Physicochemical characteristics of different types of biochar.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7293",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The aim of this book is to show some applications of fractal analysis in the fields of sciences. The first chapter introduces the readers to the book, while the second chapter shows the methods and challenges of fractal analysis of time-series data sets. The third chapter demonstrates fractal geometry as an attractive choice for miniaturized planar microwave filter design. The fourth chapter presents fractal antennas for wearable applications. The objective of the fifth chapter is to show some Parrondian games in discrete dynamic systems, while the last chapter reveals fractal structures of carbon nanotube system arrays.",isbn:"978-1-78985-434-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-433-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-112-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74876",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"fractal-analysis",numberOfPages:112,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"136b50bd77fedb29057889faaca37947",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8282,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 30th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 20th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 19th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 7th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 6th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103826/images/system/103826.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sid-Ali Ouadfeul is currently an associate professor at the Department of Geophysics, Geology and Reservoir Engineering, Algerian Petroleum Institute-IAP Corporate University, Algeria. He received his Engineer diploma from University of Boumerdes, Algeria, a Magister and Phd in geophysics from the Faculty of Earth Sciences, USTHB, Algeria. During his Master and doctorate research he has developed many techniques based on the fractal analysis to understand the earth underlying system. His scientific research is focused on many topics such as advanced oil and gas\r\nreservoirs characterization techniques using well logs data, reservoirs characterization using seismic data based on genetic systems. Dr. Ouadfeul is the organizer of many sessions in international conferences over the world about the understanding of chaotic systems in Geophysics.",institutionString:"Algerian Petroleum Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"966",title:"Dynamical Systems Theory",slug:"dynamical-systems-theory"}],chapters:[{id:"65857",title:"Introductory Chapter: Fractal in Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84368",slug:"introductory-chapter-fractal-in-sciences",totalDownloads:1080,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65857",authors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],corrections:null},{id:"64463",title:"Fractal Analysis of Time-Series Data Sets: Methods and Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81958",slug:"fractal-analysis-of-time-series-data-sets-methods-and-challenges",totalDownloads:2944,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Many methods exist for quantifying the fractal characteristics of a structure via a fractal dimension. As a traditional example, a fractal dimension of a spatial fractal structure may be quantified via a box-counting fractal analysis that probes a manner in which the structure fills space. However, such spatial analyses generally are not well-suited for the analysis of so-called “time-series” fractals, which may exhibit exact or statistical self-affinity but which inherently lack well-defined spatial characteristics. In this chapter, we introduce and investigate a variety of fractal analysis techniques directed to time-series structures. We investigate the fidelity of such techniques by applying each technique to sets of computer-generated time-series data sets with well-defined fractal characteristics. Additionally, we investigate the inherent challenges in quantifying fractal characteristics (and indeed of verifying the presence of such fractal characteristics) in time-series traces modeled to resemble physical data sets.",signatures:"Ian Pilgrim and Richard P. Taylor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64463",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64463",authors:[{id:"262574",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ian",surname:"Pilgrim",slug:"ian-pilgrim",fullName:"Ian Pilgrim"},{id:"262816",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",surname:"Taylor",slug:"richard-taylor",fullName:"Richard Taylor"}],corrections:null},{id:"64430",title:"Fractal Geometry: An Attractive Choice for Miniaturized Planar Microwave Filter Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81353",slug:"fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",totalDownloads:1151,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Various fractal geometries are characterized by the self-similarity and space-filling properties. The space-filling feature has been successfully applied to design multiband antenna structures for a wide variety of multifunction wireless systems. On another hand, the second feature has proved its validity to produce miniaturized antennas and passive microwave circuits including the band-pass filters (BPF). This chapter demonstrates the design of miniaturized microstrip BPFs that are derived from fractal-based DGS resonators. Many microstrip BPFs based on the Minkowski fractal DGS resonators will be presented together with those based on Moore and Peano fractal geometries. Simulation results, of all of the presented BPFs, show that an extra-size reduction can be obtained as the iteration level becomes higher. Measured and simulated results agree well with each other. A comparison has been conducted with other filters based on Peano and Hilbert fractal geometries. The results reveal that the proposed BPF offers acceptable performance and a significant decrease of higher harmonics.",signatures:"Hadi T. Ziboon and Jawad K. Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64430",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64430",authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",surname:"Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali"},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",surname:"Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon"}],corrections:[{id:"66069",title:"Erratum - Fractal Geometry: An Attractive Choice for Miniaturized Planar Microwave Filter Design",doi:null,slug:"erratum-fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"64807",title:"Fractal Antennas for Wearable Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81503",slug:"fractal-antennas-for-wearable-applications",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the design and fabrication of different types of flexible and inflexible wearable fractal for modern wireless applications with body-area-networks (BANs). A wearable antenna is intended to be a part of clothing used for modern wireless communication purposes. Fractal technology allowed us to design compact antennas and integrate multiple communication services into one device. The proposed antennas were simulated and measured by CST simulator version 2017 and Agilent N9918A VNA respectively. Furthermore, these antennas were fabricated using folded copper. The measured results agree well with the simulated results.",signatures:"Mohamed I. Ahmed and Mai F. Ahmed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64807",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64807",authors:[{id:"261304",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed Ismail",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"mohamed-ismail-ahmed",fullName:"Mohamed Ismail Ahmed"},{id:"272048",title:"Dr.",name:"M. F.",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"m.-f.-ahmed",fullName:"M. F. Ahmed"}],corrections:null},{id:"63907",title:"Parrondian Games in Discrete Dynamic Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81499",slug:"parrondian-games-in-discrete-dynamic-systems",totalDownloads:928,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An interesting problem in nonlinear dynamics is the stabilization of chaotic trajectories, assuming that such chaotic behavior is undesirable. The method described in this chapter is based on the Parrondo’s paradox, where two losing games can be alternated, yielding a winning game. The idea of alternating parameter values has been used in chemical systems, but for these systems, the undesirable behavior is not chaotic. In contrast, ecological relevant map in one and two dimensions, most of the time, can sustain chaotic trajectories, which we consider as undesirable behaviors. Therefore, we analyze several of such ecological relevant maps by constructing bifurcation diagrams and finding intervals in parameter space that satisfy the conditions to yield a desirable behavior by alternating two undesirable behaviors. The relevance of the work relies on the apparent generality of method that establishes a dynamic pattern of behavior that allows us to state a simple conjecture for two-dimensional maps. Our results are applicable to models of seasonality for 2-D ecological maps, and it can also be used as a stabilization method to control chaotic dynamics.",signatures:"Steve A. Mendoza and Enrique Peacock-López",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63907",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63907",authors:[{id:"261062",title:"Prof.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Peacock-Lopez",slug:"enrique-peacock-lopez",fullName:"Enrique Peacock-Lopez"},{id:"271266",title:"Mr.",name:"Steven",surname:"Mendoza",slug:"steven-mendoza",fullName:"Steven Mendoza"}],corrections:null},{id:"64966",title:"Fractal Structures of the Carbon Nanotube System Arrays",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82306",slug:"fractal-structures-of-the-carbon-nanotube-system-arrays",totalDownloads:771,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this work, we investigate fractals in arrays of carbon nanotubes modeled by an evolution equation derived by using a rigorous application of the reductive perturbation formalism for the Maxwell equations and for the corresponding Boltzmann kinetic equation of the distribution function of electrons in such nanomaterials. We study the integrability properties of our dynamical system by using the Weiss-Tabor-Carnevale analysis. Actually, following the leading order analysis, we write the solution in the form of series of Laurent. We also use the Kruskal’s simplification to find the solutions. Using the truncated Painlevé expansion, we construct the auto-Backlund transformation of the system. We take advantage of the above properties to construct a wide panel of structures with fractals properties. As a result, we unearth some typical features, namely the fractal dromion, the fractal lump, the stochastic and nonlocal fractal excitations. We also address some physical implications of the results obtained.",signatures:"Raïssa S. Noule and Victor K. Kuetche",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64966",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64966",authors:[{id:"264029",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Kuetche Kamgang",slug:"victor-kuetche-kamgang",fullName:"Victor Kuetche Kamgang"},{id:"264030",title:"Dr.",name:"Raissa",surname:"Noule Simo",slug:"raissa-noule-simo",fullName:"Raissa Noule Simo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2978",title:"Fractal Analysis and Chaos in Geosciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d589bde3af8ef94cb902fffc3c949e6",slug:"fractal-analysis-and-chaos-in-geosciences",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2978.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali 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Knitting, creating fabric from weaving of worsted fibers, has been with us since the old days. As a material at the scale of our body, we are familiar with its touch, use, and experience. Textiles have also been used at the scale of the interior as wall tapestries and affect our experience with the space through esthetics. Through its interlaced yarn and colors, textile wall hangings were important elements of story-telling, communicating stories to the inhabitants of the space [6].
