\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6198",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Magnetism and Magnetic Materials",title:"Magnetism and Magnetic Materials",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The aim of the book is to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current research in the interesting field of magnetism and magnetic materials. Some very interesting topics like erasing and retrieving the particular magnetic domain of a ferromagnetic thin film, the single domain behaviour of magnetic nanowire with dimension less than 100 nm, magneto-transport behaviour of Heusler alloys etc. have been covered.",isbn:"978-1-78923-679-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-678-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-330-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68579",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"magnetism-and-magnetic-materials",numberOfPages:118,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ccf0a4d8e8e42ef4e29f805286ab43f9",bookSignature:"Neeraj Panwar",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6198.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5754,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:60,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 27th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 17th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 30th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 30th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 2nd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"289829",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj",middleName:null,surname:"Panwar",slug:"neeraj-panwar",fullName:"Neeraj Panwar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289829/images/system/289829.jpeg",biography:"Neeraj Panwar, Ph.D., is presently a Senior Assistant Professor in\nthe Department of Physics, Central University of Rajasthan India. He has postdoctoral research experience from the University\nof Puerto Rico, U.S.A. and the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He\nhas had several research collaborations at the international and\nnational levels. He has guided two Ph.D. theses and several master’s and undergraduate students for their dissertation work. He\nhas published more than seventy international research papers. His areas of interest\ninclude magnetism and lead-free piezoelectric and electroceramic materials. He is\nalso interested in practicing yoga.",institutionString:"Central University of Rajasthan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Central University of Rajasthan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"940",title:"Electromagnetism",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-electromagnetism"}],chapters:[{id:"60861",title:"Introductory Chapter",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76447",slug:"introductory-chapter",totalDownloads:638,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Neeraj Panwar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60861",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60861",authors:[{id:"289829",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj",surname:"Panwar",slug:"neeraj-panwar",fullName:"Neeraj Panwar"}],corrections:null},{id:"57318",title:"Advanced Fabrication and Characterization of Magnetic Nanowires",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71077",slug:"advanced-fabrication-and-characterization-of-magnetic-nanowires",totalDownloads:1308,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Magnetic nanowires feature unique properties that have attracted the interest of different research areas from basic physics over biomedicine to data storage. The combination of crystalline and shape anisotropy is mainly responsible for the magnetic properties of the nanowires, whereby different methods for tuning those properties are available. The nanowires typically represent single-domain particles, and magnetization switching occurs via domain walls nucleated at the ends of the nanowire and traversing it. Combined with a high biocompatibility, iron or iron oxide nanowires can be used as nanorobots for biomedical applications, destroying cancer cells, or delivering drugs. The nanowires are also attractive for data storage, especially in a three-dimensional device, because of the high-domain wall speed that has been theoretically predicted. This chapter offers an introduction to the electrochemical synthesis of cylindrical nanowires in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. Template modification techniques such as barrier layer thinning, barrier layer etching, and diameter modulation are discussed. Advanced fabrication techniques of nanowires with varying structural and chemical variations such as multisegmented and core-shell nanowires are elaborated. The characterization of single nanowires encompassing physical, magnetic, and electrical techniques is covered.",signatures:"Hanan Mohammed, Julian A. Moreno and Jürgen Kosel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57318",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57318",authors:[{id:"141848",title:"Prof.",name:"Jurgen",surname:"Kosel",slug:"jurgen-kosel",fullName:"Jurgen Kosel"},{id:"209095",title:"Mrs.",name:"Hanan",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"hanan-mohammed",fullName:"Hanan Mohammed"},{id:"209096",title:"Mr.",name:"Julian",surname:"Moreno",slug:"julian-moreno",fullName:"Julian Moreno"}],corrections:null},{id:"57295",title:"Nanoscale Magnetic Domain Memory",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71076",slug:"nanoscale-magnetic-domain-memory",totalDownloads:1231,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Magnetic domain memory (MDM) is the ability exhibited by certain magnetic materials to reproduce the exact same nanoscale magnetic domain pattern, even after it has been completely erased by an external magnetic field. In this chapter, we review the various circumstances under which this unusual phenomenon occurs. We explain how partial MDM was first observed in rough Co/Pt multilayers with perpendicular magnetization as a result of structural defects. We then show how 100 % MDM was achieved, even in smooth ferromagnetic films, by coupling Co/Pd multilayers to an antiferromagnetic IrMn template via exchange interactions. We describe how high MDM, extending throughout nearly the entirety of the magnetization process, is obtained when zero-field-cooling the material below its blocking temperature where exchange couplings occur. We also review the persistence of MDM through field cycling and while warming the material all the way up to the blocking temperature. Additionally, we discuss the spatial dependence of MDM, highlighting intriguing oscillatory behaviors suggesting magnetic correlations and rotational symmetries at the nanoscopic scales. Finally, we review the dependence of MDM on cooling conditions, revealing how MDM can be fully controlled, turned on and off, by adjusting the magnitude of the cooling field.",signatures:"Karine Chesnel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57295",authors:[{id:"208623",title:"Prof.",name:"Karine",surname:"Chesnel",slug:"karine-chesnel",fullName:"Karine Chesnel"}],corrections:null},{id:"59501",title:"Magnetic Characteristics of High Entropy Alloys",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74235",slug:"magnetic-characteristics-of-high-entropy-alloys",totalDownloads:1415,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High entropy alloy (HEA) is a multi-principal alloy having at least five principal elements in the concentration range of 5–35 at.