",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7624.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9551",title:"Emerging Markets",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"321d2a2e57b30b6121e8fd330a298fc8",slug:"emerging-markets",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek and Chee-Heong Quah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9551.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6357",title:"Immigration and Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4778a36b5cb2647b43d6e87fdc6364dd",slug:"immigration-and-development",bookSignature:"Tiago Neves Sequeira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"209734",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago",surname:"Sequeira",slug:"tiago-sequeira",fullName:"Tiago Sequeira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66066",slug:"erratum-microbial-responses-to-different-operating-practices-for-biogas-production-systems",title:"Erratum - Microbial Responses to Different Operating Practices for Biogas Production Systems",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66066.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66066",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66066",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66066",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66066",chapter:{id:"65614",slug:"microbial-responses-to-different-operating-practices-for-biogas-production-systems",signatures:"Maria Westerholm and Anna Schnürer",dateSubmitted:"June 11th 2018",dateReviewed:"November 30th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 12th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"6839",title:"Anaerobic Digestion",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anaerobic Digestion",slug:"anaerobic-digestion",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"J. Rajesh Banu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6839.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"262546",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Schnürer",fullName:"Anna Schnürer",slug:"anna-schnurer",email:"anna.schnurer@slu.se",position:null,institution:null},{id:"263116",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Westerholm",fullName:"Maria Westerholm",slug:"maria-westerholm",email:"Maria.Westerholm@slu.se",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"65614",slug:"microbial-responses-to-different-operating-practices-for-biogas-production-systems",signatures:"Maria Westerholm and Anna Schnürer",dateSubmitted:"June 11th 2018",dateReviewed:"November 30th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 12th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"6839",title:"Anaerobic Digestion",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anaerobic Digestion",slug:"anaerobic-digestion",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"J. Rajesh Banu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6839.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"262546",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Schnürer",fullName:"Anna Schnürer",slug:"anna-schnurer",email:"anna.schnurer@slu.se",position:null,institution:null},{id:"263116",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Westerholm",fullName:"Maria Westerholm",slug:"maria-westerholm",email:"Maria.Westerholm@slu.se",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6839",title:"Anaerobic Digestion",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anaerobic Digestion",slug:"anaerobic-digestion",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"J. Rajesh Banu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6839.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11918",leadTitle:null,title:"LabVIEW - Virtual Instrumentation in Education and Industry",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tVirtual Instrumentation revolutionized the engineer's and scientists’ activities in the field of measurements, monitoring, and testing. The main programing environment used for virtual instrument implementation in LabVIEW was developed by NI company. A very important aspect of education and engineering development is to use the right tool. In the current development, PCs and embedded systems are on a large scale use. Therefore, the programming of these could be a challenge for non-programming specialists. LabVIEW offers a solution for developing and implementing complex applications even for non-programming specialists. The LabVIEW libraries and add-ons offered by NI or the community allow educators and engineers to cover domains that otherwise would not be tangible for them. This book aims to collect original works and reviews concerning subjects such as correct technique programming approaches, simulation and modeling, systems control, remote control, IoT and IIoT, renewable energy, artificial intelligence, and combining LabVIEW with other programming languages.
\r\n\t
Inadequate weed control is one of the main factors related to decrease in soybean production. Weeds compete with crops by resources (water, light and nutrients). This competition is important mainly in the initial stages of crop development, due to possible losses in production that can be up to 80% or even, in extreme cases, hinders harvest operations [1].
Weeds have traits which confer them great aggressiveness even in adverse environments. High number of seeds, seed dormancy, discontinuous germination, effective dispersal mechanisms and population heterogeneity, are very important for weed establishment during crop development. During this phase, weeds may rapidly capture resources and occupy space; this is often linked to their competitive ability, because rapid growth requires the prompt and efficient conversion of resources into biomass. Thus, the yield is reduced and production costs increase, resulting in a decrease in farmer\'s income.
Besides reducing crop yield, weeds can cause other problems, like reduce grain quality, cause loss and difficulty during harvesting and serve as hosts of pests and diseases. The role of weeds as alternate hosts for soybean crop pests and diseases and their interference with cultivation operations resulting into higher costs of production must not be over looked. Weeds can also release toxins highly harmful to crop development. However, despite weeds show many negative aspects, they can also show advantages, like: providing food for the wildlife; potential source of germoplasm; recycling nutrients and preventing soil erosion.
Competition is defined as the condition that exists when requirements of one or more organisms living in a community cannot be obtained from available resources. Because competition involves many direct and indirect factors, it is often, preferable to consider it as interference of a plant community on another one, rather than competition. Interference is a natural phenomenon in a plant community where limited resources exist, and tends to be more harmful to competitors as more equal are the environmental demands and vegetative habit between them.
In agricultural ecosystems, weeds show competitive advantages over crop plants, because the aim of crop breeding is to increase the economic productivity, and this is almost always accompanied by a decrease in the competitive potential. Another important aspect in weed interference is the capacity of weeds in reducing or preventing cultivated plants to get access to resources. Thus, when those are limited, weeds almost always stand out, due to its higher efficiency in either capturing or using them. It is up to farmers and agronomists to use weed control methods and cultural practices in order to increase the chances of the crop overcoming weeds in the competition for resources.
Reduction in weed competition is perfectly achievable with the wide spectrum of tools and herbicides existing in the market, but weed management strategies are not related solely to the use of herbicides [2]. Weed control consists in suppressing the development and/or decreasing the number of weeds per area, until an acceptable levels for the coexistence between the species involved is reached, with minimum damages to both. In soybean crop, weed control can be achieved by using one or more control methods that are: preventive, mechanical, chemical, biological and cultural. Farmers can also use the integrated weed management (IWM), in which two or more of these methods are adopted.
The IWM approaches incorporate multiple tactics of prevention, avoidance, monitoring and suppression of weeds, undergirded by the knowledge of the agroecosystem biology [3]. The development of IWM was motivated by a desire to provide farmers with systematic approaches to reduce reliance upon herbicides [4] and, consequently, retard the selection of herbicide-resistant biotypes. The use of integrated control facilitates weed control during all crop cycle. The cultural practices, like soil tillage, fertilization, cultivar choice, sowing time, number of plants per area and crop rotation should be done in order to benefit crop development, and in some cases can reduce or eliminate the need of using other control methods.
The aim of this chapter is to summarize basic information about weed interference and weed management in the soybean crop, subsidizing technicians in the adoption of suitable positions regarding problems with weed control.
Plants genetically improved by human action, aiming increases in productivity, lost part of their aggressive nature and therefore the ability to survive and compete against adversities imposed by the environment. Thus, most of the weeds show higher extraction capacity and utilization of environmental resources compared to cultivated species. The competition for limited resources or not, directly or indirectly, can be described as:
The various aspects of competition occurring between weeds and crops may also be named
The biotic factors that determine the increased competitiveness of certain species over others are: plant size and architecture, growth rate, extension of root system, dry mass production, increased susceptibility to environmental elements (such as frost and dry spells), greater leaf area index and greater capacity for production and release of chemicals with allelopathic properties [6].
Morphophysiological traits of plants influence the competitive relationship between crop and weeds. Plant height and development cycle, for example, are features that have been positively associated with competitive ability in soybean; cultivars with higher cycle length and height reduce seeds production and size of weed species due to the increase in competitiveness of the crop [7].
Moreover, yield losses due to competition tend to be higher the more similar are the individuals, i.e. their morphophysiological traits, reaching maximum stress within the same species, because in this case neighboring plants compete for the same resources and occupy the same ecological niche [5].
The competitive ability of crops can be expressed according to the crop ability to compete with weeds, reducing the production of seeds and dry mass accummulation by weeds, which is called
Olofsdotter [11] remarks that several traits which confer competitive ability are genetically changeable, and can be manipulated by plant breeding, as they are elucidated by research. According to the author, it is necessary to identify one or more traits as well as their genetic variability in the crop. After demonstrating its variability, studies are needed to indicate the mechanisms involved and the environmental effect on the expression of these traits. Finally, it is necessary to involve geneticists and breeders in the identification of genes coding for the desired trait, as well as to evaluate the usefulness of indicators in the selection, i.e. if the character can be selected.
Differences in competitive ability between soybean cultivars with weeds have been reported by Bussan et al. [12]; Jannink et al. [9]; Lamego et al. [13]; Bianchi et al. [14] and Fleck et al. [15]. Suitable conditions for crop planting, such as moist soil, proper and uniform planting depth, close contact between seed and soil, as well as certified quality seeds, are essential to ensure competitive advantage to the crop by promoting the rapid emergence and establishment of uniform populations. In a study with soybeans, higher size of seeds resulted in seedlings with higher hypocotyl expansion rates, which may constitute a favorable feature in adverse conditions of emergence as in the case of soil crusting following heavy rainfalls [16].
The use of cultural methods for weed management can minimize weeds interference on soybean. Among the most efficient management practices for the suppression of weeds, the population density of the crop can be highlighted, as well as equal plants arrangement, development cycle and root growth of the crop.
In areas of agricultural production, the density of cultivated plants is kept constant along the field while weeds density varies with the degree of infestation, which is determined by the soil seed bank richness [17, 5]. According to these authors a variation occurs in the crop/weeds density ratio, making important to understand in competition studies not only the influence of density in the competition process – additive studies, but also the influence of the variation in the species proportion in the population - substitutive studies [5].
The duration of the period planting-emergence is also affected by seeding rate, temperature and soil moisture, planting depth and seed traits [18]. The duration of this period changes seedling height and subsequently, the intra-specific competitive ability. According to this author, the effects on the duration of this period are more evident under high plant densities.