\nWith the advent of soft electronics, there is an opportunity to take the experience of the textiles to the next level of multi-sensoriality. This project aims to explore two aspects of ‘craft research’ in interactive textiles; the generative design/craft process of textile and creation of spatial experience through public exhibition (reflective-on-action). The first part discusses the production process of an interactive textile using embedded soft electronics, computation, and generative design that “focus on aesthetics, personal expression, and the idea of play, as opposed to the prevalent utilitarian focus of wearable technology design on universal connectivity and productivity applications” [2]. The slow-paced craft process of the felted textile embraces the practice of ‘reflective-in-action’, where final interaction design of the project was continuously designed and iterated throughout the process of making [11]. The second part of the project focuses on the experience of interactive textile in a spatial (exhibition) setting where it becomes a mediator of experiential elements, that transforms an everyday space into a multi-sensorial ‘practice space’ [5]. The combination of haptic, visual, and auditory experience that is placed throughout the exhibition space provides users to ‘reflect-on-action’ [11] and discover the various interactive elements of the textile.
\nFelted Terrain attempts to subvert the notion of primitive handcraft in knitted/felted textile through its integration of soft electronics, computation design, and fabrication method. Using traditional textile techniques such as knitting, embroidery, and felting, the project aims to create textile of an ‘ambient display’ [14] that sense, transmit data, and create spatial sensory effect by presenting information within a space through subtle changes in the background of awareness (in this case, sound) (Figure 1).
\nFelted Terrain—an interactive sensorial textile that generates sound and visual graphics upon touch.
There are two parts to the creation of ‘Felted Terrain’—designing of knit pattern to create three-dimensional knit structures with parametric computation design tools, and making of the electronic textile “that incorporates capabilities for sensing, communication, and interconnection technology” [2] with soft computation. Felted Terrain is a result of this two-part process and aims to present a seamless integration of technology and interactive experience in a knitted woven textile. As a handcraft process, the slow pace of the design and production of the textile enables ‘reflection-in-action’ [11], to continuously reflect on the project as a whole and also at every stage of the process to ensure the integration of design, craft, and intended user interaction in the production of the interactive textile. The following documents every step of the design and making process, that involves both digital and manual methods.
\nAs the initial inspiration from the project came from the rolling mossy landscape of Iceland (Figure 2), creating a three-dimensional pattern to express the soft terrain was the first step in the process. To generate pattern, a circle packing Grasshopper script for Rhino 3D was used. The size of the circles varied from large to small (which corresponds to the pitch of the musical notes). The script also allowed easy planning in mapping of conductive areas, as shown in Figure 3 (the red circles indicate where the conductive thread will be added to create a capacitive sensor tips). The parametrically generated pattern was then overlaid on a grid to translated these into a knitting pattern. The pattern used in this project was one of many iterations generated from the computational design tool, which opened up a wide possibility to quickly generate variations for different visual effects.
\nInterpreting the mossy terrain of Iceland to a knitted pattern.
(Left) Circle-packing pattern generated from parametric scripts. (Center) The pattern was overlaid on a grid to create a knitting pattern, and red circles indicate where the conductive thread should be added during the knitting process to create capacitive sensor tips. (Right) Gray-shaded area indicates the conductive tips, with circuit path showing its connection to the central microcontroller placed on the bottom left corner.
Using the same pattern, a soft circuit diagram was made to plan out the embroidery of conductive circuits on felted textile. The curved lines indicated the circuit that links all of the conductive tips (gray-shaded area) to the Lilypad microcontroller (Figure 3). Soft circuits were embroidered along the designated pattern using conductive stainless steel thread. The Lilypad microcontroller and x-Bee wireless modules were also hand sewn using conductive thread, creating a full e-textile.
\nThe knitting process involved using two different types of yarn, a regular wool yarn and a conductive stainless steel yarn. As seen in Figure 4, stainless steel yarn was knitted together at the tips of the bumps to give “electro-mechanical properties” that will enable the fabrication of complex textile with interactivity [1]. This allowed integration of flexible sensors to build electronic circuits on soft substrates, and enables a move away from traditional electronics, of using PCB boards and hard materials, to an exploration of emergent flexible materials to create interactive physical designs [2]. When connected to the microcontroller, these tips can be programmed to become touch sensitive through capacitance. In this project, a low-profile stainless steel yarn was used instead of visible silver or gold metallic threads in creating soft circuits, so it could be blended in with the wool fiber and create a seamless look, paving its way for unexpected interaction in the final stage.
\nKnitting with two different types of yarn to create a conductive 3D structure knit. Conductive fibers are embedded in each tip of the three-dimensional forms.
To produce a textile at the scale of the interior, yet using a domestic scale of the knitting machine, the project was made in small size patches of 1 m × 1 m as shown in Figure 5. Knitted patches were stitched together to create a large wall-sized piece woven textile with three-dimensional ‘bump’ forms. The process produced a loosely knit woven textile with areas of embedded conductivity where stainless steel yarn was added to the wool yarn during the knitting process. Hand stitched seams and stainless steel yarn at tips of the three-dimensional bumps were still visible at this stage—in order to create a seamless esthetics of a non-woven textile, the completed knit textile went through the multi-step process of wet-felting.