%. HEAs having excellent mechanical properties and further these properties can be altered by the addition of different alloying element. For example with the addition of Al in base alloy make them a ductile and the addition of Co, Ti, etc. transforms base alloy to brittle material. This characteristic of HEAs makes them a promising technologically important material. A soft magnetic material should have good mechanical property, structural stability at high temperature and low coercivity with high magnetization. Recently, reported FeCoNiMn0.25Al0.25 and CoCrFeNiM (M = Cu, Mn) HEAs got attention as a better soft magnetic material because these HEAs having good soft magnetic characteristics along with good mechanical and excellent structural stability at high-temperature. Recent reports described that the mechanical as well as magnetic characteristics of these alloys can be tuned by the variation and/or the addition of alloying element in the base alloys. The magnetic characteristics of these alloys basically depend on the alloying element and compositional variation of the magnetic element present in particular HEAs. We have summarized the key results of magnetic characteristics of some recently investigated promising high entropy alloys.",signatures:"Rajesh K. Mishra and Rohit R. Shahi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59501",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59501",authors:[{id:"189260",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",surname:"Shahi",slug:"rohit-shahi",fullName:"Rohit Shahi"},{id:"241554",title:"Mr.",name:"Rajesh Kumar",surname:"Mishra",slug:"rajesh-kumar-mishra",fullName:"Rajesh Kumar Mishra"}],corrections:null},{id:"59179",title:"Mathematical Model on Magnetic Drug Targeting in Microvessel",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73678",slug:"mathematical-model-on-magnetic-drug-targeting-in-microvessel",totalDownloads:1163,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Drug targeting is a process by which the distribution of drug in an organism is deployed in such a manner that its major fraction interacts exclusively with the target tissue at the cellular or subcellular level. Magnetic drug targeting is one of the major drug delivery methods due to its noninvasiveness, high targeting efficiency, and minimized toxic side effects on healthy cells and tissues. There are several experimental works on the magnetic drug targeting through microvessel, but very few works are carried out on the mathematical models on magnetic drug delivery. The aim of the present chapter is to discuss all major and minor factors, such as fluidic force, magnetic force, particle-particle interaction, inertia force, Saffman lift force, permeability of the microvessel and carrier particle, and so on, which influenced the drug targeting through microvessel by considering the nature of blood flow as Newtonian, non-Newtonian, single phase, and two phase model. A brief details of fluidic force, magnetic force, particle-particle interaction, Saffman force, buoyancy force, etc. Mathematical models on the fluidic force are discussed for Newtonian, non-Newtonian fluid, single phase, and two-phase fluid model including other forces that influence the magnetic drug targeting in microvessel.",signatures:"Sachin Shaw",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59179",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59179",authors:[{id:"227751",title:"Dr.",name:"Sachin",surname:"Shaw",slug:"sachin-shaw",fullName:"Sachin Shaw"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"424",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:"Physical Effects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9d8a531dfb92ccd58e2a8b9a426dcd4",slug:"ferroelectrics-physical-effects",bookSignature:"Mickaël Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/424.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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Climate change has been recognized as one of the most serious environmental, social, and economic challenges facing the world today. Several studies in Portugal and Spain recognize the tendencies for climate change at regional level [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
In Alentejo Central, the Intermunicipal Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (PIAAC-AC) [1] has already identified the tendencies and future scenarios of climate change in Alentejo Central until the end of the XXI century, namely the increase in the number of days with very high temperatures, the number of tropical nights and heat waves, and the general decrease in annual rainfall. In this scenario, the concerns with school communities and users of social action services increase.
The project “LIFE-myBUILDINGisGREEN”—“application of nature-based solutions for local adaptation of educational and social buildings to climate change,” developed by CIMAC in partnership with the CARTIF Technology Center (Spain), Diputación de Badajoz, the CSIC—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Real Jardin Botanico—Spain), and the Porto City Council, focuses on the construction sector, in particular on education and social services buildings in all cities and towns in Europe. It aims the implementation of 3 prototypes (building adaptation) of nature-based solutions (NBS) on walls, roofs, exterior surfaces, and car parking of 3 pilot buildings, one located in Évora—Alentejo Central—South of Portugal, one in the city of Porto in the north of Portugal and one in Solana de los Barros in the Badajoz Province—southwest of Spain. The overall objective is to contribute to improve the resilience in these buildings using NBS and autochthone vegetation. This paper presents the LIFE-MyBuildingisGreen project, its objectives, and expected results [7].
Climate change is now recognized as one of the most serious environmental, social, and economic challenges facing the world. The IPCC’s Fifth Report (2014) [8] identifies that many of the global risks of climate change are concentrated in urban areas. In addition, implementing measures that enhance resilience and enable sustainable development can accelerate processes of adaptation to climate change [9].
Europe’s educational and social service buildings will face multiple challenges in the coming decades, and climate change will add pressure to it. The project focuses on the building sector, specifically on the public buildings dedicated to education and social services existing in all cities and towns in Europe. The impacts of climate change (heat waves and changes in annual and seasonal precipitation patterns) are affecting the health and well-being of children and elderly people who are the main users of these types of buildings [10, 11, 12].
The overall objective of the project is to contribute to increasing the resilience of these buildings by implementing in them NBS as prototypes of climate adaptation and improved well-being. Additionally, other specific objectives are:
Improve knowledge base on the development, assessment, and monitoring of vulnerability to climate change of buildings through developing and testing a common, ready-to-use method in the southern, western, central, and northern European regions.
Analyze and verify the impact of NBS as adaptation measures to climate change in three pilot buildings.
Promote sustainable ecosystem-based adaptation measures and increase the capacity to apply such knowledge in practice through dissemination and demonstration workshops.
Promote the governance of regional authorities, directors and building managers, and the building industry to integrate NBS as part of measures to promote sustainable adaptation in buildings through the development, creation, and dissemination of governance tools and territorial agreements.
Contribute to the development and implementation of a common policy at the UE level on adaptation and climate change by transferring best practices and knowledge base to target groups and stakeholders.
The main actions of the project are:
Selection of 3 pilot buildings by weighting the technical criteria that characterize each building. Analysis of European databases with information relevant to the implementation of NBS in public buildings of education and social services.
Evaluation and analysis of the baseline of each building to determine the initial state of the building and to use it as a reference to assess the impact of the NBS using the indicators proposed within the Project.
Installation and implementation of 3 prototypes based on nature in facades and partition walls, roofs, and exterior surfaces of each selected pilot building. In addition, it will be complemented by the implementation of sustainable measures of induced natural ventilation, seasonal shading (natural and artificial), and the choice of native Mediterranean and Atlantic species.
Monitoring of the impact of the works carried out with the aim of verifying and evaluating the importance of these measures as alternative solutions to climate adaptation for regional authorities at the local level.
Creation of actions and tools of governance that make possible the signing of government agreements, the development of inter-municipal programs, and the integration of the NBS into regulations and multi-year action plans of political, technical, and institutional scope.
Demonstrating the feasibility and transferability of NBS as measures for sustainable adaptation to stakeholders in policy, building, climate change, building, and urban planning at local, national, and European levels. Creation of capacities to improve knowledge about the NBS to the responsible authorities and users, directors, and managers of education and social services centers and the building sector.
Communication and dissemination of the results and good practices of the Project through the website, bulletin board, newsletters, brochures, press articles, and networking at regional, national, and European levels and dissemination activities online with all interest groups and stakeholders.