The use of high vigor seeds, which provide immediate plant emergence after planting, is important for the cultural management of weeds. In the dispute for limited environmental resources, the advantage is granted for plants that exhibit early establishment. A growing plant must quickly seize space and other resources, and its competitive success depends on the anticipated use of them. Plants stop growing when its area is restricted by competitors, so that the last individuals appear to grow very little due to shading. Thus, a fast emergence is often more important than the spatial arrangement of individuals in determining the competitiveness of the population [19].
Plants that have rapid and uniform emergence can compete more effectively for environmental resources [13]. These authors reported that the emergence rate is positively correlated with the ability of soybean cultivars to compete with weeds. In this sense, Fischer & Miles [19] formulated theoretical principles in which the greater the rate of development of a plant, the higher the shoot and edaphic volume explored. The first seedlings to emerge, probably present higher yields because they have priority in using water, light and nutrients, i.e., they occupy the niche early [20].
Plants that use resources earlier will shade the others, reducing the amount and quality of light available for the neighbors [20]. Weeds which establish before the crop, with big size and high number of seeds, will increase its frequence in the soil seed bank and keep infesting subsequent crops [6]. Another problem resulting from the establishment of crops later in relation to weeds is the need for increasing herbicide rates for their control [21].
Ecologically, weeds are less demanding in true growth factors in relation to crop plants, which confers great competitive ability for them [6]. In a study conducted by Carranza et al. [22], it was found that the relative intraspecific competition (yield loss per weed unit) decreased when weed population increased. According to the authors, plants that emerged earlier were 1.5 times more competitive than those who had delayed emergence.
Crop management practices such as use of high quality seeds, appropriate management of soil and planting at the recommended time and depth significantly increase chances of crop plants to be more competitive. The adoption of these practices, along with the use of cultivars with fast establishment, are key points to accelerate crop growth and focus on their success in competition with weeds.
The better arrangement of crop plants may be more important for those species with less potential for branching or tillering. The increase in grain yield of soybean with narrow row spacing has been demonstrated in several studies [23, 24, 16]. Positive results are obtained with this practice especially in wet years with the use of early maturing cultivars [16], in soil well supplied with nutrients [24], and also with late planting [25].
In the case of planting soybean after the recommended period, Board et al. [25] found that the reduced spacing resulted in higher dry mass of branches of plants at maturity (R8), which was highly correlated with grain yield. They also observed that the yield components of the branches, such as number, length and number of nodes in the branches, were higher in the smaller spacing, justifying the greater yield in reduced spacing system in late planting.
The dry weight of soybean can be used as a criterion to choose between wider or narrower spacings between rows. For Board & Harville [26], if plant dry mass of late-maturing cultivars, in the stage R8, is at least 800 g m-2 in wide spacing, probably no benefit will be obtained by reducing row spacing. However, this value should be used carefully because it may cause lower levels of total dry mass, for example, if planting is accomplished out of the indicated time interval (early or late planting).
The removal of weeds by using reduced spacing was evaluated by Legere & Schreiber [27]. These authors found that in the middle of the soybean growing season, the contribution of pigweed (
In some situations, however, an adequate suppression of weeds may not occur. Burnside [28] found no difference in yields between spacings of 38 and 76 cm in the presence of weeds during different periods of coexistence. Also, Nice et al. [29] found no effect on the population of sicklepod (
Another advantage of the smaller row spacing is the possibility of using lower doses of certain herbicides due to the effect of the additional shading of weeds by crop plants. Young et al. [30] observed that the reduction in row spacing from 76 cm to 38 cm, increased weed control after herbicide application. In contrast, glyphosate presented weed control superior to 90% at row spacing of 19 cm, controlling between 75% and 90% of the weeds when crop was planted at a spacing of 76 cm.
The set of morphological and physiological traits of cultivars defines its ability to compete with weeds for environmental resources [31, 14]. However, the competitive ability of cultivars can be altered by agronomic practices [32]. Weed population and its emergence delay in relation to the crop, often define the relationships of competition between species [33].
According to Lamego et al. [13] soybean cultivars with early emergence, fast leaf area expansion, high growth rate, and higher plant height in early stages, are more capable of competing with weeds. On the other hand, weed species with fast emergence, like the ones from Genus
Water is the most limiting factor essential for plant growth and production [37]. The rainfall and soil moisture strongly influence the growth of weeds, affecting, therefore, competition with crops [38]. Certain morphological and physiological traits determine the ability of plants to compete for soil water. In nature, species with C3 metabolism predominate in temperate regions, while the C4 are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. The relative distribution of C3 and C4 species depends on the temperature during the growing season of the plants [5]. Species with carbon metabolism by the cycle C4 are usually more efficient in the use of water (higher WUE); as a consequence, they produce more biomass per unit of water consumed.
According to Patterson and Flint [39],
Light is the most disputed factor in competition, highlighting the importance of plant height in defining the competitive ability of crops [5]. The high ability of plants to intercept the incident light in the canopy is a desirable feature when crop is under competition with weeds [42]. Light interception by the canopy is dependent on plant density and arrangement, branching rate, plant height, leaf area, distribution of leaves, leaf angle, angle of leaf blades and dry mass accumulation [42]. Cultivars that concentrate photosynthates in leaves, i.e., high leaf area ratio (LAR), have greater potential for ground cover [43] and consequently the greater will be their competitive ability with weeds.
The initial growth rate is directly related to light interception and use in earlier stages of the plant cycle, allowing a greater leaf area development which provides to crop a higher competitive ability [32, 44].
The rate of biomass accumulation in shoots becomes a key factor for competitive success [40]. Earlier emergence of weeds in soybean, in relation to crop emergence, increased grain yield losses of soybean [13]. Evaluating the efficiency of capture and utilization of light by soybean and bean against the weeds
Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), are of great importance for understanding yield losses by crops [46]. According to Anguinoni et al. [47] the capacity for absorption of nutrients in plants depends on the magnitude and the morphology of the root system and its efficiency in absorption of these elements. Crops with fast root growth maximizes the use of water and nutrients [48] so an accelerated growth of the root system constitutes a desirable feature for better nutrient use [49].
Under field conditions, in a study of competition for nutrients between soybean or bean with the weeds
For the same species evaluated in the previous experiment, soybean was the species that showed the largest increase of P in root biomass as the dose of this nutrient was increased.
The critical period of weed control (CPWC) has been defined by Silva et al. [51] as a window in the crop growth cycle during which weeds must be controlled to prevent quantitative and qualitative yield losses. In essence, the CPWC represents the time interval between two separately measured crop-weed competition components: (1) the critical timing of weed removal (CTWR) or the maximum amount of time early-season weed competition can be tolerated by the crop before it suffers irrevocable yield reduction, and (2) the critical weed-free period (CWFP) or the minimum weed-free period required from the moment of planting, to prevent unacceptable yield reductions [52]. The former component is estimated to determine the beginning of the CPWC, whereas the latter determines its end. Results from both components are combined to determine the CPWC. Theoretically, weed control before and after the CPWC may not contribute to the conservation of the crop yield potential.
The beginning and end of the CPWC determined using the functional approach will depend on the level of acceptable yield loss (AYL) used to predict its beginning and end. Many studies report 5% as the maximum AYL. But it can be adjusted depending on the cost of weed control and the anticipated financial gain [52].
Silva et al. [53], evaluated the CTWR in soybean, cv. BRS-244 RR in low, medium and high weed density and observed that the CTWR was 17 days after emergence (DAE) in low infestation area and 11 DAE in medium and high infestation area, considering 5% of tolerance of crop yield decrease. According to the authors, weed interference during the full crop cycle reduced soybean grain yield in 73%, 82% and 92%, for low, medium and high weed density, respectively. Meschede et al. [54], evaluated the CPWC of
Different results of CPWC showed that the degree of weed interference on crops depends on the infesting plant community (species, density and population), on the crop (cultivar, spacing and density) and environment (soil, climate and management). Thus, it is necessary a greater number of studies to create a data base and in the future create models to predict the adequate moment of weed control for each situation.
According to Hart [56], the population of weeds may be divided into three components: the active seed, the inactive/dormant seeds and plants.
The active seed (ready to germinate) can come from three sources: production by plants, seeds from outside the system and seeds that were dormant and that, for some reason, have become active. The dormant seed can also come from three sources: active seeds, plants and outside the system.
Weed management involves activities directed at the weeds (direct management) and, or, the system formed by soil and crop (indirect management). The direct management refers to the direct elimination of weeds using herbicides, manual or mechanical action and biological action. In soil management (indirect management) the relationship active and inactive seed can be worked. In this case, germination of the weeds should be increased before controlling them, using techniques such as the sequential application of desiccants.
According to Silva et al. [7], weed control possibilities include preventive, cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods. However, to maintain the sustainability of agricultural systems, it is important to integrate these control measures by observing the characteristics of soil, climate and socioeconomic aspects of the producer. The achievement of an environmentally and economically compatible integration requires deep knowledge of the available strategies, promoting balance with the management measures of soil and water, as well as the control of pests and diseases. To adopt any measure of control, the medium in which the weeds are should be treated as an ecosystem that can respond to any changes imposed, thus, not limited to the application of herbicides or using any other method alone. Furthermore, efforts will encourage the improvement of the quality of life, both of the farmer directly involved, as the whole population which will benefit from the supply chain.
It is harder to control weeds once they establish themselves, so preventing foreign weeds from entering a new area is usually easier and costs less than controlling after they have spread.
According to Silva et al. [57], the preventive control of weeds is the use of practices aimed at preventing the introduction, establishment and, or, spread of certain problematic species in areas not yet infested by them. These areas can be a country, a state, a municipality or a piece of land inside the farm.
In federal and state levels, there are laws regulating the entry of seeds into the country or state and its internal commercialization. Under these laws are the tolerable limits of seeds of each weed species and also the list of prohibited seeds per crop or crop group.
Locally, it is the responsibility of individual farmers or cooperatives, to prevent the entry and spread of one or more weed species that may become serious problems for the region. In summary,
Choosing the right cultivars is actually the first step in successfully establishing a crop. In the soybean case, there is a large number of cultivars adapted to different regions of the world.