\nKnitting in 1 m × 1 m patches to produce a spatial-scale of knitted textile.
Wet felting shrinks the knitted textile by 30–40% from its original size (Figure 6). The felting process is a result of the ‘tangling of wool fibers’, due to the reptile-like scales on the surface of individual fibers. These scales are the main reasons in giving traditional wool its abrasive texture. When washed with hot water, these scales interlock and become lighter and tighter causing shrinkage, becoming a non-woven felted textile (Figure 7). Using this natural mechanism, the above knitted textile went through the wet-felting process, where it was agitated multiple times in the washing machine with hot water and soap, until the knitted structure was no longer visible and became a homogenous texture of felted fabric. Afterwards the entire piece was formed, flattened and then air dried to retain the shape of the bumps.
\nFelting process shrinks the woven wool textile by 30–40%. Felting transforms a woven knitted fabric into a seamless non-woven fabric.
Diagram of wool fibers and the interlocking mechanism of wool scales in felting.
The previous section explored the use of computation as a tool to generate design for the three-dimensional pattern of the knitted textile. Computation can go beyond the role of design tool, and become ‘part of the designed things themselves’ [12].
\nThe three-dimensional form of the felted textile is designed with an intention to draw users touch, squeeze, and stroke each of the bumps. In addition to the apparent visual and tactile experience of the textile, auditory experience was programmed to the textile as an output of the touch interaction. In this project, a Lilypad microcontroller, an Arduino variant that is designed to be easily integrated with flexible circuits on textiles through sewing with conductive threads, was used along with a wireless x-Bee module to transform the experience of the everyday textile into an interactive e-textile.
\nThe interaction had two parts to the design. First was leveraging on the expected behavior of people with textiles (especially since the bumpy form intrigued users to touch) and second was designing an interaction that is intuitive for users to find out the rules of the game after a short engagement. In this project, a simple music notes were assigned to selected bumps on the felted textile. The size of the bumps corresponded to the pitch of the notes, for example, large bump played a lower octave note, and the note/pitch of the sound would go up the scale as the bump sizes get smaller (Figures 8 and 9).
\nLilypad microcontroller was sewn onto the felted fabric along with x-Bee module for wireless transmission of data to the main computer.
Using Arduino and Processing, touching of the conductive felted tips produced individual sound of piano notes, at the same time visualizing the pitch through real-time projection of the sine wave curve on the wall.
In order to enable the textile as a simple sound keyboard, Lilypad microcontroller was loaded with a modified Capsense Arduino Code. The received serial data was then transferred to a Processing script (adapted from MIT Media Lab High-Low Tech Group’s Piano Code). With these codes each touch on the tips were translated into a sound, which was then played through a speaker placed in the room. To create a visual connection to the sound the textile was producing, a real-time projection of the sound pitch was projected on the wall, in a form of a sine curve. Through this tri-part experience, a tactile touch could be both felt acoustically and visually.
\nFelted Terrain was installed at the MIT Keller Gallery for open interaction with visitors and passersby. The exhibition context could influence how one experiences the material of the exhibit [9]. With the design of the layout, the exhibitor can guide the visitor to engage with the material in a specific way and order, adding additional interaction element to the whole experience (Figure 10)
Exhibition of the textile—it was placed on a custom designed clear table with reflective film on floor.
The exhibition was designed to invite visitors to reflect-on-action [11], to unveil the experiences of the interactive textile by engaging with it step by step. The square felted textile was placed on a clear table with a spotlight providing visual focus. A circular shiny mirrored film was placed beneath the table to enlarge the presence of the felted textile as well as providing additional view of the textile (negative space of the three-dimensional pattern). Upon entry, the three-dimensional form and fuzzy texture of the felted textile lures users to engage in touch. Each touch of the capacitive sensor tips, produced different musical notes, which was played through embedded sound system in the gallery space. By touching various sized tips, users could gradually understand the connection between bump sizes and sound notes, where the pitches of the notes correspond to the size of the bumps. Over time, one could make the parallel analogy of the textile as musical keyboard, and many of the users started to play a tune with the felted textile bumps. Various touch gestures were observed during the exhibition—in addition to lightly tapping the bumps, other gestures such as stroking, squeezing, pressing, and pulling of the bumps were made. Regardless of the types of gestures, in this version of the textile, the touch was accompanied by real-time visualization of the sounds, which was a wall projection of a sine wave curve.
\nThe interactive textile also became mediator of experiential elements, and as a result it created an opportunity for a ‘practiced space’ by bringing meaning to a static space [5], where one’s actions and engagement with the textile produced different perception of space (from space of sound, space of visual movement, and space of tacility). The interactive textile influenced how people experience their surroundings (Figure 11).