In the case of Portugal and specifically in Alentejo and Oporto (areas of action of the Project in Portugal), the residential park in 2011 was around 111,826 accommodations. There are more than 120 public buildings of responsibility and municipal management that serve around 238,000 people. Of these, 49 correspond to public elementary schools and the others refer to administrative, institutional, cultural, and sports buildings, scattered throughout Alentejo and Oporto. These buildings house more than 3000 employees. In Portugal, it is the state that assumes the ownership of the buildings of education and social services, but the management and maintenance are carried out in a shared way between the state and the municipalities. The vulnerability to climate change of these buildings, located in regions and municipalities of Spain and Portugal, is a consequence of the high temperatures that are reached inside them between the months of May to October and the constructive characteristics of these buildings [13].
Part of the heating problem of these buildings can be attributed to the construction typology and the materials used. In Spain and Portugal, many of the education and social services centers were built prior to the basic thermal conditions’ regulation (Royal Decree 2429/79, of July 6, which approves the Basic Building Standard NBE- CT-79, on Thermal Conditions in buildings). This document provided the basic design criteria that allowed damping of the thermal wave through the enclosures. It was from that moment when thermal insulation incorporated into double-leaf walls began to be used, achieving a notable improvement in the thermal performance of the facades with respect to the mass walls used in previous years. This regulation was replaced by the current Technical Building Code, in 2006, in which special attention has been given to reducing energy demand with the incorporation of high-performance solutions in the enclosures.
As a result, we find insufficiently thermally insulated buildings, and with little sun protection in window openings, which in hot climates such as those in Spain or Portugal, produces overheating effects in last spring, summer, and early autumn periods [14].
In addition, regulatory and labor regulations establish that the temperature inside these buildings should not be less than 10°C or higher than 27° since it allows risk due to thermal stress and causes health problems for the workers. The company or public authority responsible must take the necessary preventive measures and the work and teaching activity should be paralyzed if the thermal risk is maintained.
In this regard, it is worth mentioning that there is currently a significant climate problem and social impact in the regions of Southern Europe, specifically in Spain and Portugal.
This problem is related to the high temperatures inside education and social services centers that users suffer regularly between May and October, with the decrease in environmental comfort in these buildings and with the worsening conditions of health and well-being of the users. So much so that the aforementioned climate problem is addressed by the digital and written press of countries such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, and France that echo on the front pages of this pressing situation in educational and social centers.
The solution to this problem cannot go through the application of a Climate Control Program that allows the installation of artificial cooling by means of air conditioners in these public centers, since neither the responsible public authorities nor the European guidelines advise it, because they contribute to global warming, due to its high consumption of electrical energy and emission of CO2 into the atmosphere [15]. In addition, air conditioners have contributed to increasing the percentage of citizens with respiratory problems such as laryngitis or pharyngitis and have exacerbated the chronic processes of the population at risk. To date, the solutions that the administrations responsible for these centers are taking are the regularization of the students teaching hours, allowing parents to take their children ahead of time as a result of the maximum peaks of indoor temperature coinciding with the hours Central of the day. This situation is causing disorganization of schedules that makes it more difficult to reconcile work and family life [11].
In the sense of the framework of a local adaptation strategy against the effects of climate change in these buildings, it must generate governance tools between the different regional and local administrations with responsibilities in the field of education and social welfare, which allows these centers to innovate and rehabilitate by implementing nature-based solutions that allow to respond to periods of potential overheating and minimize unwanted heat gains during the day and night. The application of these NBS tools in public education and social services centers will enable responsible local administrations to fulfill the objective of the Covenant of Mayors for climate and energy, as well as offer natural, and sustainable response related to the environmental comfort and temperature inside these buildings.
Alentejo’s central climate is typical Mediterranean. It is a mesothermal climate type with rainy winter and hot, dry summer. However, the geographical position of the Alentejo Central and the layout of the main relief masses of southern Portugal give its (Mediterranean) climate a certain continental character [1].
In general, Alentejo Central has an air temperature regime, with average annual temperature values around 16°C, with a relatively high annual temperature range in the national context, which is accentuated inland. Winter is cool, with average temperatures slightly below 10°C and average minimum temperatures around 5°C, with January being the coldest month.
The summer in the Alentejo Central is hot or very hot, with the heat conditions inland, as well as in the most sheltered and/or less ventilated places. In this context, average temperatures in the warmer months (July and August) range from 23 to 25°C, with average maximum temperature values exceeding 30°C.
The most significant trends observed from 1971 until 2015 were an increase in the mean annual temperature, with a greater incidence in spring and summer maximums, with a greater frequency of tropical nights. In addition, there has been a reduction in precipitation in summer and autumn and an increase, in this last season, in precipitation events concentrated in short periods.
In general, the climate of Badajoz can be described as the Mediterranean with slight Atlantic-continental nuances. Temperatures are very high in summer and mild in winter, with a substantial incidence of sunlight and long hours of sunshine, with the maximum values in the westernmost part, near Portugal. An essential thermal amplitude stands out, evidencing the marked seasonality typical of the Mediterranean climate. Precipitation is the primary source of humidity for the region. Although the general precipitation balance is negative from all points of view since it is scarce in most of the territory, there is also significant evaporation due to the high temperatures, making these rains even more insufficient [16].
As far as rainfall behavior throughout the year is concerned, in Badajoz, there is an evident dry season, summer. There is rainfall in the rest of the year, although with greater abundance toward the end of autumn and beginning of winter, with less critical rains in the rest of autumn and during spring.
In recent decades in the territory of Badajoz, there has been a tendency to increase the minimum temperature while spring precipitation decreases and autumn precipitation increases. An increase in the number of hot days is occurring, as is a decrease in the number of cold days.
The city of Porto is part of the NW of the Iberian Peninsula, in the coastal strip of the Atlantic Ocean, suffering the influence of the sea currents that dominate the North Atlantic, which find in this area of the Iberian Peninsula the first contact with a continental area. Despite belonging to the Atlantic climatic subtype, the climate in Porto has particular characteristics as a result of the influence and attributes, and positioning of an important barometric apparatus—the Anticyclone of the Azores.