Some of the measures that can prevent the introduction of the species are: use of high purity seeds, clean thoroughly machines, harrows and harvesters; carefully inspect seedlings acquired with soil and also all the organic matter (manure and compost) from other areas; clean irrigation canals; quarantine of introduced animals, etc. [5].
Chauhan et al. [58] affirm that most crops have their seeds contaminated with weeds, especially when weed seeds resemble the size and shape of crop seeds. Contamination usually happens during the time of crop harvesting when weeds that have life cycles similar to those of crops set seeds. When even a small amount of weed seeds is present, it may be enough for a serious infestation in the next season. The idea should be to minimize the weed infestation area and decrease the dissemination of weed seeds from one area to another or from one crop to another. Control of weed species is achieved by reducing plants and propagules to the point at which their presence does not seriously interfere with an area of economic use. The planning of post-infested weed control programs should be done in such a way that the build-up of weed seeds is reduced drastically within a short period. Proper care should be taken to restrict the weed seed bank size in the area by using integrated methods of weed control. In undisturbed or no-till systems, seeds of weeds and volunteer crops are deposited in the topsoil [59, 60, 61]. Therefore, an appropriate strategy is needed to avoid high weed infestations and to prevent unacceptable competition with the emerging crop [60].
The competitive ability of weeds largely depends on the time of emergence in relation to the soybean, in such a way that, if the crop germinates faster, and also occurs a delay on the emergence of weeds, competition will be reduced [5].
According to Silva et al [57], cultural control is the use of common practices for the proper management of water and soil as crop rotation, variation of crop row spacing, living mulches, cover crops etc. Amending the soil, neutralizing the aluminum content and increasing the pH, favors the crop and not certain weed species adapted to acid soils conditions and high contents of Al. Fertilization applied at the planting furrow is a common practice, and also favors soybean, so the fertilizer do not stand so close to the weeds in the inter-rows. These practices help to reduce the seed bank of weeds. It consists, therefore, in using their own ecological traits, both from crops and weeds, in order to benefit the establishment and development of crops.
One of the main practices is crop rotation. Its benefits depend on the selection of crops and their sequence in the system. Continuous cultivation of a single crop or crops having similar management practices allows certain weed species to become dominant in the system and, over time, these weed species become hard to control [58]. According to Kelley et al. [62], soybean production is improved by using crop rotation as a management practice. Numerous studies have shown decreased yield when soybean was grown continuously in monoculture than when rotated with another crop [63, 64, 65]. In the short-term, benefit of crop rotation was increased soybean yield, which would likely increase soybean profitability. In the long-term, rotations with high residue-producing crops, such as wheat and grain sorghum, significantly increase total soil C and N concentrations over time, which may further improve soil productivity [62].
Variation of the spacing or plant density in the row is another practice that can contribute to the reduction of weed interference on the crop, depending on the architecture of the cultivated plants and weed species. The reduction of spacing between rows often provides competitive advantage for most crops over shading sensitive weeds. In this case, by reducing the spacing between rows, provided it does not exceed the minimum limit, there is increased light interception by the canopy of cultivated plants. This effect is dependent on factors like the type of species to be cultivated, morphophysiological traits of genotypes, weed species present in the area and season and weather conditions at the time of its emergence, as well as environmental conditions [66, 67, 68].
The main goal of using cover crops for weed control is replacing an unmanageable weed population with a manageable cover crop. This is accomplished by selecting the phenology of the cover crop to preempt the niche occupied by weed populations [69]. They have been used to manage weeds in soybean [70, 71, 72, 73]. According to Silva et al. [57], green covers are crops that usually are very competitive with weeds. Lupine, vetch, ryegrass, turnips, oats and rye are used in southern Brazil. In the subtropics, velvetbean, crotalarias, pigeon pea, jack-bean and lab-lab can be used. Its main effect is to reduce the seed bank and also improve soil physical-chemical conditions. However, these plants may also have inhibitory effects over others and can reduce infestations of some weed species after desiccation or incorporated in soil, and must be carefully chosen in each case. The presence of the mulch creates conditions for the installation of a dense and diverse microbiote in the soil, especially in the surface layer, with a high amount of microorganisms responsible for the elimination of dormant seeds by deterioration and loss of viability.
Both the composition and the population density of a weed community are influenced by the level of mulching in the production system [74]. The mulch has physical (interference on germination and seedling survival rate), chemical (allelopathic effect) and biological (installation of a dense and diverse microbiocenose in the topsoil) effects on weeds [75,76].
Thus, of the numerous known advantages of no-tillage - a practice that keeps the soil covered by crop residues - stands out the improvement in weed control. Trezzi & Vidal [77] found that the presence of residues of sorghum shoot (4 t ha-1) was sufficient to reduce 91, 96 and 59% the population of
According to Silva et al. [57], in no-tillage, using systemic herbicides as desiccants, together with not revolving the soil, whether to produce corn for grain or silage, excellent results were found in the management of purple nutsedge (
According to Silva et al. [57], weed plucking, or weeding, is the oldest method of weed control. It is still used to control weeds in home gardens and in the removal of weeds between crop rows, when the main method of control is the use of a hoe.
The manual weeding made with a hoe is very effective and still widely used in our agriculture, especially in mountainous regions, where there is subsistence agriculture, and for many families, this is the only source of work. However, in a more intensive agriculture in larger areas, the high cost of manpower and the difficulty of finding workers when necessary and in the desired quantity, make this method only complementary to others, and should be done when the weeds are still young and the soil is not too humid. It can assume great importance in seed production fields, being a good alternative for using isolated or as a complement for other control methods [79].
According to Silva et al. [57], mechanized cultivation, made by cultivators pulled by animals or tractors, is widely accepted in Brazilian agriculture, being one of the main methods of weed control on properties with smaller areas planted. The main limitations of this method are the difficulty of controlling weeds in the crop rows, low efficiency when performed in wet conditions (wet soil), and it is also inefficient to control weeds that reproduce by vegetative parts. However, all the annual species, when young (2-4 pairs of leaves), are easily controlled in conditions of heat and dry soil. Cultivation breaks the intimate relationship between root and soil, suspending the absorption of water, and exposes the roots to unfavorable environmental conditions. Depending on the relative size of weeds and crops, the displacement of the soil on the row, using special hoe cultivators, can cause the burial of seedlings and thereby promote weed control even in the rows of the crop.
Biological control is the use of natural enemies (fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, birds, fish, etc.) capable of reducing weed populations, reducing their ability to compete. This is maintained by the population balance between the natural enemy and the host plant. It should also be considered as biological control the allelopathic inhibition of weeds [6].
According to Charudattan & Dinoor [80], bioherbicide is defined as a plant pathogen used as a weed-control agent through inundative and repeated applications of its inoculum. In the United States and many other countries, the prescriptive use of plant pathogens as weed control agents is regarded as a “pesticidal use” and therefore these pathogens must be registered or approved as biopesticides by appropriate governmental agencies. Currently, one fungus species is registered as bioherbicide in the United States for use in soybeans. Collego®, based on
Charudattan & Dinoor [80] also state that, among the limitations of biocontrol of weeds by plant pathogens, the most important are the limited commercial interest in this approach to weed control due to the fact that markets for biocontrol agents are typically small, fragmented, highly specialized, and consequently the financial returns from biocontrol agents are too small to be of interest to big industries; and the complexities in production and assurance of efficacy and shelf-life of inoculum can further stifle bioherbicide development. For instance, the inability to mass-produce inoculum needed for large-scale use is a serious limitation that has led to the abandonment of several promising agents. The authors conclude that plant pathogens hold enormous potential as weed biocontrol agents. In addition to the use of plant pathogens as biocontrol agents, it is likely that pathogen-derived genes, gene products, and genetic mechanisms (e.g., hypersensitive plant cell death and herbicidal biochemicals) will be exploited in the near future to provide novel weed management systems. On the other hand, the present over-reliance on chemical herbicides and the tendency to base weed-management decisions purely on economic considerations, at expense of the exclusion of ecological and societal benefits, is a serious limitation that could stifle biological control.
There are several advantages in using herbicides: pre-emergence control, eliminating the weeds precociously; hits targets that the hoe or cultivator does not reach, like the weeds in the crop row; reduces or eliminates the risk of damage to the roots and to young plants; do not alter soil structure and, therefore, reduces risk of erosion; controls more efficiently the perennial weeds; reduces the need for labor; increases the speed and efficiency of the control operation per unit area, reducing the cost per treated area; controls the weeds for a longer period, when the use of a cultivator is impossible in view of the crop growth; and can be used in rainy periods, when the mechanical control is not efficient and when labor is required for other activities. However, it has the disadvantage of requiring skilled labor, because, if done improperly, can poison the crop, the environment and, especially, the applicator himself. Although herbicides are very effective in controlling weeds, they may promote the development of resistant biotypes, a fact that would further exacerbate the problem within an area [81].
According to Oliveira Jr. et al. [82], the most common strategies used in the management of both cover crops and weed vegetation in areas of no-tillage are reduced to three: desiccation immediately before sowing, between seven and ten days before sowing or anticipated drying.
These authors undertook a study aimed to evaluate the interaction between tillage systems and weed control in post emergence in soybean with these three strategies. They concluded that, although desiccation in different management systems have been effective, the anticipation of desiccation in anticipated management favored the emergence and initial soybean development, providing greater productivity gains, given the infestation conditions. The management system also affected the flow of weed emergence after soybean emergence, with fewer reinfestations in the anticipated management system, due to the control of initial flows given by the second application of this management system. Management applied at planting and ten days before planting, hindered the development of soybean, resulting in lower productivity, while anticipated management provided the highest yield.