\nThe tactility and three-dimensional design of the textile invites users to touch, which generates sounds and visualizes the pitch of the sound on a nearby wall.
The Felted Terrain project explored the creation of different sensorial experiences to the everyday surface of textile through computation-based design and integration of soft electronics. The exploration described in this paper is just the beginning, as many variations, effects and experiences can be created. For simplification, there are three components to the project for further exploration. First is in the design of the esthetics through pattern making. Through generative computation design, many dynamic and diverse designs can be made for application on textile. When combined with traditional techniques in knitting (such as creating “bumps” in this project by adding and decreasing stitches) the parametric design tool can quickly generate iterations of design forms.
\nSecond, design of the interaction can be explored further. The project engaged few sensorial experiences, from auditory to visual, however, multitudes of combinations of experiences can be designed. The sensorial output from the touching of felted bumps are unlimited; further exploration can be made to produce other outputs such as changes in lighting of the space, temperature, haptic vibration, etc. Interaction modes are another part of the interaction design that can be modified. Additional touch behaviors on fabrics, such as stroking, squeezing, pushing can be studied to embed actuating sensors (conductive areas) to encourage other modes of engagement with the textile.
\nLastly, the scale of the textile experience can be varied, from a scale of the body to the scale of the interior and building, to produce different emotional effects and affect understanding of the space. Other production methods and tools, such as thermo-forming of non-woven textile on digitally produced forms (CNC milled form base as an example), or using an industrial scale knitting machine to scale up and automate the process can produce the soft, responsive, sculptural textile surface at a scale of the interior. The e-textile surface can also be modularized in a form of e-textile for application on larger surface. The placement of tiles can produce different overall visual patterns as well as sensory outputs (Figure 12).
\nDiagram of components to be further explored.
The Felted Terrain project is an exploration of creating a soft textile surface that creates rich interaction and activities between people, computer, and the physical space to be expressive, unexpected, and enjoyable.
\nThe slow crafting process of designing and making the interactive multi-sensorial textile provided many moments of ‘reflection-in-action’ [9], where the designer-maker can reflect in each action of the process to inform the experience of the whole and design decisions of parts. The exhibition context provided opportunities for ‘reflection-on-action’ [9], by allowing visitors to unveil layers of experiences and figuring out the pattern (rule) of interaction by reflecting on past experiences, knowledge and actions.
\nTextiles have a “uniquely intimate relationship with the human body” [1]. We wear them as clothing and also live around them as interior furnishing. We are naturally drawn to touching and feeling the tactility of the textile. What further explorations can be made to create soft surfaces that intuitively draw people to feel, respond, and interact? Would production at various scales, from the body-scale wearable to the level of interior and building produce different experiential effect of the interactive textile surface?
\nTextiles, whether knit or woven, worn on body or hung in space, is ubiquitous in our lives. The everyday presence of textile surfaces and its application to create soft, fabric-based computers embody Mark Weiser’s vision of ubiquitous computing [13]: providing functionality while disappearing discreetly into the soft surface of the ‘textiled’ space. The esthetics, material qualities, and flexibility of the textiles present large possibility for embedded computation [4], or as a medium to form ‘computational composite’ [9] to create a pervasive, playful, and theatrical interactive experience for all.
\nThanks to MIT Department of Architecture and Council for Arts at MIT for funding and support.
\nSoil formation is a complex process resulting from long-term interactions among several environmental factors, i.e., climate, soil-forming processes, and land uses [1]. Such processes influence soil’s physical, chemical, and biological characteristics and hence affect soil productivity [2]. In arid and semiarid regions, many challenges may face soil productivity; for example, many arid soils are of light texture with low organic matter and nutrient contents [3, 4, 5]. These soils exhibit low soil aggregation and can, therefore, be subjected easily to wind erosion [6]. Moreover, secondary minerals may dominate in such soils like calcite and gypsum [1], and these minerals can significantly diminish soil fertility [7, 8]. Another important threat that faces agricultural sustainability in arid sand semiarid soils is soil salinity [9]. Generally, the term arid or semiarid refers to the regions of limited rainfall and high evapotranspiration [10]. Areas with mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranging from 100 to 250 mm yr−1 are called arid climatic zones, while areas with MAP ranging between 250 and 600 mm yr−1 are called semiarid zones [11]. These two climatic regions cover approximately 30% or more of the total earth’s surface [12]. To improve the productivity of low-fertility soils, organic applications should therefore be incorporated within the top soil [13, 14] to raise soil contents of both C and nutrients [14]. However, the negative implications of using easily decomposed organic amendments on the environment should be taken into account, e.g., emissions of greenhouse that possesses global warming [15]. Accordingly, biochar might be the appropriate organic amendments to improve the characteristics of such soils but decrease the emissions of greenhouse gases on the other hand. In the following section, we will discuss the distribution of arid and semiarid soil and the potentialities of using biochar to improve soil properties and attain sustainability in crop production
As shown in Figure 1, arid and semiarid soils are located in North and South Africa, the Middle East region, North and South America, and finally in Australia [16]. More than 95% of the total arid soils exist in Africa and Middle East regions. According to the UNEP [16], aridity index (AI) is commonly used to quantify the aridity of a specific region. Briefly, this index is estimated based on climate variability by calculating the ratio of annual average rainfall to potential evapotranspiration (P/PET). For this concern, lands are classified in the following ascending order based on the average precipitation: hyperarid, arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid, and their average precipitation rates are 0, 1–59, 60–119, and 120–179 mm yr−1, respectively [16]. In this chapter we will focus on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia lands as an example of arid lands and the major problems hindering the application of biochar technology in these soils. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, almost 25% of the total land area is arable lands (52.7 million ha), in which 45% are calcareous, sandy textured soils, with very low contents of organic matter and nutrients [17].