In the last 40 years, there has been a steady pace characterized by a moderately cool winter in the areas closest to the sea and cold or very cold in the most sheltered areas of the interior and at the highest altitudes, a moderately warm summer often influenced by the winds of NW and the morning advection fogs along the coast, and hot or very hot in areas far from the Atlantic moderating action or higher altitude [6]. Precipitation is more frequent and intense in the winter months but can occur throughout the year. Winters in O’Porto have tended to be moderately cool along the coast and cold to very cold inland. While the summers have been moderately warm by the sea, they become hot inland. Precipitation tends to be concentrated toward the end of autumn and the beginning of winter.
Climate scenarios are made through the collection and treatment of future climate information (projections) using different models and for different global climate scenarios, serving as support to identify possible changes in future climate.
As a result of the global problem of climate change, both in Portugal and Spain, studies have been developed to analyze the scenarios that could occur in the future [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. In the different scenarios, the most extreme weather conditions will be reinforced, generating critical variations in the meteorological variables. Temperatures will suffer a general increase in the annual average in the areas studied. Very hot days will increase in summer, autumn, and spring. Rainfall will suffer a decrease, accompanied by shifts in its distribution between the different seasons, with an increase in autumn.
Due to these scenarios and the actual conditions of the educational buildings referred in the introduction, the partnership of the project “MybuildingisGreen” [7] decided to study and implement in each one of the selected buildings the solutions as explained in the next section for the Évora pilot building.
In an increasingly urbanized world, nature—rich in intelligent and efficient solutions to the challenges of cities—has been forgotten in the design and management of urban spaces. Many of the green (vegetation) and blue (water) surfaces have been transformed over time into gray (impermeable) surfaces, with serious implications for the quality of life of the inhabitants and increasing environmental risks.
Currently, some of this natural engineering has been trying to rescue some of this natural engineering for cities in order to ensure sustainable, cost-effective, multifunctional, and flexible solutions to various environmental challenges. This movement recognizes that it is more advantageous—ecologically and economically—to work alongside nature and nature than against it.
The European Union developed the EU Research and Innovation policy agenda on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities [17, 18], which aims to position the EU as a leader in “Innovating with nature” for more sustainable and resilient societies. The EU defines nature-based solutions “as solutions that are inspired and supported by nature, which are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social, and economic benefits and help build resilience. Such solutions bring more and more diverse nature and natural features and processes into cities, landscapes, and seascapes, through locally adapted resource-efficient and systemic interventions.”
The project My Building is Green aims to strengthen and support cities, and EU within the shift of the old urban paradigm based on gray surfaces, and works to contribute with specific and innovative nature-based solutions (more efficient, more sustainable, and greener) to the adaptation of buildings and improve the bioclimatic comfort and quality of life of users [12, 13, 14], which also act (each school), for example, as inspiration and a starting point for shift and adapt to climate change in cities.
Hereafter, some innovative solutions developed and projected within the project will be presented. However, it has to be mentioned that there are multiple NBSs that can be applicated for the adaptation of buildings to climate change, according to the type of construction to the climate and the vulnerability expected [7].
This system was created by the CARTIF Team in collaboration with SingularGreen and consists of a multilayer tray to maintain cover vegetation that is encapsulated with a white waterproof sheet to collect rainwater and reduce water loss [7]. The design of the system, including the selection of the appropriate plant species, is done so as not to require the installation of auxiliary irrigation. In the upper part of the encapsulation, there are some holes for planting plant species.
Schematically, the system would be a system of extensive vegetative cover pocketed to make it more resistant to rainfall shortages (Figure 1).
Prototype mBiGWTray: Schema and implementation.
This system allows the installation of the trays on the roof directly occupying 50% of the surface with the vegetal part initially and the rest with a white surface that avoids the excessive capture of thermal energy. The installation is carried out using a checked system in which the planting surfaces alternate with the water collection surfaces.
In the joining area of each module, there are some holes that allow the entrance of water from the zone of collected water toward the zone with the vegetal system.
The bags have a drainage hole at the surface of the tray to allow the greatest amount of water to be stored avoiding the pooling of the substrate in which the roots of the plants are found.
Both the weight of the tray itself and its flat design mean that, in principle, an auxiliary roof anchor system is not necessary. However, if the prevailing winds in the area were very strong, the system could be weighed down using draining aggregate as partial filling of the holes in the tray.
The components of the System are:
The encapsulation material can be made of white EPDM or PVC in order to get adequate durability. In principle, white PVC is selected as the first option by price mainly. The durability of the two materials is similar for this application, both with a 10-year warranty.
The tray is composed of support with cavities to contain the planting substrate of the plants to be included. This is a MODI H50 ventilated pavement plate that is covered with a non-woven felt geotextile and inserted into the capsule. This tray allows structuring the planting of the vegetation, providing rigidity for handling the bagging, and creating spaces for water storage inside.
Between the tray and the geotextile is the material that acts as a substrate that can be both sheep’s wool and sphagnum or other similar materials. This layer allows transport by capillarity from the water storage area to the upper zone.
Above the geotextile is a layer of substrate encapsulated in a light geotextile. In this area, it is where it contains the root part of the vegetation that is integrated into the system.
The characteristics of the selected species are underwater requirement, creeping and surface roots, native species, and species indicated as beneficial for pollinators. A plantation of 16 plants per tray would be carried out. Initially, there would be bands covered with vegetation and bands without vegetation but over the years one could have a complete green cover.
On the other hand, the system is compatible with drip irrigation that can be integrated into the base structure. A more homogeneous vegetation maintenance would be achieved throughout the year. However, the initial design has been carried out so that the implementation of an irrigation system is not necessary and the previous tests that are going to be carried out are aimed in this direction.
This system has been designed to create vertical surfaces with vegetation of very low thickness to create shading with a contribution of humidity to the environment. The system consists of an impermeable sheet on which a nonwoven felt is adhered and a semi-woven substrate is projected. Due to the low substrate thickness, hydroponic irrigation is integrated that is distributed by gravity across the surface of the substrate (Figure 2). In the lower zone, a channel for collecting excess irrigation is integrated and returned to the irrigation station.
mBiGToldo schema and implementation.
Irrigation is done through a hydroponic irrigation station with adequate programming to cover the needs of the vertical garden at all times of the year and the environmental conditions that are to be generated. It is necessary to connect the irrigation station, to be installed under the level of the mBiGToldo, with all the gardens, both to provide the irrigation and to collect [7].
The components of the System are:
Support frame: Structure with the appropriate dimensions made with the material with which the vertical wall structure that will support the prototypes of the facade is built.