Procópio et al. [83] carried out a study in which they compared the effects of tillage systems on the control of the weeds
According to Arregui et al. [86], there are several soil-applied broadleaf herbicides that effectively control weeds like
The same authors [86] affirm that soil-applied herbicides as metribuzin and imazaquin may be beneficial reducing early season competition of weeds, particularly those inherently more tolerant to glyphosate such as
Hager et al. [89], in a study to examine the influence of herbicide application timing and dose on efficacy of six soil-applied herbicides for common waterhemp (
Nosworthy [90], evaluating broadleaved weed control and economics of conventional and glyphosate-containing herbicide programmes in glyphosate-resistant soybean planted in wide rows, found that pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate, controlled
The concept of Integrated Weed Management (IWM), a component of Integrated Pest Management, has been proposed (i) to decrease the density of weeds emerging in crops, (ii) to reduce their relative competitive ability (in order both to preserve crop yields and to limit the replenishment of weed seed bank), and (iii) to control emerged weeds using non chemical techniques, with the overall aim of reducing the need for herbicide application at the cropping system level [91]. IWM advocates the use of all available weed control options such as: plant breeding, fertilization, crop rotation, tillage practices, planting pattern, cover crops and mechanical, biological and chemical controls. To define the correct weed management strategies, it is necessary to know the ability of the weed species, in relation to the crop, to compete for water, light and nutrients, which are factors responsible for decreasing crop yield [6].
Usually, it is not taken into consideration that a good program of weed management should allow for maximum production in the shortest time, the maximum sustainable production and minimal environmental and economic risk. Wilson et al. [92] in a study to compare the Ohio farmer model to a weed scientist decision model about management of weeds, concluded that farmers understand but do not practice IWM. The failure to adopt may be attributed to gaps in their understanding of the human role in weed dispersal, their focus on the risks associated with weeds without recognition of their ecological benefits, and the tendency to overlook risks associated with management.
Therefore, to accomplish the IWM, it is required knowledge in botany, plant physiology, molecular biology, climatology and application technology, among others.
The strategies for the integrated weed management in different weed species can be divided as short or long-term. Measures such as weeding or direct employment of herbicides (chemical control) can be considered as short-term, accounting for only temporary control, requiring new applications to each crop season. In the case of long-term measures, the use of cultural practices and control by other biological agents, has permanent character and take into account more pronounced changes in different agronomic practices. From this, results the integrated management, which should integrate prevention and other control methods that promote short (mechanical and chemical methods) and medium and long-term (cultural and biological methods) control.
According to Chauhan et al. [58], any single method of weed control cannot provide season-long and effective weed control. Therefore, a combination of different weed management strategies should be evaluated for widening the weed control spectrum and efficacy for sustainable crop production. The use of clean crop seeds and seeders and field sanitation (irrigation canals and bunds free from weeds) should be integrated for effective weed management. Combining good agronomic practices, timeliness of operations, fertilizer and water management, and retaining crop residues on the soil surface improve the weed control efficiency of applied herbicides and competitiveness against weeds. In Canada, for example, integrating superior cultivars with a high seeding rate and the earliest time of weed removal led to a 40% yield increase compared with the combination of a weaker cultivar, the lowest seeding rate, and the latest time of weed removal [93].
According to Bernards et al. [94], the development of an IWM program is based on a few general rules that can be used at any farm:
use agronomic practices that limit the introduction and spread of weeds, preventing weed problems before they started;
help the crop compete with weeds; and
use practices that keep weeds off balance and do not allow weeds to adapt.
Combining agronomic practices based on these rules will allow the farmer to design an IWM program for his reality. There is not a single recipe for all conditions and years. The plan will need to be changed and adjusted to a particular farming operation and season. The goal is to manage, not eradicate weeds.
Soybean is a crop characterized by the high consumption of herbicides. Chemical control is the most usual, given the characteristics of practicability, efficiency and speed on its execution.
Most of the farmers in Brazil and the world adopt the chemical method for weed control. This is because this technology is very efficient, has attractive cost compared to alternative methods, is easy to use and is professionally developed. However, most producers have only an immediatist and economical vision of weed control and this could lead to environmental problems in the medium and long-term. Although it is public domain that repeated applications of herbicides with the same mechanism of action on a genetically diverse population of weeds may cause strong selection pressure and evolution of resistance [95], it has been a common practice in many parts of the world. As a consequence, the population of herbicide-resistant weeds has expanded rapidly in several regions, making it a hard solution problem in many areas with intensive agriculture. Evidence suggests that the appearance of resistance to a herbicide, in a plant population, is due to the selection of pre-existent resistant biotypes, because of the selection pressure exerted by repeated applications of the same active ingredient, finding conditions for propagation and prevalence [96].
In 2005, transgenic soybean was officially released for planting in Brazil. From this moment on, several products and product combinations have been replaced by a single active ingredient, the glyphosate. Glyphosate is a systemic herbicide used for postemergence control of grasses and broadleaved weeds [97]. In transgenic soybean, it is used in single or sequential applications, at doses and times that will vary according to each scenario.
Currently, the technology of glyphosate-resistant soybean, readily accepted and adopted by the producers caused the use of this herbicide to expand, with average of three applications of glyphosate per cycle of soybean, at desiccation and two after crop emergence. Furthermore, the glyphosate is the primary herbicide for several crops such as fruits, coffee, eucalyptus and desiccation for no-tillage [96].
The technology of glyphosate-resistant soybean allows to reduce or eliminate the need to apply other herbicides for the management of different weed species, which contributes to increased selection pressure and emergence of resistant biotypes. Moreover, some aspects of population dynamics of weeds and the possibility of selecting glyphosate-tolerant species must be considered. The type of management and herbicides used in an area cause changes in the type and proportion of species which compose the local population. This is explained by the fact that herbicides do not control evenly the species in the area; so, some end up being benefited and multiply. In these situations, a low occurrence of plants in the area can become a serious problem for the producer. Thus, the repeated and continuous use of the same herbicide or herbicides with the same mechanism of action, makes the selection of species inevitable [98].
The resistance factors (GR50) ranged between 7 and 11 for
Up to date, 23 cases of glyphosate resistant weeds were found in weed species worldwide, described in Table 1.
\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tUSA/2005* | \n\t\t\tMultiple resistance to ALS and EPSPs inhibitors | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tUSA/2005 | \n\t\t\tMultiple resistance, triple (ALS, Protox and EPSPs inhibitors) and double (ALS and EPSPs inhibitors) | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tUSA/2004 | \n\t\t\tMultiple resistance to ALS and EPSPs inhibitors | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tUSA/2004 | \n\t\t\tMultiple resistance to ALS and EPSPs inhibitors | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tAustralia/2011 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tAustralia/2010 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tSouth Africa, Spain, Brazil, Israel, Colombia, USA/2003, Australia, Greece, Portugal | \n\t\t\tMultiple resistance to Photosystem I and EPSPs inhibitors | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tUSA/2000, Brazil, China, Spain, Czech Republic, Poland and Italy | \n\t\t\tMultiple resistance to ALS and EPSPs inhibitors and to Photosystem I and EPSPs inhibitors | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tSpain and Brazil/2009 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tArgentina/2008 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tParaguay and Brazil/2005 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tAustralia/2007, USA and Argentina | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tMalaysia/1997, Colombia and USA | \n\t\t\tMultiple resistance to ALS and EPSPs inhibitors | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tUSA/2007 and Canada | \n\t\t\tMultiple resistance to ALS and EPSPs inhibitors | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tMexico/2010 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tChile/2001, Brazil, USA, Spain and Argentina | \n\t\t\tMultiple resistance to ALS and EPSPs inhibitors, ACCase and EPSPs inhibitors, triple resistance to ALS, ACCase and EPSPs inhibitors | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tArgentina/2008 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tAustralia/1996, USA, South Africa, Spain, Israel and Italy | \n\t\t\tMultiple Resistance, double (Photosystem II and EPSPs inhibitors), triple (ACCase, Photosystem I and EPSPs inhibitors), quadruple ( ALS , ACCase, EPSPs and dinitroanilines inhibitors) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tColombia/2004 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tSouth Africa/2003 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tUSA/2010 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tArgentina/2005 and USA | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tAustralia/2008 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
Glyphosate (EPSPs inhibitor) resistant weed species, countries of occurrence and type of resistance.
* Observation year of the first resistance case. Source: Weed Science [103]
The rational management of herbicides with different mechanisms of action is a very important practice. Furthermore, the use of herbicides with little soil residual activity and optimization of doses and number of applications reduces the selection pressure, decreasing the risks of selection of plant resistance to herbicides. Another very efficient technique for the management of weeds consists in using mixtures of herbicides with different mechanisms of action. In this case, the prevention of resistance is based on the fact that the active ingredients efficiently control both biotypes of the same species, i.e., the biotype resistant to a herbicide is controlled by another active ingredient of the mixture [98]. It is noteworthy that the herbicide mixture of different mechanisms of action as a means of management and prevention of resistance is more efficient when the reproductive system of the weed is self pollination, since the genetic recombination of different alleles which confer resistance is less likely to occur in relation to allogamous plants.
Due to the numerous cases of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes in Brazil, several studies were performed looking for alternatives to control these plants, finding that the use of herbicides with different mechanisms of action is a viable alternative for managing resistance [103]. Table 02 shows alternative herbicides suitable for soybean according to the resistant species in the area.
\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tFluazifop-p, Haloxyfop-r, Clethodim, Sethoxydim | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tParaquat and Ammonium-Glufosinate | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tClorimuron-ethyl | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tParaquat + Diuron, Ammonium-Glufosinate, Clorimuron-ethyl and 2,4-D | \n\t\t
Alternative herbicides to control glyphosate resistant weeds in soybean crop used in Brazil.