Distribution pattern of arid and semiarid regions [
Salt content, in many arid soils, is relatively high. These soils accumulate on the soil’s surface because of the high evapotranspiration rates. In addition, these regions have dry climate with high temperature and high evaporation rate. The deeper soil layers are usually occupied by Ca. The arid soils can be applicable for cultivation in case proper water for irrigation becomes available. Due to high temperature, the degradation rate of soil’s organic matter in arid soils is very high; consequently, these soils need further application rates. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, most of agricultural soils are of coarse texture, with high CaCO3 contents and high pH values. The lack of sufficient water in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia led to increase the potentiality of soil salinization. Therefore, these soils are of poor fertility, in terms of physical (high infiltration rate, sand texture, and bad hydraulic properties), chemical (low organic matter contents, insufficient nutrients, and high soil pH), and biological (low microbial communities in soils due to the absence of organic residues and soil nutrients) characteristics [18]. Usually the pH value in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia soils is greater than 8 with high CaCO3 contents (>30%) [19]. In spite of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia having the largest land mass among Middle East countries, it has the lowest arable land per capita worldwide [20]. A point to note is that the major water sources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are groundwater and desalination of seawater [21]. Therefore, intensive studies are performed to overcome the infertility problems of arid soils in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by using organic and inorganic soil amendments, i.e., compost bio inoculums and mineral polymers [22, 23, 24]. However, these amendments need to be applied intensively because of their low nutritive contents and fast degradation rates [25].
Due to the arid characteristics of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia lands, agricultural activities are also thought to be very low. According to the World Bank [20], the agricultural lands in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia cover only 1736.472 km2 [20]. On the other hand, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is considered the largest food and agricultural importer in the Gulf Cooperation Council with average imported food products of 80% in 2013 [26, 27]. These conditions hinder the development of the agricultural sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A positive point to note is that such arid conditions are suitable for cultivation of date palm plant. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has the highest harvested areas of date palm in 2016 with an average area of 145,516 ha. Palm trees generate huge wastes annually [28]; accordingly, proper recycling and management of these wastes can improve soil conditions.
Biochar is an organic carbon-rich product, produced by burning agricultural and animal wastes in the absence of oxygen [29]. Several studies demonstrated its beneficial role for improving soil fertility and waste management, remediation of contaminated soils and water, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions [25, 30, 31]. In this chapter, we will discuss the potential benefits of biochar as a soil amendment for improving its fertility and productivity.
Biochar was initially produced by ancient Egyptians to produce liquid wood tar from charring processes in order to cover and preserve the dead bodies [32]. Thereafter, in South America (terra preta), 2500 years later, biochar is created both naturally by forest fires and by humans through burning bits for different practices, i.e., cooking and manufacturing [25]. In terra preta soils, the acidic conditions were the limiting factors affecting negatively crop production wherein these soils suffer severely from Al toxicity. To overcome this problem, the liming effect of biochar was an effective approach to overcome Al toxicity in soil [33].