Waterproof support. It must be a sheet-shaped material resistant to punching and tearing to facilitate fixing. The currently recommended material is a PVC awning sheet but more sustainable materials are being sought.
Root fixing sheet based on nonwoven felt or rock wool.
Mix of substrate and compatible seeds that is applied by projection.
The characteristics of the selected species will be easily propagated by seeds.
Drip irrigation tube in the upper part and water collection gutter and injected to leftover water collection tube.
The system is only compatible with hydroponic drip irrigation that can be integrated into the support structure of the awning. The design includes a system for collecting excess irrigation water and returning it to the tank for optimization of water consumption.
Among the species that can be used are the
The mBi_GUL is a prototype solution inspired by Green Urban Living System (GUL), an innovative option develop under the Green Urban Living project (greenURBANLIVING), promoted by Amorim Isolamentos, Itecons, Neoturf, and ANQIP, and financed by European Commission through European Regional Development Fund. The Green Urban Living (GUL) is a multifunctional system based on expanded cork agglomerate for the construction of green roofs and living façades (Figure 3).
Prototype layer scheme based on the GUL system (left). Example of an installation using the GUL system. Source: Neoturf (right).
This system was developed within a national project, which aims to develop and validate new roof systems and green façades structured in expanded cork agglomerate (ICB), with a higher environmental and energy profile than conventional solutions and with a high capacity for energy customization and prefabrication. In these eco-designed systems, ICB will simultaneously provide: thermal insulation of the building; drainage functions; retention functions; and carbon capture.
Cork is a raw material that is so perfect that no industrial or technological processes have yet been able to replicate it. It has numerous advantages and benefits due to its key characteristics, and it represents an innovative opportunity to incorporate cork-based materials in green roof systems. Some of the cork’s key characteristics are:
Very light material—Over 50% of its volume is air, which makes it very light, it weighs just 0.16 grams per cubic centimeter and can float.
Elastic and compressible—It is the only solid that, when compressed on one side, does not increase in volume on another; and as a result of its elasticity, it is able to adapt, for example, to variations in temperature and pressure without suffering alterations.
Impermeable to liquids and gases—Thanks to the suberin and ceroids contained in the cell walls, cork is practically impermeable to liquids and gases. Its resistance to moisture enables it to age without deteriorating.
Thermal and acoustic insulator—Cork has low conductivity to heat, noise, and vibration. This is because the gaseous components contained in cork are enclosed in small impermeable compartments, isolated from each other by a moisture-resistant substance.
Fire retardant—Cork is also a natural fire retardant: it burns without a flame and does not emit toxic gases during combustion.
Highly abrasion-resistant—Cork is extremely resistant to abrasion and has a high friction coefficient. Thanks to its honeycomb structure, its resistance to impact or friction is greater than that of other hard surfaces.
Hypoallergenic—Because cork does not absorb dust, it helps protect against allergies and does not pose a risk to asthma sufferers.
Natural touch—The natural texture of cork combines softness and flexibility to the touch with a naturally uneven surface. The variable degree of irregularity is given by the type of cork used and the finish chosen.
The cork also plays an important role in Portuguese Economy, representing 2% of Portuguese total exports, and due to its sustainable, environmental, and economic benefits, it seems to be an excellent material to incorporate in the project, as well as the use of the GUL, in order to test it to the adaptation to a climate change in a school building.
It was important for LIFE-mybuildingisgreen project to address also the blue areas, from the perspective of water management, which may be due to the increase of the permeable areas (favorable to the infiltration of water into the soil), the reuse of rainwater, and the reduction of water for irrigation.
Following the solutions related to water, it would be important for the project to also contribute to the strengthening of this built urban relationship—permeabilized soil. In this context, urban ponds play an important role in the formation of small aquatic ecosystems of low demand and complexity.
The ponds are masses of standing water or very low current of a permanent or temporary nature, depending on the climate, the geology of the land, and the availability of water. The ponds are characterized by their low depth, total penetration of light into the water, possibility of occurrence of plants throughout their area, and absence of water stratification, and may originate from natural, geological or, ecological processes, or more commonly, as a result of human activities, intentional or not.
Ponds present themselves as a nature-based solution that act in water management in several dimensions: ensure the establishment of an aquatic ecosystem; ensure the availability of water (for fauna and flora); promote biodiversity; increase permeable area; boost water infiltration into the soil; and reduce the need for water for watering.
It has been decided to make systems superimposed on the façade that generate shadows in the gaps, preventing the direct incidence of solar rays, for this purpose canopies or cantilevered elements have been created, made up of NBS, plants, and plant species, in addition, so that the implantation of these elements does not prevent sunlight in the winter months, deciduous species have been used.
They consist of a removable modular substructure of laminated tubular frameworks, which support containers or pots with climbing plants, equipped with an irrigation system through pipelines adapted to the substructure. These systems are mainly constituted by a removable modular substructure of laminated tubular framework, of modules with dimensions 2x2 and 3 meters high, in hot galvanized steel profiles of 60.60 and 120.60, anchored to the façade and to the ground.
Formed by vertical elements (tubular steel pillars) and horizontal elements (crossbars and tubular steel beams), which support their own weight and that of the plant containers. It has been called FAVE (Vegetable Facade), in it, horizontal and vertical surfaces are generated on the holes and in front of them.
Two variants have been adapted in this system:
Containers or pots of guide plants, of the vine type, that upholster and generate surfaces that are opaque to the sun, will be arranged in the tubular framework. Two varieties of vines have been selected as guide plants:
Sketch of mBiFAVE 1″ systems (left). Sketch of mBiFAVE 2″ systems (right).
Vegetated awnings are arranged in the tubular framework, continuous surfaces on racks on which species grow superficially on both sides (Figure 4
The double vegetated awning is made up of:
Rectangular frame of 0.80 × 2.90 mt, made with hot-dip galvanized tubular steel, anchored to the substructure.
Leaf.skin tensioned membrane formed by anti-root PVC sheet fixed by linear clips on the frame.
Hydroponic geotextile substrate.
Lower gutter made of sheet steel, connected to a drain to collect excess water.
Irrigation system is installed at the top from where the water falls by gravity soaking the entire substrate. The water provides the fertilizer, keeping the vegetation in perfect condition.
Mixture of seeds that are projected on the geotextile, after a few months the membrane will be completely upholstered.
Three roof systems have been implemented, whose main function is to reduce the effects of solar radiation in the hot months and reduce energy losses in winter months and thus CO2 emissions and energy consumption in heating, easy to implement and adaptation to any building.