Weed resistance is an evolving phenomenon in world and, in certain cases, may restrain the use of some herbicides. Therefore, weed resistance to herbicides should be managed through the use of alternative strategies associated to the application of herbicides. Crop rotation is a good strategy to break the life cycle of weed, preventing its dominance in the area. When the same cultural techniques are applied, year after year, in the same soil, the interference of these weeds is greatly increased. When the main goal is the weed control, the choice of the rotating crop should fall on plants with very contrasting growth habits and cultural characteristics [98]. Thus, when using crops with different physiological needs, a change occurs in weed species from one crop to another and, if it becomes necessary to use herbicides, there is a greater chance they will have different mechanisms of action. The rotation is an effective method both in preventing the appearance of resistant biotypes as in managing installed resistance.
Only with a rational management and using several control methods will the resistance be mitigated and the likelihood of the emergence of new cases minimized [98].
The challenge of agriculture sustainability requires solving the trade-off between producing satisfying levels of agricultural products, both in terms of quantity and quality, and reducing the environmental impacts and preserving non renewable resources. Weed management is a key issue, because herbicides are the most sprayed pesticides around the world and they are some of the mostly found contaminating substances in the surface and below-ground waters. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt correct strategies for weed management, but for that it is necessary to know the ability of weed species, present in a given area, in relation to the crop, to compete for water, light and nutrients, factors responsible for decreasing crop yield. Simple measures like choosing the correct cultivar, adopting correct tillage practices, using cover crops and crop rotation are responsible for decreasing the use of herbicides and, consequently, contribute for environmental sustainability.
The cerebral venous system (CVS) is a wide, dynamic, and connected net of vessels developing from the encephalic parenchyma to the internal jugular veins (IJVs). As other venous system, it has three main functions: to drain blood and catabolites from the brain, to help maintaining thermic homeostasis and to refill the right-sided heart [1]. Differently from other organs, instead, intracranial veins share unique physiological features and functions. Traditionally, comprehension of CVS has been limited to descriptive anatomy and a few ranges of physiological principles.
New emerging evidences in the last years are depicting a more complex scenario, in which CVS has a pivotal role in starting and sustaining various pathological processes, from multiple sclerosis to cerebral hemorrhages, hydrocephalus, and strokes.
Primitive CVS starts differentiating from primary meninx mesenchyme as a continuous endothelial plexus connecting the dural (
Classically, first clearly identifiable parenchymal vessels are the prootic, the anterior cerebral, and the capitis lateralis and medialis veins [3].
From the 4th to the 5th months, the cortical veins net rapidly grows to sustain the hemisphere fast development. Consequently, the dural sinuses size increases with multiple series of anatomical variations and modifications from week to week. The transverse sinus balloons in response to this increasing amount of blood and to the relatively narrow diameters of jugular vein, with formation and enlargement of multiple emissary vessels for extracranial drainage to the foramen magnum and vertebral plexuses [4]. At the 35-mm stage of the embryo, drainage from the transverse sinus to the IJV can be detected [4].
After birth to the 1st year, the jugular bulb increases in size thanks to the physiological modifications of postnatal circulation, and the drainage through the emissary veins reduces its flow.
Throughout the uterine life, CVS anatomy is dynamically changing in response to the morphometric and hemodynamic adaptations of the growing organism. Progressively, from the chaotic but not homogenous primitive plexus, certain preferential routes are selected on the basis of rheologic flow parameters, while others disappear. The most suitable venous patterns are fixed, independently from our anatomical classifications, similarly to what happens for arteries but with far more variability.
In the ideal description, CVS can be distinguished in parenchymal and dural circulation. It is important to notice that intracranial veins are lacking of intraluminal valves, differently from other veins in the systemic circulation.
The deep parenchymal circulation drains blood from the deep white matter of the cerebral hemisphere, the basal ganglia, and the mesencephalon.
Dural CVS is comprised into the dural sinuses, spaces originated from the splitting of the dura derived from the ectomeninx and covered by endothelium, as above specified.
Arterial blood enters the brain through the anterior circulation, via the carotid arteries, and the posterior circulation, via the vertebral arteries. Also venous blood, or at least the major part of it, exits the brain through an anterior circulation, via the IJVs, and a posterior one, via the vertebral plexuses. Once passed the osteo-dural ring of their respective entry points inside the skull, circulatory physiology of these vessels drastically changes, given the unique physical conditions that are present in the intracranial space.
Although an exhaustive dissertation on cerebrovascular physiology is not in the focus of the present chapter; to understand CVS physiology, few mechanical, hydrostatic, and anatomical principles have to be clarified.
The skull (bone and dura together) is basically a rigid, non-expandable container, totally filled with uncompressible materials: brain parenchyma, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Around 1764, Alexander Monro, second of his name, published
In 1926, Harvey Cushing published “
This is an effective way to summarize the concept, but this formulation lacks the fundamental pulsating nature of cerebral flow. Blood enters the brain pulsating in the arteries; then the mechanical wave of pulsation is transmitted anisotropically through the parenchyma and CSF (fluids with different elastic properties). This wave propagation deeply affects CVS physiology: if blood enters the skull pulsating into the arteries, also it leaves from the vein pulsating.
In this balance of pressure between inflow and outflow, bridging veins have a pivotal role.
A bridging vein is defined as a cortical vessel that drains venous blood from the parenchyma to the sinuses, detaching from the cortex and crossing the subarachnoidal CSF filled and the subdural space. It has thin walls (subdural portion 10–600 μm; subarachnoid space of 50–200 μm) with loose collagen network and no muscular fibers [7]. So constituted, it acts as a perfect Starling resistor: a collapsible tube, filled with a fluid exerting pressure (P1, blood venous pressure), inside a space filled with another fluid exerting a different pressure (P2, CSF/intracranial pressure). To maintain a flow inside the tube, it is necessary that P1 > P2.
While entering, or exiting, the cerebral cortex, the superficial arteries and veins in the subarachnoid space are ensheathed in a leptomeningeal coverage, filled with CSF in a double triangle shape. These invaginations are known as Virchow-Robin spaces in their original description [8] and previously taught to be a virtual space, enlarged only in pathological processes. Further studies during the last decades reassessed the importance of these channels and prosecuted their anatomical micro description, thus renaming it perivascular spaces (PVSs).
Deeper into the parenchyma, PVS surrounds the penetrating arteries and capillaries, and it includes a real space that exists between the endothelial basement membrane (aka
This anatomical description is better defined for the arterial side of cerebral circulation, while venous PVS has not been thoroughly characterized yet.
Intracranial fluids can be divided in intracellular fluid (ICF, 60–70%), interstitial or extracellular fluid (ISF 20% 280–300 mL), blood (10%), and CSF (10% 140–150 mL). Passage of ions, solutes, and molecules between one compartment and the others is precisely regulated to maintain the different chemical composition necessary to their respective physiological role (e.g. plasma contains approximately 270 times more proteins than ISF) [10].
From 2012, a series of experiment on animals and mathematical models led to the discovery and description of the so-called “
The first evidence of an intraparenchymal bulk flow along PVS was provided by Cserr [12] in 1974 by following injected tracers.
Fluid exchanges between venular lumen and paravascular space depend primarily on transmural pressure (TMP), a fundamental hemodynamic parameter. Considering the venous wall as the exchange border for fluids, TMP is a differential pressure between internal (intravenous) pressure (IP) and external (paravascular) pressure (EP). EP is represented by the oncotic pressure of the interstitium plus the intracranial pressure (ICP). IP is the sum of blood pressure and the relative venous oncotic pressure. In turn, each of these parameters depends on several others. Of main interest is that venous pressure of parenchymal vessels depends on bridging veins (Starling resistors) function. To sustain a reabsorption flow from the parenchyma to the CVS, it is necessary that IP is lower than EP.
So, in this paradigm, a dynamic balance between CSF, ICF, ISF, and blood is continuously rearranged throughout the entire vascular, arachnoidal, and ependymal surface to maintain the physiological functions of the estimated 16–30 billion neurons of the brain.
Main driving force of this interstitial convective process is the arterial pulsation of the penetrating arteries, moving actively the CSF along the PVS [9]. Alongside, the periodical variation in ICP is generated by breathing (and similar activities that modify intrathoracic pressure) and vasomotor variations in the vascular net.
Glymphatic system function, defined as the capability of flushes toxic solutes away from the parenchyma, normally decline with aging, both in animals and humans. Proposed mechanism is a reduced CSF interstitial influx secondary to decreased pulsatility of sclerotic arteries, impaired CSF production, and reduced AQP4 expression on astrocytes end feet9. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2 have also been associated with a decreased glymphatic function. Similar observations have been made in cases of stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and demyelination of various origins.
Cerebral vein thrombosis is defined as the presence, in both the cortical vessels and the dural sinuses, of clotted blood impairing physiological flow.
CVT is an uncommon form of stroke (0.5–1% of total), usually affecting young individuals with several associated risk factors (mainly related to Virchow’s triad of blood stasis):
Thrombophilia
Inflammatory bowel disease
Dehydration
Oral contraceptives
Substance abuse
Other more specific associations are made with:
Complication of epidural blood patch
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Lumbar puncture
An underestimated risk factor for CVT is a JV thrombosis that propagates cranially, often because of the presence of medical dispositive [13].
Exact epidemiology of CVT is unknown because clinical features are quite variable, and for this reason, cases should be classified differently [16].
Recently, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in association with COVID-19 has been described, both as a first clinical presentation or a subsequent complication [17].
Clinical findings are related to intracranial hypertension, related to impaired venous drainage, and/or to focal brain injury from venous ischemia or hemorrhage. Obviously, clinical manifestations of CVT also depend on the location of the thrombosis.
Most frequent symptoms are
When CVT is secondary to regional infection, signs and symptom of the primary cause can be detected: toothache and odontogenic abscess; ear discharge; pain in the ear, face, or mastoid region.