All organic materials (feedstock, crop wastes, animal wastes manure) can be used for biochar production. Simply, biochar is a charcoal-like material that is produced in the absence of oxygen or limited oxygen conditions [25]. In this process organic wastes are burned at relatively low temperature < 700°C, and three main components are produced through the pyrolysis process, i.e., solid biochar (carbonized biomass with average C contents of >60), synthetic gas (which can be used as a power source), and bio oil (fuel material) [25]. Farmers in the past used to burn the agricultural wastes under limited oxygen conditions by covering the waste piles with soil dust. In this traditional method, approximately half the amount of organic C was lost into the atmosphere. Therefore, people have tried to develop the production technology through using pit kiln and brick kilns in order to eliminate the losses of C and other gas emission. After biochar technology has risen, non in situ equipment have been designed to maximize the biochar yield, eliminate the C lose and ash content and using syngas and bio oil as secondary products [25]. It is worthy to mention that organic materials start to decompose at low temperature (about 120°C), followed by hemicellulose and lignin compounds, which degrade at 200–260°C and 240–350°C, respectively [34].
Both pyrolysis conditions and the types of organic wastes identify the major characteristics of the produced biochar [25, 35]. Usually biochar (a carbon-rich product) is characterized by its high surface area and lower concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen [36, 37]. Thus, its application can improve soil characteristics (chemical, physical, and biological). Moreover, this organic product is considered relatively stable in soil because of its low availability of labile organic carbon [38] besides its low content of nutrients [39]. Table 1 shows the main physiochemical characteristics of different types of biochars. For both physical and chemical characteristics, pyrolysis conditions and type of organic wastes are the main factors identifying them. Clearly, all biochars have the same characteristics, especially the high C contents and low N contents. Nitrogen usually starts to be volatile at 200°C; therefore, N contents are low in most types of biochars. The high pH of biochar might be attributed to the high content of alkaline metals, i.e., Ca, Mg, and K, which are stable during biochar production. Despite the low nutrient content of biochar, its application to soils improves its fertility because it is usually added at high rates as soil amendments. The pyrolysis conditions play an important role for identifying the physical characteristics of biochar. The higher surface area of biochar is a consequence of high temperature during the pyrolysis reaction [25].
Feedstock | TemPerature | pH | % | CEC, cmolc kg−1 | C/N ratio | % | H/C ratio | O/C ratio | SSA, m2 g−1 | Reference | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | N | P | S | Ca | Mg | K | O.M | Ash | |||||||||
Sugar cane bagasse | <500 | 8.63 | 74.02 | 1.00 | 0.24 | — | 0.17 | 0.32 | 2.00 | 69.62 | 74.02 | 87.80 | 12.21 | 0.42 | 0.23 | 92.30 | [31] |
Orange peel | <500 | 8.75 | 66.36 | 2.13 | 0.25 | — | 1.04 | 0.28 | 1.86 | 68.28 | 31.15 | 88.80 | 11.17 | 0.65 | 0.32 | 0.20 | |
Oak wood | 600.00 | 6.38 | 87.50 | 0.20 | — | — | — | — | — | 75.70 | 489.00 | — | 0.01 | 0.33 | 0.07 | 642.00 | [40] |
Corn stover | 350.00 | 9.39 | 60.40 | 1.20 | — | — | — | — | — | 419.30 | 51.00 | — | 11.40 | 0.75 | 0.29 | 293.00 | [41] |
600.00 | 9.42 | 70.60 | 1.07 | — | — | — | — | — | 252.10 | 66.00 | — | 16.70 | 0.39 | 0.10 | 527.00 | ||
Corn stalk | 400.00 | 9.60 | 51.10 | 1.34 | 0.25 | — | — | — | 1.34 | — | 38.13 | — | — | — | — | — | [42] |
500.00 | 10.10 | 48.40 | 0.55 | 0.44 | — | — | — | 2.65 | — | 88.00 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Wheat straw | 425.00 | 10.40 | 46.70 | 0.59 | — | — | 1.00 | 0.60 | 2.60 | — | 79.15 | — | 20.80 | — | — | — | [43] |
Rice straw | 400.00 | — | 71.30 | 1.46 | — | — | — | — | 24.60 | — | 48.84 | — | 36.20 | — | — | — | [44] |
Peanut hull | 500.00 | 8.60 | 82.00 | 2.70 | 0.30 | 0.10 | — | — | — | — | 30.37 | — | 9.30 | 0.44 | 0.03 | 200.00 | [45] |
Coco peat | 500.00 | 10.30 | 84.40 | 1.02 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 2.30 | — | — | 82.75 | — | 15.90 | 0.41 | 0.10 | 13.70 | [46] |
Coconut charcoal | <500 | 8.86 | 76.50 | 0.20 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 426.60 | — | 2.90 | 0.12 | — | — | [47] |
Pinewood | <500 | 8.47 | 53.20 | 0.40 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 143.40 | — | 65.70 | 0.35 | — | — | |
350.00 | 7.00 | 82.40 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.03 | — | — | — | 4.69 | 144.56 | — | 0.20 | — | 0.12 | [48] | ||
Hardwood sawdust | 500.00 | — | 63.80 | 0.22 | — | 0.01 | — | — | — | 290.00 | — | 22.80 | 0.60 | 0.14 | 1.00 | [49] | |
Chinese pine | 600.00 | 8.38 | 66.67 | 2.21 | — | — | — | — | — | 31.58 | 30.17 | — | 12.50 | 0.58 | 0.31 | — | [50] |
Cattle waste | 380.00 | 8.20 | 62.10 | 0.10 | — | — | — | — | — | 39.00 | 621.00 | — | 25.60 | 1.90 | 0.27 | — | [51] |
Sewage sludge | 380.00 | 8.50 | 38.30 | 5.20 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.50 | 7.37 | — | 44.90 | 0.94 | 0.25 | — |
Physicochemical characteristics of different types of biochar.