It is implanted on the existing flat roof, separated from it, generating an air chamber between both.
To do this, some racks are arranged, supported on concrete “plots”, on which we place removable “trays” that house a thin extensive roof solution, with an improved substrate in which native species are planted. The system is made up of:
Supports or plots: made in situ with concrete, with a height depending on the roof to achieve horizontal leveling of the frame.
Removable modular frame: made by means of a framework of hot-dip galvanized tubular steel, with approximate dimensions of 4.5 m long x 1 m wide, formed by stringers and crossbars.
Galvanized sheet steel trays: with side tabs for support (Figure 5).
Sketch of mBiCUVE 1″ system (left). The three roof systems: mBiCUVE 1, mBiCUVE 2, and mBiCUVE SUS (right).
A system similar to the mBiCUVE 1 system, as a variant on the racks, large containers would be implanted, at ends and intermediate points, where the two varieties of vines that we have used for planting are planted. Façade systems, mBiFAVE 1.
An extensive cover system is used with an improved substrate, including recycled aggregates for the realization of the cover drainage. A layer of protection, a drainage sheet, a filter, and the improved substrate in which native species are planted are placed on the waterproofing of the roof on which the action is being carried out.
By analyzing the existing conditions, namely strong solar incidence in classrooms and the great thermal discomfort associated with high thermal oscillation, the intervention goes through the installation green wall that will work with vegetation curtain. Also, due to pathologies at the level of existing roofs such as poor waterproofing and nonfunctional pendants, green roofs of three typologies will be installed: extended sloped coverage, extensive coverage with gul system, and a green cover with solar panels—Solar bio roof.
With the concern of closing the water cycle, the surplus of rainwater from two sloping roofs will be routed to two tanks and later, by gravity, to a pond of natural infiltration, located in Horta das Oliveiras. Thus, the water will be returned to the natural soil, being able to recharge the aquifers.
For the monitoring and study of the ecosystem services of green roofs, equipment such as a weather station, various thermal sensors and humidity, and caudameters will be installed.
Green roofing has increasingly established itself as an important element in the strategies of “Nature-based Solutions” for Portuguese cities, thanks to the numerous environmental, financial, and social benefits they present (Figure 6).
Blueprint of green roofs in EB1 do Falcão. In different greens the 3 green roofs prototypes: GUL system, solar bio roof, and sloping green roof (ANCV—Associação Nacional de Coberturas Verdes).
For the success of the implementation of mass green roofs in cities and for their dissemination and acceptance by the professional groups involved and the general population, it is essential that there are examples of model projects promoted by the municipalities themselves as a demonstration of their advantages and promotion of good implementation and maintenance practices.
The GUL roof will be installed with the innovative green roofing system with expanded cork agglomerate—ICB. The cork agglomerate, with 8 cm thickness, will perform the functions of drainage of excess water, thermal insulation, protection of waterproofing, and sound insulation. Using cork as a building material—biomaterial—this system captures carbon in its production cycle.
The substrate profile will be 12 cm and herbaceous species will be planted in alveole. The planting strategy aimed to promote biodiversity in the green cover. Perimeter gravel strips 30 cm wide will be installed.
The SOLAR BIOROOF green roof is a system that combines the installation of solar panels with the existence of vegetation. The substrate profile will have the thickness of 10 cm, where a pre-cultivated Sedum carpet will be installed. Perimeter strips of gravel with variable width between 22 and 30 cm will be performed.
The fixation of the solar panels will be carried out through solar bases with ballast, without drilling the slab, ensuring the tightness of the slab. The ballast will consist of 7 cm of river gravel. A counterweight life system is planned to be installed. This system consists of anchoring bases and steel cable, where the operators will have to secure themselves through sliding carts and harnesses. This system is also not intrusive, also ensuring the preservation of waterproofing.
The sloping green cover will be performed using the green roofing system up to 20° slope that holds supports to be installed along the lowest point of the cover. The substrate profile will be 10 cm and will be populated by the genus sedum in pre-cultivated carpet.
The excess water from the roofing system will be routed to a water tank.
Green facades for a pleasant atmosphere. Putting vegetation on the facades is so far something that is usually left to chance. Attractive growth systems can be built for micro-vertical gardens with some easy-to-assemble components made of high-quality stainless steel.
Green facades are attractive, ecologically sensitive, and useful. They create a shadow area on the façade which makes the temperature more mild. In the case of the EB 1 do Falcão, due to the sun exposure and size of the windows, the thermal conditions felt inside the building cause discomfort during the warmer months, especially in the classrooms. To lower the temperature, it was suggested the implementation of a wall of steel cables covered by a deciduous vine.
The species selected is
The vine is placed from 60 to 60 cm, being placed 10 feet along the façade, in a 50 cm wide construction site, supported by squares connected to the upper area of the façade from that extend stainless steel cables with a thickness of 6 mm and length of 6 meters. These cables have an intermediate attachment point on the balcony slab. As it is a small construction site, irrigation has been implemented using the drop-by-drop system.
The vegetation must be pruned to maintain its growth within the area assigned to it, at its base should be placed mulch and the weeds will have to be plucked.
The green wall structure should be composed of a cement or buried concrete base structure, about 20 cm. This 570 cm long piece will serve as a base anchorage for the steel cables installed by placing a 60-in-60 M10 eye. The 6 mm steel cable will be supported by two eyelets at each end, locking the cable with four 6 mm, two-wire cables at each end. Central fixation is placed through a third eye nailed to the building.
The construction of artificial lakes, creating water reserves for biodiverse purposes, are examples of fundamental hydraulic works in rational water management. In order to reduce the water losses of these structures, appropriate waterproofing techniques should be used (Figure 7).
Details of the mBiGPond—profile and top view of the pond.
The waterproofing of the pond is carried out with the placement of a geotextile fabric to prevent the rupture of the waterproofing screen. The water coming from two covers of the EB1 do Falcão, one with vegetation and the other without, is directed from the retention tanks to the lower level where the pond is located.
The vegetation proposed for this area will serve as a remediation plant, thus helping to maintain the quality of the water that is being infiltrated into the soil.
This space is of great importance because it creates a biodiverse area, where plants of riparian characteristics will arise and that small amphibians and insects can enjoy.