In patients with suspected CVT routine, laboratory essay including complete blood count, chemistry panel, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time should be performed [9] in order to identify pro-coagulative systemic status. D-dimer assessment makes sense in presence of low pretest probability of CVT to exclude the diagnosis, similarly to pulmonary embolism. Lumbar puncture is characterized by a high opening pressure (80% of cases) but has limited diagnostic value. It is not routinely indicated unless CNS infection is suspected.
Thirty to forty percent of patients with CVT present with an intracranial hemorrhage [18]. Progressively increasing headache over days and alterations in laboratory exams with evidence of hypercoagulability should prompt further radiological assessment for evaluating CVT. Also, at the CT exam, an ischemic/hemorragic lesion that crosses normal arterial boundaries, deep bilateral, or in close proximity to a venous sinus is suggestive of CVT.
Patients complaining of isolated headache and signs or symptoms of intracranial hypertension (papilledema or sixth nerve palsies) should be evaluated for CVT. The correct differential diagnosis between idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and CVT has therapeutic and prognostic importance. In both cases, however, clinical manifestations are related to the impaired venous outflow function, with subsequent increasing of the ISF.
In a contest of a CVT suspect case, CT without contrast may demonstrate some characteristic features, but an exact diagnosis is made complex by the intrinsic anatomic variability of the venous sinuses and cortical veins. In fact, only in 30% of CVT cases, CT scan shows some abnormalities [19].
The fundamental sign of acute CVT on a CT (without contrast) is a homogenous hyperdensity of a cortical vein or sinus. Another typical sign of the superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (posterior portion) is the filled delta sign, a dense triangle in the context of the sinus.
Only 0.5–0.8% of patients with CVT showed some signs of subarachnoid hemorrhage, often in atypical position.
The contrast-enhancing CT scan could add some clues, such as the classic “empty delta” sign: an enhancement of the dural border of the sinus with a filling defect within it due to the thrombus in a triangular shape.
This is not a precocious finding, but usually lasts for several weeks after the acute phase.
On the other hand, CT venography is much more useful in chronic follow-up because the occluded sinus cavity shows a variable density. The presence of cortical bone close to the dural sinus can produce interfering artifacts during the visualization of the enhanced dural sinus.
Classically inside the normal sinus, there is a flow void signal due to the venous stream continuously moving. Early signs of CVT can be visualized as
Meanwhile, an acute thrombus, not fully formed yet, may appear as a hypointense signal, similar to the normal flow void.
Other signs include cerebral swelling, edema, and/or hemorrhage. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences show hyperintense signal, meaning a reduced blood flow, with a prognostic significance: brightening sinus on DWI predict low chances of recanalization.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly helpful in defining the nature and extension of parenchymal lesions, causes, or consequences of the CVT: focal edema, infarction, and infectious processes.
MRI venography is the most common CVT diagnostic technique with the use of two-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) sequences because of its excellent sensitivity to slow flow inside the sinus.
Venous phase of cerebral angiography (4–8 s from the injections) typically, and directly, shows a filling defect in the occluded lumen. Other signs are venous congestion with dilated cortical, scalp, or facial veins, enlargement of collateral drainage, and venous flow reversal.
Although it is an invasive procedure, cerebral angiography (or venography) could help to solve undefined situations due to anatomic variations such as sinus atresia/hypoplasia, asymmetrical drainage, and normal sinus filling defects caused by arachnoid granulations or septa.
Most used therapeutic approach is based on blood anticoagulation, which aims to prevent thrombus growth, avoids development of pulmonary embolism, and promotes sinus recanalization. Different drugs and different strategies are present in literature [16], with the use of unfractionated heparin (UFH), antivitamin K molecules, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and low-dose unfractionated heparin. An effective treatment is complicated by the presence of intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral infarction at the time of the diagnosis, given the increased risk of worsening the bleeding.
The available data from RCT comparing clinical/radiological outcomes and bleeding complications support a safe and effective role for anticoagulation in the treatment of CVT, even if intracranial bleeding is present [16]. There are no data that suggest the preferential use of UFH or LMWH in CVT patients. Some data suggest that, if pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis is present, LMWH have to be preferred [20].
In case of secondary CVT (infection, trauma, and other transient causes) vitamin-k antagonist should be continued for 6 months after the removal of the causative factor [16].
Otherwise, in case of primary CVT, vitamin-k antagonist should be continued for 6–12 months and further coagulative assessment should be carried on [16].
Other therapeutic options include
Cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is an emerging nosological entity collecting different conditions that shares an impaired venous outflow from the brain to the heart. Multiple central nervous system disorders, such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), Ménière disease, transient monocular blindness, and Alzheimer’s disease, have already been reported to be associated with internal jugular vein (IJV) stenosis [22, 23]. Nowadays, different branches of medical sciences are directing their attention to the delicate balance between cerebral inflow and outflow in order to better understand CVS physiology and its correlation with several disorders. As a mechanical system, a CVS flow obstruction from any causes at any level lead to an increased pressure transmitted upward. This means an increased capillary pressure, thus an increased TMP and finally a decreased glymphatic paravascular ISF flushing and reabsorption into the CVS. Proceeding from the parenchyma to the major vessels, venous convergence reduces the possibility of alternatively restoring a fully functioning flow. Once in the IJV, collateral drainages are few and of limited caliber. So, at this level, any stenosis (intraluminal, parietal, or extraluminal) produce effects diffused at the entire CVS and to the parenchyma. In the mathematical Gadda-Ursino hemodynamic model of CVS outflow, a jugular stenosis is a significant parameter in sinus pressure regulation [24].
Over the last years, several new pathologies have been described related to IJV obstruction, and old ones received new interpretations.
Usually, patients suffering from IIH are women with elevated BMI and normal to slit cerebral ventricles [25]. Meanwhile, IIH has a strong relation with impaired CVS outflow caused by increased thoracic-abdominal or dural sinuses pressure (obesity, CVT, and superior vena cava syndrome). On the other hand, acutely dilated ventricles are related to high-pressure hydrocephalus caused by cerebrovascular pathology (infection, trauma, and hemorrhage).
Recently, an anomalous IIH case with dilated ventricle (Evans index 0.36) has been described in a woman with normal BMI complaining of headache, visual loss (Frisen grade 4 papilledema), and pulsating tinnitus. Neuroimaging did not reveal any causes of hydrocephalus from intracranial lesions, while a fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) described a diffuse hypometabolic cerebral state.
At B-mode echography of extracranial IJV, a bilateral external compression from omohyoid muscle was demonstrated, hemodynamically corresponding to blocked venous flow with scarce collateral compensation.
The patient underwent surgical bilateral resection of omohyoid muscle with ICP invasive monitoring. After transection of the muscles, a sudden drop in ICP and normalization of ICP wave were observed.
Headache and tinnitus disappeared after surgery, and papilledema progressively improved with visual acuity restoration. Serial (24 months’ follow-up) MRI documented regression of Evans index and FDG-PET showed improvement of brain metabolism.
These peculiar cases led to the description of a new clinical entity, a form of hydrocephalus that does not require CSF shunt procedures. This syndrome has been called JEDI (jugular entrapment dilated ventricles intracranial hypertension) syndrome [26]. While an extracranial obstacle to CVS is coherent with intracranial hypertension for the aforementioned principles, it is still unclear what caused ventricles dilatation in this case. More studies are needed to fully comprehend the relation between IJV obstruction, IIH, and hydrocephalus.
In 1937, the American otolaryngologist Dr. Eagle was the first to describe a clinical syndrome caused by an elongated styloid process [27]. The stylohyoid complex is composed of styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, and the lesser horn of the hyoid bone. The styloid bone starts from the inferior portion of the temporal bone, just medially to the base of mastoid process, and directs inferiorly, medially, and anteriorly, passing anteriorly and laterally to the C1 anterior arch and transverse process. These anatomical structures embriologically originate from Reichert’s cartilage of the second brachial arch.
Classic Eagle syndrome is mainly characterized by pain, dysphagia and otalgia, often exacerbated by yawning and swallowing, arising after a tonsillectomy. It is thought that postsurgical scar tissue stretches the sensory nerves ending in the peri-pharingeal region [28].
The carotid artery variant of Eagle syndrome is due to the impingement between an elongated styloid process and the carotid artery and associated nerves. It is characterized by pain and an increased risk of cerebrovascular ischemic accidents: arterial dissection, obstruction, transient ischemic attack, and stroke.
A third variant of the syndrome has been described, consisting in an IJV compressed by an elongated styloid process in the passage adjacent to the transverse process of C1. The most common involved jugular segment is J3, and in more than 50% of patients the stenosis is bilateral. It is alternatively named “
This latter form of Eagle syndrome has specific features related to an impaired CVS outflow.
Clinical presentation is frequently nonspecific. Most frequent symptoms are
More peculiar, an
It is more common in young adults (mean age of onset 38.6 years) with no prevalence between sex.
In literature, only 1/3 of patients with diagnosed Eagle jugular syndrome have an effectively elongated styloid process. This suggests that even with a normal length, an abnormally narrow space between the styloid process and C1 transverse process may lead to IJV compression [30].
Diagnosis is classically radiological, with direct evidence of impaired IJV flow (MRI venography or angiographic venography) or indirect proof of a narrowed C1-styloid space (CT scan or MRI). Few criteria have been proposed, and not diffusely shared between studies, to define a significant IJV stenosis in a setting of suspected Eagle jugular syndrome. According to Jayaraman [31], a jugular stenosis is defined as a caliber reduction >80% on axial cuts compared with the normal vein proximal to the stenosis. Ding and Bai [32] proposed other similar criteria.
More frequently, a conservative treatment is preferred with anticoagulant usage, but in most cases medical therapy has shown no effectiveness on symptoms control.
Invasive procedures are surgical (styloidectomy, C1 anterior arch removal), endovascular (ballooning or stenting), or combination of both. Styloidectomy is the most frequently performed surgical procedure, and major risks are vascular or facial nerve injuries.