Data obtained from Abdelhafez et al. [25].
As mentioned above the porous structure of biochar facilitates its adsorption of water and, therefore, increases soil water holding capacity [52, 53]. This might increase the efficiency of water use in the arid zone soils [54]. The previous studies also demonstrated that the addition of biochar increases both soil aggregation and saturated hydraulic conductivity but decreases soil bulk density [53, 55, 56]. Therefore, application of biochar is a recommended practice to improve the physical characteristics of light textured soils [3]. For soil chemical characteristics, most studies showed that biochar has a negative effect on the availability of soil nutrients, i.e., its application increases soil pH [57, 58]. The liming effect of biochar can be attributed to the high concentrations of cationic metals, i.e., Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+, which are stable and do not volatilize during the pyrolysis process [25]. In most cases, biochar has a relative high pH (within the range of 8–11.5) [57, 59, 60]. Therefore, addition of biochar is more favorable for acidic soils than the alkaline ones. The black earth (terra preta) was an acidic soil in the enteral Amazon basin, and AL toxicity and P deficiency were the main reasons hindering the agricultural activities. Continuous applications of biochar to these soils neutralized soil acidity but increased the available P fraction; consequently, biochar enhanced and sustained soil health of terra preta [25, 32, 59]. Moreover, high doses of biochar can increase soil salinity [61, 62, 63, 64, 65]. On the other hand, the addition of biochar can raise soil organic matter contents and elevate soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) [66]. For nutrients contents, it is worth mentioning that most biochar types are typically low in nutrient contents, especially N. As a result, applications of biochar only in agricultural is not adequate to supply the needed macro- and micronutrients [25, 67]. However, biochar plays an important role in mitigating soil nutrient losses by seepage or leaching [66]. Applications of biochar to soils increased its OC contents, which is suitable for soil organisms and provides more favorable habitats to microbes and, therefore, facilitates soil biological activities [68]. In addition, the release of organic molecules suppresses the activities of soil microbes [69].
As mentioned above the high pH of biochar limited its applications in arid soils. For this concern, application of biochar to agricultural soils in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is very limited due to many reasons as follows:
Low cultivated areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: as mentioned above, agricultural activities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are very limited due to the arid conditions.
The chemical characteristics of soils in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; especially soil pH is one of the major factors hindering the application of biochar to agricultural soils. Our demonstration proves that most types of biochar are of alkaline nature and its application to agricultural soil may negatively affect the availability of soil nutrients due to increasing soil pH. The pH of the produced biochar is a function of pyrolysis temperature and time; by elevating the pyrolysis temperature and time, the pH of the produced biochars increased to reach 11.5 in some studies [53].
The lack of knowledge regarding biochar technology and its beneficial role for enhancing agricultural activates.
In a bibliometric study conducted by Arfaoui et al. [70], they have shown that Iran, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Egypt are the highest contributor countries for biochar studies and publications in the Middle East countries. As shown in Figure 2 (biochar article number and geographic distribution according to the lead author’s country of origin), China, the USA, and Iran are the leader countries for biochar studies and publications, followed by Pakistan, Middle East countries (Egypt and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), and to a lesser extent in Australia. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Biochar Research Group in the King Saud University (Saudi Arabia) contributed to most publications in the Middle East countries.
Article number and geographic distribution according to the lead author’s country of origin [
We concluded that biochar is a promising soil amendment that can be used effectively for enhancing soil fertility. In arid regions like the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, additional researches are needed to investigate the potential neutralization of biochar alkalinity; consequently, it can be added safely to agricultural soils. There are different sources of agricultural and food wastes that can be used for biochar production. In the case of date palm wastes, the average annual waste of one tree is about 40 kg; therefore, date palm wastes can be used effectively for biochar production in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the government of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has to encourage the scientists for initiating intensive researches on biochar production and investigate its beneficial roles for improving soil fertility and agricultural production.
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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. 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Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. 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After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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