Both spaces will be areas of excellent learning opportunity for the students of the EB1 do Falcão, as they will be able to observe the natural dynamics present in this project, the change and cycles of nature, the emergence of new wildlife in the area of the pond, and the reduction of temperature inside their rooms, thus allowing greater thermal comfort.
With the execution of this project, the following results are expected:
Climate adaptation of the pilot buildings (three educational centers) through the implementation of NBS prototypes.
Well-being improvement and thermal comfort for around 1.000 citizens in the 3 pilot buildings and communities.
The elaboration of Reference Reports and Good Practice Manuals on the application of NBS in public buildings of education services for the 3 climatic risk areas of the EU.
For the entire Project it is expected to reduce the production of 27 Ton of CO2/year and 144 kg of NOx (reduction 20% and 7% respectively).
It will be collected about 2.700 m3/project of rainfall that represents 30% of each building.
Increase in the area of green areas in each building by approximately 0.5 ha.
Reduction of 50% of the energy costs for cooling and 10% for heating. This amount to 1000€/building.
Integration of NBS into regulations, action plans, and environmental programs
Execution of expert meetings, demonstration workshops, expert workshops, online seminars and transnational conferences, stakeholders training, website, publication of articles, connection with media associations, and videos.
The overall conclusion is that NBS can be a technical and scientific solution for this type of building allowing a more affordable and energy-efficient solution for the adaptation to climate change in Mediterranean regions.
It is already observed that the climate is changing, locally proved by the PIAAC study so it is time to act in order to use Mother Nature’s knowledge to prevent more damage to Earth’s environment.
Of particular relevance is the application in two study areas, Alentejo and Badajoz, since they correspond to two territories with the lowest population density and the lowest GDP in Portugal and Spain. In addition, these areas are suffering severe depopulation and economic crisis in their rural areas, so these technologies can help improve their social conditions.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physical-chemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"48594",doi:"10.5772/60911",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:2718,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate) is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum pesticide. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Malathion preference over other organophosphate pesticides relates to its low persistence in the environment as it is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation. However, numerous malathion poisoning incidents including acute and chronic cases have been reported among pesticide workers and small children through accidental exposure. Malathion toxicity is compounded by its reactive metabolites and also depends upon the product purity, route of exposure, nutritional status, and gender of exposed individuals. Its metabolic oxidation in mammals, insects, and plants leads to the formation of malaoxon which appears to be several times more acutely toxic and represents the primary cause of malathion’s toxicity. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. Similar to other organophosphate pesticides, malathion exerts it toxic action by binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in synaptic junctions, which in turn results in overstimulation of cholinergic, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors, and subsequent induction of adverse biologic effects. This chapter provides an update and analysis of the production and use, environmental occurrence, molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and adverse human health effects associated with malathion exposure.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"48553",doi:"10.5772/60767",title:"Ecotoxicology of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides — Toxicity to Wildlife and Humans",slug:"ecotoxicology-of-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-herbicides-toxicity-to-wildlife-and-humans",totalDownloads:2607,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"The use of agrochemicals, especially herbicides, is necessary to control pests in order to produce adequate food for the global population (estimated at 7 billion). Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides have been used extensively for this purpose but recent studies have reported these chemical substances to be found in aquatic ecosystems, wildlife and humans in various quantities. In this chapter, we reviewed the impacts of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on wildlife and humans using measured endpoint effects caused by genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. We used findings from different current investigations to demonstrate adverse effects, or otherwise, of glyphosate exposure to wildlife and humans. Our review reveals that glyphosate and its formulations may not only be considered as having genotoxic, cytotoxic or endocrine disrupting properties but they may also be causative agents of reproduction abnormalities in both wildlife and humans. Furthermore, the extensive use of glyphosate-based herbicides in genetically modified glyphosate-resistant plants grown for food and feed should be of grave concern since they can be sources of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in wildlife and humans.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul K. Mensah, Carolyn G. Palmer and Oghenekaro N. Odume",authors:[{id:"169135",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",slug:"paul-mensah",fullName:"Paul Mensah"},{id:"173888",title:"Prof.",name:"Carolyn",middleName:null,surname:"Palmer",slug:"carolyn-palmer",fullName:"Carolyn Palmer"},{id:"175580",title:"Dr.",name:"Oghenekaro Nelson",middleName:null,surname:"Odume",slug:"oghenekaro-nelson-odume",fullName:"Oghenekaro Nelson Odume"}]},{id:"65766",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84161",title:"Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, and the Health of Our Environment Safety",slug:"pesticides-anthropogenic-activities-and-the-health-of-our-environment-safety",totalDownloads:1461,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Mankind depends on agricultural products for food consumption. Increasing population (more than 7 billion) requires significant growth in crop yield to meet essential demand. This aim was achieved through the use of pesticides to protect crops from diseases. Pesticides are toxic by design for organisms that can threaten food products. Their mode of action is by targeting systems or enzymes in the pests that may be similar to human system and therefore pose risks to human health and the environment as well. The WHO recommended classifying pesticides according to their toxicity and chemicals according to their chronic health and environmental hazards.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Mona Saud AL-Ahmadi",authors:[{id:"276726",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mona",middleName:null,surname:"AL-Ahmadi",slug:"mona-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Mona AL-Ahmadi"}]},{id:"48545",doi:"10.5772/60739",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals — A Critical Appraisal of Current Approaches",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-agrochemicals-a-critical-appraisal-of-current-approaches",totalDownloads:2588,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"This chapter provides insights into the difficulties and challenges of performing risk evaluations of agrochemicals. It is a critical review of the current methodologies used in ecological risk assessment of these chemicals, not their risks to humans. After an introduction to the topic, the current framework for ecological risk assessment is outlined. Two types of assessments are typically carried out depending on the purpose: i) regulatory assessments for registration of a chemical product; and ii) ecological assessments, for the protection of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, which are usually site-specific. Although the general framework is well established, the methodologies used in each of the steps of the assessment are fraught with a number of shortcomings. Notwithstanding the subjectivity implicit in the evaluation of risks, there is scepticism in scientific circles about the appropriateness of the current methodologies because, after so many years of evaluations, we are still incapable of foreseeing the negative consequences that some agrochemicals have in the environment. A critical appraisal of such methodologies is imperative if we are to improve the current assessment process and fix the problems we face today. The chapter reviews first the toxicity assessment methods, pointing to the gaps in knowledge about this essential part of the process and suggesting avenues for further improvement. Deficiencies in the