On the other side, endovascular treatments are associated with stent migration or fracture, pseudoaneurysm formation, thrombosis, and cranial nerve injuries.
After an invasive approach, more than 70% of patients report an improvement in tinnitus, papilledema, and visual disturbances. Headache, the most frequent symptom, and dizziness usually do not respond to the treatment.
One of the major issues still open regarding the Eagle jugular syndrome is the lack of standardized data, especially on IJV pressure, flow velocity, and collateral pathways. Thus, a complete understanding of pathogenesis is missing.
Multiple sclerosis is a complex autoimmune demyelinating disease characterized by a chronic inflammatory response against the CNS. Many aspects of this disease are still unknown, but evidences have increased, through the last decades, pointing toward a fundamental involvement of CVS in the early development of it.
A cardinal observation is that each MS lesion is crossed and split by a central vein, that is to say that demyelination and inflammatory infiltration develop around a vein [33].
From a wider point of view, inflammatory processes in MS seem to be concentrated around venular vessels, more than capillary or arterial [34].
From these data, and others, an association has been proposed between MS and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), a condition of long-lasting impaired venous drainage from CVS caused by obstruction in extracranial veins. Recently, CCSVI has been associated also with other degenerative processes such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Meniere’s disease.
A defective valve, hypoplasia, and/or compression of the IJV or the azygos vein, as defined earlier, increase TMP and reduce the ability of glymphatic system to drain toxic catabolites from the interstitium. These peptides then accumulate at the perivenular level and may act as first inflammatory chemotactic activators and further increase oncotic pressure into the perivascular space, worsening the ISF resorption capacity. Generally, perivenular spaces are recognized as an important site of leukocyte trafficking and the potential milestones to modulate immune response.
Measuring CSF dynamic with MRI reveals interesting links between venous function and MS. In clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), conversion to clinically definite MS in the following year has been related to CSF net flow decreasing [35]. In relapsing-remitting MS, a significant reduction in CSF flow at the level of the Sylvius aqueduct was observed compared to control groups [36]. In the early and progressive form of MS, an increase in ventricular dimension has been observed during the first year. This may be related to the impaired function of glymphatic system, and there are evidences that in these patients, a therapeutic flow restoration through endovascular recanalization of IJV is linked to a significant reduction in ventricles and subarachnoid spaces dimension [37].
Moreover, CCSVI is an ultimate cause of decreased cerebral perfusion because of the propagation of retrograde hypertension. There is a linear correlation between flow into the IJV and global brain perfusion [38]. Moreover, in MS, hypoperfusion is a pathological key point that precedes plaque formation and could be a causative agent, provoking damages to the oxygen-dependent oligodendrocytes. Myelin loss and debris occur when the metabolism of these cells is altered, and this is an important inflammatory signal that attracts leukocytes. Thus, inflammation seems to be a consequence, more than a cause [39]. Subsequent BBB disruption causes microbleedings, and iron deposition, coming from hemoglobin degradation, further increases inflammatory response and microbleedings, especially around venular vessels. Consistently, cerebral tissue iron loading correlates with MS-related disability at the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) [40].
A subarachnoidal hemorrhage (SAH) not caused by vascular malformation (such as aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) rupture) is a recognized clinical entity usually referred as
It typically presents with a pattern limited to the perimesencephalic cisterns (typical pattern), sometimes extended to the nearer basal cisterns (atypical pattern). In the majority of cases, the clinical course is benign, with a very low rate of recurrence. At the neuroimaging, no causes of bleeding are detected, neither immediately or later. Pathogenesis of na-SAH is not established, but the most shared hypothesis regards anatomic variations of CVS, particularly of the Basal Vein of Rosenthal (BVR) draining into venous systems different from the Galenic one. CVS hypertension has also been occasionally reported to influence the overall risk of na-SAH in various conditions, such as cavernous sinus thrombosis, transverse sinus thrombosis, or a bilateral jugular venous obstruction.
In a retrospective case-control study, a significant association has been made between na-SAH and the presence of an IJV stenosis (>80% of caliber reduction) at the passage through the styloid process and the arch of C1 [41]. Also, older age and diabetes were statistically linked to an increased risk of na-SAH.
This is coherent with what has been reported before: an impaired CVS outflow due to a stenosis leads to increased venular pressure, thus predisposing wall rupture and bleeding when an adjunctive pressure is applied (e.g. physical exertion). The presence of anatomic variations may be a further element that increases the risk of na-SAH, but, in the end, the way in which venous configuration of the perimesencephalic area might predispose to bleeding remains undetermined.
IntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
',metaTitle:"Authorship Policy",metaDescription:"IN TECH's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, one must:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/authorship-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\nAFFILIATION
\\n\\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\nAFFILIATION
\n\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,10,11,14,15,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11491",title:"Current Perspectives on Applied Geomorphology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9f0fe8910dc02818cad71316650d297",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. António Vieira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11491.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"103627",title:"Prof.",name:"António",surname:"Vieira",slug:"antonio-vieira",fullName:"António Vieira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11466",title:"Titanium Alloys - Recent Progress in Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1c89c2e1b5d03b90db5b13d44479baa6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ram Krishna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11466.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"296477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram",surname:"Krishna",slug:"ram-krishna",fullName:"Ram Krishna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11833",title:"Ozone Research - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e789b57319be85ed0a32e569967d822",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Taner Yonar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11833.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190012",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Taner",surname:"Yonar",slug:"taner-yonar",fullName:"Taner Yonar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11524",title:"Fuzzy Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"84908e027f884ec3fcbaea42eb69b698",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hayri Baytan Ozmen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11524.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11922",title:"Watermarking - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9843dc1d810407088ed9eef10768a64b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Joceli Mayer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"110638",title:"Prof.",name:"Joceli",surname:"Mayer",slug:"joceli-mayer",fullName:"Joceli Mayer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"611776f7f3cc9951a8956d2e3d535a8e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11910",title:"Frontiers in Voltammetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fc53a7599a61ed04a0672a7bca81e9c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajendrachari Shashanka, Dr. Kiran Kenchappa Somashekharappa, Dr. Sharath Peramenahalli Chikkegouda and Dr. Shamanth Vasanth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11910.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"246025",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashanka",surname:"Rajendrachari",slug:"shashanka-rajendrachari",fullName:"Shashanka Rajendrachari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11517",title:"Phase Change Materials - Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b7a5f2631db5e49399539ade1edf264",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manish K Rathod",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11517.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236035",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Rathod",slug:"manish-rathod",fullName:"Manish Rathod"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Erman Salih Istifli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11932",title:"New Materials and Enhanced Performance of Sodium-Ion Batteries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75c27a6f2739e8af817bace95b0e50d6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Fatma SARF",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11932.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"245850",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fatma",surname:"SARF",slug:"fatma-sarf",fullName:"Fatma SARF"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:178},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1043",title:"Kinesiology",slug:"immunology-allergology-and-rheumatology-kinesiology",parent:{id:"184",title:"Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology",slug:"immunology-allergology-and-rheumatology"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:43,numberOfWosCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1043",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6342",title:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"784d8868887af6f0441034f31883e8e2",slug:"anatomy-posture-prevalence-pain-treatment-and-interventions-of-musculoskeletal-disorders",bookSignature:"Orhan Korhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6342.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101698",title:"Dr.",name:"Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Korhan",slug:"orhan-korhan",fullName:"Orhan Korhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"961",title:"New Insights into Fibromyalgia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1121decf6ccb09f61c89b85f10912275",slug:"new-insights-into-fibromyalgia",bookSignature:"William S. Wilke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86580",title:"Dr.",name:"William S.",middleName:null,surname:"Wilke",slug:"william-s.