current regulations regarding toxicity testing are discussed, in particular the effect of the time factor on toxicity and the issue of complex mixtures. Other matters of concern are the extrapolation of toxicity data from the individual to the population and community levels, and the sub-lethal effects. The exposure assessment methods are dealt with in a second place. These rely on modelling and actual measurements of chemical residues in the environment. Various techniques employed to determine to exposure and bioavailability of agrochemicals to the various organisms in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are reviewed. Again, the shortcomings and gaps in knowledge are addressed and suggestions for improvement are pointed out. Then, the process of putting together the information from the toxicity and exposure assessments to evaluate risks is discussed. Tiers I and II of the risk assessment are reviewed. The challenge here is to keep objectivity in the evaluations; this may require the introduction of new methods of risk assessment. Finally, the risk assessment implies establishing a management strategy that aims at reducing or minimising the impacts of agrochemicals under normal agricultural scenarios. Recommendations are often case-specific and need to be based on sound science as well as common sense principles. The chapter concludes with a summary of issues that need to be considered for improving risk assessments of agrochemicals.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo and Henk A. Tennekes",authors:[{id:"74970",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Bayo",slug:"francisco-sanchez-bayo",fullName:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo"},{id:"173845",title:"Dr.",name:"Henk",middleName:null,surname:"Tennekes",slug:"henk-tennekes",fullName:"Henk Tennekes"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"78542",title:"Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture",slug:"mitigation-of-climate-change-by-nitrogen-managements-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:304,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Kazuyuki Inubushi and Miwa Yashima",authors:[{id:"108366",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Inubushi",slug:"kazuyuki-inubushi",fullName:"Kazuyuki Inubushi"},{id:"429712",title:"Dr.",name:"Miwa",middleName:null,surname:"Yashima",slug:"miwa-yashima",fullName:"Miwa Yashima"}]},{id:"48594",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:2723,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate) is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum pesticide. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Malathion preference over other organophosphate pesticides relates to its low persistence in the environment as it is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation. However, numerous malathion poisoning incidents including acute and chronic cases have been reported among pesticide workers and small children through accidental exposure. Malathion toxicity is compounded by its reactive metabolites and also depends upon the product purity, route of exposure, nutritional status, and gender of exposed individuals. Its metabolic oxidation in mammals, insects, and plants leads to the formation of malaoxon which appears to be several times more acutely toxic and represents the primary cause of malathion’s toxicity. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. Similar to other organophosphate pesticides, malathion exerts it toxic action by binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in synaptic junctions, which in turn results in overstimulation of cholinergic, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors, and subsequent induction of adverse biologic effects. This chapter provides an update and analysis of the production and use, environmental occurrence, molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and adverse human health effects associated with malathion exposure.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"64602",title:"Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile",slug:"environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile",totalDownloads:3095,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:69,abstract:"Adsorption, degradation, and movement are the key processes conditioning the behavior and fate of pesticides in the soil. Six processes that can move pesticides are leaching, diffusion, volatilization, erosion and run-off, assimilation by microorganisms, and plant uptake. Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physical-chemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"77770",title:"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sustainable Agriculture",slug:"mycorrhizal-fungi-and-sustainable-agriculture",totalDownloads:327,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The 20thcentury witnessed an augmentation in agricultural production, mainly through the progress and use of pesticides, fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and developments in plant breeding and genetic skills. In the naturally existing ecology, rhizospheric soils have innumerable biological living beings to favor the plant development, nutrient assimilation, stress tolerance, disease deterrence, carbon seizing and others. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in up taking by roots. Amongst them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. The majority of the terrestrial plants form association with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis confers benefits directly to the host plant’s growth and development through the acquisition of Phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients from the soil by the AMF. They may also enhance the protection of plants against pathogens and increases the plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of AMF mycelium within the host root (intra radical) and out into the soil (extra radical) beyond. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. AM fungi are especially important for sustainable farming systems because AM fungi are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Soibam Helena Devi, Ingudam Bhupenchandra, Soibam Sinyorita, S.K. Chongtham and E. Lamalakshmi Devi",authors:[{id:"301167",title:"Dr.",name:"E. Lamalakshmi",middleName:null,surname:"Devi",slug:"e.-lamalakshmi-devi",fullName:"E. Lamalakshmi Devi"},{id:"311911",title:"Dr.",name:"S.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Chongtham",slug:"s.k.-chongtham",fullName:"S.K. Chongtham"},{id:"345840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingudam",middleName:null,surname:"Bhupenchandra",slug:"ingudam-bhupenchandra",fullName:"Ingudam Bhupenchandra"},{id:"423173",title:"Mrs.",name:"Soibam",middleName:null,surname:"Helena Devi",slug:"soibam-helena-devi",fullName:"Soibam Helena Devi"},{id:"423177",title:"Dr.",name:"Soibam",middleName:null,surname:"Sinyorita",slug:"soibam-sinyorita",fullName:"Soibam Sinyorita"}]},{id:"77147",title:"Influence of Heavy Metals on the Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants",slug:"influence-of-heavy-metals-on-the-nitrogen-metabolism-in-plants",totalDownloads:305,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"As an essential element, Nitrogen is needed in large quantities for being an important component of cellular constituents and for plant metabolism, and its deficiency is one of the most common limitations for plant development. The study of the toxic effects of metal in plants involves a complex system of reactions that can be better determined once having a large attention of the different backgrounds of occurence to determinate how to proceed. The objective of this review is to add scientific knowledge, addressing the main functionalities and characteristics of this relation heavy metals – nitrogen metabolism in plant. Increasing industrialization and urbanization had anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals in biosphere and had largest availability in ecosystems. This toxicity in plants varies with plant species, specific metal, concentration, soil composition, as many heavy metals are considered to be essential for plant growth. Were provided data and reviews regarding the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen metabolism of plants and the responses of plants and the cross-talk of heavy metals and various stressors factors. Is clear to understand the relation between metals amount and the benefit or harm caused on plants, determining then, which mechanism should be activated to protect your physiological system.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Vitor Nascimento, Glauco Nogueira, Gabriel Monteiro, Waldemar Júnior, Joze Melissa Nunes de Freitas and Cândido Neto",authors:[{id:"332095",title:"Dr.",name:"Cândido",middleName:null,surname:"Neto",slug:"candido-neto",fullName:"Cândido Neto"},{id:"332157",title:"Prof.",name:"Joze",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",slug:"joze-freitas",fullName:"Joze Freitas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"28",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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