-wilke",fullName:"William S. Wilke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"25601",doi:"10.5772/28556",title:"Central Sensitization and Descending Facilitation in Chronic Pain State",slug:"central-sensitization-and-descending-facilitation-in-chronic-pain-state",totalDownloads:4157,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"961",slug:"new-insights-into-fibromyalgia",title:"New Insights into Fibromyalgia",fullTitle:"New Insights into Fibromyalgia"},signatures:"Emiko Senba, Keiichiro Okamoto and Hiroki Imbe",authors:[{id:"74383",title:"Prof.",name:"Emiko",middleName:null,surname:"Senba",slug:"emiko-senba",fullName:"Emiko Senba"},{id:"143607",title:"Dr.",name:"Keiichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Okamoto",slug:"keiichiro-okamoto",fullName:"Keiichiro Okamoto"},{id:"143608",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroki",middleName:null,surname:"Imbe",slug:"hiroki-imbe",fullName:"Hiroki Imbe"}]},{id:"25606",doi:"10.5772/36495",title:"The Difficulties in Developing and Implementing Fibromyalgia Guidelines",slug:"the-difficulties-in-developing-and-implementing-fibromyalgia-guidelines",totalDownloads:2703,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"961",slug:"new-insights-into-fibromyalgia",title:"New Insights into Fibromyalgia",fullTitle:"New Insights into Fibromyalgia"},signatures:"M. Reed and M. Herrmann",authors:[{id:"93362",title:"Prof.",name:"Markus",middleName:null,surname:"Herrmann",slug:"markus-herrmann",fullName:"Markus Herrmann"},{id:"108552",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Reed",slug:"mark-reed",fullName:"Mark Reed"}]},{id:"57980",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72221",title:"Ergonomics Education for Office Computer Workers: An Evidence-Based Strategy",slug:"ergonomics-education-for-office-computer-workers-an-evidence-based-strategy",totalDownloads:1820,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) have become a growing concern in today’s society due to their impact on insurance costs, productivity, and employee wellness. Computer workers are at risk of developing WMSDs due to the nature of their work and their work environment. To reduce the prevalence of WMSDs among computer workers, it is critical to promote awareness of various risk factors associated with WMSDs and educate them on healthy work behaviors. This chapter advocates ergonomics education as an evidence-based educational intervention to prevent WMSDs among office computer workers.",book:{id:"6342",slug:"anatomy-posture-prevalence-pain-treatment-and-interventions-of-musculoskeletal-disorders",title:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders",fullTitle:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders"},signatures:"Karthik Mani",authors:[{id:"212310",title:"Dr.",name:"Karthik",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"karthik-mani",fullName:"Karthik Mani"}]},{id:"25609",doi:"10.5772/27661",title:"Mind Body Therapies in the Rehabilitation Program of Fibromyalgia Syndrome",slug:"mind-body-therapies-in-the-rehabilitation-program-of-fibromyalgia-syndrome",totalDownloads:2688,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"961",slug:"new-insights-into-fibromyalgia",title:"New Insights into Fibromyalgia",fullTitle:"New Insights into Fibromyalgia"},signatures:"Susanna Maddali Bongi and Angela Del Rosso",authors:[{id:"71016",title:"Prof.",name:"Susanna",middleName:null,surname:"Maddali Bongi",slug:"susanna-maddali-bongi",fullName:"Susanna Maddali Bongi"},{id:"71025",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Del Rosso",slug:"angela-del-rosso",fullName:"Angela Del Rosso"}]},{id:"59334",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74034",title:"Skeletal Manifestations of Hyperparathyroidism",slug:"skeletal-manifestations-of-hyperparathyroidism",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The presentation of hyperparathyroidism changed over the last decades which gave rise to more variable presentations than before. Hyperparathyroidism has a catabolic effect on the skeleton whether the disease is symptomatic or asymptomatic or normocalcemic. It is now understood that the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the bone is mediated by complex interaction between different bone cells and cells of the immune system especially T lymphocytes. Protecting the skeletal system against bone loss and pathological fractures is among the important treatment goals of hyperparathyroidism. To achieve this goal, more complex laboratory tests to monitor the bone turnover and imaging techniques and modalities as high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and trabecular bone score (TBS) are employed. These imaging techniques showed the affection of microarchitecture of the cortical and the trabecular bone. For the time being, surgery and alendronate treatment are believed to reverse the catabolic effect of hyperparathyroidism on the bone. Vitamin D supplementation in case of vitamin D deficiency may also has a protective effect on the skeleton.",book:{id:"6342",slug:"anatomy-posture-prevalence-pain-treatment-and-interventions-of-musculoskeletal-disorders",title:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders",fullTitle:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders"},signatures:"Ahmed Khedr",authors:[{id:"221546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Khedr",slug:"ahmed-khedr",fullName:"Ahmed Khedr"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"25609",title:"Mind Body Therapies in the Rehabilitation Program of Fibromyalgia Syndrome",slug:"mind-body-therapies-in-the-rehabilitation-program-of-fibromyalgia-syndrome",totalDownloads:2688,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"961",slug:"new-insights-into-fibromyalgia",title:"New Insights into Fibromyalgia",fullTitle:"New Insights into Fibromyalgia"},signatures:"Susanna Maddali Bongi and Angela Del Rosso",authors:[{id:"71016",title:"Prof.",name:"Susanna",middleName:null,surname:"Maddali Bongi",slug:"susanna-maddali-bongi",fullName:"Susanna Maddali Bongi"},{id:"71025",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Del Rosso",slug:"angela-del-rosso",fullName:"Angela Del Rosso"}]},{id:"57980",title:"Ergonomics Education for Office Computer Workers: An Evidence-Based Strategy",slug:"ergonomics-education-for-office-computer-workers-an-evidence-based-strategy",totalDownloads:1820,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) have become a growing concern in today’s society due to their impact on insurance costs, productivity, and employee wellness. Computer workers are at risk of developing WMSDs due to the nature of their work and their work environment. To reduce the prevalence of WMSDs among computer workers, it is critical to promote awareness of various risk factors associated with WMSDs and educate them on healthy work behaviors. This chapter advocates ergonomics education as an evidence-based educational intervention to prevent WMSDs among office computer workers.",book:{id:"6342",slug:"anatomy-posture-prevalence-pain-treatment-and-interventions-of-musculoskeletal-disorders",title:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders",fullTitle:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders"},signatures:"Karthik Mani",authors:[{id:"212310",title:"Dr.",name:"Karthik",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"karthik-mani",fullName:"Karthik Mani"}]},{id:"58327",title:"Ergonomic Interventions for the Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders",slug:"ergonomic-interventions-for-the-prevention-of-musculoskeletal-disorders",totalDownloads:1076,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Nonfatal occupational injuries account for 95% of the total cases reported by private industry in 2015 with illness accounting for the remaining 5%. Employers recorded most illness cases as other illness which includes musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and systemic disease. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are a broad range of disorders involving damage to the muscles, tendons, ligaments, peripheral nerves, joints, cartilage, vertebral discs, bones, and supporting blood vessels. Work-related MSD is a subcategory of these disorders, which is caused or aggravated by working conditions. MSD occur slowly over time due to the repeated wear and tear or microtraumas to the body. Ergonomists seek to identify and rectify factors that negatively impact the physical health and efficiency of workers. Participatory ergonomic programs seek to maximize the involvement of the workers in this process based on the simple fact that the worker is the expert. The following interventions were possible through the practice of participatory ergonomics.",book:{id:"6342",slug:"anatomy-posture-prevalence-pain-treatment-and-interventions-of-musculoskeletal-disorders",title:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders",fullTitle:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders"},signatures:"Theresa Stack",authors:[{id:"213698",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Theresa",middleName:null,surname:"Stack",slug:"theresa-stack",fullName:"Theresa Stack"}]},{id:"57747",title:"Objective analysis for evaluation the stress of the hand",slug:"objective-analysis-for-evaluation-the-stress-of-the-hand",totalDownloads:1132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The hand is constantly in contact with products and therefore stressed differently. Heavy stress is the cause of unpleasant sensation and can lead to common hand diseases in the worst case. The chapter starts with the description of hand diseases and with methods to determination of hand stress. Subsequently, the chapter is continued with a literature review of hand stress analysis refer to objectively methods. In the main part, two objective methods are developed and presented to analyze the hand stress. These methods allow the simulation and the measurement of hand stress. Compared to the classical approach, the results of the objective methods show a higher accuracy in faster review of hand stress. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion of the results and gives opportunities to improve the hand model and the measurement system.",book:{id:"6342",slug:"anatomy-posture-prevalence-pain-treatment-and-interventions-of-musculoskeletal-disorders",title:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders",fullTitle:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders"},signatures:"Aydin Ünlü, Peter Gust and Frank Mersch",authors:[{id:"215892",title:"Dr.",name:"Aydin",middleName:null,surname:"Ünlü",slug:"aydin-unlu",fullName:"Aydin Ünlü"},{id:"216252",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Mersch",slug:"frank-mersch",fullName:"Frank Mersch"},{id:"216253",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Gust",slug:"peter-gust",fullName:"Peter Gust"}]},{id:"59630",title:"Joint Instability as the Cause of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain and Its Successful Treatment with Prolotherapy",slug:"joint-instability-as-the-cause-of-chronic-musculoskeletal-pain-and-its-successful-treatment-with-pro",totalDownloads:1222,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter is based on the premise that treatment with prolotherapy can greatly reduce chronic musculoskeletal pain, which affects more than 1 billion people worldwide. Although relatively unknown to mainstream medicine, prolotherapy has been used for decades to treat chronic musculoskeletal pain, doing so by correcting the underlying cause of that pain: joint instability due to ligament laxity. Discussions of joint instability, ligament physiology and biomechanics, compressive and shear forces, sites of instability, pain referral patterns, and ligament injury and healing demonstrate how they all interrelate to cause chronic pain. Treating chronic pain using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and the rest, ice, compression, and elevation protocol actually inhibit the natural healing process of injured ligaments because they interrupt the inflammatory response, prevent joint swelling, and hinder cell proliferation, resulting in further ligament laxity and tissue regrowth that is inferior to native ligament tissue. Unlike conventional treatments, prolotherapy injects small volumes of an irritant solution into painful ligaments, tendons, joints, and surrounding joint spaces, initiating an inflammatory response which then attracts substances that promote normal cell and tissue growth. Their propagation stimulates the injured ligament to proliferate and grow at the injection sites, resulting in the regeneration of new tissue.",book:{id:"6342",slug:"anatomy-posture-prevalence-pain-treatment-and-interventions-of-musculoskeletal-disorders",title:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders",fullTitle:"Anatomy, Posture, Prevalence, Pain, Treatment and Interventions of Musculoskeletal Disorders"},signatures:"Ross A. Hauser and Barbara A. Woldin",authors:[{id:"213190",title:"M.D.",name:"Ross",middleName:null,surname:"Hauser",slug:"ross-hauser",fullName:"Ross Hauser"},{id:"213191",title:"Ms.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Woldin",slug:"barbara-woldin",fullName:"Barbara Woldin"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1043",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. Escribano",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGnzQAG/Profile_Picture_1633076636544",institutionString:"Consultant and Independent Researcher in Industry Sector, Spain",institution:null},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"216995",title:"Prof.",name:"Figen",middleName:null,surname:"Kırkpınar",slug:"figen-kirkpinar",fullName:"Figen Kırkpınar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMzxQAG/Profile_Picture_1625722918145",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"90066",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Silva",slug:"alexandre-silva",fullName:"Alexandre Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRt8pQAC/Profile_Picture_1622531020756",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"176987",title:"Ph.D.",name:"María-José",middleName:"Carrascosa",surname:"Argente",slug:"maria-jose-argente",fullName:"María-José Argente",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9vOQAS/Profile_Picture_1630330499537",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",middleName:null,surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321396/images/system/321396.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"183723",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaojun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xiaojun-liu",fullName:"Xiaojun Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/183723/images/system/183723.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:12}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"